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Pönitz V, Evensen KJ. 87-year-old woman with improved pulmonary function following accidental long-term inhalation therapy with dabigatran. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-225566. [PMID: 30232203 PMCID: PMC6150129 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidental long-term dabigatran etexilate inhalation was associated with subtherapeutic dabigatran serum concentrations in an elderly female patient with restrictive lung disease. A significant improvement in her pulmonary function was noted without other therapy directed towards her bronchopulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Pönitz
- Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Karl Jakob Evensen
- Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Leng HM, Syce JA. Characterization of pulmonary alveolar esterases of the primate Cercopithecus pygerythrus. Pharm Res 1997; 14:203-7. [PMID: 9090710 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012004911942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and classify the hydrolases of the primate lung. METHODS Homologous series of aromatic, aliphatic, and choline ester substrates were assayed with the pH-stat method to obtain the Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants, Vmax and K(m), for the enzymes in pulmonary alveolar tissue with esterase activity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was employed to determine the number of such hydrolytic enzymes. Inhibition studies with selective esterase inhibitors were carried out to classify enzymes as either arylesterases, carboxylesterases, or cholinesterases. RESULTS Aromatic, aliphatic, and choline ester drugs were hydrolyzed by alveolar tissue of the primate lung. The catalytic enzymes were more specific for aromatic esters since these were metabolized at faster rates than the other substrates. Aromatic ester hydrolysis was also inhibited by triorthocresylphosphate (TOCP), a potent inhibitor of carboxylesterases. Inhibitors of arylesterases and cholinesterases had minimal effect on the enzymic hydrolysis of all substrates. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated three enzymes to have esterolytic activity, two (MWs 269 and 281 kDa) of which were sensitive to TOCP and are therefore carboxylesterases. The third enzyme (MW 34 kDa), was unaffected by esterase inhibitors and, thus, cannot be classified as an esterase. CONCLUSIONS Primate pulmonary alveolar tissue contains two isozymes of carboxylesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Leng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Kudo S. Differentiation of Clara cells and pneumocytes of the rat by means of enzyme- and immunohistochemistry. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1994; 238:49-56. [PMID: 8116891 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092380107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Localization of non-specific esterases, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and dehydropeptidase-I, in rat lung was investigated enzyme-cytochemically or immunohistochemically. Esterase was demonstrated in Clara cells, type II pneumocytes, and septal cells (or vitamin A-storing lung cells), to a somewhat lesser extent in type I pneumocytes and ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchioles, and to a minor extent in interstitial fibroblasts of the alveolar septum. Large amounts of esterase reaction product were deposited in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope in Clara cells, type II pneumocytes, and septal cells, in addition to smaller amounts in other organelles. No reaction product was found in macrophages (histiocytes) in alveolar septi and alveolar macrophages, except for the primary lysosomes or phagolysosomes and trace amounts in the Golgi vesicles, and none in endothelial cells of alveolar blood capillaries, except for primary lysosomes. Immunolocalization of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase was generally limited to a particular area of Clara cells. A constriction occurred in the apical cytoplasm of Clara cells between an immunoreactive dome-like protrusion and the non-immunoreactive cytoplasm of the supranuclear area, and the dome-like protrusion appeared to be pinched off in a ball-like or oval form. Immunolocalization of dehydropeptidase-I was demonstrated in a dome-like protrusion or supranuclear area of Clara cells or throughout the cytoplasm and in the surface plasma membrane of mesothelial cells. The presence of these enzymes in Clara cells suggests a contribution to the detoxification system of the lung, together with cytochrome p-450-dependent monooxygenase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Abstract
This study explores the basic nature and formation of lamellar accumulations in the vertebrate lung, and the problematical interrelationship of the lamellae with mitochondria. Autolysosomes are a constant feature of the type II alveolar pneumonocyte of the 2-day-old rat. They are characterized by a single boundary membrane, enclosing a heterogeneous collection of vesicles and membraneous lamellae. The autolysosomes result from repeated episodes of glycogen catabolism, and eventually transform into osmiophilic lamellated bodies. Membranous lamellae within autolysosomes and lamellated bodies represent isolating membranes of cellular autophagy, emptied of their digested contents. Proliferated isolating membranes themselves undergo lysis, providing recycled constituents for the differentiating or dividing cell. Mitochondria of the type II alveolar cell often display invaginations occupied by membranous masses; these masses are demonstrated by high magnification electron micrographs to be continuous with and derived from lamellated bodies, a new finding. Inner mitochondrial membranes lining the invaginations are thinned and crista-free. It is concluded that undergraded or partially lysed isolating membranes follow either of two cellular pathways: they may be eliminated from the cell into the alveolar cavity, or may fill mitochondrial indentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Williams
- Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Lee MT, Ahmed T, Haddad R, Friedman ME. Inhibition of several enzymes by gold compounds. II. beta-Glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and L-malate dehydrogenase by sodium thiomalatoraurate (I), sodium thiosulfatoaurate (I) and thioglucosoaurate (I). JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1989; 3:35-47. [PMID: 2518639 DOI: 10.3109/14756368909030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bovine liver beta-D-glucuronide glucuronohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.32), wheat germ acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoesterphosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.2) and bovine liver L-malate dehydrogenase (L-malate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) were inhibited by a series of gold (I) complexes that have been used as anti-inflammatory drugs. Both sodium thiosulfatoaurate (I) (Na AuTs) and sodium thiomalatoraurate (NaAuTM) effectively inhibited all three enzymes, while thioglucosoaurate (I) (AuTG) only inhibited L-malate dehydrogenase. The equilibrium constants (K1) ranged from nearly 4000 microM for the NaAuTM-beta-glucuronidase interaction to 24 microM for the NaAuTS-beta-glucuronidase interaction. The rate of covalent bond formation (kp) ranged from 0.00032 min-1 for NaAuTM-beta-glucuronidase formation to 1.7 min-1 for AuTG-L-malate dehydrogenase formation. The equilibrium data shows that the gold (I) drugs bind by several orders lower than the gold (III) compounds, suggesting a significantly stronger interaction between the more highly charged gold ion and the enzyme. Yet the rate of covalent bond formation depends as much on the structure of the active site as upon the lability of the gold-ligand bond. It was also observed that the more effective the gold inhibition the more toxic the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, AL 36849-5312
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Kalina M. Localization of acid phosphatase in lamellar bodies of tannic acid treated alveolar type II cells. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1988; 89:391-5. [PMID: 3410746 DOI: 10.1007/bf00500642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acid phosphatase was demonstrated in well preserved lamellar bodies of rats' alveolar type II cells. The highly ordered lamellar organization was preserved by using tannic acid in the tissue procession protocol. Acid phosphatase reaction products were observed in the amorphous regions of the lamellar bodies adjacent to the limiting membranes and in the central core regions. No reaction product was observed in the lamellar areas. 85% +/- 5% of the lamellar bodies were positively reactive, unrelated to their size. Multivesicular bodies were only partially reactive (approx. 50%), except for those attached to lamellar bodies which all had reaction product.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kalina
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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9
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Sannes PL, Randell SH. The use of 2-thionaphthyl acetate as a substrate for the localization and characterization of nonspecific esterase activity in rat alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1985; 17:43-56. [PMID: 3988547 DOI: 10.1007/bf01003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A 2-thionaphthyl acetate substrate was utilized to assess the subcellular distribution of nonspecific esterases in rat pulmonary alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. The enzymatically liberated 2-thionaphthol was visualized at pH 7.1 by utilizing gold as a capture agent. Glutaraldehyde-fixed macrophages derived from healthy animals using standard lavage techniques exhibited a high affinity for the substrate and reaction times were thus relatively short (30-60 min). Alveolar macrophages had heavy reaction product on the external surface of the plasma membrane and membranes limiting cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria. Only a thin layer of reaction density was observed associated with the limiting membranes of lysosomes and phagosomes. Peritoneal macrophages were similarly but much less intensely reactive, although they generally lacked or had very little plasma membrane-associated staining. The 2-thionaphthyl acetate esterase activities in both alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were sensitive to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), while only the latter was inhibited by sodium fluoride. Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing of whole cell homogenates indicated that the 2-thionaphthyl acetate esterase activity was the same as that for alpha-naphthyl acetate in these cells. The data indicate that a significantly different distribution of nonspecific esterase activity results with use of a 2-thionaphthyl acetate substrate in the presence of gold ions than that previously reported with other methods. The rapid penetrability and sensitivity of this substrate make it a potentially useful tool for evaluating subcellular localization of esterase activity and probing characteristics of cellular organelles.
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von Deimling O, Müller M, Eisenhardt E. The non-specific esterases of mouse lung. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1983; 78:271-84. [PMID: 6874425 DOI: 10.1007/bf00489504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The non-specific esterases of the lung of the house mouse, M. musculus, were examined by polyacrylamide electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing. At least 13 different esterases were distinguished and identified, mainly by their catalytic properties, susceptibility to inhibition, developmental patterns and phenotypic variation amongst different strains. A list of diagnostic features of the 13 esterases was presented. None of the esterases was lung-specific. However, the pattern of esterases found in the adult lung was characteristic of that organ. It was pointed out that this pattern is associated with the high degree of tissue differentiation in the adult lung. At least 8 esterases were found which belong to the isozyme system of carboxylesterase EC 3.1.1.1, under the control of genes located on chromosome 8. These esterases accounted for about 90% of the esterase activity in the lung.
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11
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Luppa H, Andrä J. The histochemistry of carboxylester hydrolases: problems and possibilities. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1983; 15:111-37. [PMID: 6343304 DOI: 10.1007/bf01042281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Histochemische und biochemische Untersuchungen am Hippocampus und am Neocortex der Wistarratte. Acta Histochem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(82)80077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Williams JB. The alveolar epithelium of the newborn rat, and the significance of the osmiophilic lamellated bodies in cellular autophagy. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 1981. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1981.10427970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Sanders RL, Hassett RJ, Vatter AE. Isolation of lung lamellar bodies and their conversion to tubular myelin figures in vitro. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1980; 198:485-501. [PMID: 6893903 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091980310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lamellar bodies of type II alveolar epithelial cells are the intracellular storage sites of lung surfactant, while tubular myelin figures are an extracellular surfactant form found in the alveolar fluid. A refined procedure was used to isolate intact lamellar bodies from rat lung homogenates in a fraction of high purity and yield. The stability of isolated lamellar bodies under various conditions was determined by electron microscopy. Lamellar bodies were completely disrupted after incubation at 37, 24, and 0 degrees C for 0.6, 2, and 12 hr, respectively, in 0.33 M sucrose, 0.01 M HEPES (pH 7.4). In addition, they were completely disrupted after incubation for 1 hr in 0.33 M sucrose, 1 mM EGTA at 0 degrees C or 0.154 M NaCl or 0.10 M sodium phosphate (pH 7.4) at 24 degrees C. Incubation of isolated lamellar body fractions in medium containing 5 mM Ca++ or Mg++ at 37 degrees C for 1 hr resulted in the appearance of tubular myelin figures. A procedure is also presented for the isolation of tubular myelin figures from rat lung lavage fluid.
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Stratton CJ, Wetzstein HY, Hardy T. The ultrastructural histochemistry and stereoscanning electron microscopy of the rodent and amphibian surfactant systems. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1980; 197:49-61. [PMID: 6968519 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091970105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural histochemical precedures were employed to determine the carbohydrate components and their contributions to the rodent and amphibian surfactant systems. Zirconium stained the rodent (rat) cytoplasm surrounding the multilamellar bodies, the Golgi, and was associated with the membrane structures of the compact lamellae of alveolar multilamellar bodies. In the rodent and amphibian (Rana pipiens), ruthenium red stain was observed within all tubular myelin surfactant matricies. The "gutters," tubular myelin surfactant matrix, and intratubular myelin surfactant matrix materials all demonstrated a positive reaction product. The periodic acid-chromic acid-silver procedure revealed irregular channels extending from the multilamellar bodies to the surface of the rodent great alveolar pneumocyte. The extra-pulmonary and respiratory surfaces in both species were additionally studied by stereoscanning electron microscopy. The respiratory anatomy of the rodent was corroborated. The amphibian lung demonstrated three orders of septa, and in the expired state, tertiary septal pits. The amphibian primary septa were hollow, blind tubules containing respiratory surfaces.
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17
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Abstract
Lung surfactant, a lipid-protein complex purified from dog lungs, contains a highly active phosphomonoesterase associated with it. This phosphatase is quite specific for the hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid and 1-acyl-2-lysophosphatidic acid. The enzyme possesses many of the characteristics of the microsomal enzyme, phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.4). In addition, we have shown that this enzyme will also convert phosphatidylglycerol phosphate [1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol-1-P] to phosphatidylglycerol [1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol] and Pi. The phosphatidylglycerol phosphate was made available to the surfactant enzyme in a coupled assay by hydrolysis of cardiolipin [1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-3-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol] by stereospecific cleavage with phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3) from Bacillus cereus. This enzyme has been previously shown to generate the naturally occurring isomer of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate because it has specificity for the 3-(3-sn-phosphatidyl) group of cardiolipin. Other properties of the surfactant enzyme are discussed in relation to its presence in lung surface active material.
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18
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Tanada Y, Hess R, Omi EM. Localization of esterase activity in the larval midgut of the armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Clark JM, Vaughan DW, Aiken BM, Kagan HM. Elastase-like enzymes in human neutrophils localized by ultrastructural cytochemistry. J Cell Biol 1980; 84:102-19. [PMID: 6765949 PMCID: PMC2110538 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.84.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The thiol ester N-t-Boc-L-alanine-p-nitrothiophenyl ester (Boc-Ala-SNp) was synthesized and applied as an ultrastructural cytochemical substrate for intracellular elastase-like enzymes. Mature human neutrophils incubated with Boc-Ala-SNp and gold ions generate an electron-dense reaction product, gold p-nitrothiophenolate, which is found in the nuclear membrane, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and granules of these cells. Enzyme activity against Boc-Ala-SNp is also observed in developing monkey bone marrow neutrophils and in other blood cells. The intracellular neutrophil enzyme activity is elastase-like because it is characterized by a slightly alkaline pH optimum and is inactivated by exposure of the cells to general and specific active site inhibitors of neutrophil elastase. This substrate appears to have important potential for use in ultrastructural studies of intracellular elastase-like enzymes.
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Wilson M, Hitchcock KR, Douglas WH, DeLellis RA. Hormones and the lung. II. Immunohistochemical localization of thyroid hormone binding in type II pulmonary epithelial cells clonally-derived from adult rat lung. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1979; 195:611-9. [PMID: 393133 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091950404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The type II pulmonary epithelial cell is the recognized state of surfactant synthesis and storage. Results of recent studies indicate that the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), may be important regulators of surfactant production and/or release. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques were used in an attempt to demonstrate binding of T3 and T4 in monolayer cultures of isolated type II cells. These cultured epithelial cells are clonally-derived from adult rat lung, retain a diploid karyotype through 35 population doublings in vitro, contain granular inclusions (lamellar bodies) in the perinuclear cytoplasm, and synthesize phosphatidylcholine via the CDP-choline pathway. In isolated type II cells, either of two fluorescent patterns was observed: (a) nuclear fluorescence accompanied by a reticular perinuclear network; or (b) diffuse cytoplasmic accumulations with concentrations around perinculear cytoplasmic inclusions. Ultrastructurally these inclusions had the typical appearance of lamellar bodies. Histochemical studies demonstrated that these inclusions contained surfactant-associated nonspecific esterases and stained with Nile blized markers for pulmonary surfactant indicate that these inclusions are indeed lamellar bodies, the putative sites of surfactant synthesis and/or storage. These findings suggest that the type II pulmonary epithelial cell contains specific binding sites for thyroid hormones, and support the hypothesis that thyroid hormones are regulators of surfactant metabolism.
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Hodgson E. Comparative aspects of the distribution of cytochrome P-450 dependent mono-oxygenase systems: an overview. Drug Metab Rev 1979; 10:15-33. [PMID: 118859 DOI: 10.3109/03602537908993899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Allen DE, Perrin DD. Electron cytochemical stains based on metal chelation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1979; 61:63-84. [PMID: 92462 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Purification and partial characterization of alpha-N-acylpeptide hydrolase from bovine liver. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Dunson WA, Dunson MK, Keith AD. The nasal gland of the Montpellier snakeMalpolon monspessulanus: Fine structure, secretion composition, and a possible role in reduction of dermal water loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Schuel H. Secretory functions of egg cortical granules in fertilization and development: A critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Morris SM, Albright JT. Cytochemical study of the lamellar bodies in the swimbladder of the toadfish Opsanus tau L. Cell Tissue Res 1977; 185:77-87. [PMID: 589664 DOI: 10.1007/bf00226670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The columnar epithelial cells of the gas gland in the swimbladder of the toadfish, Opsanus tau L., contain lamellar bodies that resemble the lamellar bodies found in epithelial cells of vertebrate lungs. Cytochemical assays indicate that swimbladder lamellar bodies are soluble in chloroform-methanol solution, react with tricomplex flocculation solution (indicating a phospholipid component), exhibit a positive reaction for cholesterol when exposed to digitonin, and contain acid phosphatase. The anterior chamber of the toadfish swimbladder is lined by an extracellular layer. Digitonin-cholesterol crystals are found in this layer when the swimbladder is treated with digitonin. A ruthenium red positive layer is also present in the anterior chamber of the toadfish swimbladder. The structure and cytochemistry of swimbladder lamellar bodies are compared with those of vertebrate lung lamellar bodies. Similarities between the extracellular layer in the swimbladder and the extracellular layer in lungs are also noted.
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Sanderson RJ, Vatter AE. A mode of formation of tubular myelin from lamellar bodies in the lung. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1977; 74:1027-31. [PMID: 903368 PMCID: PMC2110109 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.74.3.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanism is suggested by which the membranes of lamellar bodies are converted to tubular myelin (TM) in the lung. It is argued that a simple corrugation of the membranous sheets can produce the TM formation. Such corrugation would occur in response to simple stresses acting on the lamellar body membranes. The intersections of the tubular figures are formed by fusion of adjacent corners in the corrugations. This results in a more stable hydrophobic bonding of phospholipid molecules. Strong supportive evidence for the mechanism is given by electron micrographs of TM formations.
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Williams MC. Conversion of lamellar body membranes into tubular myelin in alveoli of fetal rat lungs. J Cell Biol 1977; 72:260-77. [PMID: 833198 PMCID: PMC2111004 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.72.2.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid-filled lumina of fetal rat lungs contain lamellar bodies (LBs) as well as tubular myelin (TM), both of which are thought to be stores of phospholipid-rich pulmonary surfactant. The alveolar epithelium is believed to secrete LBs, but neither the origin nor the mechanism of TM formation is entirely certain. The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between secreted LBs and TM and to define membrane phenomena which occur during TM formation. I examined lung tissues of 20-21 day-old fetuses (day 22 = term) using transmission and high voltage transmission electron microscopy and cytochemistry. My findings indicate that secreted LBs, identified by the presence of an acid-phosphatase reactive core, are the precursor of TM. Secreted LBs are highly organized structures which contain structurally specialized areas, one of which is a "mini-lattice" structure similar to TM. During TM formation, fuzzes or 8.0-nm diameter particles appear on transition membranes, although LB membranes appear to lack both structures. Similar particles are present on TM membranes and are generally associated with membrane intersections. My results provide evidence that TM is formed from LBs within the alveolar lumen by mechanisms which may be complex.
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Gonzalez LF, Krawczyk WS, Wilgram GF. Ultrastructural observations on the enzymatic activity of keratinosomes. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1976; 55:203-11. [PMID: 1271515 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(76)80067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Deimling OV, Böcking A. Esterases in histochemistry and ultrahistochemistry. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1976; 8:215-22. [PMID: 59718 DOI: 10.1007/bf01003814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Douglas WH, Redding RA, Stein M. The lamellar substructure of osmiophilic inclusion bodies present in rat type II alveolar pneumonocytes. Tissue Cell 1975; 7:137-42. [PMID: 164061 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(75)80011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When rat pulmonary tissues are processed as outlined in this paper, the type II cell's surfactant containing osmiophilic inclusion bodies possess a periodic substructure. This substructure consists of electron-opaque lamellae, 26 A in thickness alternating with 16 A wide electron-translucent zones.
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O'Hare KH. Fine structural observations of ruthenium red binding in developing and adult rat lung. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1974; 178:267-87. [PMID: 4406004 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091780210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Longo FJ, Schuel H. An ultrastructural examination of polyspermy induced by soybean trypsin inhibitor in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Dev Biol 1973; 34:187-99. [PMID: 4799476 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schuel H, Wilson WL, Chen K, Lorand L. A trypsin-like proteinase localized in cortical granules isolated from unfertilized sea urchin eggs by zonal centrifugation. Role of the enzyme in fertilization. Dev Biol 1973; 34:175-86. [PMID: 4789438 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gil J, Reiss OK. Isolation and characterization of lamellar bodies and tubular myelin from rat lung homogenates. J Cell Biol 1973; 58:152-71. [PMID: 4726305 PMCID: PMC2109018 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.58.1.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Three surface-active fractions which differ in their morphology have been isolated from rat lung homogenates by ultracentrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. In order of increasing density, the fractions consisted, as shown by electron microscopy, primarily of common myelin figures, lamellar bodies, and tubular myelin figures. The lipid of all three fractions contained approximately 94% polar lipids and 2% cholesterol. In the case of the common myelin figures and the lamellar bodies, the polar lipids consisted of 73% phosphatidylcholines, 9% phosphatidylserines and inositols, and 8% phosphatidylethanolamines. In the case of the tubular myelin figures, the respective percentages were 58, 19, and 5. Over 90% of the fatty acids of the lecithins of all three fractions were saturated. Electrophoresis of the proteins of the fractions in sodium dodecyl sulfate or Triton X-100 revealed that the lamellar bodies and the tubular myelin figures differed in the mobilities of their proteins. The common myelin figures, however, contained proteins from both of the other fractions. These data indicate that, whereas the lipids of the extracellular, alveolar surfactant(s) originate in the lamellar bodies, the proteins arise from another source. It is further postulated that the tubular myelin figures represent a liquid crystalline state of the alveolar surface-active lipoproteins.
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Madreiter H, von Deimling O. [Esterase. V. Esterase reaction within mitochondria of mouse liver and kidney]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1972; 30:359-64. [PMID: 4672859 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Augustinsson KB, Axenfors B. Aromatic thiol esters as substrates in quantitative esterase determinations. Anal Biochem 1972; 48:428-36. [PMID: 4627081 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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von Deimling O, Madreiter H. Esterase. II. A new method for the electron microscopical demonstration of a nonspecific esterase in animal tissues. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1972; 29:83-96. [PMID: 4552841 DOI: 10.1007/bf00305703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Smith DS, Smith U, Ryan JW. Freeze-fractured lamellar body membranes of the rat lung great alveolar cell. Tissue Cell 1972; 4:457-68. [PMID: 4348050 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(72)80022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Emmelot P, Visser A. Studies on plasma membranes. 13. Co 2+ -activated aminopeptidase(s) in the globular units locally coating rat-liver plasma membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 241:273-89. [PMID: 5003613 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(71)90028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Williams CH, Vail WJ, Harris RA, Green DE, Valdivia E. The isolation and characterization of the lamellar body of bovine lung. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 1:37-45. [PMID: 5160064 DOI: 10.1080/00327487108081928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hourdry J. [Histochemical study of various lysosomal hydrolases of the intestinal epithelium during the development of the tadpole of Discoglossus pictus Otth, anuran amphibian. I. Light microscopy study]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1971; 26:126-41. [PMID: 5559569 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hourdry J. [Histochemical study of some lysosomal hydrolases of the intestinal epithelium during the development of the tadpole of Discoglossus pictus Otth, anuran amphibian. II. Electron microscopy study]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1971; 26:142-59. [PMID: 5559570 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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O'Hare KH, Sheridan MN. Electron microscopic observations on the morphogenesis of the albino rat lung, with special reference to pulmonary epithelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1970; 127:181-205. [PMID: 5413181 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001270205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Emmelot P, Bos CJ. Studies on plasma membranes. IX. A survey of enzyme activities displayed by plasma membranes isolated from normal and preneoplastic livers and primary and transplanted hepatomas of the rat. Int J Cancer 1969; 4:705-22. [PMID: 4310644 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ide H, Fishman WH. Dual localization of beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase in lysosomes and in microsomes. II. Membrane-associated enzymes. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1969; 20:300-21. [PMID: 4312472 DOI: 10.1007/bf00263748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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