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Liu E, Zhang Y, Wang JZ. Updates in Alzheimer's disease: from basic research to diagnosis and therapies. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:45. [PMID: 39232848 PMCID: PMC11373277 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized pathologically by extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) into senile plaques and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) as neurofibrillary tangles. Clinically, AD patients show memory deterioration with varying cognitive dysfunctions. The exact molecular mechanisms underlying AD are still not fully understood, and there are no efficient drugs to stop or reverse the disease progression. In this review, we first provide an update on how the risk factors, including APOE variants, infections and inflammation, contribute to AD; how Aβ and tau become abnormally accumulated and how this accumulation plays a role in AD neurodegeneration. Then we summarize the commonly used experimental models, diagnostic and prediction strategies, and advances in periphery biomarkers from high-risk populations for AD. Finally, we introduce current status of development of disease-modifying drugs, including the newly officially approved Aβ vaccines, as well as novel and promising strategies to target the abnormal pTau. Together, this paper was aimed to update AD research progress from fundamental mechanisms to the clinical diagnosis and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjie Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Endocrine, Liyuan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China.
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Jin M, Zhang D, Zheng L, Wei Y, Yan S, Qin H, Wang Q, Zhao L, Feng H. Lipopolysaccharide and tyloxapol accelerate the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Lipids 2021; 57:83-90. [PMID: 34875723 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of atherosclerosis is closely related to inflammation and lipid metabolism disorder. It has been found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce inflammation, and tyloxapol (Ty) could induce hyperlipidemia. However, the effects of LPS and Ty on the development and mechanism of atherosclerosis have not been investigated thoroughly. To answer this question, we used assay kits to detect total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) content to evaluate dyslipidemia. We used hematoxylin and eosin staining to evaluate the pathological structure of the aorta and liver, and then used Oil Red O staining to access lipid accumulation in the aortic wall. Subsequently, we used the alanine transaminase (ALT) kit to examine the liver injury. Finally, we used the Western blot experiment to measure proteins that regulate lipid metabolism. We found that the LPS + Ty group could increase the levels of TC, TG, and LDL in the serum and promote lipid accumulation in the aortic wall in mice. Moreover, our study showed that the LPS + Ty group induced pathological changes in hepatocytes and increased ALT content in mice. Significantly, we found that the LPS + Ty group could activate acetyl-CoA carboxylase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and inhibit peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α in mice. Therefore, we suppose that LPS and Ty aggravated the development of atherosclerosis by promoting hyperlipidemia and the disorder of lipid metabolism in mice. These findings are significant for the study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the selection of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianwen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Siru Yan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Partridge D, Lloyd KA, Rhodes JM, Walker AW, Johnstone AM, Campbell BJ. Food additives: Assessing the impact of exposure to permitted emulsifiers on bowel and metabolic health - introducing the FADiets study. NUTR BULL 2019; 44:329-349. [PMID: 31866761 PMCID: PMC6899614 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emulsifiers are common components of processed foods consumed as part of a Western diet. Emerging in vitro cell-line culture, mouse model and human intestinal tissue explant studies have all suggested that very low concentrations of the food emulsifier polysorbate 80 may cause bacterial translocation across the intestinal epithelium, intestinal inflammation and metabolic syndrome. This raises the possibility that dietary emulsifiers might be factors in conditions such as coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes and Crohn's disease. The potential mechanism behind the observed effects of this emulsifier is uncertain but may be mediated via changes in the gut microbiota or by increased bacterial translocation, or both. It is also unknown whether these effects are generalisable across all emulsifiers and detergents, including perhaps the natural emulsifier lecithin or even conjugated bile acids, particularly if the latter escape reabsorption and pass through to the distal ileum or colon. A major objective of the Medical Research Council (MRC)-funded Mechanistic Nutrition in Health (MECNUT) Emulsifier project is therefore to investigate the underlying mechanisms and effects of a range of synthetic and natural emulsifiers and detergents in vitro and in vivo, and to determine the effects of a commonly consumed emulsifier (soya lecithin) on gut and metabolic health through a controlled dietary intervention study in healthy human volunteers - the FADiets study. This report provides an overview of the relevant literature, discussing the impact of emulsifiers and other additives on intestinal and metabolic health, and gives an overview of the studies being undertaken as part of the MECNUT Emulsifier project.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Partridge
- The Rowett InstituteUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - K. A. Lloyd
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - J. M. Rhodes
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - A. W. Walker
- The Rowett InstituteUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - B. J. Campbell
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Rhodes JM. Dietary exposure to emulsifiers and detergents and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. QJM 2018; 111:283-286. [PMID: 28431038 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J M Rhodes
- From The Henry Wellcome Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Nuffield Building, Crown St, Liverpool L69?3GE, UK
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Hallebeek JM, Beynen AC. Production and clearance of plasma triacylglycerols in ponies fed diets containing either medium-chain triacylglycerols or soya bean oil. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2003; 87:188-95. [PMID: 12752824 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0396.2003.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that feeding ponies a diet containing medium-chain triacylglcyerols (MCT) instead of soya bean oil causes an increase in the production of plasma triacylglycerols, which, under steady-state conditions, is associated with an increased clearance of triacylglycerols. Six ponies were fed rations containing either MCT or an isoenergetic amount of soya bean oil according to a cross-over design. The concentration of MCT in the total dietary dry matter was about 13%. When the ponies were fed the diets for 3 weeks, plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were 0.42 +/- 0.09 and 0.17 +/- 0.03 mmol/l (mean +/- SE, n = 6; p < 0.05) for the MCT and soya bean-oil treatment, respectively. Plasma triacylglycerol production was assessed using the Triton method and clearance with the use of Intralipid(R) infusion. Plasma triacylglycerol production was 2.91 +/- 0.88 and 0.50 +/- 0.14 micromol/l.min (means +/- SE, n = 4; p < 0.05) for the diets containing MCT and soya bean oil, respectively. It is suggested that the calculated rates of triacylglycerol production are underestimated, the deviation being greatest when the ponies were fed the ration of soya bean oil. Triacylglycerol clearance rates were calculated on the basis of group mean values for both the fractional clearance rate and the baseline levels of plasma triacylglycerols; the values were 4.28 and 3.52 micromol/l.min for MCT and soya bean oil feeding, respectively. The mean, absolute clearance rates as based on those found in individual ponies did not show an increase when the diet with MCT was fed. Nevertheless, it is concluded that the data obtained support our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hallebeek
- Departments of Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hall JA, Gradin JL, Andreasen CB, Wander RC. Use of a nonionic detergent (Triton WR 1339) in healthy cats to assess hepatic secretion of triglyceride. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:941-50. [PMID: 10951988 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a nonionic detergent (Triton WR 1339) can be used in cats to assess hepatic secretion of triglyceride. ANIMALS 28 healthy cats. PROCEDURE Triton WR 1339 was administered IV according to the following schedule: 5, 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg of body weight. Control cats did not receive an injection or received 0.9% NaCl or PBS solutions at the same osmolarity and volume as the 250 mg/kg group. Blood samples were collected throughout the 48-hour period after administration for determination of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and for RBC morphology and osmotic fragility studies. RESULTS Administration of Triton WR 1339 at 150 and 250 mg/kg caused profound hypertriglyceridemia. Triglyceride concentrations increased in a curvilinear fashion for the first 2 hours and remained increased for approximately 24 hours. Area under the time-concentration curve for triglyceride at 5 hours differed significantly among groups. At 12 and 24 hours, cholesterol was significantly higher in cats receiving 250 mg/kg. The most dramatic changes in osmotic fragility and RBC morphology were in cats receiving 250 mg/kg; 1 of these cats developed severe icterus and died 5 days later. Feeding rice and casein before administering Triton WR 1339 at 150 mg/kg did not appear to affect the hypertriglyceridemia response. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Triton WR 1339 can be administered IV to cats at a rate of 150 mg/kg to assess hepatic triglyceride secretion, although some cats may have increased RBC osmotic fragility. Higher dosages caused substantial adverse effects, whereas lower dosages did not alter plasma triglyceride concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-4802, USA
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SCANU A, PAGE IH. Plasma transport of lipids and lipoprotein proteins in dogs treated with triton WR-1339. J Clin Invest 1998; 41:495-504. [PMID: 14497796 PMCID: PMC290943 DOI: 10.1172/jci104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Two lysosomal storage diseases, aspartylglucosaminuria and mannosidosis, are associated with highly elevated serum dolichol concentrations. To elucidate possible mechanisms leading to elevated serum dolichols, we studied the effects of Triton WR 1339 (known to increase serum cholesterol) and orotic acid (known to decrease serum cholesterol) on blood and biliary dolichol and beta-hexosaminidase levels in rats. In Triton WR 1339-treated rats, serum dolichol was markedly increased compared with saline-treated controls 1 (400 +/- 70 ng/mL, n = 7 v 85 +/- 11 ng/mL, n = 8, P < .001), 4 (789 +/- 70 ng/mL, n = 10 v 110 +/- 10 ng/mL, n = 7, P < .0001), and 8 (549 +/- 43 ng/mL, n = 8 v 87 +/- 8 ng/mL, n = 7, P < .001) days after administration of the drug. By contrast, serum dolichol was decreased (64 +/- 5 ng/mL, n = 8 v 119 +/- 7 ng/mL, n = 8, P < .0001) after a 7-day orotic acid feeding compared with controls. Serum beta-hexosaminidase was unaffected by both treatments. Orotic acid also increased biliary dolichol (280 +/- 47 ng/100 g body weight [BW]/h, n = 7 v 83 +/- 15 ng/100 g BW/h, n = 7, P < .01) and beta-hexosaminidase (21 +/- 3 mU/100 g BW/h, n = 7 v 8.3 +/- 2 mU/100 g BW/h, n = 9, P < .01) excretion compared with controls. Thus, both Triton WR 1339 and orotic acid have an effect on dolichol metabolism, and it is conceivable--based on our results--that serum dolichol concentrations are regulated, at least in part, by a mechanism similar to that for serum cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Humaloja
- Research and Treatment Unit of Alcohol Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Method to measure apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 secretion rates in an individual mouse: evidence for a very rapid turnover of VLDL and preferential removal of B-48- relative to B-100-containing lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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DeAngelis RL, Kearney MF, Barnes ER, Shockcor JP, Findlay JW. Balance/excretion of 3H- and 14C-tyloxapol in the male rabbit after intratracheal administration. Xenobiotica 1995; 25:521-30. [PMID: 7571725 DOI: 10.3109/00498259509061871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. Tyloxapol, trace-labelled (50-100 microCi/animal) with 3H or 14C, was administered intratracheally in a surfactant formulation (EXOSURF Neonatal) to the male rabbit in a total tyloxapol dose of 5 mg/kg. Urine, faeces, expired air, and blood were collected for up to 10 days following tyloxapol administration. 2. Over 5 days, 3H-tyloxapol-related radioactivity in the urine (13.4%) and faeces (27.4%) accounted for a major fraction of the labelled dose. However, urine also contained an additional 13% of the dose as tritiated water. Expired air accounted for only 4.2% of the dose. At the end of the study, an additional 35.6% of the radioactive dose was found in tissues and the carcass, mainly in the lung (27.4%) and to a lesser extent in the liver (2.8%) and kidney (0.4%). Levels of radioactivity in other tissues, including whole blood, were low. 3. Over a separate 10-day study, faecal (30.4%) and renal (9.7%) elimination of 14C-tyloxapol accounted for 40% of the radioactive dose, with expired air accounting for much less (2.7%). At the end of the study, additional radioactivity was recovered from the lung (43.9%) and to a lesser extent from the liver (3.8%) and kidney (0.3%). The half-life for the elimination of total radioactivity from the lung was estimated to be 10-12 days. 4. These data indicate that, following intratracheal administration, tyloxapol and metabolites were retained by the lung, released slowly into the systemic circulation, and eliminated through faecal and renal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L DeAngelis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Takeuchi N, Murase M, Nomura Y, Takase H, Uchida K. Effects of Triton WR 1339 and orotic acid on lipid metabolism in rats. Lipids 1987; 22:566-71. [PMID: 3657394 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of hepatic cholesterol flux on biliary bile acids, Triton WR 1339 and orotic acid were administered to rats, and the biliary cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids were analyzed together with serum lipoproteins and hepatic lipids. Triton, which raised serum very low density lipoprotein and lipid levels and decreased serum high density lipoprotein liver lipid levels, increase the biliary cholic acid group/chenodeoxycholic acid group ratio (CA/CDCA) in the bile without affecting the total amount of bile acids and the other biliary lipids. Orotic acid, which decreased serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and increased liver lipid levels, increased the biliary excretion of cholesterol and phospholipids, but produced no significant change in the total amount of bile acids and in the CA/CDCA ratio in bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takeuchi
- Central Laboratory, Ehime University Hospital, Japan
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Nagata Y, Zilversmit DB. Blockade of intestinal lipoprotein clearance in rabbits injected with Triton WR 1339-ethyl oleate. J Lipid Res 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Plasma lipoprotein changes attending the intravenous administration of Triton WR-1339 in normolipidemic dogs: preferential effect on high density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yamamoto K, Byrne R, Edelstein C, Shen B, Scanu AM. In vitro effect of Triton WR-1339 on canine plasma high density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Yamamoto K, Shen B, Zarins C, Scanu AM. In vitro and in vivo interactions of Triton 1339 with plasma lipoproteins of normolipidemic rhesus monkeys. Preferential effects on high density lipoproteins. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (DALLAS, TEX.) 1984; 4:418-34. [PMID: 6431955 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.4.4.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triton WR-1339 was incubated in vitro in various proportions with plasma from normolipidemic rhesus monkeys or with ultracentrifugally purified lipoproteins, and the products were examined by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation, agarose column chromatography, electrophoretic and immunochemical techniques, and electron microscopy. Some experiments used apo A-I, apo A-II, or Triton labeled with either 125I or 131I. At concentrations of less than 10 mg/ml plasma, Triton interacted preferentially with HDL, changing lipoprotein size and density; Triton was progressively incorporated into the HDL particles, displacing apo E, apo A-I, and apo A-II. At concentrations above 10 mg/ml plasma, Triton displaced all apo A-I from the particle, and much lipid was dissolved into the Triton micelles. When Triton-treated HDL particles were used as a substrate for the enzyme LCAT, enzyme activity decreased in parallel to the displacement of apo A-I. There was no displacement of apo B from LDL nor any loss of lipids; but the particles became deformed and formed rouleaux. A single intravenous dose of Triton WR-1339 administered to a normolipidemic monkey (N) and to a hypercholesterolemic monkey (H) resulted in concentration-dependent HDL changes similar to those observed in vitro. LDL was less affected by Triton, with changes occurring only at high doses. After these structural changes, intravenously injected 131I apo A-I disappeared rapidly from the circulation; 125I apo A-II disappeared less rapidly. These increased clearances were accompanied by a drop in apo A-I plasma levels and the disappearance of HDL particles from plasma. The lipoprotein and apolipoprotein patterns returned to normal 14 days after Triton. We conclude that Triton WR-1339, when exposed to rhesus plasma in vitro or in vivo, interacts preferentially with HDL in a dose-dependent manner. At low concentrations, Triton acts on surface components of the HDL particle; at higher concentrations, Triton penetrates the particle, causing structural disruption. Because of its high affinity for HDL, Triton WR-1339 is a useful reagent for study of HDL structure-function relationships.
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Swift LL, Soulé PD, LeQuire VS. Hepatic Golgi lipoproteins: precursors to plasma lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Lipid Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Chen WW, Moser AB, Moser HW. Role of lysosomal acid ceramidase in the metabolism of ceramide in human skin fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 208:444-55. [PMID: 7259198 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Changes in the concentration of plasma lipoproteins and apoproteins following the administration of Triton WR 1339 to rats. J Lipid Res 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bagnarello AG, Lewis LA, McHenry MC, Weinstein AJ, Naito HK, McCullough AJ, Lederman RJ, Gavan TL. Unusual serum lipoprotein abnormality induced by the vehicle of miconazole. N Engl J Med 1977; 296:497-9. [PMID: 834227 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197703032960907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Soler-Argilaga C, Russell RL, Heimberg M. Effect of Triton WR-1339 on lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 178:135-9. [PMID: 836029 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yousufzai SY, Siddiqi M. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid and triton-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. EXPERIENTIA 1976; 32:1178-9. [PMID: 183980 DOI: 10.1007/bf01927612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) significantly decreased cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels in whole serum, serum beta-lipoproteins and liver of Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Therapeutically 50 mg HMG/kg is equivalent to 200 mg nicotinic acid/kg in lowering all these lipid parameters. HMG may exert its hypolipidemic effect through inhibition of lipoprotein synthesis.
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Borensztajn J, Rone MS, Kotlar TJ. The inhibition in vivo of lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity by triton WR-1339. Biochem J 1976; 156:539-43. [PMID: 949335 PMCID: PMC1163786 DOI: 10.1042/bj1560539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in heart homogenates and in heparin-releasable and non-releasable fractions of isolated perfused rat hearts, after the intravenous injection of Triton WR-1339. 2. In homogenates of hearts from starved, rats, lipoprotein lipase activity was significantly inhibited (P less than 0.001) 2h after the injection of Triton. This inhibition was restricted exclusively to the heparin-releasable fraction. Maximum inhibition occurred 30 min after the injection and corresponded to about 60% of the lipoprotein lipase activity that could be released from the heart during 30 s perfusion with heparin. 3. Hearts of Triton-treated starved rats were unable to take up and utilize 14C-labelled chylomicron triacylglycerol fatty acids, even though about 40% of heparin-releasable activity remained in the hearts. 4. It is concluded that Triton selectively inhibits the functional lipoprotein lipase, i.e. the enzyme directly involved in the hydrolysis of circulating plasma triacylglycerols. 5. Lipoprotein lipase activities measured in homogenates of soleus muscle of starved rats and adipose tissue of fed rats were decreased by 25 and 39% respectively after Triton injection. It is concluded that, by analogy with the heart, these Triton-inhibitable activities correspond to the functional lipoprotein lipase.
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Wherrett JR, Huterer S. Modifications of glycerol phosphaglyceride metabolism in cell storage phenomena. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 72:357-65. [PMID: 941759 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0955-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Goldstein JL, Brunschede GY, Brown MS. Inhibition of proteolytic degradation of low density lipoprotein in human fibroblasts by chloroquine, concanavalin A, and Triton WR 1339. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Illingworth D, Portman OW, Whipple LE. Metabolic interrelationships between the lipids of very low, low and high density lipoproteins in the squirrel monkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(74)90144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Weber G, Resi L, Agradi E, Sirtori CR. An experimental model for type V hyperlipoproteinemia: combined tween and cholesterol treatment in rabbits. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1973; 161:304-10. [PMID: 4768652 DOI: 10.1007/bf01851454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Moinuddin M, Witter RF, Quist KD. Bovine blood serum as a substitute for human serum for quality control of the determination of cholesterol and triglyceride. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 37:123-30. [PMID: 5022075 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Schurr PE, Schultz JR, Parkinson TM. Triton-induced hyperlipidemia in rats as an animal model for screening hypolipidemic drugs. Lipids 1972; 7:68-74. [PMID: 5013174 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Iturriaga H, Vaisman S, Eugenia PINO ME, Pereda T. Lysosomal injury and hepatic necrosis. Effects of triton WR-1339 on liver cells in the rat. Exp Mol Pathol 1971; 14:350-61. [PMID: 5145928 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(71)90006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Weigensberg BI. Effects of four variations of a surfactant polymer on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH 1969; 10:291-301. [PMID: 5364081 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1319(69)80033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hart PD, Gordon AH. Suggested role of lysosomal lipid in the contrasting effects of 'triton WR-1339' and dextran on tuberculous infection. Nature 1969; 222:672-3. [PMID: 4976674 DOI: 10.1038/222672a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Butkus A, Lazzarini-Robertson A J, Ehrhart LA, Page IH. Tissue changes in experimental chronic endogenous hyperlipemia. JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH 1968; 8:303-17. [PMID: 5664197 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1319(68)80065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Otway S, Robinson DS. The use of a non-ionic detergent (Triton WR 1339) to determine rates of triglyceride entry into the circulation of the rat under different physiological conditions. J Physiol 1967; 190:321-32. [PMID: 6049002 PMCID: PMC1365296 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The concentration of triglyceride in the plasma rises linearly for 3 hr after the intravenous injection of the non-ionic detergent, Triton WR 1339, in the rat.2. Minimum rates of triglyceride entry into the plasma have been calculated from measurements of the plasma triglyceride concentration at 1.5 hr after Triton injection. These are 30 and 52 mumoles/hr.200 g body weight respectively for male and female animals on a stock laboratory diet and 25 and 33 mumoles/hr.200 g body weight respectively for male and female animals starved for 48 hr. The values may have to be increased by 10 or 20% to take account of a small leak of triglyceride from the plasma in animals injected with Triton and of an effect of ether anaesthesia on the rate of entry of triglyceride into the plasma.3. Substitution of the stock laboratory diet by diets that are lower in fat content does not alter significantly the rate of triglyceride accumulation in the plasma after Triton injection.4. There is no change in the triglyceride content of the livers of male and female rats at 24 hr after Triton injection. At 6 hr after Triton, the liver triglyceride content of female rats which have been fed their normal diet is increased.
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Butkus A, Berretoni JN. Quantitative and qualitative lipid correlation in experimental endogenous hyperlipemia. Lipids 1967; 2:212-6. [PMID: 17805769 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/1966] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The reversible endogenous hyperlipemia in dogs, elicited by the detergent Triton which was given intravenously, was used to study the interrelations of serum lipids. In the cholesterol ester fraction an increase occurs in both monounsaturated and in saturated fatty acids, excepting myristic; while a decrease occurs in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acids of cholesterol esters of normal dogs contain 22% oleic acid, and only 24% when serum lipids are increased to almost double their normal value (TC=400-500 mg/100 ml). However there is a critical level above which a rapid rise in oleic acid occurs and, in severe hyperlipemia (TC=1500 +/-430 mg/100 ml), this acid constitutes almost half of the esterified fatty acid component.Since there is no evidence that Triton directly regulates fatty acid synthesis, the lipid fraction-fatty acid interrelationship may be secondary to lipid mobilization from endogenous sources. This concept is supported by the fact that the increased serum fatty acids are only those which can be synthesized by animals. It is suggested, on the basis of a marked increased of endogenously produced fatty acids, that, at critical lipid levels, shortage of polyunsaturated fatty acids from exogenous sources occurs. This might be of sufficient degree to accelerate fatty acid synthesis to meet the need for fatty acids for energy requirements. There may also be need of fatty acid for esterification of chiefly the accumulated free cholesterol split from lipoprotein by Triton.Triton-induced changes in cholesterol ester fatty acids result in patterns which closely resemble those in the adipose tissue of dog and man and in the serum of human endogenous hyperlipemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Butkus
- Research Division, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Vidone RA, Lowman RM, Hukill PB, Bloor CM, Hipona FA. Experimental arteriosclerosis in dogs: the effects of triton-induced hyperlipemia. Angiology 1967; 18:204-17. [PMID: 4164269 DOI: 10.1177/000331976701800402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rossi GB, Mancini M, Oriente P, Vecchione A, Vecchione R, Cerqua R, Cuzzupoli M. Comparative studies on serum lipids and histochemical features of the arterial wall in animal species differently susceptible to experimental atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH 1965; 5:569-79. [PMID: 4222278 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1319(65)80033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Solyom A, Cseh G, Villànyi K. The dose-dependent effect of heparin and SP-54 on Triton-induced lipemia in rats. Life Sci 1965; 4:1411-20. [PMID: 4158775 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(65)90019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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SCANU ANGELOM. Factors Affecting Lipoprotein Metabolism1 1This work was supported by grants from the Public Health Service (HE 08727-01) and from the Chicago and Illinois Heart Associations.2 2Literature published after June 30, 1964, is not included in this survey. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9939-9.50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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ROSSI GB, ORIENTE P, CUZZUPOLI M, VECCHIONE A, MANCINI M. Failure to induce Atherosclerosis in ‘Triton’ Hyperlipæmic Guinea Pigs. Nature 1964; 203:416. [PMID: 14197392 DOI: 10.1038/203416a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hess R. Evaluation of drugs active against experimental atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1964; 2:295-445. [PMID: 5335011 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9938-2.50013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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HESS R, LOUSTALOT P. Short-term aortic lipoidosis in the rat: Evaluation of some factors related to the experimental procedure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 3:280-7. [PMID: 14051793 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1319(63)80005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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