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Novel treatment strategies for acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis and related disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103104. [PMID: 35452851 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies directed against the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the most common cause of myasthenia gravis (MG). These antibodies damage the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction and cause muscle weakness by depleting AChRs and thus impairing synaptic transmission. As one of the best-characterized antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, AChR-MG has often served as a reference model for other autoimmune disorders. Classical pharmacological treatments, including broad-spectrum immunosuppressive drugs, are effective in many patients. However, complete remission cannot be achieved in all patients, and 10% of patients do not respond to currently used therapies. This may be attributed to production of autoantibodies by long-lived plasma cells which are resistant to conventional immunosuppressive drugs. Hence, novel therapies specifically targeting plasma cells might be a suitable therapeutic approach for selected patients. Additionally, in order to reduce side effects of broad-spectrum immunosuppression, targeted immunotherapies and symptomatic treatments will be required. This review presents established therapies as well as novel therapeutic approaches for MG and related conditions, with a focus on AChR-MG.
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2
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Kim JH, Jenrow KA, Brown SL. Novel biological strategies to enhance the radiation therapeutic ratio. Radiat Oncol J 2018; 36:172-181. [PMID: 30309208 PMCID: PMC6226138 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2018.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful anticancer strategies require a differential response between tumor and normal tissue (i.e., a therapeutic ratio). In fact, improving the effectiveness of a cancer therapeutic is of no clinical value in the absence of a significant increase in the differential response between tumor and normal tissue. Although radiation dose escalation with the use of intensity modulated radiation therapy has permitted the maximum tolerable dose for most locally advanced cancers, improvements in tumor control without damaging normal adjacent tissues are needed. As a means of increasing the therapeutic ratio, several new approaches are under development. Drugs targeting signal transduction pathways in cancer progression and more recently, immunotherapeutics targeting specific immune cell subsets have entered the clinic with promising early results. Radiobiological research is underway to address pressing questions as to the dose per fraction, irradiated tumor volume and time sequence of the drug administration. To exploit these exciting novel strategies, a better understanding is needed of the cellular and molecular pathways responsible for both cancer and normal tissue and organ response, including the role of radiation-induced accelerated senescence. This review will highlight the current understanding of promising biologically targeted therapies to enhance the radiation therapeutic ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jenrow
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Stephen L Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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Neutralizing anti-gH antibody of Varicella-zoster virus modulates distribution of gH and induces gene regulation, mimicking latency. J Virol 2011; 85:8172-80. [PMID: 21632752 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00435-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-glycoprotein H (gH) monoclonal antibody (anti-gH-MAb) that neutralizes varicella-zoster virus (VZV) inhibited cell-to-cell infection, resulting in a single infected cell without apoptosis or necrosis, and the number of infectious cells in cultures treated with anti-gH-MAb declined to undetectable levels in 7 to 10 days. Anti-gH-MAb modulated the wide cytoplasmic distribution of gH colocalized with glycoprotein E (gE) to the cytoplasmic compartment with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi markers near the nucleus, while gE retained its cytoplasmic distribution. Thus, the disintegrated distribution of gH and gE caused the loss of cellular infectivity. After 4 weeks of treatment with anti-gH-MAb, no infectious virus was recovered, even after cultivation without anti-gH-MAb for another 8 weeks or various other treatments. Cells were infected with Oka varicella vaccine expressing hepatitis B surface antigen (ROka) and treated with anti-gH-MAb for 4 weeks, and ROka was recovered from the quiescently infected cells by superinfection with the parent Oka vaccine. Among the genes 21, 29, 62, 63, and 66, transcripts of gene 63 were the most frequently detected, and products from the genes 63 and 62, but not gE, were detected mainly in the cytoplasm of quiescently infected cells, in contrast to their nuclear localization in lytically infected cells. The patterns of transcripts and products from the quiescently infected cells were similar to those of latent VZV in human ganglia. Thus, anti-gH-MAb treatment resulted in the antigenic modulation and dormancy of infectivity of VZV. Antigenic modulation by anti-gH-MAb illuminates a new aspect in pathogenesis in VZV infection and the gene regulation of VZV during latency in human ganglia.
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Abstract
In this Perspective, I review my scientific career, which began after I trained in medicine in Montreal and in neurology in Boston. I started in immunology in London with Avrion Mitchison, using antibodies against cell-surface antigens to study the development and functions of mouse T and B cells. The finding that antibody binding causes immunoglobulin on B cells to redistribute rapidly on the cell surface and be endocytosed transformed me from an immunologist into a cell biologist. I moved with Mitchison to University College London, where my colleagues and I used the antibody approach to study cells of the rodent nervous system, focusing on the intrinsic and extrinsic molecular mechanisms that control the development and behavior of myelinating glial cells-Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. I retired from active research in 2002 and now spend much of my time on scientific advisory boards and thinking about autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Raff
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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5
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Redistribution and pinocytosis of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin molecules induced by anti-immunoglobulin antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 233:225-9. [PMID: 20480991 DOI: 10.1038/newbio233225a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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7
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Fabre JW, Morris PJ. The definition of a lymphocyte-specific alloantigen system in the rat (Ly-1). TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 4:238-46. [PMID: 4137250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1974.tb00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Schlesinger M, Chaouat M. Modulation of the H-2 antigenicity on the surface of murine peritoneal cells. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 2:427-35. [PMID: 4648385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1972.tb00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Forni G, Curcio C, Spadaro M, Iliffe J, Quaglino E, Di Carlo E, Musiani P, Lollini PL. Immunization in tumor prevention. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:1151-8. [PMID: 12860170 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental data suggest that immunity can be activated to prevent tumors. The rationale for prevention is strong because the setting is one endowed with an immune system that is neither impaired by tumor and treatment-induced suppression, nor tolerant to tumor-associated antigens. Oncogenic growth factor receptors are tumor antigens and rational targets for specific immunoprevention. Successful prevention of mammary carcinomas in Her-2/neu transgenic mice is cited as an evidence of the validity of this approach. The specific properties of the Her-2/neu gene product as an antigen and the nature of the immune responses induced by effective preventive treatments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Forni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, I-10043 Orbassano, Italy.
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10
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Abstract
The immune response can effectively hamper the progression of preclinical stages of tumor growth. Medicine in the postgenomic era offers an increasing possibility of detecting healthy individuals at risk of developing cancer who could benefit from tumor-preventive vaccines. The identification of novel tumor antigens that fulfill two conditions will be crucial for the development of cancer immunoprevention. First, an ideal antigen should have a crucial pathogenetic role in tumor growth to avoid the selection of antigen-loss variants. Second, the antigen should be recognizable by the immune system even in MHC-loss variants and should therefore be recognized both by antibodies and T cells. Identifying such antigens will also provide new targets for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Cancer Research Section, Dept of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, Italy.
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11
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Burkhardt O, Merker HJ. Immunoelectron microscopic investigations of patching, capping, endocytotic and shedding processes in T and B lymphocytes. Ann Anat 2002; 184:45-53. [PMID: 11876482 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(02)80034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes were isolated from the blood of healthy juvenile test persons by the FICOLL method. Subsequently, CD4-, CD8-, and CD19-positive cells were obtained by the use of magnetic beads. The sandwich technique and gold labelling method (preembedding) served for the demonstration of receptors in the electron microscope. The gold-labelled receptors were primarily endocytosed via smooth-walled micropinocytotic processes, less frequently by coated pits/vesicles. The endocytosis cycle lasted only as far as the level of multivesiculated bodies. Lysosomes and structures of the Golgi apparatus were free from gold particles. It was surprising that after activation the capping phenomena were not associated with increased endocytotic activity. The inner surface of the membrane of endocytotic vesicles underneath the cap does not explain modulation or turnover of the receptor under these conditions, not even in view of a fast endocytotic cycle. Another possibility of a membrane turnover is the "shedding" process. We were indeed able to demonstrate gold labelling and surface coat-like material in the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Burkhardt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Center, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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12
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Pfister M, Ogilvie A, da Silva CP, Grahnert A, Guse AH, Hauschildt S. NAD degradation and regulation of CD38 expression by human monocytes/macrophages. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5601-8. [PMID: 11683883 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2001.02495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, evidence has accumulated that NAD+ serves as a precursor of metabolites that are involved in a number of regulatory processes. In this work we show that extracellularly added NAD+ was rapidly degraded by intact human monocytes to nicotinamide and ADP-ribose. Besides these main products, minor amounts of AMP, ADP and cADP-ribose were formed. Expression of CD38, which has been identified as NAD+-glycohydrolase (EC 3.2.2.6) degrading NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose, was determined on freshly isolated human monocytes by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Upon ligation with anti-CD38 mAb, CD38 underwent internalization, shedding and new expression. As monocytes possess an intracellular CD38 pool, it could serve as a source for newly expressed CD38. Differentiation of monocytes to macrophages resulted in down-regulation of surface expression of CD38. This decrease correlates with a reduction in NADase activity, indicating that the amount of functional active CD38 molecules decrease during differentiation. As CD38 mRNA was found to be diminished in macrophages, regulation of the gene product seems to occur at the level of transcription or mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pfister
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Maruyama S, Pernis B, Galili U, Godman G, Stern DM, Andres G. Alpha-galactosyl antibody redistributes alpha-galactosyl at the surface of pig blood and endothelial cells. Transpl Immunol 1999; 7:101-6. [PMID: 10544440 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(99)80026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of antibodies with cell surface antigens may induce redistribution of immune complexes, followed by antigen depletion, with increased resistance to injurious effect of antibody and complement (antigenic modulation). Human natural antibodies to Gal alpha 1,3Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc-R (alpha Gal) epitopes expressed at the surface of pig cells are a major obstacle to xenotransplantation. Recent studies have shown that these antibodies do not modulate alpha Gal, but the morphological consequences of the antigen-antibody interaction are unknown. Pig blood and endothelial cells, were exposed to baboon alpha-Gal antibodies, and studied by immunofluorescence and phase contrast microscopy, flow cytometry, and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In cells studied at 4 degrees C or fixed, alpha Gal was diffusely expressed at the surface. After cross-linking at 37 degrees C, antigenic modulation did not occur, but granular redistribution of alpha Gal immune complexes was seen in all cell types. In other systems a similar redistribution is known to induce perturbation of the plasma membrane/cytoskeletal structure with changes in adhesive properties, gene regulation, and T cell activation, which could be important if pig xenografts will be made to survive for prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
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14
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Boudreau R, St-Pierre Y, Beauchemin C, Potworowski EF. TL antigen is not linked to radioinduced thymic lymphoma. Cell Immunol 1998; 184:161-7. [PMID: 9630842 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
X irradiation of C57BL/Ka mice induces thymic lymphoma after a period of 8 to 36 weeks. This latency period represents an ideal time window in which to follow the development of prelymphoma cells that give rise to overt thymic lymphoma. Several attempts have been made to identify an unequivocal prelymphoma cell marker but these efforts have so far been unsuccessful. We monitored the evolution of thymocyte populations containing prelymphoma cells during the latency period, using CD3 and TL as markers, in a transfer assay. We demonstrated that: (1) particular cell populations could appear or disappear; (2) there were at least two prelymphoma phenotypes: CD3loTL+ and CD3hiTL-; (3) TL could be present transiently; and (4) TL could be absent throughout the latency period. We conclude that split-dose irradiation may induce both TL gene expression and a prelymphoma state but that the two are not necessarily related.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Gene Expression/radiation effects
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/immunology
- Precancerous Conditions/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boudreau
- Centre de Recherche en Immunologie, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Parker W, Holzknecht ZE, Song A, Blocher BA, Bustos M, Reissner KJ, Everett ML, Platt JL. Fate of antigen in xenotransplantation: implications for acute vascular rejection and accommodation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 152:829-39. [PMID: 9502425 PMCID: PMC1858392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen down-modulation plays a critical role in xenotransplants involving humoral responses against the Forssman antigen and may play a role in the long-term survival of ABO-incompatible allografts. The present study investigates the fate of porcine antigens in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. Human antibodies bound to the glycocalyx of cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells as judged by electron microscopy and were shed from the cell surface in a complex with fibronectin, a glycoprotein that is found in the apical membrane glycocalyx of cultured cells. Antibody was shed in a metabolically dependent process with a t(1/2) of 2 to 3 hours. However, the amount of antigen on the cell surface did not change appreciably within 24 hours, suggesting that antigen modulation did not occur. Over the ensuing days, antigen expression decreased, although the change was always less than 50% of baseline. Changes in antigen expression were due for the most part to changes in expression of alpha-galactosyl residues. Consistent with results obtained in vitro, antigen expression in porcine organ transplants remained at approximately the baseline level as determined by immunofluorescence analysis of IgM binding to graft endothelium. If, as these results suggest, antigen is not down-modulated in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation, then therapies aimed at prolonged xenograft survival must focus on antibody or genetic manipulation of antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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16
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Mattern T, Reich C, Duchrow M, Ansorge S, Ulmer AJ, Flad HD. Antibody-induced modulation of CD26 surface expression. Immunology 1995; 84:595-600. [PMID: 7790033 PMCID: PMC1415157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of different anti-CD26 monoclonal antibodies to modulate the expression of CD26 on human T lymphocytes was investigated. By means of a new non-radioactive method using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled and unlabelled anti-CD26 monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry, we measured the internalization and re-expression of CD26 on freshly isolated resting human T lymphocytes. The modulation of CD26 surface expression takes place in primarily CD26+ as well as in CD26- T lymphocytes, indicating the presence of an intracellular CD26 pool. In fact, with two different anti-CD26 monoclonal antibodies (Ta1 and M5) intracellular CD26 was detected out of which newly expressed CD26 might have originated. This intracellular CD26 pool appears to be maintained by continuous translation of CD26 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mattern
- Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Borstel, Germany
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17
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Merimsky O, Shoenfeld Y, Yecheskel G, Chaitchik S, Azizi E, Fishman P. Vitiligo- and melanoma-associated hypopigmentation: a similar appearance but a different mechanism. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 38:411-6. [PMID: 8205563 PMCID: PMC11038539 DOI: 10.1007/bf01517212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/1993] [Accepted: 01/04/1994] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The significance of the association between the appearance of hypopigmentation in patients with melanoma and the prognosis is still not clear. It was postulated that, in melanoma, an immune response is responsible for the destruction of the malignant as well as the normal pigmented cells, and that the eventual development of vitiligo-like patches in melanoma patients improves their prognosis. We studied the level of anti-melanoma antibodies in the sera of patients with melanoma with hypopigmentation and compared it to the titer in patients with melanoma only, to the titer of patients with vitiligo, and to that of healthy subjects. Only IgG-type antibodies were found in the sera of patients with vitiligo, with melanoma, or with melanoma with hypopigmentation. No significant differences in the titer of anti-melanoma antibodies could be found between the patients with melanoma when subgrouped according to the initial stage and the status of the disease at the time when the test was carried out. Statistically significantly (P < 0.001) higher titers of antibodies were detected in the sera of patients with vitiligo in comparison to the lower titers in the other groups. Our results point to a similar immunobiological status, which probably does not give any advantage to patients with melanoma with hypopigmentation compared to patients without it. The appearance of hypopigmentary plaques in melanoma patients should be regarded, in our opinion, as a concomitant immunological phenomenon of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Merimsky
- Department of Oncology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
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18
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Ward RL, Henniker AJ, Smith G, Bradstock KF, Atkinson K, Biggs JC. Characterization of a novel leucocyte surface membrane antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody WM65. Immunol Cell Biol 1994; 72:49-55. [PMID: 7512532 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1994.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
WM65 is a murine mAb which recognizes a novel surface membrane antigen present on leukaemic and normal leucocytes. The present study further investigates the nature of this antigen, especially those features which relate to the possible therapeutic applications of the WM65 antibody. There are 1-3 x 10(4) molecules of this antigen present on normal leucocytes, and the same or greater numbers of antigen molecules are present on a variety of leukaemic cells. In vitro data showed that the WM65 antibody is internalized following interaction with its antigen on normal leucocytes. The affinity of this antibody was calculated using an ELISA method which required neither labelling of the antibody nor purification of the antigen and the affinity constant was found to be 3 x 10(7) +/- 2 x 10(7) (mol/L)-1. Further data are presented which suggest that this antigen is a differentiation antigen and an integral membrane protein. Despite the relatively low affinity of the WM65 antibody, a number of characteristics of the antigen suggest the antibody may possibly have therapeutic applications. These characteristics include its cellular distribution, the number of antigen molecules expressed on the cell surface and its ability to internalize in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Ward
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Goldstein SC, Todd RF. Structural and biosynthetic features of the Mo5 human myeloid differentiation antigen. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1993; 41:214-8. [PMID: 8362416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1993.tb02007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Precipitin Tests
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Goldstein
- Simpson Memorial Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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20
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Guillaudeux T, Gaudin A, Collet B, Fauchet R, Toujas L. Effect of an anti-HLA class I monoclonal antibody on the antigenic and transcriptional expression of HLA class I genes in U937 cells. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1992; 40:159-64. [PMID: 1471142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1992.tb02040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of antigenic modulation was studied in the histiocytic lymphoma line U937. A redistribution of cell surface HLA antigen after incubation of U937 cells with the monomorphic anti-HLA class I monoclonal antibody W6/32 was demonstrated by immunofluorescence analysis. As assessed by hybridization of RNA obtained from W6/32-treated U937 cells with a probe corresponding to the alpha 3 domain of HLA Cw3, prolonged W6/32 incubation (24 to 72 hours) induced a decrease in HLA class I transcript abundance. This decrease was about 25% as compared with untreated control cells. These data indicate that W6/32 incubation can induce changes in HLA class I gene expression not only at the antigenic but also at the transcriptional level. Possible implications for the molecular basis of antigenic modulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Guillaudeux
- Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
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21
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Nava G, Ocadiz R, Ortega V, Alfaro G. Damage in B2m genes and DNA methylation of H-2 genes are involved in loss of expression of class I MHC products on the membrane of LR.4, a cell line derivative of the T-cell lymphoma L5178Y. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1992; 19:141-58. [PMID: 1627535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1992.tb00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated an H-2 deficient cell line (LR.4) from the T-cell lymphoma L5178Y which grew without restrictions in the peritoneal cavity of different inbred strains of mice. The use of polyclonal anti-H-2 antiserum and complement indicated that LR.4 cells did not express class I determinants on the cell membrane. Southern blots of genomic DNA of LR.4 cells showed that B2m genes were severely damaged and that class I H-2 genes were extensively methylated. Consequently, LR.4 cells failed to transcribe mRNAs for both B2m and class I H-2 genes. On the other hand, specific immunity to LR.4 was demonstrated in C57BL/6J mice since, in subsequent challenges with either LR.4 or EL4.4, LR.4 did not grow, whereas EL4.4 grew and killed the mice. In C57BL/6J mice, rejection of LR.4 was accompanied by the production of cytotoxic antibodies. The immune response induced in C57BL/6J mice was determined by non-H-2 antigenic determinants in LR.4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nava
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
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22
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Hall WA, Godal A, Juell S, Fodstad O. In vitro efficacy of transferrin-toxin conjugates against glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 1992; 76:838-44. [PMID: 1314294 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1992.76.5.0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic activity of immunotoxins constructed with human diferric transferrin (Tfn) as the carrier ligand and an abrin variant Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) and the diphtheria toxin mutant cross-reacting material (CRM) 107 as the toxin moieties were studied in vitro. Three malignant human cell lines, the glioblastomas multiforme SNB19 and SF295 and the LOX melanoma, and a nonhuman control murine melanoma cell line B16 were assessed. The presence of transferrin receptors on the cell lines was confirmed by direct 125I-Tfn binding assays. The 50% protein synthesis inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for all cell lines demonstrated that Tfn-abrin variant and Tfn-PE had comparable potency and were both more effective than Tfn-CRM 107. Monensin, a carboxylic ionophore, potentiated the effect of Tfn-abrin variant against glioma cells approximately 35-fold with IC50 values of 4.0 x 10(-13) M and 4.7 x 10(-12) M for SNB19 and SF295, respectively. Cytotoxic activity of Tfn-abrin variant (with or without monensin) and Tfn-PE was correlated with the degree of Tfn receptor expression measured on the cell lines. The exquisite in vitro cytotoxicity of Tfn-abrin variant and Tfn-PE immunotoxins against glioma and melanoma cells warrants further in vivo evaluation and future consideration of these agents for potential clinical application against glioblastoma multiforme and leptomeningeal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Hall
- Department of Tumorbiology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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23
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Abstract
The poor prognosis associated with central nervous system (CNS) malignancy has led investigators to seek new, innovative treatment modalities. Immunotoxins, carrier molecules linked to toxic agents, combine high specificity for tumor-associated antigens with extreme potency. The rationale for both the development of these compounds and for their application to CNS neoplasia is explained. This report discusses the design and construction of immunoconjugates, using toxins that differ in their mechanism of action bound to ligands directed against various antigens. A comparison is made between the in vitro efficacy of standard chemotherapy and immunotoxins in glioblastoma- and medulloblastoma-derived cell lines. A review is included of the results of experiments in animals with leptomeningeal neoplasia, where prolongation of survival following intrathecal administration of immunotoxins has been reported. The obstacles encountered in clinical trials with other types of cancer are addressed and approaches to optimize the use of these novel agents in the context of treating malignant disease of the CNS are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Hall
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinic, Minneapolis
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24
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O'Donoghue JA. Optimal scheduling of biologically targeted radiotherapy and total body irradiation with bone marrow rescue for the treatment of systemic malignant disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 21:1587-94. [PMID: 1938568 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(91)90336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model analysis is used to address the question of optimal scheduling of combined treatments consisting of biologically targeted radiotherapy (BTR), total body irradiation (TBI), and bone marrow rescue. Radiation effects on normal tissue are described using an extension of the LQ model. Tumor effects are described using a simple model that allows for radiation-induced sterilization and exponential proliferation of tumor cells, a proportion of which completely escapes the effects of targeted radiotherapy. The effect on a tumor cell population of a set of treatment schedules, composed partly of targeted radiotherapy and partly of fractionated external beam irradiation, are calculated. Treatment schedules are chosen to be biologically equivalent, for a "late responding" organ, to a fractionated TBI schedule of 7 fractions of 2 Gy. The tumor effects of the treatment schedules depend on the specificity of targeting, represented by the ratio of initial dose-rate for the tumor cells to that in the dose-limiting organ, and the heterogeneity of targeting, represented by the proportion of tumor cells that escape irradiation by targeted radiotherapy. The main mechanism determining optimal combinations is an overkill of effectively targeted tumor cells. Treatment regiments consisting of targeted radiotherapy alone fail, due to the unimpeded growth of those tumor cells that escape targeted irradiation. Optimal schedules almost invariably consist of elements of both BTR and TBI. Although it is recognized that the model is simplistic in a number of respects, these findings provide support for the clinical use of integrated BTR, TBI, and bone marrow rescue for the treatment of systemic malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A O'Donoghue
- Beatson Oncology Centre, Belvidere Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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25
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Richardson D, Baker E. The uptake of inorganic iron complexes by human melanoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1093:20-8. [PMID: 2049409 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90133-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human melanoma cell line, SK-MEL-28, expresses high levels of melanotransferrin. The uptake of inorganic iron (Fe) complexes compared to transferrin-bound Fe by these cells has been investigated to determine whether melanotransferrin has a role in Fe uptake. The mechanisms of Fe uptake have been characterised using 59Fe complexes of citrate, nitrilotriacetate, desferrioxamine, and 59Fe added to Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) and compared with human transferrin (Tf) labelled with 59Fe and iodine-125. Iron uptake from the Fe complexes of citrate, nitrilotriacetate and MEM were similar, and far greater than that from Tf at the same Fe concentration (2.5 microM). Ammonium chloride and a monoclonal antibody to the transferrin receptor (42/6), had no effect on the uptake of Fe from inorganic Fe complexes, suggesting that receptor-mediated endocytosis of Tf was not involved. The monoclonal antibody, 96.5, specific for melanotransferrin did not alter total Fe uptake but slightly increased the proportion of Fe internalised, possibly due to the modulation of the antigen by the antibody. However, from the time required for modulation to occur (approximately 2 h), the small increase in internalisation observed and the fact that no increase in total cell Fe occurred, it is suggested that melanotransferrin has little role in Fe uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Richardson
- Department of Physiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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26
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Selective loss of pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins from the plasma membrane after antibody-induced internalization of T-cell surface molecules. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)89593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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27
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Davies CD, Lindmo T. Hyperthermia-induced shedding and masking of melanoma-associated antigen. Int J Hyperthermia 1990; 6:1053-64. [PMID: 2286793 DOI: 10.3109/02656739009140988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia has been reported to induce a dose-dependent reduction in the expression of melanoma-associated surface antigens. The objective of the present work was to study the mechanisms for the reduction in the expression of the p250 antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody 9.2.27. Measurements at 37 degrees C showed that antibody binding induced a certain degree of modulation (internalization) of the melanoma-associated antigen. Masking of the antigen due to internalization and/or damage in situ, as well as shedding of the antigen, were measured after hyperthermia, and found to increase in a heat-dose-dependent manner, although for antigen masked this increase was not significant compared with control cells at 37 degrees C. The sum of antigen shed and masked after hyperthermia correlated with the overall reduction in antigen expression measured independently. During hyperthermia, antigen was shed and masked in approximately equal amounts. After the treatment, hyperthermia-induced shedding continued as a function of time and caused a further reduction in antigen expression, but masking did not differ from 37 degrees C controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Davies
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Wang BS, Kelley KA, Lumanglas AL, Zimmer AM, Durr FE. Internalization and shedding of Lym-1 monoclonal antibody following interaction with surface antigens of a cultured human B cell lymphoma. Cell Immunol 1989; 123:283-93. [PMID: 2790963 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of surface antigens of Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cells by monoclonal antibody Lym-1 was investigated by flow cytometry and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Raji cells, treated with antibody conjugated with FITC, became bright green as determined by FACS and the FITC-labeled Lym-1 remained associated with target cells for up to 48 hr after incubation at either 4 or 37 degrees C. Lym-1 antibody linked with biotin also bound to Raji cells and rendered these cells highly reactive with avidin-phycoerythrin (APE). However, the APE fluorescence intensity measured by FACS decreased substantially when Raji cells were cultured at 37 degrees C for 1 hr prior to APE exposure but not when incubation was carried out at 4 degrees C, indicating a disappearance of antibody from the surface of the metabolically active cells. This process was time dependent with a total loss of surface-bound biotinylated antibody occurring over a period of approximately 2 hr. Raji cells exposed to both fluoresceinated and biotinylated Lym-1 in a double labeling experiment became positive to both reagents. The flow cytometric profile was not altered when these cells were incubated for 1 hr at 4 degrees C followed by reaction with APE. However, they failed to react with APE when the 1-hr incubation took place at 37 degrees C despite the fact that they remained FITC positive, suggesting that the antibody with its fluorescent label had entered the cells. Utilizing 131I-labeled Lym-1 it was determined that approximately 50% of initially bound antibody had dissociated from the cells within the first 2 hr of incubation at 37 degrees C, although the remainder persisted with targets for up to 48 hr. The HPLC protein profile indicated that the radioactivity found in the culture supernatants and cytoplasm was associated with whole antibody, degradation products, and Ig complexes with antigen. Therefore, the present findings suggest that Lym-1 Ig molecules react with cell surface antigens and are rapidly internalized and shed, resulting in the disappearance of antibody from the surface membrane of Raji cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Wang
- Chemotherapy Research Department, American Cyanamid Company, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York 10965
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29
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Weinmann-Dorsch C, Koschel K. Coupling of viral membrane proteins to phosphatidylinositide signalling system. FEBS Lett 1989; 247:185-8. [PMID: 2541010 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
C6 rat glioma cells persistently infected with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus (C6/SSPE) were treated with measles antiserum and purified anti-measles IgG. This stimulated phosphoinositide breakdown and an increase in inositol phosphates. In uninfected C6 cells, however, only fetal calf serum (FCS), but not measles antiserum could induce inositol polyphosphate production.
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30
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George AJ, Stevenson FK. Prospects for the treatment of B cell tumors using idiotypic vaccination. Int Rev Immunol 1989; 4:271-310. [PMID: 2519930 DOI: 10.3109/08830188909044783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of the immune system in order specifically to attack autologous tumor cell has been a distant goal, largely due to the poor definition of tumor-associated antigens. By focussing on B cell lymphomas which express a molecularly defined clonal marker, the idiotypic immunoglobulin, it has been possible to generate autologous anti-idiotypic responses which suppress individual tumors. Studies of the components of these responses are providing insight into host effector mechanisms which can be activated against tumors, and also into the many strategies adopted by the target cells in order to avoid such attack. Promising results in various animal models where tumor bearers can be treated by idiotypic immunization have led to the point where application of this approach to the treatment of certain categories of human B cell lymphoma can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J George
- Host Immunity to Tumour Group, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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31
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Pollock RE, Roth JA. Cancer-induced immunosuppression: implications for therapy? SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 1989; 5:414-9. [PMID: 2688031 DOI: 10.1002/ssu.2980050607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-induced immunosuppression can be caused by a variety of effects. These include factors produced by the host in response to the presence of tumor or factors elaborated by the tumor itself. Disseminated tumor can lead to host debility with associated anergy. Some immunosuppressive effects are due to the manner in which the host processes (or fails to process) the tumor as an antigenic stimulus. Lastly, antitumor treatments can have a detrimental impact on host antitumor immunity. Recent research findings from our laboratories implicate surgical stress effects and tumor-mediated production of growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) as being important causes of host immune impairment. An accurate understanding of the mechanisms underlying host antitumor immune impairment will be critical in the successful development of immunotherapy strategies for use in the surgical oncology patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Pollock
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Houston 77030
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32
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Colombatti M, Bisconti M, Dell'Arciprete L, Gerosa MA, Tridente G. Sensitivity of human glioma cells to cytotoxic heteroconjugates. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:441-8. [PMID: 3138194 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910420322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several anti-human glioma cytotoxic conjugates were studied in vitro. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the GE2 glioma-associated antigen (anti-GE 2) and MAbs to HLA-DR antigens (D1/12) or human diferric transferrin (Tfn) were linked to the potent cytotoxin ricin (anti-GE 2-ricin) or to its A subunit (anti-GE 2-RTA, D1/12-RTA, Tfn-RTA). Anti-GE 2-RTA had low cytotoxic activity in both the absence and the presence of lysosomotropic substances inhibiting intracellular degradation. Anti-GE 2-ricin was about 1,000 times more toxic than RTA alone, but showed only 14-fold target specificity. D1/12-RTA was about 20 times more toxic than RTA and its cytotoxic effect increased about 6- to 7-fold when cell-surface HLA-DR antigen expression was enhanced by IFN-gamma treatment. Human diferric Tfn linked to RTA demonstrated the highest cytotoxic activity, being about 5,000 times more toxic than RTA alone for glioma cells and about 6,000 times more toxic for Jurkat cells in the presence of the carboxylic ionofore monensin. Ricin toxin was only about 5 times more toxic for Jurkat and glioma cells than Tfn-RTA-monensin. Tfn-RTA was over 100,000 times more potent than the chemotherapeutic agent BCNU in reducing glioma cell survival in vitro. Addition of 80% human pooled cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reduced Tfn-RTA toxicity about 10-fold. Kinetics of Tfn-RTA cytotoxicity at non-saturating concentrations indicated that over 80% of target cells could be killed within 8-10 hr in the absence and within 10-12 hr in the presence of human pooled CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colombatti
- Istituto di Scienze Immunologiche, University of Verona, Italy
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33
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Minota S, Winfield JB. Nature of IgG anti-lymphocyte autoantibody-reactive molecules shed from activated T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 1988; 8:165-70. [PMID: 3055216 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Shedding of cell-surface antigens that react with anti-lymphocyte autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is well-recognized, but the nature of such molecules is unknown. The present investigation demonstrates the rapid shedding of three IgG antibody target molecules of Mr 55,000, 37,000, and approximately 32,000 from the surface of mitogen-activated peripheral T cells during brief incubation at 37 degrees C. Sera lacking IgG anti-lymphocyte antibodies stained none of the three antigens. Absorption of antibody-positive sera with viable HSB-2 cells, a primitive T-cell line lacking HLA antigens and many CD antigens characteristic of mature peripheral T cells, eliminated staining of the shed molecules. These data delineate the number and estimated molecular mass of anti-lymphocyte autoantibody target molecules that are shed from the surface of T cells, and provide further insight into potential mechanisms by which anti-lymphocyte antibodies contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Minota
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599
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34
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Shawler DL, Johnson DE, McCallister TJ, Bartholomew RM, Dillman RO. Mechanisms of human CD5 modulation and capping induced by murine monoclonal antibody T101. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1988; 47:219-29. [PMID: 3258212 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(88)90074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the murine monoclonal antibody T101 induces antigenic modulation when infused into patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. In this paper, we extend our studies of T101-induced modulation and compare it to T101-induced capping. We found that, in contrast to antigenic modulation, capping occurred only in the presence of secondary anti-mouse IgG antisera and was altered by drugs that affect the cellular cytoskeleton or energy metabolism. F(ab')2 fragments of T101 induced antigenic modulation with kinetics similar to those of intact T101, but Fab-induced modulation proceeded more slowly and required the continual presence of Fab throughout the incubation. Experiments with radioiodinated T101 demonstrated that initial internalization of the antibody is followed by rapid efflux of intact, immunoreactive T101 from the cells. These data indicate important differences between capping and modulation and suggest that these two phenomena proceed by different mechanisms. More importantly, the data have implications for the potential therapeutic use of monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Shawler
- Biotherapeutics, Inc., La Jolla, California 92037
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35
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36
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Ranney DF, Huffaker HH. Magnetic microspheres for the targeted controlled release of drugs and diagnostic agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 507:104-19. [PMID: 3327407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb45795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D F Ranney
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas 75235
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37
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Yoshiki T, Kondo N, Chubachi T, Tateno M, Togashi T, Itoh T. Rat lymphoid cell lines with HTLV-I production. III. Transmission of HTLV-I into rats and analysis of cell surface antigens associated with HTLV-I. Arch Virol 1987; 97:181-96. [PMID: 2892480 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Newborn WKA rats given a single intraperitoneal injection of MMC treated TARS-1, a rat T cell line producing HTLV-I, were shown to accumulate high titred antibodies specific for HTLV-I. Adult WKA rats rejected TARS-1 transplant with transient appearance of anti-HTLV-I antibodies. However, rats maintained under daily administration of Bredinin, an immunosuppressive drug after TARS-1 transplant showed continuous production of antibodies specific for HTLV-I by aging. Type-C virus particles similar to HTLV-I were demonstrated by electronmicroscopy in the short-term cultured spleen cells of these rats. The evidence indicates that HTLV-I can be transmitted into newborn and immunosuppressed adult rats and they may provide a suitable animal model of ATL and related conditions in man, especially for elucidating the virus-host interactions involved in the leukemogenesis of HTLV-I. By using monoclonal antibodies, cell surface antigens associated with HTLV-I were also analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshiki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Japan
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38
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Matsuo S, Fukatsu A, Taub ML, Caldwell PR, Brentjens JR, Andres G. Glomerulonephritis induced in the rabbit by antiendothelial antibodies. J Clin Invest 1987; 79:1798-811. [PMID: 3034982 PMCID: PMC424523 DOI: 10.1172/jci113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of interaction between endothelial angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and goat anti-rabbit ACE (GtARbACE) antibodies were studied in rabbit glomeruli. By immunofluorescence ACE was not detectable in normal glomeruli. However, when kidneys were perfused with GtARbACE antibodies glomerular bound IgG was seven times higher than that of non-immune IgG and granular deposits of goat IgG were found on the endothelium of glomeruli and arteries. Rabbits injected intravenous for 4 d with GtARbACE antibodies showed on day 1 granular deposits of goat IgG on the glomerular endothelium; from day 3 to 24 there was gradual development of subepithelial deposits of goat IgG, rabbit IgG and C3. When GtARbACE antibodies were similarly injected into proteinuric rabbits there was formation of subepithelial granular deposits of goat IgG and ACE. The results document that a glomerular endothelial antigen is redistributed in vivo by a specific ligand, an event associated with formation of immune deposits. Furthermore, if the glomerular permeability is artificially increased, immune complexes shed from nonglomerular endothelia into the circulation can contribute to form subepithelial immune deposits.
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39
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Zovickian J, Johnson VG, Youle RJ. Potent and specific killing of human malignant brain tumor cells by an anti-transferrin receptor antibody-ricin immunotoxin. J Neurosurg 1987; 66:850-61. [PMID: 3033171 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1987.66.6.0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxins are hybrid molecules which combine the exquisite selectivity of monoclonal antibodies with the potent toxicity of protein toxins. An immunotoxin was constructed by linking a murine monoclonal antibody against the human transferrin receptor (TR) to the plant toxin, ricin. The cytotoxic activity of the anti-TR-ricin immunotoxin was tested in vitro and demonstrated highly potent and cell type-specific killing of cells derived from human glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, and leukemia. The anti-TR-ricin immunotoxin killed more than 50% of "target" cells at a concentration of 5.6 X 10(-13) M after an 18-hour incubation with the ionophore, monensin. This potency exceeds that of any other anti-TR immunotoxin reported in the literature. When the activity of the anti-TR-ricin immunotoxin against "target" tumor-derived cells was compared with the immunotoxin's activity against "non-target" cells, it could be predicted that a selective toxicity of anti-TR-ricin immunotoxin between tumor cells and normal brain was more than 150- to 1380-fold. Solid-phase indirect radioimmunoassay techniques were used to demonstrate significantly higher levels of TR in the glioblastoma- and medulloblastoma-derived cell lines, as well as in surgical tissue samples of medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, as compared to normal brain. Immunotoxins targeted to the TR may possess sufficient specificity to be of therapeutic importance, particularly to treat neoplastic disease of the central nervous system involving compartments (such as intrathecal, intraventricular, or cystic) where delivery of immunotoxins to tumor would not require transvascular transport.
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40
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Wang BS, Lumanglas AL, Silva J, Ruszala-Mallon V, Durr FE. Internalization and re-expression of antigens of human melanoma cells following exposure to monoclonal antibody. Cell Immunol 1987; 106:12-21. [PMID: 3568142 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(87)90145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the surface membrane of human Sk-Mel-28 melanoma cells by monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 96.5 recognizing p97 determinants was examined using direct radioimmunoassay and indirect fluorescent antibody-staining techniques. It was determined that the majority of 111In-labeled antibody that remained associated with cells after a 24-hr incubation at 37 degrees C had been internalized because MoAb 96.5 was no longer visible on the cell surface. A second treatment of these cells with the same antibody 24 hr later not only increased the cell-associated radioactivity, reflecting an increase of total antibody bound, but also rendered these cells membrane immunofluorescent again, indicating the re-expression of surface antigens. Autoradiographs of the electrophoretically analyzed membrane components of Sk-Mel-28 cells further demonstrated the appearance of newly synthesized 97-kDa proteins that were immunoprecipitable with MoAb 96.5. Taken together, the present findings suggest that p97 antigens undergo endocytosis in Sk-Mel-28 cells following exposure to MoAb 96.5. However, the same antigens were regenerated and expressed on the cell surface within a period of 24 hr. The re-expression of tumor cell surface antigen following initial internalization of the MoAb-antigen complex may have implications for diagnosis and therapy.
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41
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Tilgen W, Matzku S, Kaufmann I, Engstner M, Brüggen J, Dippold W, Petzoldt D. Modulation of melanoma-associated antigens by monoclonal antibodies as visualized by radioimmunoelectron microscopy and radioantibody binding assay. Arch Dermatol Res 1987; 279 Suppl:S116-26. [PMID: 3662602 DOI: 10.1007/bf00585934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a wealth of information about monoclonal antibody (MAb) specificity and function on fixed tissues, yet little is known about formation and release of antigen-antibody complexes and their functional behavior in vivo. We analyzed the pathway of radiolabeled MAbs directed against melanoma-associated antigens by radioimmunoelectron microscopy (RIEM) on metabolically active cells of the melanoma cell lines SK-MEL-28, MeWo and Colo 38 at different time intervals. In parallel, binding and release of MAbs were investigated by the radioantibody binding assay (RBA). Both procedures gave essentially concordant results. Preferentially stable binding of immune complexes (ICs) to the cell surface after 30 and 120 min was shown for the MAb L10. Internalization was demonstrated for the MAb M.2.9.4. At the ultrastructural level, direct evidence of this phenomenon was obtained by visualization of radioactivity within the cytoplasm after 120 min. In the RBA this process was indicated by resistance of bound MAbs to acid buffer desorption. RIEM pointed to different transport mechanisms: constitutive internalization by endocytotic vesicles, or receptor-mediated endocytosis by coated vesicles. Shedding was indicated for the MAb R24 by release of the ICs from the cell membrane. It was demonstrated that stable fixation of ICs on the cell surface or modulation by internalization led to high accumulation rates, while shedding of antigen-antibody complexes resulted in a low accumulation of the MAb in tumor cells. Assuming that the potential of MAbs for clinical application is determined by the biological behavior of antigen-antibody complexes, these methods are suitable for demonstration of antigenic modulation by MAbs and eventually enable us to predict the localization, penetration and distribution pattern of individual MAbs in the melanoma patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tilgen
- Hautklinik der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, FRG
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42
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Levin LV, Griffin TW, Childs LR, Davis S, Haagensen DE. Comparison of multiple anti-CEA immunotoxins active against human adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1987; 24:202-6. [PMID: 3496151 PMCID: PMC11038940 DOI: 10.1007/bf00205630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/1986] [Accepted: 12/01/1986] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) immunotoxins constructed with multiple anti-CEA antibodies (goat and baboon polyclonal, and three murine monoclonal antibodies) by covalently linking them to the A chain of ricin via a disulfide bond all function as potent and specific toxins for CEA-bearing cells, suggesting that the CEA molecule is capable of directing productive internalization of ricin A chain. The high potency of anti-CEA immunotoxins apparently makes addition of ricin B chain unnecessary for high toxic efficiency, as in some other systems, because presence of the B chain reduces target cell specificity. Several characteristics of the immunotoxins which might account for their cytotoxic potency were studied. Equilibrium association constants of the goat, baboon, and murine monoclonal C-19 antibodies with fluid-phase CEA were determined by using Langmuir plots and were found to be 8.79, 6.61, and 8.13 X 10(9) M-1, respectively, indicating the high and similar affinities of the three antibodies toward CEA. Radioimmunoassay binding studies of the three immunotoxins with 125I-CEA showed that the antibody portions of the molecules retained the ability to form complexes with CEA after conjugation to ricin A chain. The maximum number of anti-CEA antibody molecules bound per cell, as demonstrated by 111In-labeled C-19 binding assays with CEA-bearing cell lines, varied from 2.65 X 10(5) per cell for HT29 to 2.01 X 10(6) for LoVo, with an intermediate value of 1.17 X 10(6) per cell for WiDr. Cytotoxicity of the immunotoxins was assessed by inhibition of protein synthesis and expressed as a median inhibitory dose (ID50). Comparison of the ID50's of each immunotoxin on the three cell lines has shown that the immunotoxin made of the monoclonal C-19 antibody is in general 6 to 7 times more cytotoxic than the goat and baboon antibody immunotoxins. The affinity of CEA-antibody binding is probably an important, but not a sole factor in determining the immunotoxin potency. The fact that the antibodies with very similar affinity toward fluid phase CEA make immunotoxins of different potency might indicate that interactions with membrane-bound CEA are more complex and/or the efficiency of internalization of various immunotoxins is different. An important factor in immunotoxin action appears to be the CEA content in target adenocarcinoma cells.
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Robinson JH, Jordan RK. Delayed type hypersensitivity responses to the Qa-Tla region of the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Immunobiology 1987; 174:1-9. [PMID: 3494664 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(87)80079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have elicited a small but significant delayed-type hypersensitivity response against the Qa-Tla region of H-2 following immunisation of C57BL/6 mice with cells from the congenic strain C57BL/6.Tlaa. Optimal responses were detected 14 days after immunisation with 10-40 X 10(6) cells. The significance of delayed type hypersensitivity to Qa-Tla is discussed in relation to the genetic loci which map to this region.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunization
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Bernard A, Knowles RW, Naito K, Dupont B, Raynal B, Tran HC, Boumsell L. A unique epitope on the CD2 molecule defined by the monoclonal antibody 9-1: epitope-specific modulation of the E-rosette receptor and effects on T-cell functions. Hum Immunol 1986; 17:388-405. [PMID: 2432048 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(86)90299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 9-1 shows unique binding properties to CD2 resulting in peculiar epitope specific changes. 9-1 shows competitive binding with MoAb to D66 epitope, and gives a similar staining pattern with T-cell populations, at a low density on resting T cells, and high density on thymocytes and activated T cells. However, 9-1 has the opposite effect on anti-D66 MoAbs on rosette formation, namely, 9-1 increases the stability of rosettes, but 9-1 plus anti-mouse Ig bound to T-cell surface blocks rosettes. 9-1 plus anti-mouse Ig, like anti-D66 MoAbs, induces further appearance of D66 and 9-1 epitopes but, contrary to anti-D66, induces appearance of T11(3) epitopes. Thus, binding 9-1 results in unique "epitope-specific modulation" events that are not solely artificial, but appear to mimic events naturally occurring during T-cell differentiation/activation. The effects of binding 9-1 on T-cell functions also display peculiarities. 9-1, like anti-D66 MoAbs, activates T cells when added in combination with anti-9.6/T11(1) MoAbs but not with anti-T11(3). To obtain full activation, monocytes are required; however, adding 9-1 alone do not inhibit specific T-cell cytotoxicity contrary to anti-D66 or anti-9.6/T11(1), although 9-1 inhibits NK activity of peripheral cells. Given the apparent complexities of the functions exerted by CD2, these data show that definite conformational changes or reorientation, which would be naturally produced by soluble and/or cell surface ligand(s), would be key events in determining how CD2 will influence T-cell functions.
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Killion JJ, Dunn JD. Differential cytolysis of murine spleen, bone-marrow and leukemia cells by melittin reveals differences in membrane topography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 139:222-7. [PMID: 3767954 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
L1210 leukemia cells are 2-4 fold more sensitive to the cytolytic effects of melittin, the membrane-active toxin of bee venom, than normal DBA/2 mouse spleen and bone-marrow cells. Lysis of the normal cells was abolished when either 75 mM galactosamine, glucosamine or 100 microM beta-lactoglobulin was added to the melittin-cell reaction, but lysis of the leukemia cells was unaffected. The amino-groups appeared necessary for blocking melittin-mediated lysis since glucose, galactose and the N-acetyl derivatives were not inhibitory. Bone-marrow cells were more readily protected from lysis than spleen cells. Since melittin-inhibitor complexes were not detected by gel chromatography and the inhibitor could be added to the cell suspension after melittin, the evidence suggests that bone-marrow cells are rich in membrane binding sites for carbohydrates that decrease in mature spleen cells and are virtually absent after neoplastic transformation.
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Flavell RA, Allen H, Burkly LC, Sherman DH, Waneck GL, Widera G. Molecular biology of the H-2 histocompatibility complex. Science 1986; 233:437-43. [PMID: 3726537 DOI: 10.1126/science.3726537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The H-2 histocompatibility complex of the mouse is a multigene family, some members of which are essential for the immune response to foreign antigens. The structure and organization of these genes have been established by molecular cloning, and their regulation and function is being defined by expression of the cloned genes.
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Neppert J, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Binding of murine monoclonal antibodies to human MHC class I or II antigens increases binding sites for either antibody. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 1986; 36:339-45. [PMID: 3715405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1986.tb01747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane redistribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II antigens on human B lymphocytes and monocytes was studied quantitatively by fluorescence flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) w6.32 (class I-specific) and 2MC3 (class II-specific). It was shown that the surface density of class I and II antigens to which corresponding mAb had been bound decreased rapidly upon incubation at 37 degrees C. However, the total amount of class I antigens remained practically unchanged, while that of class II antigens increased substantially. This augmentation of class II antigens could be elicited not only by the corresponding class II-specific mAb but, similarly, also by non-corresponding class I-specific mAb. New expression of class I antigens only compensated for removed antigens. The speed of disappearance was comparable for antigens of either class. We conclude that the more pronounced expression of new class II antigens is not due to a greater surface mobility, but to a faster recycling and/or larger intracellular deposits of the antigens. This uneven redistribution of class I and II antigens is likely to reflect differences of function known to be dependent on MHC products.
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Abstract
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma is a malignancy of helper T cells, which have a propensity to infiltrate the skin. The incidence of the disease appears to exceed that of Hodgkin's disease, making it the most common lymphoma of adults. Advances in our knowledge of the biology of the malignant T cells should facilitate new and more effective forms of treatment.
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Chen YT, Obata Y, Stockert E, Old LJ. Thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens of the mouse. Analysis of TL mRNA and TL cDNA TL+ and TL- strains. J Exp Med 1985; 162:1134-48. [PMID: 3840195 PMCID: PMC2187852 DOI: 10.1084/jem.162.4.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A thymus-leukemia (TL)-specific probe, pTL1, has been generated from a TL-coding gene of BALB/c mice. Multiple species of TL mRNA were detected in TL+ cells by Northern blot analysis with pTL1, and different Tla haplotypes could be distinguished on the basis of characteristic patterns of TL mRNA. No TL-related message was found in normal or leukemic TL- cells, including thymocytes from Tlab mice. However, TL mRNA could be detected in TL+ leukemias occurring in Tlab mice. A cDNA library has been made from ASL1 (a TL+ leukemia of A mice [Tlaa]), and pTL1+ clones have been sequenced. At least three structurally distinct TL genes are expressed in ASL1. Sequence comparison of TL genes from three Tla haplotypes indicates that TL genes are highly conserved (greater than 90% homology) and are more distantly related to H-2 genes. Several polyadenylation sites have been found in the 3' untranslated region of TL genes, and differential polyadenylation contributes to the size heterogeneity of TL transcripts. The predicted amino acid sequence of TL products indicates that TL and H-2 are similar in domain structure and disulfide bonds, but differ in glycosylation sites and in cytoplasmic domain sequences.
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