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Soltani H, Taghizade S, Sadeghi A, Farahat A, Owlia MB. Pernicious Anemia Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Report of Two Cases. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2023; 17:220-223. [PMID: 37817969 PMCID: PMC10560650 DOI: 10.18502/ijhoscr.v17i3.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019 and the global epidemic of COVID-19 different countries have focused on vaccines, and one of the inactivated produced vaccines was the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine. Some side effects of this vaccine were reported previously, including pain at the vaccination site, fatigue, lethargy, headache, and tenderness, which were more prevalent among individuals <49 years old. Herein, we reported two patients aged 45 and 51 years old. Both patients have different signs and symptoms after receiving the second dose of the vaccine. None had a history of chronic disease. On examination and following labs and other diagnostic investigations, we found megaloblastic anemia due to atrophic gastritis and low intrinsic factor. These cases showed an autoimmune side effect of the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine that was previously reported with an exact mechanism but other features called Covid Arm, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and thrombocytopenia. The mechanism of this reaction is unclear yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Soltani
- Deparement of Rheumatology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saeb Taghizade
- Department of Biology, Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abdolrahim Sadeghi
- Department of Radiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Farahat
- Department of Hematology and Oncology٫ Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences٫Yazd٫ Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Owlia
- Deparement of Rheumatology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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2
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Sundaresan B, Shirafkan F, Ripperger K, Rattay K. The Role of Viral Infections in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030782. [PMID: 36992490 PMCID: PMC10051805 DOI: 10.3390/v15030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are the consequence of a breach in immune tolerance, leading to the inability to sufficiently differentiate between self and non-self. Immune reactions that are targeted towards self-antigens can ultimately lead to the destruction of the host's cells and the development of autoimmune diseases. Although autoimmune disorders are comparatively rare, the worldwide incidence and prevalence is increasing, and they have major adverse implications for mortality and morbidity. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to be the major factors contributing to the development of autoimmunity. Viral infections are one of the environmental triggers that can lead to autoimmunity. Current research suggests that several mechanisms, such as molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, and bystander activation, can cause viral-induced autoimmunity. Here we describe the latest insights into the pathomechanisms of viral-induced autoimmune diseases and discuss recent findings on COVID-19 infections and the development of AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Sundaresan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Shirafkan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ripperger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Rattay
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Thomas S, Ouhtit A, Al Khatib HA, Eid AH, Mathew S, Nasrallah GK, Emara MM, Al Maslamani MA, Yassine HM. Burden and Disease Pathogenesis of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses in Diabetic Patients. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:412-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Frau J, Coghe G, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Cocco E. Infections and Multiple Sclerosis: From the World to Sardinia, From Sardinia to the World. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728677. [PMID: 34691035 PMCID: PMC8527089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Sardinia, an Italian island, is one of the areas with the highest global prevalence of MS. Genetic factors have been widely explored to explain this greater prevalence among some populations; the genetic makeup of the Sardinians appears to make them more likely to develop autoimmune diseases. A strong association between MS and some infections have been reported globally. The most robust evidence indicating the role of infections is MS development concerns the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Anti-EBV antibodies in patients once infected by EBV are associated with the development of MS years later. These features have also been noted in Sardinian patients with MS. Many groups have found an increased expression of the Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) family in patients with MS. A role in pathogenesis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response has been proposed for HERV. A European multi-centre study has shown that their presence was variable among populations, ranging from 59% to 100% of patients, with higher HERV expression noted in Sardinian patients with MS. The mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) DNA and antibodies against MAP2694 protein were found to be associated with MS in Sardinian patients. More recently, this association has also been reported in Japanese patients with MS. In this study, we analysed the role of infectious factors in Sardinian patients with MS and compared it with the findings reported in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frau
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Can Vaccination Trigger Autoimmune Disorders? A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080821. [PMID: 34451946 PMCID: PMC8402438 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination as an important tool in the fight against infections has been suggested as a possible trigger of autoimmunity over the last decades. To confirm or refute this assumption, a Meta-analysis of Autoimmune Disorders Association With Immunization (MADAWI) was conducted. Included in the meta-analysis were a total of 144 studies published in 1968–2019 that were available in six databases and identified by an extensive literature search conducted on 30 November 2019. The risk of bias classification of the studies was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The strength of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. While our primary analysis was conducted in terms of measures of association employed in studies with a low risk of bias, the robustness of the MADAWI outcome was tested using measures independent of each study risk of bias. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed to determine the stability of the outcome. The pooled association of 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.97–1.02), based on a total of 364 published estimates, confirmed an equivalent occurrence of autoimmune disorders in vaccinated and unvaccinated persons. The same level of association reported by studies independently of the risk of bias was supported by a sufficient number of studies, and no serious limitation, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias. A sensitivity analysis did not reveal any discrepancy in the primary result. Current common vaccination is not the cause of any of the examined autoimmune disorders in the medium and long terms.
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Utomo SW, Putri JF. Infections as Risk Factor of Sjögren's Syndrome. Open Access Rheumatol 2020; 12:257-266. [PMID: 33204185 PMCID: PMC7667172 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s276727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease targeting exocrine glands, leading to low body fluids production, especially on the salivary and lacrimal glands. Due to the low saliva and tear production, the common symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome are dry eyes and dry mouth, later on leading to uncomfortable sensations on the eye surface, cornea destruction, dental caries, and oral cavity infections. Several infections are known to cause similar side-effects to Sjögren's syndrome symptoms, including low saliva flow; therefore, infection is hypothesized as one of the risk factors of Sjögren's syndrome. Results Based on our literature research, there are several infectious agents which cause similar disease manifestations to Sjögren's syndrome, including infections of hepatitis C virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), and these four agents are found to cause persistent infection on the salivary gland after the first infection and later lead to organ destruction, thus causing sicca syndrome in the oral cavity. Other findings show possible Heliobacter pylori infection might lead on the increasing level of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB of infected individuals. Conclusion Some research has shown persistent infection could trigger autoimmune disorders due to continuous T-cells and B-cells activation in an attempt of infected cells eradication, leading to autoimmune reaction and high autoreactive cells concentration around the healthy cells causing the immune cells to eradicate the healthy cells nearby. However, the results in this literature study found persistent infection is not the only risk factor of Sjögren's syndrome but there are various unknown factors that trigger infection to develop into Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyud Warno Utomo
- Environmental Science Programme, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.,Department of Environmental Health Studies, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Jemima Fajarin Putri
- Department of Environmental Health Studies, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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Bretscher PA, Al‐Yassin G, Anderson CC. On T cell development, T cell signals, T cell specificity and sensitivity, and the autoimmunity facilitated by lymphopenia. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12888. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bretscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Ghassan Al‐Yassin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Colin C. Anderson
- Department of Surgery Alberta Diabetes Institute Alberta Transplant Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology Alberta Diabetes Institute Alberta Transplant Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of MS is likely to involve multiple factors interacting with each other, and the role of infectious and viral agents is still under debate, however a consistent amount of studies suggests that some viruses are associated with the disease. The strongest documentation has come from the detection of viral nucleic acid or antigen or of an anti-viral antibody response in MS patients. A further step for the study of the mechanism viruses might be involved in can be made using in vitro and in vivo models. While in vitro models, based on glial and neural cell lines from various sources are widely used, in vivo animal models present challenges. Indeed neurotropic animal viruses are currently used to study demyelination in well-established models, but animal models of demyelination by human virus infection have only recently been developed, using animal gammaherpesviruses closely related to Epstein Barr virus (EBV), or using marmosets expressing the specific viral receptor for Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). The present review will illustrate the main potential mechanisms of MS pathogenesis possibly associated with viral infections and viruses currently used to study demyelination in animal models. Then the viruses most strongly linked with MS will be discussed, in the perspective that more than one virus might have a role, with varying degrees of interaction, contributing to MS heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Donati
- Neurologia e Neurofisiologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese I 53100 Siena, Italy
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Czaja AJ. Examining pathogenic concepts of autoimmune hepatitis for cues to future investigations and interventions. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6579-6606. [PMID: 31832000 PMCID: PMC6906207 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i45.6579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in autoimmune hepatitis, but they have not fully explained susceptibility, triggering events, and maintenance or escalation of the disease. Furthermore, they have not identified a critical defect that can be targeted. The goals of this review are to examine the diverse pathogenic mechanisms that have been considered in autoimmune hepatitis, indicate investigational opportunities to validate their contribution, and suggest interventions that might evolve to modify their impact. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Genetic and epigenetic factors can affect susceptibility by influencing the expression of immune regulatory genes. Thymic dysfunction, possibly related to deficient production of programmed cell death protein-1, can allow autoreactive T cells to escape deletion, and alterations in the intestinal microbiome may help overcome immune tolerance and affect gender bias. Environmental factors may trigger the disease or induce epigenetic changes in gene function. Molecular mimicry, epitope spread, bystander activation, neo-antigen production, lymphocytic polyspecificity, and disturbances in immune inhibitory mechanisms may maintain or escalate the disease. Interventions that modify epigenetic effects on gene expression, alter intestinal dysbiosis, eliminate deleterious environmental factors, and target critical pathogenic mechanisms are therapeutic possibilities that might reduce risk, individualize management, and improve outcome. In conclusion, diverse pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in autoimmune hepatitis, and they may identify a critical factor or sequence that can be validated and used to direct future management and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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10
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Viral Infections and Autoimmune Disease: Roles of LCMV in Delineating Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100885. [PMID: 31546586 PMCID: PMC6832701 DOI: 10.3390/v11100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a natural part of our existence. They can affect us in many ways that are the result of the interaction between the viral pathogen and our immune system. Most times, the resulting immune response is beneficial for the host. The pathogen is cleared, thus protecting our vital organs with no other consequences. Conversely, the reaction of our immune system against the pathogen can cause organ damage (immunopathology) or lead to autoimmune disease. To date, there are several mechanisms for virus-induced autoimmune disease, including molecular mimicry and bystander activation, in support of the “fertile field” hypothesis (terms defined in our review). In contrast, viral infections have been associated with protection from autoimmunity through mechanisms that include Treg invigoration and immune deviation, in support of the “hygiene hypothesis”, also defined here. Infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is one of the prototypes showing that the interaction of our immune system with viruses can either accelerate or prevent autoimmunity. Studies using mouse models of LCMV have helped conceive and establish several concepts that we now know and use to explain how viruses can lead to autoimmune activation or induce tolerance. Some of the most important mechanisms established during the course of LCMV infection are described in this short review.
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11
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Sun L, Moore E, Berman R, Clavijo PE, Saleh A, Chen Z, Van Waes C, Davies J, Friedman J, Allen CT. WEE1 kinase inhibition reverses G2/M cell cycle checkpoint activation to sensitize cancer cells to immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1488359. [PMID: 30288354 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1488359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic resistance to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) killing limits responses to immune activating anti-cancer therapies. Here, we established that activation of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint results in tumor cell cycle pause and protection from granzyme B-induced cell death. This was reversed with WEE1 kinase inhibition, leading to enhanced CTL killing of antigen-positive tumor cells. Similarly, but at a later time point, cell cycle pause following TNFα exposure was reversed with WEE1 kinase inhibition, leading to CTL transmembrane TNFα-dependent induction of apoptosis and necroptosis in bystander antigen-negative tumor cells. Results were reproducible in models of oral cavity carcinoma, melanoma and colon adenocarcinoma harboring variable Tp53 genomic alterations. WEE1 kinase inhibition sensitized tumors to PD-1 mAb immune checkpoint blockade in vivo, resulting in CD8+-dependent rejection of established tumors harboring antigen-positive or mixed antigen-positive and negative tumor cells. Together, these data describe activation of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint in response to early and late CTL products as a mechanism of resistance to CTL killing, and provide pre-clinical rationale for the clinical combination of agents that inhibit cell cycle checkpoints and activate anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Sun
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Ellen Moore
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Rose Berman
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Paul E Clavijo
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Anthony Saleh
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - John Davies
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jay Friedman
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, USA
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Abstract
There have been significant advances in our understanding of human autoimmunity that have led to improvements in classification and diagnosis and, most importantly, research advances in new therapies. The importance of autoimmunity and the mechanisms that lead to clinical disease were first recognized about 50 years ago following the pioneering studies of Macfarlane Burnett and his Nobel Prize-winning hypothesis of the 'forbidden clone'. Such pioneering efforts led to a better understanding not only of autoimmunity, but also of lymphoid cell development, thymic education, apoptosis and deletion of autoreactive cells. Contemporary theories suggest that the development of an autoimmune disease requires a genetic predisposition and environmental factors that trigger the immune pathways that lead, ultimately, to tissue destruction. Despite extensive research, there are no genetic tools that can be used clinically to predict the risk of autoimmune disease. Indeed, the concordance of autoimmune disease in identical twins is 12-67%, highlighting not only a role for environmental factors, but also the potential importance of stochastic or epigenetic phenomena. On the other hand, the identification of cytokines and chemokines, and their cognate receptors, has led to novel therapies that block pathological inflammatory responses within the target organ and have greatly improved the therapeutic effect in patients with autoimmune disease, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Further advances involving the use of multiplex platforms for diagnosis and identification of new therapeutic agents should lead to major breakthroughs within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, The Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, The Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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13
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On vaccine's adjuvants and autoimmunity: Current evidence and future perspectives. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:880-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multisystem organ involvement, heterogeneity of clinical features, and variety in degree of severity. The differential diagnosis is a crucial aspect in SLE as many other autoimmune diseases portray clinical similarities and autoantibody positivity. Lupus mimickers refer to a group of conditions that exhibit both clinical features and laboratory characteristics, including autoantibody profiles that resemble those present in patients with SLE, and prompt a diagnostic challenge in everyday clinical practice. Thus, lupus mimickers may present as a lupus-like condition (i.e., 2 or 3 criteria) or as one meeting the classification criteria for SLE. Herein we review and classify the current literature on lupus mimickers based on diverse etiologies which include infections, malign and benign neoplasms, medications, and vaccine-related reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar-Javier Calixto
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Mederi, Hospital Universitario Mayor, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan-Sebastian Franco
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Mederi, Hospital Universitario Mayor, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Mederi, Hospital Universitario Mayor, Bogotá, Colombia.
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15
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Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases: from bread baking to autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 45:152-61. [PMID: 23292495 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-012-8344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is best known as the baker's and brewer's yeast, but its residual traces are also frequent excipients in some vaccines. Although anti-S. cerevisiae autoantibodies (ASCAs) are considered specific for Crohn's disease, a growing number of studies have detected high levels of ASCAs in patients affected with autoimmune diseases as compared with healthy controls, including antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Commensal microorganisms such as Saccharomyces are required for nutrition, proper development of Peyer's aggregated lymphoid tissue, and tissue healing. However, even the commensal nonclassically pathogenic microbiota can trigger autoimmunity when fine regulation of immune tolerance does not work properly. For our purposes, the protein database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) was consulted, comparing Saccharomyces mannan to several molecules with a pathogenetic role in autoimmune diseases. Thanks to the NCBI bioinformation technology tool, several overlaps in molecular structures (50-100 %) were identified when yeast mannan, and the most common autoantigens were compared. The autoantigen U2 snRNP B″ was found to conserve a superfamily protein domain that shares 83 % of the S. cerevisiae mannan sequence. Furthermore, ASCAs may be present years before the diagnosis of some associated autoimmune diseases as they were retrospectively found in the preserved blood samples of soldiers who became affected by Crohn's disease years later. Our results strongly suggest that ASCAs' role in clinical practice should be better addressed in order to evaluate their predictive or prognostic relevance.
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Vojdani A. A Potential Link between Environmental Triggers and Autoimmunity. Autoimmune Dis 2014; 2014:437231. [PMID: 24688790 PMCID: PMC3945069 DOI: 10.1155/2014/437231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases have registered an alarming rise worldwide in recent years. Accumulated evidence indicates that the immune system's ability to distinguish self from nonself is negatively impacted by genetic factors and environmental triggers. Genetics is certainly a factor, but since it normally takes a very long time for the human genetic pattern to change enough to register on a worldwide scale, increasingly the attention of studies has been focused on the environmental factors of a rapidly changing and evolving civilization. New technology, new industries, new inventions, new chemicals and drugs, and new foods and diets are constantly and rapidly being introduced in this fast-paced ever-changing world. Toxicants, infections, epitope spreading, dysfunctions of immune homeostasis, and dietary components can all have an impact on the body's delicate immune recognition system. Although the precise etiology and pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases are still unknown, it would appear from the collated studies that there are common mechanisms in the immunopathogenesis of multiple autoimmune reactivities. Of particular interest is the citrullination of host proteins and their conversion to autoantigens by the aforementioned environmental triggers. The identification of these specific triggers of autoimmune reactivity is essential then for the development of new therapies for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc., 822 S. Robertson Boulevard, Suite 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
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Morris G, Maes M. A neuro-immune model of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:523-40. [PMID: 22718491 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a neuro-immune model for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). A wide range of immunological and neurological abnormalities have been reported in people suffering from ME/CFS. They include abnormalities in proinflammatory cytokines, raised production of nuclear factor-κB, mitochondrial dysfunctions, autoimmune responses, autonomic disturbances and brain pathology. Raised levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), together with reduced levels of antioxidants are indicative of an immuno-inflammatory pathology. A number of different pathogens have been reported either as triggering or maintaining factors. Our model proposes that initial infection and immune activation caused by a number of possible pathogens leads to a state of chronic peripheral immune activation driven by activated O&NS pathways that lead to progressive damage of self epitopes even when the initial infection has been cleared. Subsequent activation of autoreactive T cells conspiring with O&NS pathways cause further damage and provoke chronic activation of immuno-inflammatory pathways. The subsequent upregulation of proinflammatory compounds may activate microglia via the vagus nerve. Elevated proinflammatory cytokines together with raised O&NS conspire to produce mitochondrial damage. The subsequent ATP deficit together with inflammation and O&NS are responsible for the landmark symptoms of ME/CFS, including post-exertional malaise. Raised levels of O&NS subsequently cause progressive elevation of autoimmune activity facilitated by molecular mimicry, bystander activation or epitope spreading. These processes provoke central nervous system (CNS) activation in an attempt to restore immune homeostatsis. This model proposes that the antagonistic activities of the CNS response to peripheral inflammation, O&NS and chronic immune activation are responsible for the remitting-relapsing nature of ME/CFS. Leads for future research are suggested based on this neuro-immune model.
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Tanaka S, Aida K, Nishida Y, Kobayashi T. Pathophysiological mechanisms involving aggressive islet cell destruction in fulminant type 1 diabetes. Endocr J 2013; 60:837-45. [PMID: 23774118 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fulminant type 1 diabetes is characterized by a rapid onset of severe hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, with subsequent poor prognosis of diabetic complications. This review summarizes new findings related to the pathophysiology of accelerated β-cell failure in fulminant type 1 diabetes. Immunohistological examination revealed the presence of enterovirus in pancreatic islet cells and exocrine tissues and hyperexpression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including melanoma differentiation-associated antigen 5 (MDA5), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and TLR4, essential sensors of innate immunity, in islet cells and mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltrating islets. Interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β, products of PRR cascades, were expressed in both islet cells and infiltrating MNCs. Phenotypes of infiltrating cells around and/or into islets were mainly dendritic cells, macrophages and CD8+ T cells. Islet β-cells simultaneously expressed CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), IFN-γ and interleukin-18, indicating that these chemokines/ cytotoxic cytokines mutually amplify their cytoplasmic expression in the islet cells. These positive feedback systems might enhance adaptive immunity, leading to rapid and complete loss of β-cells in fulminant type 1 diabetes. In innate and adaptive/autoimmune immune processes, the mechanisms behind bystander activation/killing might further amplify β-cell destruction. In addition to intrinsic pathway of cell apoptosis, the Fas and Fas ligand pathway are also involved as an extrinsic pathway of cell apoptosis. A high prevalence of anti-amylase autoantibodies was recognized in patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes, which suggests that Th2 T-cell reactive immunity against amylase might contribute to β-cell destruction in fulminant type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Tanaka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan.
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Boettler T, von Herrath M. Protection against or triggering of Type 1 diabetes? Different roles for viral infections. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 7:45-53. [PMID: 21162649 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of autoreactivity that ultimately destroys insulin-producing β-cells and causes Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a result of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, such as viral infections. The ability to induce strong cellular immune responses and to cause inflammation in the target organ makes viral infections prime candidates for the initiation of islet autoreactivity. Indeed, certain viruses have been linked to the occurrence of T1D based on epidemiological, serological and histological findings; and several rodent studies clearly demonstrate that viral infections can trigger autoimmunity. However, viruses have also been shown to efficiently prevent autoimmunity, which underlines the beneficial aspects of exposure to microbial agents as suggested by the hygiene hypothesis. Here, we will try to untangle some aspects of the complex interplay between viruses and the immune system and we will recapitulate by what rationale certain viruses have been associated with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Boettler
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology - LIAI, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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20
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Infections and autoimmunity--friends or foes? Trends Immunol 2009; 30:409-14. [PMID: 19643667 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity can be triggered by many environmental factors, among which infectious agents are pivotal. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the relationship between infection and autoimmunity. An autoimmune disease can be induced or triggered by infectious agents, which can also determine its clinical manifestations. Most infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria and parasites, can induce autoimmunity via different mechanisms. In many cases, it is not a single infection but rather the 'burden of infections' from childhood that is responsible for the induction of autoimmunity. The development of an autoimmune disease after infection tends to occur in genetically susceptible individuals. By contrast, some infections can protect individuals from specific autoimmune diseases (i.e. the hygiene hypothesis).
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Wiedemann A, Depoil D, Faroudi M, Valitutti S. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill multiple targets simultaneously via spatiotemporal uncoupling of lytic and stimulatory synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10985-90. [PMID: 16832064 PMCID: PMC1544161 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600651103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A longstanding paradox in the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) arises from the observation that CTL recognize and rapidly destroy target cells with exquisite sensitivity despite the fact that cytokine production requires sustained signaling at the immunological synapse. Here we solve this paradox by showing that CTL establish sustained synapses with targets offering strong antigenic stimuli and that these synapses persist after target cell death. Simultaneously, CTL polarize lytic granules toward different cells without discrimination regarding antigenic potential. Our results show that spatiotemporal uncoupling of immunological synapse and lytic granule secretion allows multiple killing and sustained signaling by individual CTL. This unique mechanism of responding to multiple contacts provides remarkable efficiency to CTL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Wiedemann
- *Lymphocyte Interaction Group, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 563, Institut Claude de Préval, 31059 Toulouse, France; and
| | - David Depoil
- *Lymphocyte Interaction Group, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 563, Institut Claude de Préval, 31059 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Mustapha Faroudi
- *Lymphocyte Interaction Group, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 563, Institut Claude de Préval, 31059 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- *Lymphocyte Interaction Group, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 563, Institut Claude de Préval, 31059 Toulouse, France; and
- Department of Immunology, University of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
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22
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Fujinami RS, von Herrath MG, Christen U, Whitton JL. Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: infections and autoimmune disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:80-94. [PMID: 16418524 PMCID: PMC1360274 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.80-94.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections and autoimmune disease have long been linked. These infections often precede the occurrence of inflammation in the target organ. Several mechanisms often used to explain the association of autoimmunity and virus infection are molecular mimicry, bystander activation (with or without epitope spreading), and viral persistence. These mechanisms have been used separately or in various combinations to account for the immunopathology observed at the site of infection and/or sites of autoimmune disease, such as the brain, heart, and pancreas. These mechanisms are discussed in the context of multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and diabetes, three immune-medicated diseases often linked with virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2305, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Janeway
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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24
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Forden C. Do T lymphocytes correlate danger signals to antigen? Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:898-906. [PMID: 15142644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When a cell is infected by a virus, or becomes transformed into a malignant state, it presents clues to its disease on the outer surface of its membrane. Such clues include peptide fragments of proteins produced inside the cell; when the cell is infected by a virus, viral peptides, as well as the cell's normal peptides, are displayed on the cell's membrane as potential antigens. Infected and malignant cells also externally present special molecules that ligate NKG2D receptors on immune cells. When patrolling T lymphocytes detect the presence of both their cognate peptide antigen and NKG2D ligands on one target, they proliferate and increasingly kill other cognate target cells. The danger model of immunity recognizes NKG2D ligands as stimulators of T cell cytotoxicity, but heretofore could not explain how T cells specific to normal peptides typical of healthy host cells outside the thymus, could avoid activation by danger signals on diseased cells. The problem is that T cells specific to host-peptides are also stimulated when those peptides are by chance also displayed on diseased cells displaying NKG2D ligands. However, if T cells predicated their cytotoxicity not only on the presence of their cognate antigen found in conjunction with danger signals, but also on the absence of their cognate antigen on cells not presenting danger signals, then only T cells specific for disease antigens would become activated. Since Fas display is correlated with viral or malignant transformation, it may be a danger-signal like NKG2D ligands. T cells which encounter Fas on malignant, cognate cells, increasingly bind Fas on healthy bystander cells not displaying cognate antigens. Perhaps such healthy bystander cells provide T cells with reference-levels of danger-signals for local tissue cells, allowing T cells to select between tolerance and cytotoxic reaction to their cognate antigen, as they circulate in the periphery. This paper will analyze cytotoxicity assays that show that T cells challenge syngeneic, non-cognate bystanders with Fas ligand (FasL), and why syngeny is a requirement for danger-reference cells. Some heretofore unexplained effects of superantigens will be suggested to be due to their obstruction of reference-target detection. This paper will also suggest that established tumors often evolve a subpopulation of high-danger-signal, low tumor-antigen cells that protect the tumor against T cells; that characteristics of dendritic cells (DC) complement the danger sensing of T cells; and that DC may also use quantitatively comparative, self-referential, danger-correlation measurements to recognize transformed cells interspersed among healthy host tissue cells.
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Buzza MS, Hirst CE, Bird CH, Hosking P, McKendrick J, Bird PI. The granzyme B inhibitor, PI-9, is present in endothelial and mesothelial cells, suggesting that it protects bystander cells during immune responses. Cell Immunol 2001; 210:21-9. [PMID: 11485349 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9) is a 42-kDa human intracellular serpin present in cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs). PI-9 is an extremely efficient inhibitor of the pro-apoptotic CL granule proteinase granzyme B and is thought to function in the cytosol of CLs to protect against apoptosis induced by endogenously expressed or released granzyme B, particularly during target cell killing. Here we show by immunohistochemistry that PI-9 is also present in endothelial cells, in every tissue examined. Cultured endothelial cells express functional PI-9 (as assessed by binding to recombinant granzyme B) localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Immunohistochemistry also showed PI-9 in mesothelial cells, and this was confirmed by analysis of primary cells cultured from pleural and serous effusions. Granzyme B expression was not detected in either endothelial or mesothelial cells. In both cell types, PI-9 is up-regulated at the mRNA and protein level by exposure to the phorbol ester PMA, consistent with a response to inflammatory stimuli. We postulate that PI-9 is present in these lining cell types to protect against misdirected, free granzyme B released during a local immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Buzza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bellgrau
- Department of Immunology, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Denver, CO 80262-0001, USA
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27
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Germain RN, Stefanová I. The dynamics of T cell receptor signaling: complex orchestration and the key roles of tempo and cooperation. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17:467-522. [PMID: 10358766 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells constantly sample their environment using receptors (TCR) that possess both a germline-encoded low affinity for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and a highly diverse set of CDR3 regions contributing to a range of affinities for specific peptides bound to these MHC molecules. The decision of a T cell "to sense and to respond" with proliferation and effector activity rather than "to sense, live on, but not respond" is dependent on TCR interaction with a low number of specific foreign peptide:MHC molecule complexes recognized simultaneously with abundant self peptide-containing complexes. Interaction with self-complexes alone, on the other hand, generates a signal for survival without a full activation response. Current models for how this distinction is achieved are largely based on translating differences in receptor affinity for foreign versus self ligands into intracellular signals that differ in quality, intensity, and/or duration. A variety of rate-dependent mechanisms involving assembly of molecular oligomers and enzymatic modification of proteins underlie this differential signaling. Recent advances have been made in measuring TCR:ligand interactions, in understanding the biochemical origin of distinct proximal and distal signaling events resulting from TCR binding to various ligands, and in appreciating the role of feedback pathways. This new information can be synthesized into a model of how self and foreign ligand recognition each evoke the proper responses from T cells, how these two classes of signaling events interact, and how pathologic responses may arise as a result of the underlying properties of the system. The principles of signal spreading and stochastic resonance incorporated into this model reveal a striking similarity in mechanisms of decision-making among T cells, neurons, and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ,
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28
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Sandberg JK, Kärre K, Glas R. Recognition of the major histocompatibility complex restriction element modulates CD8(+) T cell specificity and compensates for loss of T cell receptor contacts with the specific peptide. J Exp Med 1999; 189:883-94. [PMID: 10075972 PMCID: PMC2193044 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.6.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering of a T cell requires interaction between its specific receptor (TCR) and a peptide antigen presented by a self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. TCR recognition of self-MHC by itself falls below the threshold of detection in most systems due to low affinity. To study this interaction, we have used a read-out system in which antigen-specific effector T cells are confronted with targets expressing high levels of MHC compared with the selecting and priming environment. More specifically, the system is based on CD8(+) T cells selected in an environment with subnormal levels of MHC class I in the absence of beta2-microglobulin. We observe that the MHC restriction element can trigger viral peptide-specific T cells independently of the peptide ligand, provided there is an increase in self-MHC density. Peptide-independent triggering required at least four times the natural in vivo level of MHC expression. Furthermore, recognition of the restriction element at expression levels below this threshold was still enough to compensate for lack of affinity to peptides carrying alanine substitutions in major TCR contact residues. Thus, the specificity in TCR recognition and T cell activation is fine tuned by the avidity for self-MHC, and TCR avidities for peptide and MHC may substitute for each other. These results demonstrate a functional role for TCR avidity for self-MHC in tuning of T cell specificity, and support a role for cross-reactivity on "self" during T cell selection and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sandberg
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Smyth MJ, Sedgwick JD. Delayed kinetics of tumor necrosis factor-mediated bystander lysis by peptide-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:4162-9. [PMID: 9862352 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199812)28:12<4162::aid-immu4162>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mouse CD8+ CTL reactive with an H-2Db presented 9-mer peptide of the human papilloma virus 16 (HPV-16) protein E749-57 (RAHYNIVTF) were generated from the splenocytes of wild-type C57BL/6 (B6), B6.perforin-deficient, B6.gld or B6.TNF-deficient mice. In short-term (4 h) assays, CTL from B6, B6.TNF-deficient and B6.gld mice displayed peptide-specific perforin- and/or Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated lysis of E7-transfected mouse RMA lymphoma cells (RMA-E7) or E749-57 peptide-pulsed RMA-S cells, while CD8+ CTL from B6.perforin-deficient mice lysed via FasL exclusively. Rapid and efficient lysis of syngeneic bystander B6 spleen T cell blasts by B6, B6.TNF-deficient or B6.perforin-deficient antigen-activated CTL was mediated apparently exclusively by a FasL/Fas mechanism. By contrast CTL from B6.gld mice did not mediate rapid bystander lysis of B6 blasts. Rather B6.gld CTL delivered delayed bystander lysis after 36-48 h that was mediated by TNF. TNF-mediated bystander lysis of syngeneic blasts appeared to be independent of class I molecules and was mediated at least in part by soluble TNF. By contrast, there was no evidence that soluble FasL-mediated bystander lysis. For the first time, these data indicate that CD8+ CTL may use FasL or TNF in a kinetically and physically distinct fashion to mediate bystander killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Smyth
- Cellular Cytotoxicity Laboratory, The Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia.
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30
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Smyth MJ, Krasovskis E, Johnstone RW. Fas ligand-mediated lysis of self bystander targets by human papillomavirus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 1998; 72:5948-54. [PMID: 9621057 PMCID: PMC110399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.7.5948-5954.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) reactive with a H-2Db-presented 9-mer peptide of the human papillomavirus type 16 protein E7(49-57) (RAHYNIVTF) were generated from the spleen cells of wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) or B6 perforin-deficient (B6.P0) mice. CD8(+) B6 CTL displayed peptide-specific perforin- and Fas-mediated lysis of E7-transfected mouse RMA lymphoma cells (RMA-E7), while CD8(+) CTL from B6.P0 mice lysed RMA-E7 cells via Fas ligand (FasL) exclusively. Rapid and efficient lysis of syngeneic bystander B6 blasts or RMA cells by either B6 or B6.P0 Ag-activated CTL was mediated by a FasL-Fas mechanism. Fas-resistant bystanders were not lysed, nor were allogeneic Fas-sensitive C3H/HeJ (H-2(k)) or BALB/c (H-2(d)) bystander blasts. Interestingly, however, phorbol myristate acetate-ionomycin preactivation of B6.P0 effectors enabled lysis of allogeneic H-2(k) and H-2(d) bystanders even in the absence of antigenic stimulation. Lysis of syngeneic bystander cells was always FasL-Fas dependent and required effector-bystander contact and, in particular, an interaction between CTL LFA-1 and bystander ICAM-1. Thus, in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I molecule-peptide ligation of the T-cell receptors of CD8(+) CTL, neighboring bystander cells that are syngeneic and Fas sensitive and express the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 are potential targets of CTL attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Smyth
- Cellular Cytotoxicity Laboratory, The Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia.
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31
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Davies JM, Watt NJ, Torsteinsdottir S, Carnegie PR. Mimicry of a 21.5 kDa myelin basic protein peptide by a Maedi Visna virus polymerase peptide does not contribute to the pathogenesis of encephalitis in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 55:127-39. [PMID: 9014312 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epitope mimicry is the theory that an infectious agent such as a virus causes pathological effects via mimicry of host proteins and thus elicits a cross-reactive immune response to host tissues. Weise and Carnegie (1988) found a region of sequence similarity between the pol gene of the Maedi Visna virus (MVV), which induces demyelinating encephalitis in sheep, and myelin basic protein (MBP), which is known to induce experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) in laboratory animals. In this study, cross-reactions between sera raised in sheep against synthetic peptides of MVV (TGKIPWILLPGR) and 21.5 kDa MBP (SGKVPWLKPGR) were demonstrated using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) immunoprobing. The antibody responses of MVV-infected sheep were investigated using ELISA against the peptides, and MBP protein, immunoprobing of the peptides on TLC plates and Western blotting against MBP. Slight significant reactions to the 21.5 kDa MBP peptide (P < 0.001) and to a lesser extent sheep MBP (P < 0.004) were detected in ELISA. The MBP peptide evoked stronger responses from more sera than the MVV peptide on immunoprobed TLC plates. On the Western blots, eight of the 23 sheep with Visna had serum reactivity to MBP. This slight reaction to MBP in MVV-infected sheep is of interest because of the immune responses to MBP evident in multiple sclerosis and EAE, but its relevance in Visna is limited since no correlation with disease severity was observed. The cell-mediated immune responses of MVV-infected sheep against similar peptides was assessed. The peptides did not stimulate proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes of MVV-infected sheep. Since the MVV peptide was not recognised by antibodies or T lymphocytes from MVV-infected and encephalic sheep, it was concluded that epitope mimicry of this 21.5 kDa MBP peptide by the similar MVV pol peptide was not contributing to the immunopathogensis of Visna. The slight antibody response to MBP and the MBP peptide can be attributed to by-stander effects of the immunopathology of MVV-induced encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Davies
- Biotechnology Programme, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Tsai SL, Chen PJ, Yang PM, Liao TH, Sung JL, Lai MY, Huang JH, Chang TH, Chen DS. Characterization of T Cell Clones Specific to a Determinant of Hepatitis B Virus Core and e Antigens in Chronic Type B Hepatitis: Implication for a T Cell Mechanism of HBV Immunopathogenesis. J Biomed Sci 1994; 1:105-118. [PMID: 11725013 DOI: 10.1007/bf02257984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell clones specific for hepatitis B core (HBcAg) and e (HBeAg) antigens of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were generated from liver infiltrates of HBeAg-positive patients. Analyzed with a panel of overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the complete sequences of HBcAg and HBeAg, eight clones responded specifically to the e2 peptide (PAYRPPNAPIL; amino acid residues 130-140 of HBcAg and HBeAg), which was doubly restricted by class I and II molecules. A preferential usage of the T cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain variable (V(alpha)) gene was found: V(alpha)12.1 for five HLA-Cw9(3)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones, and V(alpha)7.1 for three other HLA-DRw52-restricted type 1 helper T cell (Th1) clones. Although heterogeneous in the usage of TCR alpha chain joining region (J(alpha)) segments, their junctional-region sequences revealed conserved hydrophilic serine residues in seven of the eight e2-specific T cell clones. Single alanine substitution of the centrally located and the only hydrophilic asparagine residue of e2 peptide abrogated T cell responsiveness. The nonstimulatory e2 analogue could competitively inhibit e2-specific responses. These results demonstrate that both CTL and Th1 clones recognizing a determinant of HBcAg and HBeAg are present in the liver of chronic hepatitis B patients. The preferential V(alpha) gene usage and the expression of conserved residues in junctional-region sequences of TCRalpha chains by viral-peptide-specific, intrahepatic T cells may provide a T cell mechanism of HBV immunopathogenesis. Copyright 1994 S. Karger AG, Basel
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-L. Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Sherman LA, Hesse SV, Irwin MJ, La Face D, Peterson P. Selecting T cell receptors with high affinity for self-MHC by decreasing the contribution of CD8. Science 1992; 258:815-8. [PMID: 1439792 DOI: 10.1126/science.1439792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective events during T cell repertoire development in the thymus include both the positive selection of cells whose receptors recognize self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and negative selection (tolerance) of cells whose interaction with self-MHC is of high affinity. The affinity of T cell interactions with class I MHC molecules includes contributions by both the T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor. Therefore, by decreasing the affinity of the interaction with CD8, T cells whose receptors have relatively high affinities for self-MHC may survive negative selection. Such T cells were generated and those T cells reactive with self-MHC plus antigen also displayed low affinity for self.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sherman
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Franco A, Paroli M, Testa U, Benvenuto R, Peschle C, Balsano F, Barnaba V. Transferrin receptor mediates uptake and presentation of hepatitis B envelope antigen by T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1992; 175:1195-205. [PMID: 1569393 PMCID: PMC2119224 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.5.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activated T lymphocytes expressing class II molecules are able to present only complex antigens that bind to their own surface receptors, and thus can be captured, internalized, and processed through the class II major histocompatibility complex processing pathway. We have used the antigen-presenting T cell system to identify the viral receptor used by hepatitis B virus (HBV) to enter cells, as well as the sequence of HB envelope antigen (HBenvAg) involved in this interaction. Results show that both CD4+ and CD8+ T clones can process and present HBenvAg to class II-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes and that the CD71 transferrin receptor (TfR) is involved in efficient HBenvAg uptake by T cells. Moreover, we provide evidence that the HBenvAg sequence interacting with the T cell surface is contained within the pre-S2 region. Since TfR is also expressed on hepatocytes, it might represent a portal of cellular entry for HBV infection. This system of antigen presentation by T cells may serve as a model to study both lymphocyte receptors used by lymphocytotropic viruses and viral proteins critical to bind them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franco
- Immunology Unit, Universitá La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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35
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Wong JT, Colvin RB. Selective reduction and proliferation of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets with bispecific monoclonal antibodies: evidence for inter-T cell-mediated cytolysis. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 58:236-50. [PMID: 1824687 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(91)90139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD3,4 (anti-CD3:anti-CD4) bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BSMAB) cause a profound decrease in CD4+ T cells and a marked proliferation of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. CD3,8 (anti-CD3:anti-CD8) BSMAB causes a reciprocal decrease in CD8+ T cells and a proliferation of CD4+ T cells. The major effector of CD4+ T cell cytolysis in the presence of CD3,4 resides in the CD8+ T cell population. In contrast, both the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are effective mediators of cytolysis of the CD8+ T cells in the presence of the CD3,8. The likely underlying mechanism in each case is bridging of the CD4 and CD8 of the target cells to the CD3 complexes of the effector cells by antibodies, mimicking the natural encounter between a cytolytic T cell and its target. Proliferation studies indicated that CD3,4 and CD3,8 each can induce proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the presence of accessory cells. These results suggest that the major selection of the BSMABs occurs via selective destruction of one T cell subset with concurrent stimulation of the remaining CD3+ population. Potential applications of the selective destruction and proliferation include study and manipulation of the T cell subsets in HIV infections, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, autoimmune diseases, and graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Wong
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver 80262
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Löhr H, Treichel U, Poralla T, Manns M, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Fleischer B. The human hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor is a target antigen for liver-infiltrating T cells in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 1990; 12:1314-20. [PMID: 2258147 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840120611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to the human hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor have been found in nearly 50% of the sera of patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and in 15% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. In this study we demonstrate that the human hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor is also a target antigen for T cell-mediated immune responses. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 37% (7 of 19) of patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and 33% (2 of 6) of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis showed a proliferative response to highly purified human hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, whereas no proliferation was found with peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with chronic viral hepatitis (0 of 13) and healthy blood donors (0 of 4). Moreover, we isolated T-cell clones from liver biopsy samples of two patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and two patients with peripheral blood lymphocytes. Between 2.8% and 14.3% of these clones showed a specific proliferative response to purified human hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. The response was restricted to autologous antigen-presenting cells and could be blocked by monoclonal antibodies against human leukocyte antigen-DR molecules. The response of T cells to the human hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor did not require the lectinlike activity of the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Thus the human hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor could be identified as a major target antigen of humoral and cellular immune reactions in autoimmune-mediated liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Löhr
- I. Department of Medicine, University of Mainz, FRG
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Ottenhoff TH, Mutis T. Specific killing of cytotoxic T cells and antigen-presenting cells by CD4+ cytotoxic T cell clones. A novel potentially immunoregulatory T-T cell interaction in man. J Exp Med 1990; 171:2011-24. [PMID: 1972178 PMCID: PMC2187955 DOI: 10.1084/jem.171.6.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial antigens not only stimulate Th cells that produce macrophage-activating factors, but also CD4+ and CD8+ CTL that lyse human macrophages. The mycobacterial recombinant 65-kD hsp was previously found to be an important target antigen for polyclonal CD4+ CTL. Because of the major role of 65-kD hsp in the immune response to mycobacterial as well as autoantigens, we have studied CTL activity to this protein at the clonal level. HLA-DR or HLA-DQ restricted, CD4+CD8- T cell clones that recognize different peptides of the M. leprae 65-kD hsp strongly lysed EBV-BLCL pulsed with specific but not irrelevant peptide. No bystander lysis of B cells, T cells, or tumor cells was seen. Target cell lysis could not be triggered by PMA + Ca2+ ionophore alone and depended on active metabolism. Interestingly, these CD4+ CTL also strongly lysed themselves and other HLA-class II compatible CD4+ (TCR-alpha/beta or -gamma/delta) or CD8+ CTL clones in the presence of peptide, suggesting that CTL are not actively protected from CTL-mediated lysis. Cold target competition experiments suggested that EBV-BLCL targets were more efficiently recognized than CD4+ CTL targets. These results demonstrate that hsp65 peptide-specific HLA class II-restricted CD4+ T cell clones display strong peptide-dependent cytolytic activity towards both APCs, and, unexpectedly, CD4+ and CD8+ CTL clones, including themselves. Since, in contrast to murine T cells human T cells express class II, CTL-mediated T cell killing may represent a novel immunoregulatory pathway in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Bank, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Joag SV, Liu CC, Kwon BS, Clark WR, Young JD. Expression of mRNAs for pore-forming protein and two serine esterases in murine primary and cloned effector lymphocytes. J Cell Biochem 1990; 43:81-8. [PMID: 2347877 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240430108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cDNAs encoding several proteins present in the granules of cytolytic effector lymphocytes have now been cloned. These include the cytolytic pore-forming protein (PFP) or perforin, and at least six serine esterases (SE), also called granzymes. The cDNA probes for PFP, SE-1, and SE-2 are used here to study the expression of these proteins in murine primary effector lymphocytes. Among the stimuli effective in inducing the expression of PFP, SE-1, and SE-2 were recombinant interleukin-2, the lectin concanavalin A in the presence of phorbol esters, and allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Some correlation was seen between the levels of PFP and SE mRNAs and cytotoxicity measured in a standard 51Cr release assay. We also examined a panel of 13 cloned cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines and found that mRNAs for PFP and SE-2 were expressed in all CTL lines, including some that were previously considered not to produce PFP. Twelve of the 13 CTL lines also proved to possess the mRNA for SE-1. One thymoma cell line, TIMI.4, did not express mRNA for PFP, although it expressed mRNA for SE-1 and SE-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Joag
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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Leshem B, Kedar E. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes reactive against a syngeneic murine tumor and their specific suppressor T cells are both elicited by in vitro allosensitization. J Exp Med 1990; 171:1057-71. [PMID: 2139097 PMCID: PMC2187835 DOI: 10.1084/jem.171.4.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization of C57BL/6 (B6, H-2b) splenocytes against normal BALB/c (H-2d) leukocytes (B6 a/BALB) in bulk MLC induced CTL reactive against the syngeneic (H-2b) nonimmunogenic lymphoma PIR-2, in addition to the CTL directed against the corresponding (H-2d) allotargets. However, MLC-derived lymphocytes did not directly exhibit anti-PIR-2 cytotoxicity in spite of the high anti-PIR-2 CTL frequency (up to 1/20) among them, as demonstrated by the limiting dilution culture (LDC) technique. The present study was undertaken to resolve this contradiction. We found that anti-PIR-2 cytotoxicity could be detected only when B6 a/BALB MLC-derived responding cells were plated in LDC at low numbers (less than 200) of cells/well. In contrast, increasing the number of the plated cells to 500-5,000 resulted in a gradual decrease in the percentage of wells cytotoxically reactive against PIR-2, whereas the percentage of wells exhibiting cytotoxicity against the allotargets remained unchanged (100%). This decrease of anti-PIR-2 cytotoxicity in LDC and the lack of anti-PIR-2 reactivity among MLC-derived lymphocytes were shown by mixing experiments to result from the activity of radioresistant Thy-1+, Lyt-2+, L3T4- suppressor cells, blocking the anti-PIR-2 cytotoxicity at the effector phase. The suppression was specific as indicated by the following observations: (a) freshly obtained B6 splenocytes, cultured unsensitized B6 splenocytes, mitogen-induced B6 lymphoblasts, B6 LAK cells, or B6 a/B6 MLC-derived lymphocytes were not suppressive; (b) anti-PIR-2 cytotoxicity elicited in B6 a/BALB LDC was suppressed only by lymphocytes derived from B6 a/BALB MLC and not from B6 a/C3H (H-2k) MLC; and (c) B6 a/BALB MLC-induced suppressor cells could be adsorbed on monolayers of BALB/c but not of C3H lymphoblasts. Since both syngeneic tumor and allogeneic target cells were lysed by the same clonal cell population but only the antisyngeneic activity was suppressed, we suggest that a single CTL can exhibit two cytotoxic activities that are differentially affected by the described suppressor cells. This mode of suppression may play a role in controlling autoimmune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Leshem
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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