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Oh S, Mai XL, Kim J, de Guzman ACV, Lee JY, Park S. Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases (1 and 2) in cancer and other diseases. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1066-1079. [PMID: 38689091 PMCID: PMC11148179 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (GPS) is composed of two different enzymes: cytosolic NAD+-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) and mitochondrial FAD-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2). These two enzymes work together to act as an NADH shuttle for mitochondrial bioenergetics and function as an important bridge between glucose and lipid metabolism. Since these genes were discovered in the 1960s, their abnormal expression has been described in various metabolic diseases and tumors. Nevertheless, it took a long time until scientists could investigate the causal relationship of these enzymes in those pathophysiological conditions. To date, numerous studies have explored the involvement and mechanisms of GPD1 and GPD2 in cancer and other diseases, encompassing reports of controversial and non-conventional mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and update current knowledge regarding the functions and effects of GPS to provide an overview of how the enzymes influence disease conditions. The potential and challenges of developing therapeutic strategies targeting these enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xuan Linh Mai
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Arvie Camille V de Guzman
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Sunghyouk Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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2
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Kazak L. Promoting metabolic inefficiency for metabolic disease. iScience 2023; 26:107843. [PMID: 37736043 PMCID: PMC10510070 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in pharmacotherapies that promote appetite suppression have shown remarkable weight loss. Therapies targeting energy expenditure lag behind, and as such none have yet been identified to be safe and efficacious for sustaining negative energy balance toward weight loss. Multiple energy dissipating pathways have been identified in adipose tissue and muscle. The molecular effectors of some of these pathways have been identified, but much is still left to be learned about their regulation. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of metabolic inefficiency in adipose tissue and muscle is required if these pathways are to be therapeutically targeted in the context of obesity and obesity-accelerated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Kazak
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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3
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Arnold PK, Finley LW. Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102838. [PMID: 36581208 PMCID: PMC9871338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, otherwise known as the Krebs cycle, is a central metabolic pathway that performs the essential function of oxidizing nutrients to support cellular bioenergetics. More recently, it has become evident that TCA cycle behavior is dynamic, and products of the TCA cycle can be co-opted in cancer and other pathologic states. In this review, we revisit the TCA cycle, including its potential origins and the history of its discovery. We provide a detailed accounting of the requirements for sustained TCA cycle function and the critical regulatory nodes that can stimulate or constrain TCA cycle activity. We also discuss recent advances in our understanding of the flexibility of TCA cycle wiring and the increasingly appreciated heterogeneity in TCA cycle activity exhibited by mammalian cells. Deeper insight into how the TCA cycle can be differentially regulated and, consequently, configured in different contexts will shed light on how this pathway is primed to meet the requirements of distinct mammalian cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige K. Arnold
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lydia W.S. Finley
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA,For correspondence: Lydia W. S. Finley
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4
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Cytochrome c Oxidase at Full Thrust: Regulation and Biological Consequences to Flying Insects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020470. [PMID: 33671793 PMCID: PMC7931083 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flight dispersal represents a key aspect of the evolutionary and ecological success of insects, allowing escape from predators, mating, and colonization of new niches. The huge energy demand posed by flight activity is essentially met by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in flight muscle mitochondria. In insects, mitochondrial ATP supply and oxidant production are regulated by several factors, including the energy demand exerted by changes in adenylate balance. Indeed, adenylate directly regulates OXPHOS by targeting both chemiosmotic ATP production and the activities of specific mitochondrial enzymes. In several organisms, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is regulated at transcriptional, post-translational, and allosteric levels, impacting mitochondrial energy metabolism, and redox balance. This review will present the concepts on how COX function contributes to flying insect biology, focusing on the existing examples in the literature where its structure and activity are regulated not only by physiological and environmental factors but also how changes in its activity impacts insect biology. We also performed in silico sequence analyses and determined the structure models of three COX subunits (IV, VIa, and VIc) from different insect species to compare with mammalian orthologs. We observed that the sequences and structure models of COXIV, COXVIa, and COXVIc were quite similar to their mammalian counterparts. Remarkably, specific substitutions to phosphomimetic amino acids at critical phosphorylation sites emerge as hallmarks on insect COX sequences, suggesting a new regulatory mechanism of COX activity. Therefore, by providing a physiological and bioenergetic framework of COX regulation in such metabolically extreme models, we hope to expand the knowledge of this critical enzyme complex and the potential consequences for insect dispersal.
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Gaviraghi A, Correa Soares JBR, Mignaco JA, Fontes CFL, Oliveira MF. Mitochondrial glycerol phosphate oxidation is modulated by adenylates through allosteric regulation of cytochrome c oxidase activity in mosquito flight muscle. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 114:103226. [PMID: 31446033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The huge energy demand posed by insect flight activity is met by an efficient oxidative phosphorylation process that takes place within flight muscle mitochondria. In the major arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti, mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate, proline and glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) represent the major energy sources of ATP to sustain flight muscle energy demand. Although adenylates exert critical regulatory effects on several mitochondrial enzyme activities, the potential consequences of altered adenylate levels to G3P oxidation remains to be determined. Here, we report that mitochondrial G3P oxidation is controlled by adenylates through allosteric regulation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity in A. aegypti flight muscle. We observed that ADP significantly activated respiratory rates linked to G3P oxidation, in a protonmotive force-independent manner. Kinetic analyses revealed that ADP activates respiration through a slightly cooperative mechanism. Despite adenylates caused no effects on G3P-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity, COX activity was allosterically activated by ADP. Conversely, ATP exerted powerful inhibitory effects on respiratory rates linked to G3P oxidation and on COX activity. We also observed that high energy phosphate recycling mechanisms did not contribute to the regulatory effects of adenylates on COX activity or G3P oxidation. We conclude that mitochondrial G3P oxidation in A. aegypti flight muscle is regulated by adenylates through the allosteric modulation of COX activity, underscoring the bioenergetic relevance of this novel mechanism and the potential consequences for mosquito dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gaviraghi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Juliana B R Correa Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julio A Mignaco
- Laboratório de Estrutura e Regulação de Proteínas e ATPases, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico L Fontes
- Laboratório de Estrutura e Regulação de Proteínas e ATPases, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcus F Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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6
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Broeks MH, Shamseldin HE, Alhashem A, Hashem M, Abdulwahab F, Alshedi T, Alobaid I, Zwartkruis F, Westland D, Fuchs S, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Jans JJM, Alkuraya FS. MDH1 deficiency is a metabolic disorder of the malate-aspartate shuttle associated with early onset severe encephalopathy. Hum Genet 2019; 138:1247-1257. [PMID: 31538237 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reversible oxidation of L-malate to oxaloacetate is catalyzed by NAD(H)-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH). MDH plays essential roles in the malate-aspartate shuttle and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These metabolic processes are important in mitochondrial NADH supply for oxidative phosphorylation. Recently, bi-allelic mutations in mitochondrial MDH2 were identified in patients with global developmental delay, epilepsy and lactic acidosis. We now report two patients from an extended consanguineous family with a deleterious variant in the cytosolic isoenzyme of MDH (MDH1). The homozygous missense variant in the NAD+-binding domain of MDH1 led to severely diminished MDH protein expression. The patients presented with global developmental delay, epilepsy and progressive microcephaly. Both patients had normal concentrations of plasma amino acids, acylcarnitines, lactate, and urine organic acids. To identify the metabolic consequences of MDH1 deficiency, untargeted metabolomics was performed on dried blood spots (DBS) from the patients and in MDH1 knockout HEK293 cells that were generated by Crispr/Cas9. Increased levels of glutamate and glycerol-3-phosphate were found in DBS of both patients. In MDH1 KO HEK293 cells, increased levels of glycerol-3-phosphate were also observed, as well as increased levels of aspartate and decreased levels of fumarate. The consistent finding of increased concentrations of glycerol-3-phosphate may represent a compensatory mechanism to enhance cytosolic oxidation of NADH by the glycerol-P-shuttle. In conclusion, MDH1 deficiency is a new metabolic defect in the malate-aspartate shuttle characterized by a severe neurodevelopmental phenotype with elevated concentrations of glycerol-3-phosphate as a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Broeks
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mais Hashem
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfa Alshedi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman Alobaid
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fried Zwartkruis
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Westland
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- Section Metabolic Diseases, Department of Child Health, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda M Verhoeven-Duif
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith J M Jans
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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“Alternative” fuels contributing to mitochondrial electron transport: Importance of non-classical pathways in the diversity of animal metabolism. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:185-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Crisóstomo L, Alves MG, Calamita G, Sousa M, Oliveira PF. Glycerol and testicular activity: the good, the bad and the ugly. Mol Hum Reprod 2017; 23:725-737. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Crisóstomo
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Mário Sousa
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Professor Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
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9
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Ballinger MA, Hess C, Napolitano MW, Bjork JA, Andrews MT. Seasonal changes in brown adipose tissue mitochondria in a mammalian hibernator: from gene expression to function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R325-36. [PMID: 27225952 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00463.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that is vital for hibernation in mammals. Throughout the hibernation season, BAT mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) enables rapid rewarming from hypothermic torpor to periodic interbout arousals (IBAs), as energy is dissipated as heat. However, BAT's unique ability to rewarm the body via nonshivering thermogenesis is not necessary outside the hibernation season, suggesting a potential seasonal change in the regulation of BAT function. Here, we examined the BAT mitochondrial proteome and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) across four time points: spring, fall, torpor, and IBA. Relative mitochondrial content of BAT was estimated by measuring BAT pad mass, UCP1 protein content, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. BAT mtDNA content was significantly lower in spring compared with torpor and IBA (P < 0.05). UCP1 mRNA and protein levels were highest during torpor and IBA. Respiration rates of isolated BAT mitochondria were interrogated at each complex of the electron transport chain. Respiration at complex II was significantly higher in torpor and IBA compared with spring (P < 0.05), suggesting an enhancement in mitochondrial respiratory capacity during hibernation. Additionally, proteomic iTRAQ labeling identified 778 BAT mitochondrial proteins. Proteins required for mitochondrial lipid translocation and β-oxidation were upregulated during torpor and IBA and downregulated in spring. These data imply that BAT bioenergetics and mitochondrial content are not static across the year, despite the year-round presence of UCP1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clair Hess
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Max W Napolitano
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - James A Bjork
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Matthew T Andrews
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
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10
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Patil YN, Dille KN, Burk DH, Cortez CC, Gettys TW. Cellular and molecular remodeling of inguinal adipose tissue mitochondria by dietary methionine restriction. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1235-47. [PMID: 26278039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction (MR) produces a coordinated series of biochemical and physiological responses that improve biomarkers of metabolic health, increase energy expenditure, limit fat accretion and improve overall insulin sensitivity. Inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) is a primary target and site of action where the diet initiates transcriptional programs linked to enhancing both synthesis and oxidation of lipid. Using a combination of ex vivo approaches to assess dietary effects on cell morphology and function, we report that dietary MR produced a fourfold increase in multilocular, UCP1-expressing cells within this depot in conjunction with significant increases in mitochondrial content, size and cristae density. Dietary MR increased expression of multiple enzymes within the citric acid cycle, as well as respiratory complexes I, II and III. The physiological significance of these responses, evaluated in isolated mitochondria by high-resolution respirometry, was a significant increase in respiratory capacity measured using multiple substrates. The morphological, transcriptional and biochemical remodeling of IWAT mitochondria enhances the synthetic and oxidative capacity of this tissue and collectively underlies its expanded role as a significant contributor to the overall increase in metabolic flexibility and uncoupled respiration produced by the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj N Patil
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Kelly N Dille
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - David H Burk
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Cory C Cortez
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Thomas W Gettys
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808.
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11
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Mitochondrial matrix Ca²⁺ accumulation regulates cytosolic NAD⁺/NADH metabolism, protein acetylation, and sirtuin expression. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2890-902. [PMID: 24865966 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00068-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium uptake stimulates bioenergetics and drives energy production in metabolic tissue. It is unknown how a calcium-mediated acceleration in matrix bioenergetics would influence cellular metabolism in glycolytic cells that do not require mitochondria for ATP production. Using primary human endothelial cells (ECs), we discovered that repetitive cytosolic calcium signals (oscillations) chronically loaded into the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial calcium loading in turn stimulated bioenergetics and a persistent elevation in NADH. Rather than serving as an impetus for mitochondrial ATP generation, matrix NADH rapidly transmitted to the cytosol to influence the activity and expression of cytosolic sirtuins, resulting in global changes in protein acetylation. In endothelial cells, the mitochondrion-driven reduction in both the cytosolic and mitochondrial NAD(+)/NADH ratio stimulated a compensatory increase in SIRT1 protein levels that had an anti-inflammatory effect. Our studies reveal the physiologic importance of mitochondrial bioenergetics in the metabolic regulation of sirtuins and cytosolic signaling cascades.
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Shabalina IG, Vrbacký M, Pecinová A, Kalinovich AV, Drahota Z, Houštěk J, Mráček T, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. ROS production in brown adipose tissue mitochondria: the question of UCP1-dependence. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:2017-2030. [PMID: 24769119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Whether active UCP1 can reduce ROS production in brown-fat mitochondria is presently not settled. The issue is of principal significance, as it can be seen as a proof- or disproof-of-principle concerning the ability of any protein to diminish ROS production through membrane depolarization. We therefore undertook a comprehensive investigation of the significance of UCP1 for ROS production, by comparing the ROS production in brown-fat mitochondria isolated from wildtype mice (that display membrane depolarization) or from UCP1(-/-) mice (with a high membrane potential). We tested the significance of UCP1 for glycerol-3-phosphate-supported ROS production by three methods (fluorescent dihydroethidium and the ESR probe PHH for superoxide, and fluorescent Amplex Red for hydrogen peroxide), and followed ROS production also with succinate, acyl-CoA or pyruvate as substrate. We studied the effects of the reverse electron flow inhibitor rotenone, the UCP1 activity inhibitor GDP, and the uncoupler FCCP. We also examined the effect of a physiologically induced increase in UCP1 amount. We noted GDP effects that were not UCP1-related. We conclude that only ROS production supported by exogenously added succinate was affected by the presence of active UCP1; ROS production supported by any other tested substrate (including endogenously generated succinate) was unaffected. This conclusion indicates that UCP1 is not involved in control of ROS production in brown-fat mitochondria. Extrapolation of these data to other tissues would imply that membrane depolarization may not necessarily decrease physiologically relevant ROS production. This article is a part of a Special Issue entitled: 18th European Bioenergetics Conference (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Volume 1837, Issue 7, July 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marek Vrbacký
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Pecinová
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasia V Kalinovich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zdeněk Drahota
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houštěk
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Mráček
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Shabalina IG, Petrovic N, de Jong JMA, Kalinovich AV, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. UCP1 in brite/beige adipose tissue mitochondria is functionally thermogenic. Cell Rep 2013; 5:1196-203. [PMID: 24290753 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of white fat "browning," in which certain white adipose tissue depots significantly increase gene expression for the uncoupling protein UCP1 and thus supposedly acquire thermogenic, fat-burning properties, has attracted considerable attention. Because the mRNA increases are from very low initial levels, the metabolic relevance of the change is unclear: is the UCP1 protein thermogenically competent in these brite/beige-fat mitochondria? We found that, in mitochondria isolated from the inguinal "white" adipose depot of cold-acclimated mice, UCP1 protein levels almost reached those in brown-fat mitochondria. The UCP1 was thermogenically functional, in that these mitochondria exhibited UCP1-dependent thermogenesis with lipid or carbohydrate substrates with canonical guanosine diphosphate (GDP) sensitivity and loss of thermogenesis in UCP1 knockout (KO) mice. Obesogenic mouse strains had a lower thermogenic potential than obesity-resistant strains. The thermogenic density (UCP1-dependent oxygen consumption per g tissue) of inguinal white adipose tissue was maximally one-fifth of interscapular brown adipose tissue, and the total quantitative contribution of all inguinal mitochondria was maximally one-third of all interscapular brown-fat mitochondria, indicating that the classical brown adipose tissue depots would still predominate in thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia V Kalinovich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Abstract
Orexins are a pair of hypothalamic neuropeptides that were discovered in the late 1990s and named initially for their ability to promote feeding. Subsequent studies have revealed the importance of orexins to a variety of physiological functions, including brown fat thermogenesis, sleep/wake cycles, physical activity, and cognition. We aim to elucidate the various roles of orexins and discuss how these multiple functions are interlinked. We explain that although the unique dual roles of orexins in increasing feeding while concomitantly elevating energy expenditure appear counterproductive, they are necessary for physiological scenarios during which simultaneous stimulation of energy expenditure and feeding occur, namely diet-induced thermogenesis and arousal from hibernation. The position of orexins at the interface between sleep/wake cycles, energy homeostasis, and environmental factors has important implications in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyan Sellayah
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, Florida 32827.
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15
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Mráček T, Drahota Z, Houštěk J. The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1827:401-10. [PMID: 23220394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is not included in the traditional textbook schemes of the respiratory chain, reflecting the fact that it is a non-standard, tissue-specific component of mammalian mitochondria. But despite its very simple structure, mGPDH is a very important enzyme of intermediary metabolism and as a component of glycerophosphate shuttle it functions at the crossroads of glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism. In this review we summarize the present knowledge on the structure and regulation of mGPDH and discuss its metabolic functions, reactive oxygen species production and tissue and organ specific roles in mammalian mitochondria at physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mráček
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Chattopadhyay M, Guhathakurta I, Behera P, Ranjan KR, Khanna M, Mukhopadhyay S, Chakrabarti S. Mitochondrial bioenergetics is not impaired in nonobese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2011; 60:1702-10. [PMID: 21663924 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although mitochondrial dysfunction has been well documented in obese people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, its presence or absence in nonobese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus has not been well studied so far. The aim of the present study was to assess the status of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects in comparison to control, obese nondiabetic, and obese type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. Mitochondria were isolated from subcutaneous white adipose tissue obtained from the abdominal region of control, obese nondiabetic, nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obese type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. The activities of complex I, I to III, II to III, and IV; transmembrane potential; and inorganic phosphate utilization of mitochondria from different groups were measured. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential, inorganic phosphate utilization, and the activities of respiratory chain complexes were significantly reduced in obese nondiabetic and obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients compared with those in control subjects. No detectable change in mitochondrial functional parameters was observed in case of nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects compared with control subjects. Furthermore, a significant difference was noticed in mitochondrial phosphate utilization and activities of respiratory complexes, for example, I, I to III, and II to III, between obese type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and obese nondiabetic subjects. Obesity modulates mitochondrial dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrittika Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata-700020, India
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17
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Abstract
Increased heat generation from biological processes is inherent to homeothermy. Homeothermic species produce more heat from sustaining a more active metabolism as well as from reducing fuel efficiency. This article reviews the mechanisms used by homeothermic species to generate more heat and their regulation largely by thyroid hormone (TH) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Thermogenic mechanisms antecede homeothermy, but in homeothermic species they are activated and regulated. Some of these mechanisms increase ATP utilization (same amount of heat per ATP), whereas others increase the heat resulting from aerobic ATP synthesis (more heat per ATP). Among the former, ATP utilization in the maintenance of ionic gradient through membranes seems quantitatively more important, particularly in birds. Regulated reduction of the proton-motive force to produce heat, originally believed specific to brown adipose tissue, is indeed an ancient thermogenic mechanism. A regulated proton leak has been described in the mitochondria of several tissues, but its precise mechanism remains undefined. This leak is more active in homeothermic species and is regulated by TH, explaining a significant fraction of its thermogenic effect. Homeothermic species generate additional heat, in a facultative manner, when obligatory thermogenesis and heat-saving mechanisms become limiting. Facultative thermogenesis is activated by the SNS but is modulated by TH. The type II iodothyronine deiodinase plays a critical role in modulating the amount of the active TH, T(3), in BAT, thereby modulating the responses to SNS. Other hormones affect thermogenesis in an indirect or permissive manner, providing fuel and modulating thermogenesis depending on food availability, but they do not seem to have a primary role in temperature homeostasis. Thermogenesis has a very high energy cost. Cold adaptation and food availability may have been conflicting selection pressures accounting for the variability of thermogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Enrique Silva
- Baystate Medical Education and Research Foundation, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University Medical School, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J Enrique Silva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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19
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Alfadda A, DosSantos RA, Stepanyan Z, Marrif H, Silva JE. Mice with deletion of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene exhibit a thrifty phenotype: effect of gender. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 287:R147-56. [PMID: 15031134 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To define the role of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD; EC 1.1.99.5) in energy balance and intermediary metabolism, we studied transgenic mice not expressing mGPD (mGPD-/-). These mice had approximately 14% lower blood glucose; approximately 50% higher serum glycerol; approximately 80% higher serum triglycerides; and at thermoneutrality, their energy expenditure (Qo(2)) was 15% lower than in wild-type (WT) mice. Glycerol-3-phosphate levels and lactate-to-pyruvate ratios were threefold elevated in muscle, but not in liver, of mGPD-/- mice. WT and mGPD-/- mice were then challenged with a high-fat diet, fasting, or food restriction. The high-fat diet caused more weight gain and adiposity in mGPD-/- than in WT female mice, without the genotype differentially affecting Qo(2) or energy intake. After a 30-h fast, WT female lost 60% more weight than mGPD-/- mice but these latter became more hypothermic. When energy intake was restricted to 50-70% of the ad libitum intake for 10 days, mGPD-/- female mice lost less weight than WT controls, but they had lower Qo(2) and body temperature. WT and mGPD-/- male mice did not differ significantly in their responses to these challenges. These results show that the lack of mGPD causes significant alterations of intermediary metabolism, which are more pronounced in muscle than liver and lead to a thrifty phenotype that is more marked in females than males. Lower T(4)-to-T(3) conversion in mGPD-/- females and a greater reliance of normal females on mGPD to respond to high-fat diets make the lack of the enzyme more consequential in the female gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assim Alfadda
- Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rm. E104, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Alvarez L, Randi A, Alvarez P, Kölliker Frers R, Kleiman de Pisarev DL. Effect of hexachlorobenzene on NADPH-generating lipogenic enzymes and L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in brown adipose tissue. J Endocrinol Invest 1999; 22:436-45. [PMID: 10435853 DOI: 10.1007/bf03343587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the in vivo administration of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (100 mg/100 g bw) for 30 days, on the activities of brown adipose tissue (BAT) lipogenic enzymes, i.e. malic enzyme (ME), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and the mitochondrial non lipogenic enzyme, L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (LG3PD), was studied in male Wistar rats, submitted to various neurohormonal manipulations. BAT ME, G6PD and LG3PD activities showed significant reductions in response to HCB treatment both in euthyroid and surgically thyroidectomized rats, showing that the effect does not depend on the presence of thyroid hormones. These results differ from those obtained for hepatic ME and G6PD activities, which increased in HCB intoxicated rats without alteration in LG3PD. HCB decreased BAT ME activity under BAT denervation. Administration of HCB resulted in time and dose-dependent decreases in the activity of BAT malic enzyme. The basal activity of ME was increased in hypothyroid rats, while that of LG3PD was reduced. A stimulatory effect of receptor-saturating doses of triiodothyronine (T3) (50 microg/100 g body weight) was observed on BAT ME and LG3PD activities in thyroidectomized rats, showing that the enzymes responded to thyroid hormone stimulation in a normal manner. The stimulatory effect of saturating doses of T3 on ME and LG3PD was reduced by HCB. The results presented herein unequivocally show that brown adipose tissue is a specific target in HCB-induced toxicity, which in turn involves severe alterations in the regulation of BAT lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Amler E, Jasińska R, Drahota Z, Zborowski J. Membrane lateral pressure as a modulator of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. FEBS Lett 1990; 271:165-8. [PMID: 2226800 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Michaelis-Menten kinetics of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in proteoliposomes from brown adipose tissue mitochondria with exogenously added phospholipids or cholesterol was measured. It was shown that changes in membrane lipid composition affected the membrane lateral pressure and therefore modulated the enzyme activity, namely Vmax value. Contrarily, changes in surface charge caused by minute amounts of phosphatidylserine or charged organic substances influenced only the apparent Km value. The role of bulk phospholipids in regulation of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Amler
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Rauchová H, Beleznai Z, Drahota Z. Effect of chemical modification in situ on L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in brown adipose tissue mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1988; 20:623-32. [PMID: 3215904 DOI: 10.1007/bf00768923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.99.5.) was studied by chemical modification in situ with different amino acid side chain specific reagents in mitochondria isolated from hamster brown adipose tissue. The SH-modifying reagents have only slight effect on the enzyme activity. The most effective chemicals were tetranitromethane and diazobenzene sulfonic acid. The enzyme activity can be abolished completely by both of them. In the presence of Ca2+ and/or glycerol-3-phosphate inhibition was greater at the same electrophilic reagent concentration. The effect of Ca2+ and glycerol-3-phosphate is nonadditive on inhibition by these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rauchová
- Institute of Physiology, Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, Prague
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23
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Bianco AC, Silva JE. Optimal response of key enzymes and uncoupling protein to cold in BAT depends on local T3 generation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 253:E255-63. [PMID: 3631256 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.3.e255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the activity of three lipogenic enzymes [malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), and acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase], the activity of the mitochondrial FAD-dependent alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD), and the mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling protein (UCP) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of euthyroid and hypothyroid rats, both at room temperature and in response to acute cold stress. These enzymes and UCP are important for the thermogenic response of BAT in adaptation to cold. The basal level of the lipogenic enzymes was normal or slightly elevated in hypothyroid rats maintained at 23 degrees C, but the levels of alpha-GPD and UCP were markedly reduced. Forty-eight hours at 4 degrees C resulted in an increase in the activity of G-6-PD, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and alpha-GPD and in the concentration of UCP both in euthyroid and hypothyroid animals, but the levels reached were invariably less in hypothyroid animals, indicating that thyroid hormone is necessary for a full metabolic response of BAT under maximal demands. Of all variables measured, the most affected was UCP (only one-fifth of the response of euthyroid rats to cold) followed by alpha-GPD (approximately 50% the euthyroid response). The administration of replacement doses of triiodothyronine (T3) to hypothyroid rats for 5-7 days did not normalize any of the BAT responses, whereas the replacement of thyroxine (T4) for only 2 days sufficed to normalize them all. This effect of T4 was abolished by preventing its conversion to T3 with iopanoic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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24
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Tyzbir RS, Kunin AS, Hewett DE, Hewitt JR. Effect of dietary protein on hepatic mitochondrial function and cardiac muscle protein turnover in uremic rats. Nutr Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(85)80020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Steffen JM, Roberts JC. Temperature acclimation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): biochemical and organ weight changes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 58:237-42. [PMID: 318267 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Adult Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were acclimated to 5 +/- 1, 24 +/- 1 and 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 6-8 weeks. 2. Body weights of temperature acclimated gerbils did not differ significantly from controls. Organ wt/body wt ratios of liver, kidney and heart increased in cold-acclimated and decreased in heat-acclimated gerbils. Adrenal wt/body wt ratio increased in the cold and was unchanged in the heat. Relative weights of brain, spleen, lungs, brown fat and ovaries + uterus did not change with temperature acclimation. 3. Cold acclimation produced significant increases in specific and total activity of brown fat alpha GPO and liver SO and AAO and in total activity of kidney SO; a significant decrease in liver mitochondrial ADP/O ratio with succinate as substrate; and no change in brown fat SO or liver alpha KGO. 4. Heat acclimation produced significant decreases in specific and total activity of liver and kidney SO, and in total activity of brown fat SO and alpha GPO, and liver AAO and alpha KGO. 5. The combined biochemical and organ wt changes seen in temperature-acclimated gerbils suggest that this species is capable of altering its metabolic thermogenic potential in response to a wide range of ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Steffen
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NB 68178
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26
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Swierczynski J, Scislowski P, Aleksandrowicz Z. Regulation of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in human term placental mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 452:310-9. [PMID: 827310 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(76)90181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. alpha-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.99.5) activity in mitochondria isolated from human term placenta was found to be inhibited by ethyleneglycolbis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Addition of an excess of calcium ions to the incubation medium completely restored the original activity. The concentration of free calcium ion required to activate the alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was found to vary between 10 and 100 nM. 2. The pH optimum for alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity varied with substrate concentration. The pH optima were 7.4 and 8.0 in the presence of 2 or 8 mM alpha-glycerophosphate, respectively. The apparent Km for alpha-glycerophosphate also varied with pH; the values being 0.4 mM at pH 7.05, 1.5 mM at pH 7.8, and 3.5 mM at pH 8.5. 3. alpha-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity was inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA in a competitive manner with an apparent Ki value of about 10 muM. This inhibition was less pronounced in the presence of calcium or magnesium ions. 4. The activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate, D- and DL-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceric acid, in a competitive manner, the apparent Ki values being 0.5, 0.95, 0.12 and 1.5 mM, respectively. 5. alpha-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in human placental mitochondria was found to be more sensitive to phosphoenolpyruvate, than the activity of the same enzyme in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. alpha-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat brown adipose tissue mitochondria was only slightly affected by phosphenolpyruvate under the same conditions. 6. The data obtained suggest that the activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in human placental mitochondria may be controlled by changes of the cytosolic level of palmitoyl-CoA, some glycolytic intermediates, and pH.
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27
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Swierczyński J, Scislowski P, Aleksandrowicz Z. High activity of alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation by human placental mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 429:46-54. [PMID: 816383 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(76)90028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human term placental mitochondria oxidize alpha-glycerophosphate at an unusually high rate as compared to other substrates. The apparent Km both for oxidation and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5) activity of DL-alpha glycerophosphate determined in a medium containing 2mM EDTA and 5 mM MgSO4 was approx. 0.7 mM. EDTA inhibited the alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation if the later was used at low concentrations. A subsequent addition of MgSO4 or CaCl2 restored the original activity. EDTA had no effect on mitochondrial respiration at high concentration of alpha-glycerophosphate. Possible physiological role of relatively high activity of human placental mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase is discussed.
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28
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Elleder M. The unusually high activity of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in Gaucher cells. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1975; 19:97-9. [PMID: 809926 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In a liver biopsy specimen of an infantile type of Gaucher's disease an extremely high activity of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity was observed in Gaucher cells. The activities of fourteen other dehydrogenases which were studied incomparably weaker.
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29
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Houstĕk J, Cannon B, Lindberg O. Gylcerol-3-phosphate shuttle and its function in intermediary metabolism of hamster brown-adipose tissue. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 54:11-8. [PMID: 168075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Brown adipose tissue of the hamster possesses high specific activities of soluble, cytoplasmic NAD-linked, as well as mitochondrial flavin-coupled, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases. The ratio of the two enzyme activities is high (close to 1), when compared with other tissues of the hamster. 2. In the presence of rotenone, NADH is oxidised very poorly by homogenates of brown adipose tissue. A high rate of oxidation is obtained upon further addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which itself is negligible oxidised. When followed fluorimetrically glycerol 3-phosphate can also be observed to induce NADH oxidation, but only after a significant lag time. Similar results are obtained with isolated mitochondria plus high-speed supernatant. With high-speed supernatant alone, only dihydroxyacetone phosphate has any effect, whereas with isolated mitochondria neither dihydroxyacetone phosphate nor glycerol 3-phosphate induce any NADH disappearance. 3. Respiration induced by NADH plus dihydroxyacetone phosphate in homogenates equals 56% of the respiration induced by glycerol 3-phosphate alone. 4. Respiration induced by NADH plus dihydroxyacetone phosphate, as well as that induced by glycerol 3-phosphate, is inhibited by the same concentrations of inhibitors as are required for inhibition of the mitochondrial dehydrogenase i.e. EDTA, long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, long-chain fatty acyl CoA esters. 5. In isolated brown adipocytes in the presence of rotenone, norepinephrine significantly inhibits respiration induced by glycerol 3-phosphate. 6. The results obtained are discussed with respect to the role of glycerol 3-phosphate as an electron sink for cytosolic reducing equivalents to maintain a low level of extramitochondrial NADH. A means of maintaining a level of glycerol 3-phosphate adequate for triglyceride synthesis is also considered.
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30
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Houstĕk J, Drahota Z. The regulation of glycerol 3-phosphate oxidase of rate brownadipose tissue mitochondria by long-chain free fatty acids. Mol Cell Biochem 1975; 7:45-50. [PMID: 166298 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Added free fatty acids inhibit oxidation of glycerol 3-phosphate, succinate and NADH in brown-adipose tissue mitochondria from 10-day-old rats. The most pronounced is the inhibitory effect of glycerol 3-phosphate cytochrome c reductase (GP-cyto. c reductase). Contrary to other reductases, GP-cyto. c reductase activity of freshly isolated mitochondria is already inhibited by the fraction of endogenous free fatty acids. Both added and endogenous free fatty acids inhibition of GP-cyto. c reductase is fully reversible by the removal of free fatty acids by bovine serum albumine treatment. The inhibition of GP-cyto. c reductase is of strictly non-competitive type. The most inhibitory are unsaturated long-chain free fatty acids-oleic and linoleic acid. Results are discussed with regards to the regulatory importance of free fatty acids in brown-adiposetissue during intensive non-shivering thermogenesis.
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32
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Zaluska H, Brabcová J, Wroniszewska A, Zborowski J, Drahota Z, Wojtczak L. Separation of outer and inner membranes of mitochondria from the brown adipose tissue of infant rats. Exp Cell Res 1975; 91:63-72. [PMID: 165947 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Bukowiecki LJ, Lindberg O. Control of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate oxidation in brown adipose tissue mitochondria by calcium and acyl-CoA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 348:115-25. [PMID: 4210023 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(74)90097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Oksanen A. Multilocular fat in thymuses of rats and mice associated with thymus involution: a light- and electron-microscope and histochemical study. J Pathol 1971; 105:223-6. [PMID: 5143850 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Skála J, Barnard T, Lindberg O. Changes in interscapular brown adipose tissue of the rat during perinatal and early postnatal development and after cold acclimation. II. Mitochondrial changes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1970; 33:509-28. [PMID: 4315637 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Himms-Hagen J. Regulation of metabolic processes in brown adipose tissue in relation to nonshivering thermogenesis. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1970; 8:131-51. [PMID: 4920377 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(70)90013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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