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Bitis arietans Snake Venom Induces an Inflammatory Response Which Is Partially Dependent on Lipid Mediators. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090594. [PMID: 32937985 PMCID: PMC7551280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitis arietans is a snake of medical importance, as it is responsible for more accidents in humans and domestic animals than all other African snakes put together. The accidents are characterized by local and systemic alterations, such as inflammation, cardiovascular and hemostatic disturbances, which can lead victims to death or permanent disability. However, little is known about the envenomation mechanism, especially regarding the inflammatory response, which is related to severe clinical conditions triggered by the venom. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the inflammatory response related to the B. arietans envenomation using a peritonitis mice model. By pharmacological interventions and use of mice genetically deficient of the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme (5-LO-/-) or platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor (PAFR-/- the participation of eicosanoids and PAF in this response was also investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that the venom induces an in vivo inflammatory response, characterized by an early increased vascular permeability, followed by an accumulation of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in the peritoneal cavity, accompanied by the production of the eicosanoids LTB4, LTC4, TXB2 and PGE2, as well as the local and systemic production of IL-6 and MCP-1. These inflammatory events were attenuated by the pre-treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs that interfere in lipid mediators' functions. However, 5-LO-/- mice did not show a reduction of inflammatory response induced by the venom, while PAFR-/- mice showed a reduction in both the PMN leukocytes number and the local and systemic production of IL-6 and MCP-1. This study demonstrated that the Bitis arietans venom contains toxins that trigger an inflammatory process, which is partially dependent on lipid mediators, and may contribute to the envenomation pathology.
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Shao S, Sun X, Chen Y, Zhan B, Zhu X. Complement Evasion: An Effective Strategy That Parasites Utilize to Survive in the Host. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:532. [PMID: 30949145 PMCID: PMC6435963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections induce host immune responses that eliminate the invading parasites. However, parasites have evolved to develop many strategies to evade host immune attacks and survive in a hostile environment. The complement system acts as the first line of immune defense to eliminate the invading parasites by forming the membrane attack complex (MAC) and promoting an inflammatory reaction on the surface of invading parasites. To date, the complement activation pathway has been precisely delineated; however, the manner in which parasites escape complement attack, as a survival strategy in the host, is not well understood. Increasing evidence has shown that parasites develop sophisticated strategies to escape complement-mediated killing, including (i) recruitment of host complement regulatory proteins on the surface of the parasites to inhibit complement activation; (ii) expression of orthologs of host RCA to inhibit complement activation; and (iii) expression of parasite-encoded proteins, specifically targeting different complement components, to inhibit complement function and formation of the MAC. In this review, we compiled information regarding parasitic abilities to escape host complement attack as a survival strategy in the hostile environment of the host and the mechanisms underlying complement evasion. Effective escape of host complement attack is a crucial step for the survival of parasites within the host. Therefore, those proteins expressed by parasites and involved in the regulation of the complement system have become important targets for the development of drugs and vaccines against parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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da Rocha DG, Fernandez JH, de Almeida CMC, da Silva CL, Magnoli FC, da Silva OÉ, da Silva WD. Development of IgY antibodies against anti-snake toxins endowed with highly lethal neutralizing activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:404-412. [PMID: 28595875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a major neglected disease related to poverty in developing countries. Treatment involves the administration of a specific antivenom serum and auxiliary therapies, if necessary. The improvement of antibodies is of great importance for the technological advancement of antivenom therapy and to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this medical burden. In the present study, adult hens were immunized nine times with 20μg of B. arietans or C. d. terrificus venoms at three-week intervals between immunizations. Developing antibodies presented increasing avidity and affinity to antigenic toxin epitopes along immunization, attaining a plateau after the seventh immunization. Pooled egg yolk-purified IgY antivenom antibodies, subjected to in vitro-in vivo lethality assay using Swiss adult mice, exhibited potent venom lethal neutralizing activity. Taken together, chickens under the described immunization schedule were considered alternative candidates for antivenom production. Lower maintenance costs, a simple antibody manufacturing process and immunization suffering restrictions are additional advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gitirana da Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer (LBR), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000 - Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Jorge Hernandez Fernandez
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos (LQFPP), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000 - Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Costa de Almeida
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal (LSA), Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000 - Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Letícia da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer (LBR), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000 - Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Fábio Carlos Magnoli
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500 - São Paulo, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Osmair Élder da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500 - São Paulo, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Wilmar Dias da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500 - São Paulo, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
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Lidani KCF, Bavia L, Ambrosio AR, de Messias-Reason IJ. The Complement System: A Prey of Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:607. [PMID: 28473804 PMCID: PMC5397499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite known to cause Chagas disease (CD), a neglected sickness that affects around 6-8 million people worldwide. Originally, CD was mainly found in Latin America but more recently, it has been spread to countries in North America, Asia, and Europe due the international migration from endemic areas. Thus, at present CD represents an important concern of global public health. Most of individuals that are infected by T. cruzi may remain in asymptomatic form all lifelong, but up to 40% of them will develop cardiomyopathy, digestive mega syndromes, or both. The interaction between the T. cruzi infective forms and host-related immune factors represents a key point for a better understanding of the physiopathology of CD. In this context, the complement, as one of the first line of host defense against infection was shown to play an important role in recognizing T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes and in controlling parasite invasion. The complement consists of at least 35 or more plasma proteins and cell surface receptors/regulators, which can be activated by three pathways: classical (CP), lectin (LP), and alternative (AP). The CP and LP are mainly initiated by immune complexes or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), respectively, whereas AP is spontaneously activated by hydrolysis of C3. Once activated, several relevant complement functions are generated which include opsonization and phagocytosis of particles or microorganisms and cell lysis. An important step during T. cruzi infection is when intracellular trypomastigotes are release to bloodstream where they may be target by complement. Nevertheless, the parasite uses a sequence of events in order to escape from complement-mediated lysis. In fact, several T. cruzi molecules are known to interfere in the initiation of all three pathways and in the assembly of C3 convertase, a key step in the activation of complement. Moreover, T. cruzi promotes secretion of plasma membrane-derived vesicles from host cells, which prevent the activity of C3 convertase C4b2a and thereby may hinder complement. In this review, we aim to present an overview on the strategies used by T. cruzi in order to circumvent the activation of complement and, consequently, its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iara J. de Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of ParanáCuritiba, Brazil
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Coulthard LG, Woodruff TM. Is the complement activation product C3a a proinflammatory molecule? Re-evaluating the evidence and the myth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3542-8. [PMID: 25848071 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complement activation product C3a is often described as a proinflammatory mediator, alongside its downstream cousin, C5a. However, emerging studies show that C3a has several anti-inflammatory facets in vivo. For example, in the acute inflammatory response, C3a acts in direct opposition to C5a, through preventing the accumulation of neutrophils in inflamed tissues by independently regulating their mobilization. This acute, protective, and opposing activity of C3a to C5a is also illustrated in models of septicemia. In this article, we reinvestigate the discovery and original classification of C3a as a proinflammatory mediator and highlight the emerging studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects for C3a in the immune response. It is our hope that this review illuminates these apparently contradictory roles for C3a and challenges the general dogma surrounding C3a, which, historically, has ubiquitously been described as a proinflammatory mediator. In light of this, we urge investigators to use "inflammatory modulator" as the descriptor for C3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam G Coulthard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Endo S, Hochman DJ, Midoro-Horiuti T, Goldblum RM, Brooks EG. Mountain cedar pollen induces IgE-independent mast cell degranulation, IL-4 production, and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:488-95. [PMID: 21944563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cedar pollens cause severe allergic disease throughout the world. We have previously characterized allergenic pollen glycoproteins from mountain cedar (Juniperus ashei) that bind to allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). In the present report, we investigated an alternative pathway of mast cell activation by mountain cedar pollen extract through IgE-independent mechanisms. We show that mountain cedar pollen directly induces mast cell serotonin and IL-4 release and enhances release induced by IgE cross-linking. Concomitant with mediator release, high levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated, and both ROS and serotonin release were inhibited by anti-oxidants. These findings suggest that alternative mechanisms exist whereby pollen exposure enhances allergic inflammatory mediator release through mechanisms that involve ROS. These mechanisms have the potential for enhancing the allergenic potency of pollens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Endo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Toledo RG, Da Silva WD, Calich VL, Kipnis TL. Mannose-binding lectin complement pathway plays a key role in complement activation by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Soto E, Romero R, Richani K, Espinoza J, Chaiworapongsa T, Nien JK, Edwin SS, Kim YM, Hong JS, Goncalves LF, Yeo L, Mazor M, Hassan SS, Kusanovic JP. Preeclampsia and pregnancies with small-for-gestational age neonates have different profiles of complement split products. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23:646-57. [PMID: 19900030 PMCID: PMC3482544 DOI: 10.3109/14767050903301009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The activation of the complement system results in the generation of split products with pro-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to determine whether preeclampsia and small-for-gestational age (SGA) are associated with changes in the maternal plasma concentrations of anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a and C5a. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in the following groups: (a) normal pregnant women (n = 134); (b) women who delivered an SGA neonate (n = 53); (c) preeclampsia with (n = 52) and without SGA (n = 54). Maternal plasma anaphylatoxin concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS (1) Women with preeclampsia with or without SGA had a significantly higher median plasma C5a concentration than that of normal pregnant women and those with SGA alone (all P < 0.01); (2) women with SGA alone did not have an increase in plasma C5a concentration; (3) in contrast, the median maternal plasma concentration of C4a was lower in women with preeclampsia and SGA than that of those with a normal pregnancy (P = 0.001); (4) no changes in C3a were observed among the study groups. CONCLUSION Preeclampsia is associated with increased plasma concentration of C5a, regardless of the presence or absence of an SGA fetus. In contrast, there was no difference in the plasma C3a, C4a and C5a concentration in patients with SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Soto
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Karina Richani
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jyh Kae Nien
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sam S. Edwin
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yeon Mee Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Joon Seok Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Luis F. Goncalves
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Moshe Mazor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIF/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Soto E, Romero R, Richani K, Yoon BH, Chaiworapongsa T, Vaisbuch E, Mittal P, Erez O, Gotsch F, Mazor M, Kusanovic JP. Evidence for complement activation in the amniotic fluid of women with spontaneous preterm labor and intra-amniotic infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22:983-92. [PMID: 19900036 PMCID: PMC3437778 DOI: 10.3109/14767050902994747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The complement system plays an important role in host defense against infection. Concentrations of complement split products or anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a, and C5a) in biological fluids are considered to reflect complement activation. The purpose of this study was to determine if term and preterm parturition are associated with evidence of complement activation in the amniotic fluid. STUDY DESIGN Amniotic fluid (AF) samples were collected from 270 women in the following groups: (1) normal pregnant women in midtrimester (n = 70), (2) term not in labor (n = 23), (3) term in labor (n = 48), and (4) preterm labor (PTL) (n = 129). PTL was categorized into: (a) PTL without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) who delivered at term (n = 42), (b) PTL who delivered preterm without MIAC (n = 57), and (c) PTL with MIAC (n = 30). C5a, C4a, and C3a concentrations in amniotic fluid were determined by ELISA. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS (1) The median AF C5a concentration was higher in women at term than that of those in the midtrimester (p = 0.02); (2) Spontaneous labor at term was not associated with changes in AF concentrations of anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a (all p > 0.05); (3) Among patients with PTL who delivered preterm, those with MIAC had higher AF C4a and C5a concentrations than those without infection (p < 0.01); and (4) AF C3a, C4a, and C5a concentrations were higher in patients with PTL with MIAC than in those with PTL without MIAC who delivered at term. CONCLUSION Patients with spontaneous preterm labor and intact membranes with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity had higher median amniotic fluid concentration of complement split products C3a, C4a, and C5a than patients without intra-amniotic infection. These findings suggest that preterm labor in the context of infection is associated with activation of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Soto
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Karina Richani
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Moshe Mazor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Silva WDD, Tambourgi DV, Campos ACMR, Magnoli F, Petricevich VL, Kipnis TL. Complement Activation by Animal Venoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549509019470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rasool M, Varalakshmi P. Immunomodulatory role of Withania somnifera root powder on experimental induced inflammation: An in vivo and in vitro study. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 44:406-10. [PMID: 16713367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous suspension of Withania somnifera root powder was investigated for their in vivo and in vitro immunomodulatory properties. W. somnifera showed potent inhibitory activity towards the complement system, mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Administration of W. somnifera root powder did not have a significant effect on humoral immune response in rats. Our results report immunosuppressive effect of W. somnifera root powder, thus it could be a candidate for developing as an immunosuppressive drug for the inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rasool
- Department of Biosciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Deemed University, Vellore-632 014, India.
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12
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Escocard RDCM, Kanashiro MM, Petretski JH, Azevedo-Silva J, Queiroz de Carvalho EC, Dias da Silva W, Kipnis TL. Neutrophils regulate the expression of cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide in mice injected with Bothrops atrox venom. Immunobiology 2006; 211:37-46. [PMID: 16446169 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops atrox crude venom injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) into BALB/c mice induced local afflux of inflammatory cells, one neutrophil-rich peak after 6h and another macrophage-rich peak after 48 h. A similar pattern of local cell afflux plus edema, Delta lesions of some skeletal muscle cells, and hemorrhage were observed in mice intramuscular (i.m.) injected with the venom. Measurement of serum cytokines in neutrophil-depleted (by anti-mouse rat monoclonal antibody (mAb) RB6-8C5) and non-depleted BALB/c mice was performed by ELISA. With the exception of IL-1beta (78 pg/ml), higher levels of IL-6 (1348 pg/ml), MIP-1beta (437 pg/ml) and MIP-2 (904 pg/ml) were observed in neutrophil-depleted mice, in comparison to the values found in non-neutrophil depleted mice: IL-1beta (437 pg/ml), IL-6 (750 pg/ml), MIP-1beta (165 pg/ml) and MIP-2 (90 pg/ml). TNF-alpha was not detected. NO was detected (18 microM) 24h after venom injection in neutrophil-depleted mice. RT-PCR using representative primers detected expression of mRNA in cells from BALB/c mice injected with B. atrox venom: (a) for IL-1beta, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CXCR2, MIP-2 and RANTES in cells from mice that were neutrophil-depleted or not; (b) for CCR1, CCR5 and MIP-1beta in cells from neutrophil-depleted mice; (c) for MIP-1alpha in cells from non-neutrophil-depleted mice; (d) TNF-alpha and TGF-beta were not detected in either of the mice. These results indicate that neutrophils play a role in regulating the production of some cytokines and chemokines as well as locally expressed or liberated iNOS/NO in tissues injected with B. atrox crude venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Mothé Escocard
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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SOTO ELEAZAR, RICHANI KARINA, ROMERO ROBERTO, ESPINOZA JIMMY, CHAIWORAPONGSA TINNAKORN, NIEN JYHKAE, EDWIN SAMUEL, KIM YEONMEE, HONG JOONSEOK, GONCALVES LUISF, MAZOR MOSHE. Increased concentration of the complement split product C5a in acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 17:247-52. [PMID: 16147833 PMCID: PMC1421514 DOI: 10.1080/14767050500072805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) more frequently than non-pregnant women. The reasons for this remain unknown. The complement system is a complex set of self-assembling proteins that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of ARDS and sepsis. The purpose of this study was to determine if activation of the complement system occurs in pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the plasma concentrations of C3a, C4a and C5a (i.e., complement split products) in pregnant patients with acute pyelonephritis (n=38) and normal pregnant women (n=38). The complement split products C3a, C4a and C5a were measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics. RESULTS 1) The median plasma concentration of C5a in pregnant patients with acute pyelonephritis was significantly higher than that in normal pregnant women (p<0.001); 2) there was no statistical difference in the median plasma concentration of C3a and C4a between the two groups (p>0.05); and 3) concentrations of C3a, C4a and C5a were not different among patients with acute pyelonephritis with and without bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS 1) Pyelonephritis in pregnant women is associated with an increased plasma concentration of C5a, but not C3a and C4a; and 2) an excess of C5a can predispose pregnant women to develop ARDS and multi-organ failure in pyelonephritis. This finding may have clinical implications since blocking C5a improves ARDS in experimental sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- ELEAZAR SOTO
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - KARINA RICHANI
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - ROBERTO ROMERO
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Address correspondence to: Roberto Romero, MD, Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Dept. OB/GYN 3990 John R, 4 Floor Detroit, MI 48201 Phone: (313) 993-2700; Fax: (313) 993-2694 e-mail:
| | - JIMMY ESPINOZA
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - TINNAKORN CHAIWORAPONGSA
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - JYH KAE NIEN
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - SAMUEL EDWIN
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - YEON MEE KIM
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - JOON-SEOK HONG
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - LUIS F. GONCALVES
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - MOSHE MAZOR
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Richani K, Romero R, Soto E, Espinoza J, Nien JK, Chaiworapongsa T, Refuerzo J, Blackwell S, Edwin SS, Santolaya-Forgas J, Mazor M. Unexplained intrauterine fetal death is accompanied by activation of complement. J Perinat Med 2005; 33:296-305. [PMID: 16207114 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2005.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of the complement system has recently been implicated in the mechanisms of fetal loss in the antiphospholipid syndrome. It is, however, possible that complement activation is also involved in other causes of fetal death in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. We therefore conducted a study to determine whether fetal death is associated with changes in the maternal plasma concentrations of complement split products or anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a and C5a). STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study was designed to include normal pregnant women (n=60) and patients with fetal death (n=60). Patients with fetal death were classified according to the cause of fetal demise into: a) unexplained (n=44); b) associated with preeclampsia (n=8); and c) associated with chromosomal abnormalities or major congenital fetal anomalies (n=8). The plasma concentrations of C3a, C4a and C5a were measured using sensitive and specific ELISAs. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS 1) The median plasma concentration of C5a was higher in patients with fetal death than in normal pregnant women [median 16 ng/mL (range 4.5-402.5) vs. median 11.6 ng/mL (range 1.2-87.1), respectively; P<0.001]; 2) patients with an unexplained fetal death and those associated with preeclampsia had a higher median plasma C5a concentration than normal pregnant women (P=0.002 and P<0.001, respectively); 3) no differences were observed in the maternal plasma concentrations of C3a and C4a among the study groups. CONCLUSIONS Unexplained fetal death is associated with evidence of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Richani
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
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15
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Soto E, Romero R, Richani K, Espinoza J, Nien JK, Chaiworapongsa T, Santolaya-Forgas J, Edwin SS, Mazor M. Anaphylatoxins in preterm and term labor. J Perinat Med 2005; 33:306-13. [PMID: 16207115 PMCID: PMC1472833 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2005.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The complement system plays a central role in the first line of defense against invading pathogens, and its activation involves the release of potent pro-inflammatory mediators such as anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a and C5a. The aim of this study was to determine whether differences existed in maternal plasma anaphylatoxin concentrations between patients with term and preterm parturition. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study was designed to determine the plasma anaphylatoxin concentrations in 296 pregnant women in the following groups: 1) normal pregnancy between 20-36 6/7 weeks (n=64); 2) term not in labor (n=70); 3) term in labor (n=60); and 4) preterm labor with intact membranes (n=102). Women with preterm labor were classified into: a) term delivery (n=24); b) preterm delivery without intra-amniotic infection (IAI) (n=62); and c) preterm delivery with IAI (n=16). Concentrations of C3a, C4a and C5a were determined by ELISAs. Statistical analysis was conducted with non-parametric methods. RESULTS 1) The median plasma C5a concentration was lower in women at term in labor than in those not in labor (P<0.001). In contrast, there were no differences in plasma C3a and C4a concentrations between the two groups (P>0.05). 2) Among patients with preterm labor, those with IAI had a higher median plasma C5a concentration than those without IAI and those who delivered at term (post-hoc tests P<0.001 and P=0.01, respectively). When comparing the preterm labor subgroups with normal pregnancy, only women with preterm delivery and IAI had a median plasma C5a concentration higher than that of normal pregnant women (Kruskal-Wallis P<0.001, post hoc test P<0.001). There was no difference in the plasma C4a concentration among patients with preterm labor. The median plasma C3a concentration in patients with preterm labor with IAI was higher than in those without IAI (Kruskal-Wallis P=0.01, and post-hoc test P=0.005). There was no difference in the plasma C3a concentrations between women with preterm labor who delivered at term and those with preterm delivery, with or without IAI. In addition, no differences were observed in the median plasma C3a concentration between women with normal pregnancy and those in each of the preterm labor subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The maternal plasma concentration of anaphylatoxin C5a is increased in women with preterm labor and IAI, but not in spontaneous labor at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Soto
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Corresponding author: Roberto Romero, MD, Perinatology Research Branch, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, 3990 John R, 4 Floor, Detroit, MI 48201, e-mail:
| | - Karina Richani
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jyh Kae Nien
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joaquin Santolaya-Forgas
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Samuel S Edwin
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Moshe Mazor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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16
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Rawal N, Pangburn M. Formation of high-affinity C5 convertases of the alternative pathway of complement. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2635-42. [PMID: 11160326 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of C5 by C5 convertase is the last enzymatic step in the complement activation cascade leading to the formation of the cytolytic proteolytically activated form of C5 (C5b)-9 complex. In the present study, we examined the effect of the density of C3b (the proteolytically activated form of C3) on the function of the noncatalytic subunit of natural surface-bound forms of the enzyme. A comparison of the kinetic parameters of C5 convertases assembled on three surfaces (zymosan, rabbit erythrocytes, and sheep erythrocytes) were similar and revealed that the average K:(m) decreased approximately 28-fold (5.2-0.18 microM) when the density of C3b was increased from approximately 18,000 to 400,000 C3b/cell. Very-high-affinity C5 convertases were generated when preformed C3 convertases were allowed to self amplify by giving them excess C3. These convertases exhibited K(m) from 0.016 to 0.074 microM, well below the normal plasma concentration of C5 in blood (0.37 microM). The results suggest that in serum convertases formed with monomeric C3b will be relatively inefficient in capturing C5 but will continue to cleave C3 opsonizing the cell surface for phagocytosis, whereas convertases formed with C3b-C3b complexes in areas of high C3b density will primarily cleave C5. The catalytic rate of these convertases approaches maximum velocity, thereby switching the enzyme from cleavage of C3 to cleavage of C5, and production of the cytolytic C5b-9 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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17
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Almeida CM, Kanashiro MM, Rangel Filho FB, Mata MF, Kipnis TL, da Silva WD. Development of snake antivenom antibodies in chickens and their purification from yolk. Vet Rec 1998; 143:579-84. [PMID: 9854769 DOI: 10.1136/vr.143.21.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Adult white leghorn hens hyperimmunised with Brazilian snake venoms of the genus Bothrops and/or Crotalus produced antibodies capable of recognising, combining with and neutralising the toxic and lethal components of the venoms. The antibodies were first detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay two weeks after starting the immunisation schedule, reached the highest titres by the third week and remained high for at least 24 weeks. These antibodies are transferred to the egg yolk from which they were isolated as enriched IgY preparations by a combination of methods using positive and negative precipitation with sodium sulphate and/or caprylic acid. The yolk-derived IgY preparations contained antibodies which blocked the phospholipase A2-dependent haemolytic activity of both venoms and the haemorrhagic activity of Bothrops venom, and neutralised the toxic lethal activities of the venoms with good efficacy. The median effective dose (ED50) of the IgY anti-Bothrops venom was 592.5 microliters/2LD50 and, 1.0 ml neutralised 0.0675 mg of venom. The ED50 of the IgY anti-Crotalus venom was 457.5 microliters/3LD50 and 1.0 ml neutralised 0.075 mg of venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Almeida
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer-CBB, RJ, Brasil
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18
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Prodeus AP, Zhou X, Maurer M, Galli SJ, Carroll MC. Impaired mast cell-dependent natural immunity in complement C3-deficient mice. Nature 1997; 390:172-5. [PMID: 9367154 DOI: 10.1038/36586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is widely regarded as essential for normal inflammation, not least because of its ability to activate mast cells. However, recent studies have called into question the importance of complement in several examples of mast cell-dependent inflammatory responses. To investigate the role of complement in mast cell-dependent natural immunity, we examined the responses of complement-deficient mice to caecal ligation and puncture, a model of acute septic peritonitis that is dependent on mast cells and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). We found that C4- or C3-deficient mice were much more sensitive to caecal ligation and puncture than wild-type (WT) controls (100% versus 20% in 24-h mortality, respectively). C3-deficient mice also exhibited reductions in peritoneal mast cell degranulation, production of TNF-alpha, neutrophil infiltration and clearance of bacteria. Treating the C3-deficient mice with purified C3 protein enhanced activation of peritoneal mast cells, TNF-alpha production, neutrophil recruitment, opsonophagocytosis of bacteria and resistance to caecal ligation and puncture, confirming that the defects were complement-dependent. These results provide formal evidence that complement activation is essential for the full expression of innate immunity in this mast cell-dependent model of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Prodeus
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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19
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Abstract
AbstractThe factors that control migration of mast cells to sites of inflammation and tissue repair remain largely undefined. Whereas several recent studies have described chemotactic factors that induce migration of murine mast cells, only stem cell factor (SCF ) is known to induce migration of human mast cells. We report here that the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are chemotactic factors for the human mast cell line HMC-1, human cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMC) and cutaneous mast cells in vitro. The presence of an extracellular matrix protein, laminin, was required for chemotaxis in response to complement peptides. Migration of mast cells towards C3a and C5a was dose-dependent, peaking at 1 μg/mL (100 nmol/L), and was inhibited by specific antibodies. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin inhibited the anaphylatoxin-mediated migration of HMC-1 cells, indicating that Gi proteins are involved in complement-activated signal transduction pathways in human mast cells. Both C3a and C5a also induced a rapid and transient mobilization of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i ) in HMC-1 cells. Besides SCF, other chemotactic factors tested, such as interleukin-3, nerve growth factor, transforming growth factor β, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), MCP-2, MCP-3, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and MIP-1β, failed to stimulate migration of human mast cells. In summary, these findings indicate that C3a and C5a serve as chemotaxins for human mast cells. Anaphylatoxin-mediated recruitment of mast cells might play an important role in hypersensitivity and inflammatory processes.
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20
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Takahashi M, Moriguchi S, Suganuma H, Shiota A, Tani F, Usui H, Kurahashi K, Sasaki R, Yoshikawa M. Identification of casoxin C, an ileum-contracting peptide derived from bovine kappa-casein, as an agonist for C3a receptors. Peptides 1997; 18:329-36. [PMID: 9145417 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(97)00044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Casoxin C (Tyr-Ile-Pro-Ile-Gln-Tyr-Val-Leu-Ser-Arg) is a bioactive peptide that was isolated from a tryptic digest of bovine kappa-casein as an anti-opioid peptide in longitudinal strips of guinea pig ileum. Casoxin C also evokes contraction of the ileal strips, and we found that this process was biphasic with rapid and slow components. The contractile profile was very similar to that of human complement C3a(70-77), which is the COOH-terminal octapeptide of C3a and has, although less potent, qualitatively the same biological activities as C3a. Casoxin C also has homology with C3a(70-77). The rapid contraction was mediated by histamine release and the slow contraction was mediated by a prostaglandin E2-like substance, judging from the effects of various pharmacological inhibitors and antagonists on the ileal contraction. Casoxin C had affinity for C3a receptors (IC50 = 40 microM) in the radioreceptor assay. In addition, casoxin C showed phagocyte-stimulating activities. Casoxin C is therefore the first milk-derived peptide identified, that acts through complement C3a receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takahashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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21
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Crass T, Raffetseder U, Martin U, Grove M, Klos A, Köhl J, Bautsch W. Expression cloning of the human C3a anaphylatoxin receptor (C3aR) from differentiated U-937 cells. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:1944-50. [PMID: 8765043 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding the human C3a anaphylatoxin receptor (C3aR) was isolated from a pcDNAI/Amp expression library prepared from U-937 cells which had been differentiated with dibutyryl cAMP to a macrophage-like phenotype. The cDNA clone contained an insert of 4.3 kbp and was able to confer to transfected human HEK-293 cells the capacity to bind specifically iodinated human C3a. Chinese hamster ovary cells co-transfected with this cDNA clone and a G-protein alpha subunit (G alpha-16) became functionally responsive to C3a and a C3a analog synthetic peptide, as measured by increased phosphoinositide hydrolysis. As inferred from the cDNA sequence, the clone encodes a 482-residue polypeptide with seven hydrophobic membrane-spanning helices and a high homology to the human C5a and formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptors. Uniquely among the family of G-protein coupled receptors, the C3aR contains an exceptionally large second extracellular loop of approximately 175 residues. Northern hybridizations revealed an approximately 2.3-kb transcript as the major and an additional approximately 3.9 kb-transcript as a minor transcription product of the C3aR. The C3aR appears to be widely expressed in different lymphoid tissues, as shown by Northern hybridizations, providing evidence for a central role of the C3a anaphylatoxin in inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Crass
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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22
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Takahashi M, Moriguchi S, Ikeno M, Kono S, Ohata K, Usui H, Kurahashi K, Sasaki R, Yoshikawa M. Studies on the ileum-contracting mechanisms and identification as a complement C3a receptor agonist of oryzatensin, a bioactive peptide derived from rice albumin. Peptides 1996; 17:5-12. [PMID: 8822503 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(95)02059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oryzatensin (Gly-Tyr-Pro-Met-Tyr-Pro-Leu-Pro-Arg) is an ileum-contracting and immunostimulating peptide derived from rice albumin. The mechanisms for the ileal contraction that it induces, consisting of rapid and slow components, were examined. The rapid contraction was mediated by histamine release and the slow contraction by a prostaglandin E2-like substance, judging from the effects of various pharmacological inhibitors and antagonists on ileal contraction and titration of histamine release. The contractile profile was very similar to that of human complement C3a(70-77), which is the COOH-terminal octapeptide of C3a and has, although less potent, qualitatively the same biological activities as C3a. Oryzatensin showed homology with C3a(70-77) and affinity for C3a receptors (IC50 = 44 microM) by radioreceptor assay. This is the first report of a food-derived bioactive peptide acting through complement C3a receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takahashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyoto University, Japan
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23
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Stefanova Z, Neychev H, Ivanovska N, Kostova I. Effect of a total extract from Fraxinus ornus stem bark and esculin on zymosan- and carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 46:101-106. [PMID: 7650947 DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(95)01233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the total ethanol extract (TE) of the stem bark of Fraxinus ornus and its constituent esculin (EN). They inhibited classical pathway (CP) and alternative pathway (AP) of complement activation in mouse serum. After intraperitoneal administration the total extract displayed antiinflammatory activity in both zymosan- and carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice. The results suggest that the traditional use of Fraxinus ornus stem bark extracts in the treatment of inflammatory disorders is at least partially due to its coumarin constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Stefanova
- Department of Immunology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
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24
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Effect of boswellic acids on complement in adjuvant— and carrageenan—induced inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02678602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Kapil A, Sharma S. Anti-complement activity of oleanolic acid: an inhibitor of C3-convertase of the classical complement pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 1994; 46:922-3. [PMID: 7897600 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb05715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid is a naturally occurring compound, isolated from Luffa cylindrica, which inhibits the in-vitro immunohaemolysis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes by guinea-pig serum. In further experiments this reduced immunohaemolysis was found to be due to inhibition of the C3-convertase of the classical complement pathway. The threshold concentration for inhibition of C3-convertase was 100 micrograms mL-1. However, higher concentrations of oleanolic acid showed constant inhibitory effects on immunohaemolysis. Oleanolic acid also exhibited weak inhibitory effects on individual components of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kapil
- Pharmacology Division, Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu Tawi, India
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26
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Tambourgi DV, dos Santos MC, Furtado MDF, de Freitas MC, da Silva WD, Kipnis TL. Pro-inflammatory activities in elapid snake venoms. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 112:723-7. [PMID: 7921595 PMCID: PMC1910224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Snake venoms from the genera Micrurus (M. ibiboboca and M. spixii) and Naja (N. naja, N. melanoleuca and N. nigricollis) were analysed, using biological and immunochemical methods, to detect pro-inflammatory activities, cobra venom factor (COF), proteolytic enzymes, thrombin-like substances, haemorrhagic and oedema-producing substances. 2. The venoms of the five snake species activate the complement system (C) in normal human serum (NHS) in a dose-related fashion, at concentrations ranging from 5 micrograms to 200 micrograms ml-1 serum. Electrophoretic conversion of C3 was observed with all venoms in NHS containing normal concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, but only by venoms from N. naja and N. melanoleuca when Ca2+ was chelated by adding Mg(2+)-EGTA. 3. Purified human C3 was electrophoretically converted, in the absence of other C components, by the venoms from N. naja, N. nigricollis and M. ibiboboca. However, only the venoms from N. naja and N. melanoleuca contained a 144 kDa protein revealed in Western blot with sera against COF or human C3. 4. All venoms, at minimum concentrations of 30 ng ml-1, were capable of lysing sheep red blood cells, also in a dose-related fashion, when incubated with these cells in presence of egg yolk as a source of lecithin. Although the venoms from M. spixii and N. nigricollis showed detectable thrombin-like activity, these and the other venoms were free of proteolytic activity when fibrin, gelatin and casein, were used as substrates. 5. When tested on mice skin, all five venoms were capable of inducing an increase in vascular permeability and oedema, but were devoid of haemorrhagic producing substances (haemorrhagins). 6. These data provide evidence indicating that Elapidae venoms contain various pro-inflammatory factors which may be important in the spreading of neurotoxins throughout the tissues of the prey or human victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Tambourgi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Morais JF, de Freitas MC, Yamaguchi IK, dos Santos MC, da Silva WD. Snake antivenoms from hyperimmunized horses: comparison of the antivenom activity and biological properties of their whole IgG and F(ab')2 fragments. Toxicon 1994; 32:725-34. [PMID: 7940578 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
IgG and F(ab')2 fragments were prepared from horse plasma rich in specific antibodies against Brazilian Bothrops or Crotalus venoms. Both preparations, free of gross contamination with non-immunoglobulin proteins, were able to combine in vitro with their respective antigens, forming immune complexes at antigen excess, equivalence or antibody excess, and activating the C system, through either the classical or the alternative pathways. The IgG preparation was more effective in neutralizing the lethal factors in Bothrops or Crotalus venoms, compared with the F(ab')2 fragments. In contrast, IgG and F(ab')2 anti-Bothrops venom were almost equipotent in neutralizing the haemorrhagic and defibrinating activities in the venom. The method used to purify IgG, precipitation of most non-immunoglobulin plasma proteins with caprylic acid, produced antivenoms richer in specific antibodies, with higher specific activity, recovery and yield, compared with the method commonly used to prepare antivenoms containing F(ab')2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Morais
- Seção de Concentração de Soros e Fracionamento, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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el-Lati SG, Dahinden CA, Church MK. Complement peptides C3a- and C5a-induced mediator release from dissociated human skin mast cells. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:803-6. [PMID: 7513741 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12378589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement peptides C3a and C5a have been shown previously to release histamine from human basophils but not human lung mast cells. As skin mast cells differ from those of the lung in both immunocytochemical and functional properties, we examined the ability of these anaphylatoxins to release preformed and newly generated mediators from human dispersed skin mast cells. In concentration-response studies, both C3a and C5a released histamine in a concentration related manner with C5a being 40-50 times more potent. However, the extent of histamine, 15-20%, was considerably less than that released from basophils. This was not due to catabolism of the peptides by mast cell proteases, mast cell supernatants that contained C5a being effective in releasing basophil histamine. Removal of the C-terminal arginine from C3a and C5a abolished their activity on skin mast cells. In time-course studies, histamine release induced by C3a and C5a was complete within 15 seconds. Complement-induced histamine release is a non-cytotoxic process as evidenced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose and antimycin A, inhibitors of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, respectively. In contrast to IgE-dependent stimulation, anaphylatoxin-induced histamine release from human skin mast cells is independent of extracellular calcium. Both C3a and C5a at concentrations that induced 10-16% net histamine release caused a negligible release of the newly generated mediator, PGD2. The results suggest that C3a and C5a stimulate human skin mast cells in a manner similar to substance P and related basic secretagogues. However, the activation site for C3a and C5a appears to be different to that for substance P as the substance P antagonist (D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10) SP4-11 inhibited histamine release stimulated by substance P but not that induced by C3a and C5a.
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Teixeira MM, Reynia S, Robinson M, Shock A, Williams TJ, Williams FM, Rossi AG, Hellewell PG. Role of CD18 in the accumulation of eosinophils and neutrophils and local oedema formation in inflammatory reactions in guinea-pig skin. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 111:811-8. [PMID: 7912627 PMCID: PMC1910091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb14810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Intradermal injection of the complement fragment C5a des Arg induces local oedema formation that, in rabbits and man, is dependent on circulating neutrophils. Monoclonal antibodies to the leukocyte adhesion molecule CD11/CD18 block neutrophil accumulation and prevent neutrophil-dependent oedema formation. The role of CD11/CD18 in mediating eosinophil accumulation in vivo is less established. In this study we have used an anti-human CD18 monoclonal antibody, 6.5E, to investigate the neutrophil-dependency of oedema formation induced by C5a des Arg in guinea-pig skin. We also studied the role of CD18 in mediating eosinophil accumulation in the same model. 2. Stimulated adhesion of 111In-labelled guinea-pig neutrophils and eosinophils to serum-coated plastic was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 6.5E suggesting that the monoclonal antibody recognizes and blocks the guinea-pig CD18 adhesion molecule. 3. The accumulation of 111In-labelled neutrophils induced by zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP, as a source of C5a des Arg) in skin sites was reduced by up to 89% in animals treated intravenously with F(ab')2 fragments of 6.5E. ZAP-induced accumulation of 111In-labelled eosinophils was also greatly reduced (by up to 78%) by treatment with 6.5E. 4. Despite the inhibition of ZAP-induced neutrophil accumulation by 6.5E, local oedema formation in the same skin sites was unaffected, except at the top dose of ZAP, by treatment with the anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody, suggesting that the oedema response was largely neutrophil-independent. Indeed, ZAP-induced oedema formation was reduced by up to 81% by the H1 receptor antagonist, mepyramine. 5. Accumulation of 111 In-labelled eosinophils in a passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction was also blocked by treatment with 6.5E, while oedema formation in the same skin sites was unaffected.Intradermal injection of cationic protein-containing extracts of Schistosoma mansoni larvae also induced the accumulation of 111 In-labelled neutrophils and eosinophils which was abrogated by intravenous 6.5E.In contrast, extract-induced local oedema formation was similar in control and 6.5E-treated guinea-pigs.6. In summary, the local accumulation of radiolabelled neutrophils at sites of inflammation in guinea pigskin was dependent on the adhesion molecule CD18 while, in contrast, there was no evidence for neutrophil-dependent oedema formation in this species. Accumulation of radiolabelled eosinophils was also dependent on CD18.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Teixeira
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, London
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30
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Kapil A, Moza N. Anticomplementary activity of boswellic acids--an inhibitor of C3-convertase of the classical complement pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1992; 14:1139-43. [PMID: 1452399 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(92)90048-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Boswellic acids (BA), an anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic principle/s of Boswellia serrata, were found to possess anticomplementary activity. It inhibits the in vitro immunohaemolysis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes by pooled guinea-pig serum. The reduced immunohaemolysis was found to be due to inhibition of C3-convertase of the classical complement pathway. The threshold concentration for inhibiting C3-convertase was found to be 100 micrograms. However, higher concentrations of BA showed constant inhibitory effects on immunohaemolysis. BA also exhibited weak inhibitory effects on individual components of the complement system. In vivo administration of BA also showed the inhibitory effect on guinea-pig serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kapil
- Pharmacology Division, Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu Tawi, India
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31
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Bautsch W, Emde M, Kretzschmar T, Köhl J, Suckau D, Bitter-Suermann D. Human C5a anaphylatoxin: gene cloning and expression in Escherichia coli. Immunobiology 1992; 185:41-52. [PMID: 1398741 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A gene coding for the human anaphylatoxin C5a was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. A combination of reverse transcription of mRNA of the U937 cell line with subsequent preparative polymerase chain reaction was employed to obtain the gene. The sequence was cloned into the plasmid vector pKK 233-2 behind an ATG initiation codon under the control of a trc promotor. After purification by ion exchange chromatography and reversed phase FPLC a mixture of predominantly non-glycosylated recombinant human C5a with a beta-mercaptoethanol adduct at cysteine 27 and the N-methionyl derivative was obtained which was homogeneous on silver-stained gels, immunoreactive with C5a-specific monoclonal antibodies and functionally active in releasing myeloperoxidase from human granulocytes and ATP from guinea pig platelets. The final yield was about 0.4-0.8 mg purified recombinant C5a per liter bacterial culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bautsch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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32
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Gerardy-Schahn R, Ambrosius D, Saunders D, Casaretto M, Mittler C, Karwarth G, Görgen S, Bitter-Suermann D. Characterization of C3a receptor-proteins on guinea pig platelets and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:1095-102. [PMID: 2666143 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830190620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression of specific membrane receptors for C3a was determined on guinea pig C3a-sensitive (gp R+) platelets and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (hu PMNL). Binding studies with 125I-labeled C3a from gp or hu sources and Scatchard analysis applied to the binding data revealed the existence of two receptor classes on gp R+ platelets; a high-affinity class with about 200 binding sites/cell and Kd = 1.7 x 10(-9) M, and a relatively low-affinity class with Kd = 10(-8) M and about 500 sites/cell. Hu PMNL express a homogeneous receptor class with Kd = 3 x 10(-8) M and 40,000 sites/cell. Molecular characterization of the C3a receptor on gp R+ platelets was achieved by (a) cross-linking photoaffinity-labeled receptors to bound 125I-labeled C3a; (b) photoaffinity labeling receptors with a 13-amino acid residue C3a analogue 125I-Nap-Ahx-13; and (c) use of chemical cross-linkers like disuccinimidylsuberate to cross-link receptors with 125I-C3a. All three techniques gave rise to very similar labeling patterns. With the photoaffinity labeling methods, a diffuse band pattern was observed with an apparent molecular mass of 95-123 kDa with 125I-C3a as label, and 85-105 kDa with 125I-Nap-Ahx-13 as label. Chemical cross-linking of 125I-C3a revealed three distinct bands with molecular masses of approximately 123, 108 and 95 kDa. Subtracting the contribution of the cross-linked ligands, the C3a receptor on gp R+ platelets appears to be a protein complex, consisting of one to three components with estimated molecular masses between 83-114 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gerardy-Schahn
- Institut für Med. Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, FRG
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Tambourgi DV, Kipnis TL, Dias da Silva W. Trypanosoma cruzi: antibody-dependent killing of bloodstream trypomastigotes by mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells and by mastocytoma cells. Exp Parasitol 1989; 68:192-201. [PMID: 2494053 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(89)90097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two different populations of mast cells, that is, mastocytoma cells (P815) that were maintained either in vitro or in vivo, and mast cells obtained by differentiation of bone marrow precursor cells (MMC) in conditioned medium, were used as effector cells in antibody-dependent cytotoxic reactions (ADCC) against bloodstream trypomastigotes (BT) of Trypanosoma cruzi. The assay consisted of incubating effector cells with parasites that had been previously sensitized with immune mouse sera, immune IgG isotypes, or with medium. After the incubation period, the number of live BT was assessed. It was found that (a) cytotoxicity is antibody dependent; (b) the main isotypes involved are IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b; (c) both types of mast cells (mastocytoma and MMC cells) are equally efficient in killing BT; (d) mastocytoma cells degranulated by pretreatment with compound 48/80 are still able to effect ADCC; (e) on optical microscope examination, large numbers of parasites were often seen attached to the cells, but only when anti-T. cruzi antibodies were present; and (f) on electron microscope examination, no integral or ruptured parasites were seen inside the cells. We conclude that both T dependent and T independent mast cells are capable of mediating ADCC by a mechanism that is probably not dependent on granule extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Tambourgi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Saliva of the tick, Ixodes dammini, antagonizes anaphylatoxin, abolishing both the effects of anaphylatoxin on guinea pig ileum preparations regularly stimulated with histamine and the local edema caused by intradermal injection of anaphylatoxin into guinea pigs. Saliva of these ticks, however, did not modify polymorphonuclear leukocyte aggregation induced by anaphylatoxin. Bradykinin and lysil-bradykinin were inactivated, but angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and substance P were not affected. Amino acids were released rapidly following incubation of saliva with bradykinin, but slowly from des-arg-9-bradykinin. These results suggest the presence of a salivary carboxypeptidase with specificity for terminal basic amino acids. Such activity may inactivate anaphylatoxin and bradykinin at the site of tick attachment.
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Casale TB, Rodbard D, Kaliner M. Characterization of histamine H-1 receptors on human peripheral lung. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:3285-92. [PMID: 2994680 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Histamine H-1 receptors in human peripheral lung were characterized by radioligand and biochemical assays employing binding of the H-1 receptor antagonist [3H]pyrilamine to plasma membrane preparations. Simultaneous computerized analyses of the data from fourteen separate equilibrium-binding assays indicated the presence of three distinct classes of binding sites with Kd values of 81 +/- 35 pM, 7 +/- 3 microM, and 320 +/- 167 microM and binding capacities of 23 +/- 3 pmoles, 10 +/- 5 nmoles, and 297 +/- 119 nmoles/mg protein respectively. Dissociation kinetics of [3H]pyrilamine binding also supported the presence of three binding sites or states. Further, competition binding curves for histamine receptor agonists and antagonists also indicated the presence of multiple binding sites for the H-1 receptor. The effect of exogenous stimulation of histamine H-1 receptors on human cyclic nucleotides was also examined. Both histamine and the H-1 agonist 2-methyl histamine caused dose-related increases in the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) content of human lung. The effects of 2-methyl histamine were selective for cyclic GMP. The histamine-induced increase in cyclic GMP peaked within 1.0 min and was effectively prevented by the H-1 antagonist pyrilamine. Thus, human lung possesses a large number of H-1 receptors which exhibit three binding states and produce cyclic GMP, but not cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), when stimulated.
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36
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Loveday C, Bingham JS. Changes in intravascular complement, kininogen, and histamine during Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in secondary syphilis. Genitourin Med 1985; 61:27-32. [PMID: 3878826 PMCID: PMC1011750 DOI: 10.1136/sti.61.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nine patients with secondary syphilis and one control subject were observed for eight hours after the administration of penicillin. Serial clinical observations were made, and blood samples were obtained for the analysis of complement, histamine, and kininogen. Six patients showed Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions, the intensities of which were found to parallel certain changes in activity of complement and concentrations of histamine and kininogen. Results were analysed statistically. Significant falls were seen in: total haemolytic complement (CH50), C1 inhibitor, C3, functional (haemolytic) C4, and to a lesser extent total C4. Split products of C3 were shown in five of the six patients who had a reaction. There was no change in total glycine rich beta-glycoprotein (GBG) or glycine rich gamma-glycoprotein (GGG) or evidence of conversion of GBG to GGG. Plasma kininogen concentrations fell and plasma histamine concentrations rose appreciably before and during the clinical phase of the reaction. These results are discussed in relation to the clinical features and possible pathogenic mechanisms of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.
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Ekre HP. Inhibition of human and guinea pig complement by heparin fractions differing in affinity for antithrombin III or in average molecular weight. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1985; 7:271-80. [PMID: 4008141 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(85)90036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparin comprises a mixture of structurally related molecules. Affinity for antithrombin III (AT III) is a prerequisite for its anticoagulant activity, which also is dependent on its molecular weight. In this study heparin fractions prepared by affinity chromatography on immobilized AT III and by gel filtration chromatography were compared for their ability to inhibit complement mediated haemolysis and both classical and alternative pathway C3 activation as measured by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In normal human serum, inhibition of haemolysis and of heat-aggregated IgG (HAGG) as well as zymosan induced C3 activation by heparin was found to be independent of its AT III affinity and of its molecular weight (range 4800-17,000), on a weight basis. In guinea pig serum similar results were obtained for inhibition of HAGG induced C3 activation, but inhibition of haemolysis showed a marked molecular weight dependency and was also reduced for the fraction with low affinity for AT III. This may reflect a species difference in the haemolytic action of human and guinea pig complement. It is concluded that inhibition of human complement by heparin is independent of its anticoagulant activity and of its size and it is suggested that a fraction of heparin with reduced risk for bleeding and platelet aggregation is a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
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Wetsel RA, Lundwall A, Davidson F, Gibson T, Tack BF, Fey GH. Structure of murine complement component C3. II. Nucleotide sequence of cloned complementary DNA coding for the alpha chain. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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40
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Kamide R, Gigli I, Lim HW. Participation of mast cells and complement in the immediate phase of hematoporphyrin-induced phototoxicity. J Invest Dermatol 1984; 82:485-90. [PMID: 6150958 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12261010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the roles of mast cells and the complement system in the immediate phase of hematoporphyrin-induced phototoxicity in guinea pigs. Clinically, i.v. injection of hematoporphyrin, followed by irradiation with a light source containing 400-405 nm wavelength, resulted in the immediate onset of erythema and edema, which subsided partially in 30-60 min. This was followed by the appearance of delayed erythema and edema, which peaked at 6-12 h after irradiation. Histologic examination of the response of the immediate phase, using a 1 micron-thick section, revealed eosinophil infiltration and mast cell degranulation. The immediate phase of the clinical response was further quantitated by the extravasation of intravenously injected [125I]bovine serum albumin. Pretreatment of the guinea pig skin with the intradermal injection of compound 48/80 significantly suppressed the increase in vascular permeability induced by hematoporphyrin and irradiation (p less than 0.05). This hematoporphyrin-induced alteration in vascular permeability was also significantly inhibited by antihistamines, either H1 receptor antagonist alone (p less than 0.05) or a combination of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists (p less than 0.05). Guinea pigs depleted of complement also showed significantly less vascular permeability changes (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that functionally intact mast cells, and the complement system, are required for the full development of the immediate phase of phototoxicity induced by hematoporphyrin.
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Hammann KP, Scheiner O, Schulz T, Erdei A, Dierich MP. Binding of the third component of complement (C3) to Thy-1.2 positive Con-A-induced blasts of the murine spleen: modulation of the C3 binding and cell aggregation by protease inhibitors. Immunology 1983; 48:415-22. [PMID: 6600703 PMCID: PMC1454025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of the third component of the complement system (C3) to Con-A-stimulated murine spleen cells (MSPC) and the role of C3 for the formation of cell aggregates was examined. C3 became bound up to 15% of the T blasts (Thy-1.2 positive cells) while only 2.5% of the non-activated T cells bound C3 when they were incubated with autologous serum. Application of purified human C3 or heat-inactivated autologous serum did not result in a detectable C3 binding. The highest percentage of C3-carrying T blasts (15% of Thy-1.2 positive cells) was observed concomitantly with maximum [3H]-thymidine incorporation when cells were harvested between 24 and 38 hours of culturing. Treatment of the Con-A-stimulated MSPC with phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride (PMSF) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) induced a decrease of the percentage of C3-binding T blasts. However, at small concentrations the protease inhibitors (PI) effected increased C3 binding depending on the time of harvesting the cells. The PI when applied in concentrations causing an enhancement of the percentage of C3-positive T cells also increased the aggregation of Con-A-stimulated MSPC. In contrast Con-A-stimulated MSPC aggregated less when treated with autologous mouse serum containing anti-mouse C3. These observations suggest that the cell contact among Con-A-stimulated MSPC in the presence of serum is at least in part mediated by C3 bound to T-cell blasts. Based on these and previous findings that certain concentrations of DFP enhance rosette formation of blast-transformed B cells with EAC1423b, we hypothesize that PI are involved in regulation of B- and T-blast membrane metabolism, thereby influencing C3-deposition on T-cell blasts and C3-dependent cell—cell interaction.
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Thomas ML, Tack BF. Identification and alignment of a thiol ester site in the third component of guinea pig complement. Biochemistry 1983; 22:942-7. [PMID: 6838833 DOI: 10.1021/bi00273a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kazatchkine MD, Fearon DT, Metcalfe DD, Rosenberg RD, Austen KF. Structural determinants of the capacity of heparin to inhibit the formation of the human amplification C3 convertase. J Clin Invest 1981; 67:223-8. [PMID: 6778897 PMCID: PMC371591 DOI: 10.1172/jci110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of heparin glycosaminoglycan to prevent formation of the properdin-stabilized amplification C3 convertase is independent of antithrombin binding activity and requires substitution of the amino sugar and a degree of oxygen (O)-sulfation which could be on the uronic acid or the amino sugar. Preparations of heparin glycosaminoglycan isolated by different techniques from different species (rat, human, and porcine) exhibited an equivalent capacity to inhibit generation of the amplification C3 convertase. Hyaluronic acid, which is devoid of O-sulfation, had no inhibitory activity; chondroitin 4-sulfate of rat and whale origins, chondroitin 6-sulfate of rat and shark origins, and dermatan sulfate from porcine skin are O-sulfated on the galactosamine and had minimal activity. Porcine heparin glycosaminoglycan, isolated on the basis of affinity for antithrombin III, had no greater anticomplementary activity than porcine glycosaminoglycan, which failed to bind antithrombin III and had essentially no anticoagulant activity. Nitrogen (N)-desulfation of porcine heparin reduced anticomplementary activity to the level of the other sulfated mucopolysaccharides, and both N-resulfation and N-acetylation restored the original activities, thereby indicating a requirement for N-substitution, but not N-sulfation. N-resulfation of N-desulfated and O-desulfated heparin did not restore any activity, thus indicating that O-sulfation and N-substitution represent independent, critical structural requirements for the anticomplementary activity of heparin glycosaminoglycan. Inasmuch as N-desulfated-N-acetylated heparin had no anticoagulant activity, the nature of the N-substitution completely distinguishes the plasma-protein effector pathway that is inhibited.
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46
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Williams TJ, Jose PJ. Mediation of increased vascular permeability after complement activation. Histamine-independent action of rabbit C5a. J Exp Med 1981; 153:136-53. [PMID: 6161204 PMCID: PMC2186055 DOI: 10.1084/jem.153.1.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intradermal injection of zymosan into nonsensitized rabbits induces plasma exudation, which is dependent on two mediators: C5a generated in extravascular tissue fluid and a vasodilator prostaglandin generated from substrates localized in cell membranes. This relationship between the complement system and the prostaglandin synthesis system had not previously been explored, and complement activation has generally been associated with increased vascular permeability via histamine release. We report that C5a increases vascular permeability by a mechanism that is not dependent on histamine release; however plasma exudation is virtually undetectable in the absence of a vasodilator substance. Because the permeability-increasing activity is stable in plasma, analogy with other species suggests that the activity is a result of C5a devoid of its carboxyl terminal arginine (C5a des Arg). This relates the observed permeability-increasing activity with effects on leukocytes rather than effects as an anaphylatoxin.
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47
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48
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Tack BF, Harrison RA, Janatova J, Thomas ML, Prahl JW. Evidence for presence of an internal thiolester bond in third component of human complement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:5764-8. [PMID: 6934510 PMCID: PMC350151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.5764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of the third component of human complement (C3) with methylamine results in a loss of hemolytic function and the appearance of a thiol group. Studies with [14C]methylamine have indicatd a stoichiometric and covalent reaction with the native protein. Hydrazine-inactivated C3 and C3b prepared with bovine trypsin were unreactive with [14C]-methylamine. Alkylation experiments with [1-14C]iodoacetamide have further established a 1:1 correspondence between methylamine incorporation and expression of the reactive thiol. Autoradiographic analyses of [14C]methylamine-treated C3 and methylamine-inactivated [1-14C]carboxyamidomethylated C3 after NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have shown a specific incorporation of each radiolabel into the alpha polypeptide chain. [14C]Methylamine-treated C3 was immobilized on Sepharose 4B by reaction of the protein thiol with a mixed disulfide. Digestion with bovine trypsin in 4 M urea released 96% of the bound absorbance (at 280 nm) units; the radiolabel remained associated with the Sepharose beads. Peptide material labeled with 14C was eluted with dithiothreitol, carboxymethylated with [3H]iodoacetic acid, and chromatographed on Sephadex G-75. On Edman degradation S-[3H]carboxymethylcysteine was released at step 9 and gamma-glutamyl[14C]-methylamide was released at step 12. We interpret these data to indicate the presence of an internal thiolester bond in native C3. In addition, evidence is presented for an identical reactive site in alpha 2-macroglobulin.
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