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Mannino MC, Cassidy MB, Florez S, Rusan Z, Chakraborty S, Schoborg T. Mutations in abnormal spindle disrupt temporal transcription factor expression and trigger immune responses in the Drosophila brain. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad188. [PMID: 37831641 PMCID: PMC10697820 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of cellular behaviors during neurodevelopment is critical for determining the form, function, and size of the central nervous system (CNS). Mutations in the vertebrate Abnormal Spindle-Like, Microcephaly Associated (ASPM) gene and its Drosophila melanogaster ortholog abnormal spindle (asp) lead to microcephaly (MCPH), a reduction in overall brain size whose etiology remains poorly defined. Here, we provide the neurodevelopmental transcriptional landscape for a Drosophila model for autosomal recessive primary microcephaly-5 (MCPH5) and extend our findings into the functional realm to identify the key cellular mechanisms responsible for Asp-dependent brain growth and development. We identify multiple transcriptomic signatures, including new patterns of coexpressed genes in the developing CNS. Defects in optic lobe neurogenesis were detected in larval brains through downregulation of temporal transcription factors (tTFs) and Notch signaling targets, which correlated with a significant reduction in brain size and total cell numbers during the neurogenic window of development. We also found inflammation as a hallmark of asp mutant brains, detectable throughout every stage of CNS development, which also contributes to the brain size phenotype. Finally, we show that apoptosis is not a primary driver of the asp mutant brain phenotypes, further highlighting an intrinsic Asp-dependent neurogenesis promotion mechanism that is independent of cell death. Collectively, our results suggest that the etiology of the asp mutant brain phenotype is complex and that a comprehensive view of the cellular basis of the disorder requires an understanding of how multiple pathway inputs collectively determine tissue size and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Mannino
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Steven Florez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Zeid Rusan
- Personalis, Inc., Fremont, CA 94555, USA
| | - Shalini Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Todd Schoborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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2
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Wu X, Li Z, Wang ZQ, Xu X. The neurological and non-neurological roles of the primary microcephaly-associated protein ASPM. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1242448. [PMID: 37599996 PMCID: PMC10436222 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1242448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH), is a neurological disorder characterized by small brain size that results in numerous developmental problems, including intellectual disability, motor and speech delays, and seizures. Hitherto, over 30 MCPH causing genes (MCPHs) have been identified. Among these MCPHs, MCPH5, which encodes abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein (ASPM), is the most frequently mutated gene. ASPM regulates mitotic events, cell proliferation, replication stress response, DNA repair, and tumorigenesis. Moreover, using a data mining approach, we have confirmed that high levels of expression of ASPM correlate with poor prognosis in several types of tumors. Here, we summarize the neurological and non-neurological functions of ASPM and provide insight into its implications for the diagnosis and treatment of MCPH and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxuan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Zheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Mannino MC, Bartels Cassidy M, Florez S, Rusan Z, Chakraborty S, Schoborg T. The neurodevelopmental transcriptome of the Drosophila melanogaster microcephaly gene abnormal spindle reveals a role for temporal transcription factors and the immune system in regulating brain size. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523369. [PMID: 36711768 PMCID: PMC9882087 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of cellular behaviors during neurodevelopment is critical for determining the form, function, and size of the central nervous system. Mutations in the vertebrate Abnormal Spindle-Like, Microcephaly Associated (ASPM) gene and its Drosophila melanogaster ortholog abnormal spindle (asp) lead to microcephaly, a reduction in overall brain size whose etiology remains poorly defined. Here we provide the neurodevelopmental transcriptional landscape for a Drosophila model for autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) and extend our findings into the functional realm in an attempt to identify the key cellular mechanisms responsible for Asp-dependent brain growth and development. We identify multiple transcriptomic signatures, including new patterns of co-expressed genes in the developing CNS. Defects in optic lobe neurogenesis were detected in larval brains through downregulation of temporal transcription factors (tTFs) and Notch signaling targets, which correlated with a significant reduction in brain size and total cell numbers during the neurogenic window of development. We also found inflammation as a hallmark of asp MCPH brains, detectable throughout every stage of CNS development, which also contributes to the brain size phenotype. Finally, we show that apoptosis is not a primary driver of the asp MCPH phenotype, further highlighting an intrinsic Asp-dependent neurogenesis promotion mechanism that is independent of cell death. Collectively, our results suggest that the etiology of asp MCPH is complex and that a comprehensive view of the cellular basis of the disorder requires an understanding of how multiple pathway inputs collectively determine the microcephaly phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Mannino
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Steven Florez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Shalini Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Todd Schoborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Hannaford MR, Liu R, Billington N, Swider ZT, Galletta BJ, Fagerstrom CJ, Combs C, Sellers JR, Rusan NM. Pericentrin interacts with Kinesin-1 to drive centriole motility. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213380. [PMID: 35929834 PMCID: PMC9361567 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome positioning is essential for their function. Typically, centrosomes are transported to various cellular locations through the interaction of centrosomal microtubules (MTs) with motor proteins anchored at the cortex or the nuclear surface. However, it remains unknown how centrioles migrate in cellular contexts in which they do not nucleate MTs. Here, we demonstrate that during interphase, inactive centrioles move directly along the interphase MT network as Kinesin-1 cargo. We identify Pericentrin-Like-Protein (PLP) as a novel Kinesin-1 interacting molecule essential for centriole motility. In vitro assays show that PLP directly interacts with the cargo binding domain of Kinesin-1, allowing PLP to migrate on MTs. Binding assays using purified proteins revealed that relief of Kinesin-1 autoinhibition is critical for its interaction with PLP. Finally, our studies of neural stem cell asymmetric divisions in the Drosophila brain show that the PLP-Kinesin-1 interaction is essential for the timely separation of centrioles, the asymmetry of centrosome activity, and the age-dependent centrosome inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rong Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neil Billington
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zachary T. Swider
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brian J. Galletta
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carey J. Fagerstrom
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christian Combs
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James R. Sellers
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nasser M. Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Correspondence to Nasser M. Rusan:
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Popova JV, Pavlova GA, Razuvaeva AV, Yarinich LA, Andreyeva EN, Anders AF, Galimova YA, Renda F, Somma MP, Pindyurin AV, Gatti M. Genetic Control of Kinetochore-Driven Microtubule Growth in Drosophila Mitosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142127. [PMID: 35883570 PMCID: PMC9323100 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome-containing cells assemble their spindles exploiting three main classes of microtubules (MTs): MTs nucleated by the centrosomes, MTs generated near the chromosomes/kinetochores, and MTs nucleated within the spindle by the augmin-dependent pathway. Mammalian and Drosophila cells lacking the centrosomes generate MTs at kinetochores and eventually form functional bipolar spindles. However, the mechanisms underlying kinetochore-driven MT formation are poorly understood. One of the ways to elucidate these mechanisms is the analysis of spindle reassembly following MT depolymerization. Here, we used an RNA interference (RNAi)-based reverse genetics approach to dissect the process of kinetochore-driven MT regrowth (KDMTR) after colcemid-induced MT depolymerization. This MT depolymerization procedure allows a clear assessment of KDMTR, as colcemid disrupts centrosome-driven MT regrowth but not KDMTR. We examined KDMTR in normal Drosophila S2 cells and in S2 cells subjected to RNAi against conserved genes involved in mitotic spindle assembly: mast/orbit/chb (CLASP1), mei-38 (TPX2), mars (HURP), dgt6 (HAUS6), Eb1 (MAPRE1/EB1), Patronin (CAMSAP2), asp (ASPM), and Klp10A (KIF2A). RNAi-mediated depletion of Mast/Orbit, Mei-38, Mars, Dgt6, and Eb1 caused a significant delay in KDMTR, while loss of Patronin had a milder negative effect on this process. In contrast, Asp or Klp10A deficiency increased the rate of KDMTR. These results coupled with the analysis of GFP-tagged proteins (Mast/Orbit, Mei-38, Mars, Eb1, Patronin, and Asp) localization during KDMTR suggested a model for kinetochore-dependent spindle reassembly. We propose that kinetochores capture the plus ends of MTs nucleated in their vicinity and that these MTs elongate at kinetochores through the action of Mast/Orbit. The Asp protein binds the MT minus ends since the beginning of KDMTR, preventing excessive and disorganized MT regrowth. Mei-38, Mars, Dgt6, Eb1, and Patronin positively regulate polymerization, bundling, and stabilization of regrowing MTs until a bipolar spindle is reformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Popova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gera A. Pavlova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Alyona V. Razuvaeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Yarinich
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniya N. Andreyeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Alina F. Anders
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Yuliya A. Galimova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Fioranna Renda
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Maria Patrizia Somma
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Alexey V. Pindyurin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (M.G.)
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Understanding microcephaly through the study of centrosome regulation in Drosophila neural stem cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2101-2115. [PMID: 32897294 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly is a rare, yet devastating, neurodevelopmental condition caused by genetic or environmental insults, such as the Zika virus infection. Microcephaly manifests with a severely reduced head circumference. Among the known heritable microcephaly genes, a significant proportion are annotated with centrosome-related ontologies. Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers, and they play fundamental roles in the proliferation of the neuronal progenitors, the neural stem cells (NSCs), which undergo repeated rounds of asymmetric cell division to drive neurogenesis and brain development. Many of the genes, pathways, and developmental paradigms that dictate NSC development in humans are conserved in Drosophila melanogaster. As such, studies of Drosophila NSCs lend invaluable insights into centrosome function within NSCs and help inform the pathophysiology of human microcephaly. This mini-review will briefly survey causative links between deregulated centrosome functions and microcephaly with particular emphasis on insights learned from Drosophila NSCs.
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Link N, Bellen HJ. Using Drosophila to drive the diagnosis and understand the mechanisms of rare human diseases. Development 2020; 147:dev191411. [PMID: 32988995 PMCID: PMC7541339 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has greatly accelerated the discovery of rare human genetic diseases. Nearly 45% of patients have variants associated with known diseases but the unsolved cases remain a conundrum. Moreover, causative mutations can be difficult to pinpoint because variants frequently map to genes with no previous disease associations and, often, only one or a few patients with variants in the same gene are identified. Model organisms, such as Drosophila, can help to identify and characterize these new disease-causing genes. Importantly, Drosophila allow quick and sophisticated genetic manipulations, permit functional testing of human variants, enable the characterization of pathogenic mechanisms and are amenable to drug tests. In this Spotlight, focusing on microcephaly as a case study, we highlight how studies of human genes in Drosophila have aided our understanding of human genetic disorders, allowing the identification of new genes in well-established signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Link
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (MHG), BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (MHG), BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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8
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Schoborg TA, Smith SL, Smith LN, Morris HD, Rusan NM. Micro-computed tomography as a platform for exploring Drosophila development. Development 2019; 146:dev.176685. [PMID: 31722883 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how events at the molecular and cellular scales contribute to tissue form and function is key to uncovering the mechanisms driving animal development, physiology and disease. Elucidating these mechanisms has been enhanced through the study of model organisms and the use of sophisticated genetic, biochemical and imaging tools. Here, we present an accessible method for non-invasive imaging of Drosophila melanogaster at high resolution using micro-computed tomography (µ-CT). We show how rapid processing of intact animals, at any developmental stage, provides precise quantitative assessment of tissue size and morphology, and permits analysis of inter-organ relationships. We then use µ-CT imaging to study growth defects in the Drosophila brain through the characterization of a bnormal spindle (asp) and WD repeat domain 62 (W dr62), orthologs of the two most commonly mutated genes in human microcephaly patients. Our work demonstrates the power of combining µ-CT with traditional genetic, cellular and developmental biology tools available in model organisms to address novel biological mechanisms that control animal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Schoborg
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samantha L Smith
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren N Smith
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H Douglas Morris
- Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Jeong B, Kim TH, Kim DS, Shin WH, Lee JR, Kim NS, Lee DY. Spastin Contributes to Neural Development through the Regulation of Microtubule Dynamics in the Primary Cilia of Neural Stem Cells. Neuroscience 2019; 411:76-85. [PMID: 31150727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spastin is a microtubule-severing enzyme encoded by SPAST, which is broadly expressed in various cell types originated from multiple organs. Even though SPAST is well known as a regulator of the axon growth and arborization in neurons and a genetic factor of hereditary spastic paraplegia, it also takes part in a wide range of other cellular functions including the regulation of cell division and proliferation. In this study, we investigated a novel biological role of spastin in developing brain using Spast deficient mouse embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) and perinatal mouse brain. We found that the expression of spastin begins at early embryonic stages in mouse brain. Using Spast shRNA treated NSCs and mouse brain, we showed that Spast deficiency leads to decrease of NSC proliferation and neuronal lineage differentiation. Finally, we found that spastin controls NSC proliferation by regulating microtubule dynamics in primary cilia. Collectively, these data demonstrate that spastin controls brain development by the regulation of NSC functions at early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohyeon Jeong
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ran Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Da Yong Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
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10
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Peng Z, Xueb G, Chen W, Xia S. Environmental inhibitors of the expression of cytochrome P450 17A1 in mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 69:16-25. [PMID: 30921671 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1; EC: 1.14.14.19) is a critically important bifunctional enzyme with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as its cofactor that catalyzes the formation of all endogenous androgens. Its hydroxylase activity catalyzes the 17α-hydroxylation of pregnenolone (PREG)/progesterone (P4) to 17α-OH-pregnenolone/17α-OH-progesterone, and its 17,20-lyase activity converts 17α-OH-pregnenolone/17α-OH-progesterone to dehydroepiandrosterone/androstenedione. Androgens are required for male reproductive development, so androgen deficiency resulting from CYP17A1 inhibition may lead to reproductive disorders. There has been some advances on the study of environmental chemicals inhibiting mammalian CYP17A1 expression but no related review was available so we think it now necessary to review their characteristics and inhibiting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xueb
- Second Provincial People's Hospital of Gansu, Lanzou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Wenci Chen
- Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 32500, China.
| | - Shenglong Xia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 32500, China.
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11
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Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments essential for numerous aspects of cell physiology. They are polarized polymeric tubes with a fast growing plus end and a slow growing minus end. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review the current knowledge on the dynamics and organization of microtubule minus ends. Several factors, including the γ-tubulin ring complex, CAMSAP/Patronin, ASPM/Asp, SPIRAL2 (in plants) and the KANSL complex recognize microtubule minus ends and regulate their nucleation, stability and interactions with partners, such as microtubule severing enzymes, microtubule depolymerases and protein scaffolds. Together with minus-end-directed motors, these microtubule minus-end targeting proteins (-TIPs) also control the formation of microtubule-organizing centers, such as centrosomes and spindle poles, and mediate microtubule attachment to cellular membrane structures, including the cell cortex, Golgi complex and the cell nucleus. Structural and functional studies are starting to reveal the molecular mechanisms by which dynamic -TIP networks control microtubule minus ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland .,University of Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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O'Neill RS, Schoborg TA, Rusan NM. Same but different: pleiotropy in centrosome-related microcephaly. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 29:241-246. [PMID: 29382806 PMCID: PMC5996963 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An intimate link between centrosome function and neurogenesis is revealed by the identification of many genes with centrosome-associated functions that are mutated in microcephaly disorders. Consistent with the major role of the centrosome in mitosis, mutations in these centrosome-related microcephaly (CRM) genes are thought to affect neurogenesis by depleting the pool of neural progenitor cells, primarily through apoptosis as a consequence of mitotic failure or premature differentiation as a consequence of cell cycle delay and randomization of spindle orientation. However, as suggested by the wide range of microcephaly phenotypes and the multifunctional nature of many CRM proteins, this picture of CRM gene function is incomplete. Here, we explore several examples of CRM genes pointing to additional functions that contribute to microcephaly, including regulation of cell cycle signaling, actin cytoskeleton, and Hippo pathway proteins, as well as functions in postmitotic neurons and glia. As these examples are likely just the tip of the iceberg, further exploration of the roles of microcephaly-related genes are certain to reveal additional unforeseen functions important for neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S O'Neill
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Todd A Schoborg
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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13
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Swider ZT, Ng RK, Varadarajan R, Fagerstrom CJ, Rusan NM. Fascetto interacting protein ensures proper cytokinesis and ploidy. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:992-1007. [PMID: 30726162 PMCID: PMC6589905 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-09-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division is critical for development, organ growth, and tissue repair. The later stages of cell division include the formation of the microtubule (MT)-rich central spindle in anaphase, which is required to properly define the cell equator, guide the assembly of the acto-myosin contractile ring and ultimately ensure complete separation and isolation of the two daughter cells via abscission. Much is known about the molecular machinery that forms the central spindle, including proteins needed to generate the antiparallel overlapping interzonal MTs. One critical protein that has garnered great attention is the protein regulator of cytokinesis 1, or Fascetto (Feo) in Drosophila, which forms a homodimer to cross-link interzonal MTs, ensuring proper central spindle formation and cytokinesis. Here, we report on a new direct protein interactor and regulator of Feo we named Feo interacting protein (FIP). Loss of FIP results in a reduction in Feo localization, rapid disassembly of interzonal MTs, and several defects related to cytokinesis failure, including polyploidization of neural stem cells. Simultaneous reduction in Feo and FIP results in very large, tumorlike DNA-filled masses in the brain that contain hundreds of centrosomes. In aggregate, our data show that FIP acts directly on Feo to ensure fully accurate cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Swider
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53606
| | - Rachel K Ng
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ramya Varadarajan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Carey J Fagerstrom
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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14
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Context-dependent spindle pole focusing. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:803-813. [PMID: 30429281 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a robust, bi-polar spindle apparatus, capable of accurate chromosome segregation, is a complex process requiring the co-ordinated nucleation, sorting, stabilization and organization of microtubules (MTs). Work over the last 25 years has identified protein complexes that act as functional modules to nucleate spindle MTs at distinct cellular sites such as centrosomes, kinetochores, chromatin and pre-existing MTs themselves. There is clear evidence that the extent to which these different MT nucleating pathways contribute to spindle mass both during mitosis and meiosis differs not only between organisms, but also in different cell types within an organism. This plasticity contributes the robustness of spindle formation; however, whether such plasticity is present in other aspects of spindle formation is less well understood. Here, we review the known roles of the protein complexes responsible for spindle pole focusing, investigating the evidence that these, too, act co-ordinately and differentially, depending on cellular context. We describe relationships between MT minus-end directed motors dynein and HSET/Ncd, depolymerases including katanin and MCAK, and direct minus-end binding proteins such as nuclear-mitotic apparatus protein, ASPM and Patronin/CAMSAP. We further explore the idea that the focused spindle pole acts as a non-membrane bound condensate and suggest that the metaphase spindle pole be treated as a transient organelle with context-dependent requirements for function.
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15
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Venkei ZG, Yamashita YM. Emerging mechanisms of asymmetric stem cell division. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3785-3795. [PMID: 30232100 PMCID: PMC6219723 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Venkei and Yamashita summarize recent advances in our understanding of asymmetric stem cell division in tissue homeostasis. The asymmetric cell division of stem cells, which produces one stem cell and one differentiating cell, has emerged as a mechanism to balance stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Elaborate cellular mechanisms that orchestrate the processes required for asymmetric cell divisions are often shared between stem cells and other asymmetrically dividing cells. During asymmetric cell division, cells must establish asymmetry/polarity, which is guided by varying degrees of intrinsic versus extrinsic cues, and use intracellular machineries to divide in a desired orientation in the context of the asymmetry/polarity. Recent studies have expanded our knowledge on the mechanisms of asymmetric cell divisions, revealing the previously unappreciated complexity in setting up the cellular and/or environmental asymmetry, ensuring binary outcomes of the fate determination. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the mechanisms and regulations of asymmetric stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt G Venkei
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yukiko M Yamashita
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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16
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Coming into Focus: Mechanisms of Microtubule Minus-End Organization. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:574-588. [PMID: 29571882 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule organization has a crucial role in regulating cell architecture. The geometry of microtubule arrays strongly depends on the distribution of sites responsible for microtubule nucleation and minus-end attachment. In cycling animal cells, the centrosome often represents a dominant microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). However, even in cells with a radial microtubule system, many microtubules are not anchored at the centrosome, but are instead linked to the Golgi apparatus or other structures. Non-centrosomal microtubules predominate in many types of differentiated cell and in mitotic spindles. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding how the organization of centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubule networks is controlled by proteins involved in microtubule nucleation and specific factors that recognize free microtubule minus ends and regulate their localization and dynamics.
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17
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O'Donnell MA. Nasser Rusan: Scoping out centrosomes. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3889-3890. [PMID: 29150538 PMCID: PMC5716296 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rusan investigates how centrosomes control cell behavior and differentiation during development. Rusan investigates how centrosomes control cell behavior and differentiation during development.
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18
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Bernard F, Lepesant JA, Guichet A. Nucleus positioning within Drosophila egg chamber. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 82:25-33. [PMID: 29056490 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both types of Drosophila egg chamber germ cells, i.e. oocyte and nurse cells, have to control their nucleus positions in order to produce a viable gamete. Interestingly, while actin microfilaments are crucial to position the nuclei in nurse cells, these are the microtubules that are important for oocyte nucleus to migrate and adopt the correct position. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying these positioning processes in the two cell types with respect to the organization and dynamics of the actin and microtubule skeleton. In the nurse cells it is essential to keep firmly the nuclei in a central position to prevent them from obstructing the ring canals when the cytoplasmic content of the cells is dumped into the oocyte cells toward the end of oogenesis. This is achieved by the assembly of thick filopodia-like actin cables anchored to the plasma membrane, which grow inwardly and eventually encase tightly the nuclei in a cage-like structure. In the oocyte, the migration at an early stage of oogenesis of the nucleus from a posterior location to an anchorage site at an asymmetric anterior position, is an essential step in the setting up of the dorsoventral polarity axis of the future embryo. This process is controlled by an interplay between MT networks that just start to be untangled. Although both mechanisms have evolved to fulfill cell-type specific cell processes in the context of fly oogenesis, interesting parallels can be drawn with other nuclear positioning mechanisms in the mouse oocyte and the developing muscle respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Bernard
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205, Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Antoine Lepesant
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205, Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205, Paris Cedex, France.
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19
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Bosveld F, Ainslie A, Bellaïche Y. Sequential activities of Dynein, Mud and Asp in centrosome-spindle coupling maintain centrosome number upon mitosis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3557-3567. [PMID: 28864767 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes nucleate microtubules and are tightly coupled to the bipolar spindle to ensure genome integrity, cell division orientation and centrosome segregation. While the mechanisms of centrosome-dependent microtubule nucleation and bipolar spindle assembly have been the focus of numerous works, less is known about the mechanisms ensuring the centrosome-spindle coupling. The conserved NuMA protein (Mud in Drosophila) is best known for its role in spindle orientation. Here, we analyzed the role of Mud and two of its interactors, Asp and Dynein, in the regulation of centrosome numbers in Drosophila epithelial cells. We found that Dynein and Mud mainly initiate centrosome-spindle coupling prior to nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) by promoting correct centrosome positioning or separation, while Asp acts largely independently of Dynein and Mud to maintain centrosome-spindle coupling. Failure in the centrosome-spindle coupling leads to mis-segregation of the two centrosomes into one daughter cell, resulting in cells with supernumerary centrosomes during subsequent divisions. Altogether, we propose that Dynein, Mud and Asp operate sequentially during the cell cycle to ensure efficient centrosome-spindle coupling in mitosis, thereby preventing centrosome mis-segregation to maintain centrosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris, France .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Ainslie
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris, France .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
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20
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Johnson CA, Wright CE, Ghashghaei HT. Regulation of cytokinesis during corticogenesis: focus on the midbody. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:4009-4026. [PMID: 28493553 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of the cerebral cortices depends on tight regulation of cell divisions. In this system, stem and progenitor cells undergo symmetric and asymmetric divisions to ultimately produce neurons that establish the layers of the cortex. Cell division culminates with the formation of the midbody, a transient organelle that establishes the site of abscission between nascent daughter cells. During cytokinetic abscission, the final stage of cell division, one daughter cell will inherit the midbody remnant, which can then maintain or expel the remnant, but mechanisms and circumstances influencing this decision are unclear. This review describes the midbody and its constituent proteins, as well as the known consequences of their manipulation during cortical development. The potential functional relevance of midbody mechanisms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Neurosciences Concentration Area, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Catherine E Wright
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H Troy Ghashghaei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Neurosciences Concentration Area, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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21
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Lattao R, Kovács L, Glover DM. The Centrioles, Centrosomes, Basal Bodies, and Cilia of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017; 206:33-53. [PMID: 28476861 PMCID: PMC5419478 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.198168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles play a key role in the development of the fly. They are needed for the correct formation of centrosomes, the organelles at the poles of the spindle that can persist as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) into interphase. The ability to nucleate cytoplasmic microtubules (MTs) is a property of the surrounding pericentriolar material (PCM). The centriole has a dual life, existing not only as the core of the centrosome but also as the basal body, the structure that templates the formation of cilia and flagellae. Thus the structure and functions of the centriole, the centrosome, and the basal body have an impact upon many aspects of development and physiology that can readily be modeled in Drosophila Centrosomes are essential to give organization to the rapidly increasing numbers of nuclei in the syncytial embryo and for the spatially precise execution of cell division in numerous tissues, particularly during male meiosis. Although mitotic cell cycles can take place in the absence of centrosomes, this is an error-prone process that opens up the fly to developmental defects and the potential of tumor formation. Here, we review the structure and functions of the centriole, the centrosome, and the basal body in different tissues and cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster, highlighting their contributions to different aspects of development and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lattao
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Levente Kovács
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
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22
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Distinct molecular cues ensure a robust microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning in the Drosophila oocyte. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15168. [PMID: 28447612 PMCID: PMC5414183 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling nucleus localization is crucial for a variety of cellular functions. In the Drosophila oocyte, nuclear asymmetric positioning is essential for the reorganization of the microtubule (MT) network that controls the polarized transport of axis determinants. A combination of quantitative three-dimensional live imaging and laser ablation-mediated force analysis reveal that nuclear positioning is ensured with an unexpected level of robustness. We show that the nucleus is pushed to the oocyte antero-dorsal cortex by MTs and that its migration can proceed through distinct tracks. Centrosome-associated MTs favour one migratory route. In addition, the MT-associated protein Mud/NuMA that is asymmetrically localized in an Asp-dependent manner at the nuclear envelope hemisphere where MT nucleation is higher promotes a separate route. Our results demonstrate that centrosomes do not provide an obligatory driving force for nuclear movement, but together with Mud, contribute to the mechanisms that ensure the robustness of asymmetric nuclear positioning. Asymmetric nuclear positioning in the fruit fly oocyte is essential for the correct localization of axis determinants. Here, the authors show that different microtubule-dependent mechanisms contribute to nuclear transport and ensure the robustness of nuclear positioning.
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23
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Jiang K, Rezabkova L, Hua S, Liu Q, Capitani G, Altelaar AFM, Heck AJR, Kammerer RA, Steinmetz MO, Akhmanova A. Microtubule minus-end regulation at spindle poles by an ASPM-katanin complex. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:480-492. [PMID: 28436967 PMCID: PMC5458804 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ASPM (known as Asp in fly and ASPM-1 in worm) is a microcephaly-associated protein family that regulates spindle architecture, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we show that ASPM forms a complex with another protein linked to microcephaly, the microtubule-severing ATPase katanin. ASPM and katanin localize to spindle poles in a mutually dependent manner and regulate spindle flux. X-ray crystallography revealed that the heterodimer formed by the N- and C-terminal domains of the katanin subunits p60 and p80, respectively, binds conserved motifs in ASPM. Reconstitution experiments demonstrated that ASPM autonomously tracks growing microtubule minus ends and inhibits their growth, while katanin decorates and bends both ends of dynamic microtubules and potentiates the minus-end blocking activity of ASPM. ASPM also binds along microtubules, recruits katanin and promotes katanin-mediated severing of dynamic microtubules. We propose that the ASPM-katanin complex controls microtubule disassembly at spindle poles and that misregulation of this process can lead to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lenka Rezabkova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Shasha Hua
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Capitani
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Tungadi EA, Ito A, Kiyomitsu T, Goshima G. Human microcephaly ASPM protein is a spindle pole-focusing factor that functions redundantly with CDK5RAP2. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3676-3684. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations in the ASPM gene have been most frequently identified among familial microcephaly patients. Depletion of the Drosophila orthologue causes spindle pole unfocusing during mitosis in multiple cell types. However, it remains unknown whether human ASPM has a similar function. Here, using CRISPR-based gene knockout (KO) and RNA interference combined with auxin-inducible degron, we show that ASPM functions in spindle pole organisation during mitotic metaphase redundantly with another microcephaly protein CDK5RAP2 (also called CEP215) in human tissue culture cells. Deletion of the ASPM gene alone did not affect spindle morphology or mitotic progression. However, when the pericentriolar material protein CDK5RAP2 was depleted in ASPM KO cells, spindle poles were unfocused during prometaphase and anaphase onset was significantly delayed. The phenotypic analysis of CDK5RAP2-depleted cells suggested that the pole-focusing function of CDK5RAP2 is independent of its known function to localise the kinesin-14 motor HSET or activate the γ-tubulin complex. Finally, a hypomorphic mutation identified in ASPM microcephaly patients similarly caused spindle pole unfocusing in the absence of CDK5RAP2, suggesting a possible link between spindle pole disorganisation and microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa A. Tungadi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ami Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kiyomitsu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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25
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Wang F, Qi LS. Applications of CRISPR Genome Engineering in Cell Biology. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:875-888. [PMID: 27599850 PMCID: PMC5077632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome engineering are starting a revolution in biological research and translational applications. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated RNA-guided endonuclease CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) and its variants enable diverse manipulations of genome function. In this review, we describe the development of Cas9 tools for a variety of applications in cell biology research, including the study of functional genomics, the creation of transgenic animal models, and genomic imaging. Novel genome engineering methods offer a new avenue to understand the causality between the genome and phenotype, thus promising a fuller understanding of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Wang
- Sino-U.S. Center of Synthetic Biology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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26
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Short B. How the spindle keeps its focus. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2015. [PMCID: PMC4674286 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2115if] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microcephaly-associated protein Asp works with calmodulin to cross-link the minus ends of spindle microtubules.
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