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Pan H, Yu S, Zhuang H, Yang H, Jiang J, Yang H, Ren S, Luo G, Yu X, Chen S, Lin Y, Sheng R, Zhang S, Yuan Q, Huang C, Zhang T, Li T, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N. Orchestrated Codelivery of Peptide Antigen and Adjuvant to Antigen-Presenting Cells by Using an Engineered Chimeric Peptide Enhances Antitumor T-Cell Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:905-920. [PMID: 38631019 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The intrinsic pharmacokinetic limitations of traditional peptide-based cancer vaccines hamper effective cross-presentation and codelivery of antigens (Ag) and adjuvants, which are crucial for inducing robust antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. In this study, we report the development of a versatile strategy that simultaneously addresses the different pharmacokinetic challenges of soluble subunit vaccines composed of Ags and cytosine-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) to modulate vaccine efficacy via translating an engineered chimeric peptide, eTAT, as an intramolecular adjuvant. Linking Ags to eTAT enhanced cytosolic delivery of the Ags. This, in turn, led to improved activation and lymph node-trafficking of Ag-presenting cells and Ag cross-presentation, thus promoting Ag-specific T-cell immune responses. Simple mixing of eTAT-linked Ags and CpG significantly enhanced codelivery of Ags and CpG to the Ag-presenting cells, and this substantially augmented the adjuvant effect of CpG, maximized vaccine immunogenicity, and elicited robust and durable CD8+ T-cell responses. Vaccination with this formulation altered the tumor microenvironment and exhibited potent antitumor effects, with generally further enhanced therapeutic efficacy when used in combination with anti-PD1. Altogether, the engineered chimeric peptide-based orchestrated codelivery of Ag and adjuvant may serve as a promising but simple strategy to improve the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pan
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Siyuan Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haoyun Zhuang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinlu Jiang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haihui Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuling Ren
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guoxing Luo
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuping Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanhua Lin
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Roufang Sheng
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenghao Huang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingdong Li
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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2
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Lavelle EC, McEntee CP. Vaccine adjuvants: Tailoring innate recognition to send the right message. Immunity 2024; 57:772-789. [PMID: 38599170 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants play pivotal roles in vaccine development, enhancing immunization efficacy through prolonged retention and sustained release of antigen, lymph node targeting, and regulation of dendritic cell activation. Adjuvant-induced activation of innate immunity is achieved via diverse mechanisms: for example, adjuvants can serve as direct ligands for pathogen recognition receptors or as inducers of cell stress and death, leading to the release of immunostimulatory-damage-associated molecular patterns. Adjuvant systems increasingly stimulate multiple innate pathways to induce greater potency. Increased understanding of the principles dictating adjuvant-induced innate immunity will subsequently lead to programming specific types of adaptive immune responses. This tailored optimization is fundamental to next-generation vaccines capable of inducing robust and sustained adaptive immune memory across different cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Craig P McEntee
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Cafaro A, Schietroma I, Sernicola L, Belli R, Campagna M, Mancini F, Farcomeni S, Pavone-Cossut MR, Borsetti A, Monini P, Ensoli B. Role of HIV-1 Tat Protein Interactions with Host Receptors in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1704. [PMID: 38338977 PMCID: PMC10855115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Each time the virus starts a new round of expression/replication, even under effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transactivator of viral transcription Tat is one of the first HIV-1 protein to be produced, as it is strictly required for HIV replication and spreading. At this stage, most of the Tat protein exits infected cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix and exerts profound effects on both the virus and neighbor cells, mostly of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Through these effects, extracellular Tat contributes to the acquisition of infection, spreading and progression to AIDS in untreated patients, or to non-AIDS co-morbidities in ART-treated individuals, who experience inflammation and immune activation despite virus suppression. Here, we review the role of extracellular Tat in both the virus life cycle and on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, and we provide epidemiological and experimental evidence of the importance of targeting Tat to block residual HIV expression and replication. Finally, we briefly review vaccine studies showing that a therapeutic Tat vaccine intensifies ART, while its inclusion in a preventative vaccine may blunt escape from neutralizing antibodies and block early events in HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
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4
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Luri-Rey C, Gomis G, Glez-Vaz J, Manzanal A, Martinez Riaño A, Rodriguez Ruiz ME, Teijeira A, Melero I. Cytotoxicity as a form of immunogenic cell death leading to efficient tumor antigen cross-priming. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:143-151. [PMID: 37822051 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Antigen cross-priming of CD8+ T cells is a critical process necessary for the effective expansion and activation of CD8+ T cells endowed with the ability to recognize and destroy tumor cells. The cross-presentation of tumor antigens to cross-prime CD8+ T cells is mainly mediated, if not only, by a subset of professional antigen-presenting cells termed type-1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). The demise of malignant cells can be immunogenic if it occurs in the context of premortem stress. These ways of dying are termed immunogenic cell death (ICD) and are associated with biochemical features favoring cDC1 for the efficient cross-priming of tumor antigens. Immunosurveillance and the success of immunotherapies heavily rely on the ability of cytotoxic immune cells, primarily CD8+ T cells and NK cells, to detect and eliminate tumor cells through mechanisms collectively known as cytotoxicity. Recent studies have revealed the significance of NK- and CTL-mediated cytotoxicity as a prominent form of immunogenic cell death, resulting in mechanisms that promote and sustain antigen-specific immune responses. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying the cross-presentation of antigens released during tumor cell killing by cytotoxic immune cells, with an emphasis on the role of cDC1 cells. Indeed, cDC1s are instrumental in the effectiveness of most immunotherapies, underscoring the significance of tumor antigen cross-priming in contexts of immunogenic cell death. The notion of the potent immunogenicity of cell death resulting from NK or cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytotoxicity has far-reaching implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gomis
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Almudena Manzanal
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez Riaño
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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5
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Ohara RA, Murphy KM. Recent progress in type 1 classical dendritic cell cross-presentation - cytosolic, vacuolar, or both? Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102350. [PMID: 37276818 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 classical dendritic cells (cDC1s) have emerged as the major antigen-presenting cell performing cross-presentation (XP) in vivo, but the antigen-processing pathway in this cell remains obscure. Two competing models for in vivo XP of cell-associated antigens by cDC1 include a vacuolar pathway and cytosolic pathway. A vacuolar pathway relies on directing antigens captured in vesicles toward a class I major histocompatibility complex loading compartment independently of cytosolic entry. Alternate proposals invoke phagosomal rupture, either constitutive or triggered by spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) signaling in response to C-type lectin domain family 9 member A (CLEC9A) engagement, that releases antigens into the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. The Beige and Chediak-Higashi (BEACH) protein WD repeat- and FYVE domain-containing protein 4 (WDFY4) is strictly required for XP of cell-associated antigens in vivo. However, the cellular mechanism for WDFY4 activity remains unknown and its requirement in XP in vivo is currently indifferent regarding the vacuolar versus cytosolic pathways. Here, we review the current status of these models and discuss the need for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray A Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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6
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Carnel N, Lancia HH, Guinier C, Benichou G. Pathways of Antigen Recognition by T Cells in Allograft Rejection. Transplantation 2023; 107:827-837. [PMID: 36398330 PMCID: PMC10600686 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response leading to the rejection of allogeneic transplants is initiated and orchestrated by recipient T cells recognizing donor antigens. T-cell allorecognition is mediated via 3 distinct mechanisms: the direct pathway in which T cells recognize allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on donor cells, the indirect pathway through which T cells interact with donor peptides bound with self-MHC molecules on recipient antigen-presenting cells, and the recently described semidirect pathway whereby T cells recognize donor MHC proteins on recipient antigen-presenting cells. In this article, we present a description of each of these allorecognition pathways and discuss their role in acute and chronic rejection of allogeneic transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Carnel
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hyshem H. Lancia
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Claire Guinier
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gilles Benichou
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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7
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Ohara RA, Murphy KM. The evolving biology of cross-presentation. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101711. [PMID: 36645993 PMCID: PMC10931539 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cross-priming was first recognized in the context of in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses generated against minor histocompatibility antigens induced by immunization with lymphoid cells. Even though the basis for T cell antigen recognition was still largely unclear at that time, these early studies recognized the implication that such minor histocompatibility antigens were derived from the immunizing cells and were obtained exogenously by the host's antigen presenting cells (APCs) that directly prime the CTL response. As antigen recognition by the T cell receptor became understood to involve peptides derived from antigens processed by the APCs and presented by major histocompatibility molecules, the "cross-priming" phenomenon was subsequently recast as "cross-presentation" and the scope considered for examining this process gradually broadened to include many different forms of antigens, including soluble proteins, and different types of APCs that may not be involved in in vivo CTL priming. Many studies of cross-presentation have relied on in vitro cell models that were recently found to differ from in vivo APCs in particular mechanistic details. A recent trend has focused on the APCs and pathways of cross-presentation used in vivo, especially the type 1 dendritic cells. Current efforts are also being directed towards validating the in vivo role of various putative pathways and gene candidates in cross-presentation garnered from various in vitro studies and to determine the relative contributions they make to CTL responses across various forms of antigens and immunologic settings. Thus, cross-presentation appears to be carried by different pathways in various types of cells for different forms under different physiologic settings, which remain to be evaluated in an in vivo physiologic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray A Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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Wu R, Murphy KM. DCs at the center of help: Origins and evolution of the three-cell-type hypothesis. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211519. [PMID: 35543702 PMCID: PMC9098650 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Last year was the 10th anniversary of Ralph Steinman's Nobel Prize awarded for his discovery of dendritic cells (DCs), while next year brings the 50th anniversary of that discovery. Current models of anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity rest solidly on Steinman's discovery of DCs, but also rely on two seemingly unrelated phenomena, also reported in the mid-1970s: the discoveries of "help" for cytolytic T cell responses by Cantor and Boyse in 1974 and "cross-priming" by Bevan in 1976. Decades of subsequent work, controversy, and conceptual changes have gradually merged these three discoveries into current models of cell-mediated immunity against viruses and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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9
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Iyer S, Yadav R, Agarwal S, Tripathi S, Agarwal R. Bioengineering Strategies for Developing Vaccines against Respiratory Viral Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0012321. [PMID: 34788128 PMCID: PMC8597982 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00123-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral pathogens like influenza and coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused outbreaks leading to millions of deaths. Vaccinations are, to date, the best and most economical way to control such outbreaks and have been highly successful for several pathogens. Currently used vaccines for respiratory viral pathogens are primarily live attenuated or inactivated and can risk reversion to virulence or confer inadequate immunity. The recent trend of using potent biomolecules like DNA, RNA, and protein antigenic components to synthesize vaccines for diseases has shown promising results. Still, it remains challenging to translate due to their high susceptibility to degradation during storage and after delivery. Advances in bioengineering technology for vaccine design have made it possible to control the physicochemical properties of the vaccines for rapid synthesis, heightened antigen presentation, safer formulations, and more robust immunogenicity. Bioengineering techniques and materials have been used to synthesize several potent vaccines, approved or in trials, against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are being explored for influenza, SARS, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) vaccines as well. Here, we review bioengineering strategies such as the use of polymeric particles, liposomes, and virus-like particles in vaccine development against influenza and coronaviruses and the feasibility of adopting these technologies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Iyer
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rajesh Yadav
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Smriti Agarwal
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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10
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Wilson KR, Jenika D, Blum AB, Macri C, Xu B, Liu H, Schriek P, Schienstock D, Francis L, Makota FV, Ishido S, Mueller SN, Lahoud MH, Caminschi I, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Villadangos JA, Mintern JD. MHC Class II Ubiquitination Regulates Dendritic Cell Function and Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2255-2264. [PMID: 34599081 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHC II) Ag presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) is critical for CD4+ T cell immunity. Cell surface levels of MHC II loaded with peptide is controlled by ubiquitination. In this study, we have examined how MHC II ubiquitination impacts immunity using MHC IIKRKI/KI mice expressing mutant MHC II molecules that are unable to be ubiquitinated. Numbers of conventional DC (cDC) 1, cDC2 and plasmacytoid DCs were significantly reduced in MHC IIKRKI/KI spleen, with the remaining MHC IIKRKI/KI DCs expressing an altered surface phenotype. Whereas Ag uptake, endosomal pH, and cathepsin protease activity were unaltered, MHC IIKRKI/KI cDC1 produced increased inflammatory cytokines and possessed defects in Ag proteolysis. Immunization of MHC IIKRKI/KI mice identified impairments in MHC II and MHC class I presentation of soluble, cell-associated and/or DC-targeted OVA via mAb specific for DC surface receptor Clec9A (anti-Clec9A-OVA mAb). Reduced T cell responses and impaired CTL killing was observed in MHC IIKRKI/KI mice following immunization with cell-associated and anti-Clec9A-OVA. Immunization of MHC IIKRKI/KI mice failed to elicit follicular Th cell responses and generated barely detectable Ab to anti-Clec9A mAb-targeted Ag. In summary, MHC II ubiquitination in DCs impacts the homeostasis, phenotype, cytokine production, and Ag proteolysis by DCs with consequences for Ag presentation and T cell and Ab-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla R Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devi Jenika
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annabelle B Blum
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christophe Macri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bangyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haiyin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Schriek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dominik Schienstock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Francis
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - F Victor Makota
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York, NY; and.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
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11
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Mu Z, Haynes BF, Cain DW. HIV mRNA Vaccines-Progress and Future Paths. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:134. [PMID: 33562203 PMCID: PMC7915550 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic introduced the world to a new type of vaccine based on mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Instead of delivering antigenic proteins directly, an mRNA-based vaccine relies on the host's cells to manufacture protein immunogens which, in turn, are targets for antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. mRNA-based vaccines have been the subject of research for over three decades as a platform to protect against or treat a variety of cancers, amyloidosis and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss mRNA-based approaches for the generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to HIV. We examine the special immunological hurdles for a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and effective T cell responses to HIV. Lastly, we outline an mRNA-based HIV vaccination strategy based on the immunobiology of broadly neutralizing antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Mu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W. Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
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12
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Minute L, Teijeira A, Sanchez-Paulete AR, Ochoa MC, Alvarez M, Otano I, Etxeberrria I, Bolaños E, Azpilikueta A, Garasa S, Casares N, Luis Perez Gracia J, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Berraondo P, Melero I. Cellular cytotoxicity is a form of immunogenic cell death. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2019-000325. [PMID: 32217765 PMCID: PMC7206966 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune response to cancer is often conceptualized with the cancer immunity cycle. An essential step in this interpretation is that antigens released by dying tumors are presented by dendritic cells to naive or memory T cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes. Whether tumor cell death resulting from cytotoxicity, as mediated by T cells or natural killer (NK) lymphocytes, is actually immunogenic currently remains unknown. Methods In this study, tumor cells were killed by antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8 T cells or activated NK cells. Immunogenic cell death was studied analyzing the membrane exposure of calreticulin and the release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) by the dying tumor cells. Furthermore, the potential immunogenicity of the tumor cell debris was evaluated in immunocompetent mice challenged with an unrelated tumor sharing only one tumor-associated antigen and by class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-multimer stainings. Mice deficient in Batf3, Ifnar1 and Sting1 were used to study mechanistic requirements. Results We observe in cocultures of tumor cells and effector cytotoxic cells, the presence of markers of immunogenic cell death such as calreticulin exposure and soluble HMGB1 protein. Ovalbumin (OVA)-transfected MC38 colon cancer cells, exogenously pulsed to present the gp100 epitope are killed in culture by mouse gp100-specific TCR transgenic CD8 T cells. Immunization of mice with the resulting destroyed cells induces epitope spreading as observed by detection of OVA-specific T cells by MHC multimer staining and rejection of OVA+ EG7 lymphoma cells. Similar results were observed in mice immunized with cell debris generated by NK-cell mediated cytotoxicity. Mice deficient in Batf3-dependent dendritic cells (conventional dendritic cells type 1, cDC1) fail to develop an anti-OVA response when immunized with tumor cells killed by cytotoxic lymphocytes. In line with this, cultured cDC1 dendritic cells uptake and can readily cross-present antigen from cytotoxicity-killed tumor cells to cognate CD8+ T lymphocytes. Conclusion These results support that an ongoing cytotoxic antitumor immune response can lead to immunogenic tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Minute
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso R Sanchez-Paulete
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Otano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberrria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Perez Gracia
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Departments of Oncology and Immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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13
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Bradley JH, Barwick S, Horn GQ, Ullrich E, Best B, Arnold JP, Gregg RK. Simulated microgravity-mediated reversion of murine lymphoma immune evasion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14623. [PMID: 31602007 PMCID: PMC6787044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
No human has returned to the moon since the end of the Apollo program 47 years ago, however, new missions are planned for an orbital outpost. Space radiation and the potential for cancer remain as important issues to the future of human space exploration. While improved shield technologies and protective biologicals are under development, little is known concerning the interaction between cancer cells and host immunity in microgravity. As a hallmark of cancer, tumor cells employ mechanisms of immune evasion to avoid elimination by protective CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We showed that a murine lymphoma was able to produce a soluble factor that inhibited the function of dendritic cells in activating the CD4+ T cells. Culture of the lymphoma cells in simulated microgravity (SMG), and not Static conditions, restored the CD4+ T cell response and augmented CD8+ T cell-mediated destruction of the cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, SMG impaired the mechanism of tumor escape and rendered the cancer cells more susceptible to T cell-mediated elimination. The stress of microgravity may expose the most critical components of a tumor’s escape mechanism for astronaut protection and the generation of new cancer therapeutics for patients on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H Bradley
- Magnolia Research Center, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC, 29303, USA
| | - Shannon Barwick
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Physics, Converse College, Spartanburg, SC, 29302, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Gillian Q Horn
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Physics, Converse College, Spartanburg, SC, 29302, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ullrich
- Magnolia Research Center, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC, 29303, USA
| | - Brianna Best
- Magnolia Research Center, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC, 29303, USA
| | - Jennifer P Arnold
- Magnolia Research Center, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC, 29303, USA
| | - Randal K Gregg
- Magnolia Research Center, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC, 29303, USA. .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine at Lincoln Memorial University - Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37932, USA.
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14
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Xiao Y, Muhuri M, Li S, Qin W, Xu G, Luo L, Li J, Letizia AJ, Wang SK, Chan YK, Wang C, Fuchs SP, Wang D, Su Q, Nahid MA, Church GM, Farzan M, Yang L, Wei Y, Desrosiers RC, Mueller C, Tai PW, Gao G. Circumventing cellular immunity by miR142-mediated regulation sufficiently supports rAAV-delivered OVA expression without activating humoral immunity. JCI Insight 2019; 5:99052. [PMID: 31112525 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene delivery can efficiently target muscle tissues to serve as "biofactories" for secreted proteins in prophylactic and therapeutic scenarios. Nevertheless, efficient rAAV-mediated gene delivery is often limited by host immune responses against the transgene product. The development of strategies to prevent anti-transgene immunity is therefore crucial. The employment of endogenous microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation to detarget transgene expression from antigen presenting cells (APCs) has shown promise for reducing immunogenicity. However, the mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated modulation of anti-transgene immunity by APC detargeting are not fully understood. Using the highly immunogenic ovalbumin (OVA) protein as a proxy for foreign antigens, we show that rAAV vectors containing miR142 binding sites efficiently repress co-stimulatory signals in dendritic cells, significantly blunt the cytotoxic T cell response, allow for sustained transgene expression in skeletal myoblasts, and attenuate clearance of transduced muscle cells in mice. Furthermore, the blunting of humoral immunity against circulating OVA correlates with detargeting of OVA expression from APCs. This demonstrates that incorporating APC-specific miRNA binding sites into rAAV vectors provides an effective strategy for reducing transgene-specific immune response. This approach holds promise for clinical applications where the safe and efficient delivery of a prophylactic or therapeutic protein is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manish Muhuri
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaoyong Li
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wanru Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander J Letizia
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean K Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying Kai Chan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Sebastian P Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qin Su
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and
| | - M Abu Nahid
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George M Church
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Christian Mueller
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Pediatrics and.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Phillip Wl Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Ho NI, Huis In 't Veld LGM, Raaijmakers TK, Adema GJ. Adjuvants Enhancing Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells: The Key to More Effective Vaccines? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2874. [PMID: 30619259 PMCID: PMC6300500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, vaccine development has advanced significantly in pursuing higher safety with less side effects. However, this is often accompanied by a reduction in vaccine immunogenicity and an increased dependency on adjuvants to enhance vaccine potency. Especially for diseases like cancer, it is important that therapeutic vaccines contain adjuvants that promote strong T cell responses. An important mode of action for such adjuvants is to prolong antigen exposure to dendritic cells (DCs) and to induce their maturation. These mature DCs are extremely effective in the activation of antigen-specific T cells, which is a pre-requisite for induction of potent and long-lasting cellular immunity. For the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses, however, the exogenous vaccine antigens need to gain access to the endogenous MHCI presentation pathway of DCs, a process referred to as antigen cross-presentation. In this review, we will focus on recent insights in clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants that impact DC cross-presentation efficiency, including aluminum-based nanoparticles, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor ligands. Furthermore, we will discuss the importance of adjuvant combinations and highlight new developments in cancer vaccines. Understanding the mode of action of adjuvants in general and on antigen cross-presentation in DCs in particular will be important for the design of novel adjuvants as part of vaccines able to induce strong cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataschja I Ho
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa G M Huis In 't Veld
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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16
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Valenta R, Karaulov A, Niederberger V, Gattinger P, van Hage M, Flicker S, Linhart B, Campana R, Focke-Tejkl M, Curin M, Eckl-Dorna J, Lupinek C, Resch-Marat Y, Vrtala S, Mittermann I, Garib V, Khaitov M, Valent P, Pickl WF. Molecular Aspects of Allergens and Allergy. Adv Immunol 2018; 138:195-256. [PMID: 29731005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated allergy is the most common immune disorder. More than 30% of the population suffer from symptoms of allergy which are often severe, disabling, and life threatening such as asthma and anaphylaxis. Population-based birth cohort studies show that up to 60% of the world population exhibit IgE sensitization to allergens, of which most are protein antigens. Thirty years ago the first allergen-encoding cDNAs have been isolated. In the meantime, the structures of most of the allergens relevant for disease in humans have been solved. Here we provide an update regarding what has been learned through the use of defined allergen molecules (i.e., molecular allergology) and about mechanisms of allergic disease in humans. We focus on new insights gained regarding the process of sensitization to allergens, allergen-specific secondary immune responses, and mechanisms underlying allergic inflammation and discuss open questions. We then show how molecular forms of diagnosis and specific immunotherapy are currently revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment of allergic patients and how allergen-specific approaches may be used for the preventive eradication of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Verena Niederberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Linhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirela Curin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Resch-Marat
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Mittermann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Garib
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; International Network of Universities for Molecular Allergology and Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Immune responses to an early lytic cytomegalovirus antigen in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: T-cell responses, cytokine secretions and antibody status. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193244. [PMID: 29499037 PMCID: PMC5834189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated immune responses to a lytic cytomegalovirus antigen (CMVpp52), and to a lytic human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigen (HHV6p41), in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and healthy controls (HCs), in order to clarify if the previously established impaired responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in SLE patients is a general defect in their responses against (all) HHVs. Multiplex Luminex technology results showed a normal induction of five quantified cytokines (interferon γ, interleukin(IL)12, IL17, IL10, and tumor necrosis factor α) in SLE patients compared to HCs upon stimulation with CMVpp52 and HHV6p41. However, flow cytometric results showed a reduced upregulation of the activation marker CD69 on T-cells from SLE patients (n = 17) compared to HCs (n = 17) upon stimulation with CMVpp52, indicating limited or defective CMVpp52-specific T-cells and/or poor antigen-presentation in SLE patients, and thereby possibly decreased control of the CMV infection. In conclusion, the dysfunctional immune response against EBV previously established in SLE patients does not seem to apply to the same degree regarding the immune responses against CMV or HHV6. Results designate that the main contributing HHV agent in development or exacerbation of SLE (in genetically predisposed individuals) is the previously determined uncontrolled EBV infection, and to a lesser extent CMV infection, and probably with no involvement of HHV6 infection.
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Bigley V, Cytlak U, Collin M. Human dendritic cell immunodeficiencies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 86:50-61. [PMID: 29452225 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The critical functions of dendritic cells (DCs) in immunity and tolerance have been demonstrated in many animal models but their non-redundant roles in humans are more difficult to probe. Human primary immunodeficiency (PID), resulting from single gene mutations, may result in DC deficiency or dysfunction. This relatively recent recognition illuminates the in vivo role of human DCs and the pathophysiology of the associated clinical syndromes. In this review, the development and function of DCs as established in murine models and human in vitro systems, discussed. This forms the basis of predicting the effects of DC deficiency in vivo and understanding the consequences of specific mutations on DC development and function. DC deficiency syndromes are associated with heterozygous GATA2 mutation, bi-allelic and heterozygous IRF8 mutation and heterozygous IKZF1 mutation. The intricate involvement of DCs in the balance between immunity and tolerance is leading to increased recognition of their involvement in a number of other immunodeficiencies and autoimmune conditions. Owing to the precise control of transcription factor gene expression by super-enhancer elements, phenotypic anomalies are relatively commonly caused by heterozygous mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venetia Bigley
- Human DC Lab, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Urszula Cytlak
- Human DC Lab, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew Collin
- Human DC Lab, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Zhang W, An M, Xi J, Liu H. Targeting CpG Adjuvant to Lymph Node via Dextran Conjugate Enhances Antitumor Immunotherapy. Bioconjug Chem 2017. [PMID: 28644608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid based adjuvants recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLR) are potent immune system stimulants that can augment the antitumor immune responses in an antigen-specific manner. However, their clinical uses as vaccine adjuvants are limited primarily due to lack of accumulation in the lymph nodes, the anatomic sites where the immune responses are initiated. Here, we showed that chemical conjugation of type B CpG DNA, a TLR9 agonist to dextran polymer dramatically enhanced CpG's lymph node accumulation in mice. Dextran conjugation did not alter CpG ODN's uptake, internalization, and bioactivity in vitro. Delivery of Dextran-CpG conjugate markedly increased the uptake by antigen presenting cells in the lymph nodes and enhanced CD8+ T cell responses primed by protein vaccines, leading to improved therapeutic antitumor immunity. Furthermore, immunization with Dextran-CpG mixed with necrotic whole tumor cells induced a protective antitumor response in a murine model, suggesting that this approach was not limited to molecularly defined antigens. This simple method might also be applicable for the delivery of many other nucleic acid based adjuvants in cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Myunggi An
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jingchao Xi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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20
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Briseño CG, Gargaro M, Durai V, Davidson JT, Theisen DJ, Anderson DA, Novack DV, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Deficiency of transcription factor RelB perturbs myeloid and DC development by hematopoietic-extrinsic mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3957-3962. [PMID: 28348230 PMCID: PMC5393217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619863114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RelB is an NF-κB family transcription factor activated in the noncanonical pathway downstream of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and TNF receptor family members including lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) and CD40. Early analysis suggested that RelB is required for classical dendritic cell (cDC) development based on a severe reduction of cDCs in Relb-/- mice associated with profound myeloid expansion and perturbations in B and T cells. Subsequent analysis of radiation chimeras generated from wild-type and Relb-/- bone marrow showed that RelB exerts cell-extrinsic actions on some lineages, but it has remained unclear whether the impact of RelB on cDC development is cell-intrinsic or -extrinsic. Here, we reevaluated the role of RelB in cDC and myeloid development using a series of radiation chimeras. We found that there was no cell-intrinsic requirement for RelB for development of most cDC subsets, except for the Notch2- and LTβR-dependent subset of splenic CD4+ cDC2s. These results identify a relatively restricted role of RelB in DC development. Moreover, the myeloid expansion in Relb-/- mice resulted from hematopoietic-extrinsic actions of RelB. This result suggests that there is an unrecognized but critical role for RelB within the nonhematopoietic niche that controls normal myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jesse T Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Derek J Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David A Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
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21
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Kretzer NM, Theisen DJ, Tussiwand R, Briseño CG, Grajales-Reyes GE, Wu X, Durai V, Albring J, Bagadia P, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. RAB43 facilitates cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by CD8α+ dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2871-2883. [PMID: 27899443 PMCID: PMC5154939 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RAB43 is a vesicular transport protein unique to CD8α+ DCs that is localized to the Golgi. Kretzer et al. show that RAB43 is necessary for optimal cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by CD8α+ DCs in vitro and in vivo but that it is dispensable for cross-presentation by in vitro monocyte-derived DCs. In this study, to examine cross-presentation by classical dendritic cells (DCs; cDCs), we evaluated the role of RAB43, a protein found to be selectively expressed by Batf3-dependent CD8α+ and CD103+ compared with other DC subsets and immune lineages. Using a specific monoclonal antibody, we localized RAB43 expression to the Golgi apparatus and LAMP1− cytoplasmic vesicles. Mice with germline or conditional deletion of Rab43 are viable and fertile and have normal development of cDCs but show a defect for in vivo and in vitro cross-presentation of cell-associated antigen. This defect is specific to cDCs, as Rab43-deficient monocyte-derived DCs showed no defect in cross-presentation of cell-associated antigen. These results suggest that RAB43 provides a specialized activity used in cross-presentation selectively by CD8α+ DCs but not other antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Kretzer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Derek J Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jörn Albring
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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22
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Briseño CG, Haldar M, Kretzer NM, Wu X, Theisen DJ, Kc W, Durai V, Grajales-Reyes GE, Iwata A, Bagadia P, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Distinct Transcriptional Programs Control Cross-Priming in Classical and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2462-74. [PMID: 27264183 PMCID: PMC4941620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both classical DCs (cDCs) and monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) are capable of cross-priming CD8(+) T cells in response to cell-associated antigens. We found that Ly-6C(hi)TREML4(-) monocytes can differentiate into Zbtb46(+) Mo-DCs in response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) but that Ly-6C(hi)TREML4(+) monocytes were committed to differentiate into Ly-6C(lo)TREML4(+) monocytes. Differentiation of Zbtb46(+) Mo-DCs capable of efficient cross-priming required both GM-CSF and IL-4 and was accompanied by the induction of Batf3 and Irf4. However, monocytes require IRF4, but not BATF3, to differentiate into Zbtb46(+) Mo-DCs capable of cross-priming CD8(+) T cells. Instead, Irf4(-/-) monocytes differentiate into macrophages in response to GM-CSF and IL-4. Thus, cDCs and Mo-DCs require distinct transcriptional programs of differentiation in acquiring the capacity to prime CD8(+) T cells. These differences may be of consideration in the use of therapeutic DC vaccines based on Mo-DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Malay Haldar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicole M Kretzer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Derek J Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wumesh Kc
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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23
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Streng-Ouwehand I, Ho NI, Litjens M, Kalay H, Boks MA, Cornelissen LAM, Kaur Singh S, Saeland E, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Ossendorp FA, Unger WWJ, van Kooyk Y. Glycan modification of antigen alters its intracellular routing in dendritic cells, promoting priming of T cells. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26999763 PMCID: PMC4811763 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen uptake by dendritic cells and intracellular routing of antigens to specific compartments is regulated by C-type lectin receptors that recognize glycan structures. We show that the modification of Ovalbumin (OVA) with the glycan-structure LewisX (LeX) re-directs OVA to the C-type lectin receptor MGL1. LeX-modification of OVA favored Th1 skewing of CD4+ T cells and enhanced cross-priming of CD8+ T cells. While cross-presentation of native OVA requires high antigen dose and TLR stimuli, LeX modification reduces the required amount 100-fold and obviates its dependence on TLR signaling. The OVA-LeX-induced enhancement of T cell cross-priming is MGL1-dependent as shown by reduced CD8+ effector T cell frequencies in MGL1-deficient mice. Moreover, MGL1-mediated cross-presentation of OVA-LeX neither required TAP-transporters nor Cathepsin-S and was still observed after prolonged intracellular storage of antigen in Rab11+LAMP1+ compartments. We conclude that controlled neo-glycosylation of antigens can crucially influence intracellular routing of antigens, the nature and strength of immune responses and should be considered for optimizing current vaccination strategies. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11765.001 Immune cells called dendritic cells play a crucial role in defending the body against tumor cells and invading viruses. The dendritic cells take up molecules called antigens from these threats and then display them on their surface. This enables the antigens to be identified by other immune cells that are capable of killing the viruses and the tumor cells. The dendritic cells recognize the antigens with the help of receptor proteins called C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). These receptors can bind to sugar molecules that are naturally found on many antigens. For example, a C-type lectin receptor called MGL1 can bind to sugars known as LewisX and Lewisa on tumor and virus proteins. However, it is not clear how important these receptors are in triggering immune responses. An antigen called Ovalbumin – which is found in chicken egg white – can trigger immune responses in mammals and so researchers often use it to study the immune system. Although this antigen has several sugar molecules attached to it, quite a large amount of Ovalbumin is needed to trigger strong immune responses. Now, Streng-Ouwehand et al. examine whether attaching LewisX to Ovalbumin can results in stronger immune responses in mice. The experiments show that injecting mice with Ovalbumin-LewisX triggers a much stronger immune response than normal Ovalbumin does. This enhanced response was not observed in mice that lacked the MGL1 receptor, which suggests that this receptor is involved in detecting Ovalbumin-LewisX. Furthermore, the dendritic cells store the altered Ovalbumin for longer than they store normal Ovalbumin, which gives the cells more time to present the altered Ovalbumin to other immune cells. Vaccines and some other therapies help to boost immune responses to viruses and tumors by exposing the body to antigens. However, these therapies often use antigens that don’t have sugar molecules attached to them, or are missing the sugar molecules they would normally have. Streng-Ouwehand et al.’s findings suggest that adding specific sugars to antigens in immune therapies might help to make these therapies more effective. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11765.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Streng-Ouwehand
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nataschja I Ho
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Manja Litjens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martine Annemarie Boks
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lenneke A M Cornelissen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Satwinder Kaur Singh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eirikur Saeland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ferry A Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wendy W J Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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24
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In situ Delivery of Tumor Antigen– and Adjuvant-Loaded Liposomes Boosts Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses by Human Dermal Dendritic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2697-2704. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Gutiérrez-Martínez E, Planès R, Anselmi G, Reynolds M, Menezes S, Adiko AC, Saveanu L, Guermonprez P. Cross-Presentation of Cell-Associated Antigens by MHC Class I in Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2015; 6:363. [PMID: 26236315 PMCID: PMC4505393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have the unique ability to pick up dead cells carrying antigens in tissue and migrate to the lymph nodes where they can cross-present cell-associated antigens by MHC class I to CD8+ T cells. There is strong in vivo evidence that the mouse XCR1+ DCs subset acts as a key player in this process. The intracellular processes underlying cross-presentation remain controversial and several pathways have been proposed. Indeed, a wide number of studies have addressed the cellular process of cross-presentation in vitro using a variety of sources of antigen and antigen-presenting cells. Here, we review the in vivo and in vitro evidence supporting the current mechanistic models and disscuss their physiological relevance to the cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by DCs subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Gutiérrez-Martínez
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Remi Planès
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Giorgio Anselmi
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Shinelle Menezes
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Aimé Cézaire Adiko
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Centre for Molecular & Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Loredana Saveanu
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Centre for Molecular & Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Pierre Guermonprez
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
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26
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Boks MA, Ambrosini M, Bruijns SC, Kalay H, van Bloois L, Storm G, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. MPLA incorporation into DC-targeting glycoliposomes favours anti-tumour T cell responses. J Control Release 2015; 216:37-46. [PMID: 26151293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy as they initiate strong and long-lived tumour-specific T cell responses. DC can be effectively targeted in vivo with tumour antigens by using nanocarriers such as liposomes. Cross-presentation of tumour antigens is enhanced with strong adjuvants such as TLR ligands. However, often these adjuvants have off-target effects, and would benefit from a DC-specific targeting strategy, similar to the tumour antigen. The goal of this study was to develop a strategy for specifically targeting DC with tumour antigen and adjuvant by using glycoliposomes. We have generated liposomes containing the glycan Lewis(Le)(X) which is highly specific for the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN expressed by DC. Le(X)-modified liposomes were taken up by human monocyte-derived DC in a DC-SIGN-specific manner. As adjuvants we incorporated the TLR ligands Pam3CySK4, Poly I:C, MPLA and R848 into liposomes and compared their adjuvant capacity on DC. Incorporation of the TLR4 ligand MPLA into glycoliposomes induced DC maturation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in a DC-SIGN-specific manner, and DC activation was comparable to administration of soluble MPLA. Incorporation of MPLA into glycoliposomes significantly enhanced antigen cross-presentation of the melanoma tumour antigen gp100280-288 peptide to CD8(+) T cells compared to non-glycosylated MPLA liposomes. Importantly, antigen cross-presentation of the gp100280-288 peptide was significantly higher using MPLA glycoliposomes compared to the co-administration of soluble MPLA with glycoliposomes. Taken together, our data demonstrates that specific targeting of a gp100 tumour antigen and the adjuvant MPLA to DC-SIGN-expressing DC enhances the uptake of peptide-containing liposomes, the activation of DC, and induces tumour antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. These data demonstrate that adjuvant-containing glycoliposome-based vaccines targeting DC-SIGN(+) DC represent a powerful new approach for CD8(+) T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine A Boks
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven C Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis van Bloois
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Dynamics of antigen delivery and the functional roles of L121-adjuvant. Vaccine 2015; 33:4341-8. [PMID: 25917678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the intracellular transport of protein antigens facilitated by L121-adjuvants and examines the associated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effect. EL4 mouse thymoma cells were treated with L121-adjuvant and stained with AnnexinV-propidium iodide (PI) followed by flow cytometric analysis. The intracellular trafficking dynamics of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-FITC in the J774.A.1 macrophages, influenced by the L121-adjuvant, was visualized by confocal microscopy. The antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effect induced by the L121-adjuvant was determined by the cleavage-specific fluorogenic caspase substrate. The trafficking of BSA-FITC in the J774A.1 cells by confocal microscopy illustrated that the L121-adjuvant facilitated the intracellular transport of proteins to the subcellular compartments, including the lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the cis-Golgi apparatus. The L121-adjuvant also facilitated antigen delivery to the dendritic cells in the lymph nodes. Immunization of mice with the L121-adjuvant resulted in cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in the target cells, as detected by PhiPhiLux, a fluorogenic caspase substrate. Taken together, the L121-adjuvant improved the dynamics of protein delivery to antigen presenting cells, and also induced caspase activation, thereby illustrating the mechanism of antigen-specific CTL effects.
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The mechanisms of action of vaccines containing aluminum adjuvants: an in vitro vs in vivo paradigm. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:181. [PMID: 25932368 PMCID: PMC4406982 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants such as the aluminum compounds (alum) have been dominantly used in many vaccines due to their immunopotentiation and safety records since 1920s. However, how these mineral agents influence the immune response to vaccination remains elusive. Many hypotheses exist as to the mode of action of these adjuvants, such as depot formation, antigen (Ag) targeting, and the induction of inflammation. These hypotheses are based on many in vitro and few in vivo studies. Understanding how cells interact with adjuvants in vivo will be crucial to fully understanding the mechanisms of action of these adjuvants. Interestingly, how alum influences the target cell at both the cellular and molecular level, and the consequent innate and adaptive responses, will be critical in the rational design of effective vaccines against many diseases. Thus, in this review, mechanisms of action of alum have been discussed based on available in vitro vs in vivo evidences to date.
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Frank MO, Kaufman J, Parveen S, Blachère NE, Orange DE, Darnell RB. Dendritic cell vaccines containing lymphocytes produce improved immunogenicity in patients with cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 12:338. [PMID: 25475068 PMCID: PMC4264264 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells are currently under investigation for their ability to generate anti-cancer immune responses. No consensus has been reached as to the optimal method of dendritic cell vaccine preparation and is a barrier to success in the field. METHODS Over a course of three separate dendritic cell vaccine studies to treat cancer, we tested two different methods for preparing dendritic cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells: adherence and antibody-selected CD14+ cells. RESULTS Surprisingly, we found that patients who received dendritic cell vaccines generated by the adherence method mounted increased T cell proliferation in response to vaccination. This difference could not be accounted for by dendritic cell vaccine dose, cell surface phenotype or dendritic cell function in vitro. One notable difference between the two vaccine preparation methods was that the dendritic cell vaccine cultures generated by the adherence method contained up to 10% lymphocytes, and these lymphocytes were proliferating and producing IFNγ in response to antigen in vitro at the time of administration. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced immunogenicity of adherence dendritic cell vaccinations may be due to the presence of lymphocytes during dendritic cell culture. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT00289341, NCT00345293, and NCT00893945.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu O Frank
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Julia Kaufman
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Salina Parveen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Nathalie E Blachère
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Dana E Orange
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.
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The ESAT-6 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis interacts with beta-2-microglobulin (β2M) affecting antigen presentation function of macrophage. PLoS Pathog 2014. [PMID: 25356553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004446.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ESAT-6, an abundantly secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is an important virulence factor, inactivation of which leads to reduced virulence of M. tuberculosis. ESAT-6 alone, or in complex with its chaperone CFP-10 (ESAT-6:CFP-10), is known to modulate host immune responses; however, the detailed mechanisms are not well understood. The structure of ESAT-6 or ESAT-6:CFP-10 complex does not suggest presence of enzymatic or DNA-binding activities. Therefore, we hypothesized that the crucial role played by ESAT-6 in the virulence of mycobacteria could be due to its interaction with some host cellular factors. Using a yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified that ESAT-6 interacts with the host protein beta-2-microglobulin (β2M), which was further confirmed by other assays, like GST pull down, co-immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance. The C-terminal six amino acid residues (90-95) of ESAT-6 were found to be essential for this interaction. ESAT-6, in complex with CFP-10, also interacts with β2M. We found that ESAT-6/ESAT-6:CFP-10 can enter into the endoplasmic reticulum where it sequesters β2M to inhibit cell surface expression of MHC-I-β2M complexes, resulting in downregulation of class I-mediated antigen presentation. Interestingly, the ESAT-6:β2M complex could be detected in pleural biopsies of individuals suffering from pleural tuberculosis. Our data highlight a novel mechanism by which M. tuberculosis may undermine the host adaptive immune responses to establish a successful infection. Identification of such novel interactions may help us in designing small molecule inhibitors as well as effective vaccine design against tuberculosis.
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Sreejit G, Ahmed A, Parveen N, Jha V, Valluri VL, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. The ESAT-6 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis interacts with beta-2-microglobulin (β2M) affecting antigen presentation function of macrophage. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004446. [PMID: 25356553 PMCID: PMC4214792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ESAT-6, an abundantly secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is an important virulence factor, inactivation of which leads to reduced virulence of M. tuberculosis. ESAT-6 alone, or in complex with its chaperone CFP-10 (ESAT-6:CFP-10), is known to modulate host immune responses; however, the detailed mechanisms are not well understood. The structure of ESAT-6 or ESAT-6:CFP-10 complex does not suggest presence of enzymatic or DNA-binding activities. Therefore, we hypothesized that the crucial role played by ESAT-6 in the virulence of mycobacteria could be due to its interaction with some host cellular factors. Using a yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified that ESAT-6 interacts with the host protein beta-2-microglobulin (β2M), which was further confirmed by other assays, like GST pull down, co-immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance. The C-terminal six amino acid residues (90–95) of ESAT-6 were found to be essential for this interaction. ESAT-6, in complex with CFP-10, also interacts with β2M. We found that ESAT-6/ESAT-6:CFP-10 can enter into the endoplasmic reticulum where it sequesters β2M to inhibit cell surface expression of MHC-I-β2M complexes, resulting in downregulation of class I-mediated antigen presentation. Interestingly, the ESAT-6:β2M complex could be detected in pleural biopsies of individuals suffering from pleural tuberculosis. Our data highlight a novel mechanism by which M. tuberculosis may undermine the host adaptive immune responses to establish a successful infection. Identification of such novel interactions may help us in designing small molecule inhibitors as well as effective vaccine design against tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is a dangerous and highly successful pathogen that has evolved several mechanisms to manipulate the host immune regulatory network. Proteins secreted by M. tuberculosis play important roles in virulence. One such protein is ESAT-6, which is secreted along with its chaperone CFP-10. Despite a host of studies highlighting modulation of immune responses by ESAT-6, there have not been many that identified host proteins interacting with ESAT-6. We have now found that the host protein β2M interacts very specifically with ESAT-6 at its C-terminal region. The soluble ESAT-6:CFP-10 complex was found to be trafficked into the endoplasmic reticulum, and treatment with recombinant ESAT-6:CFP-10 or the over-expression of ESAT-6 reduced cell surface expression of β2M and molecules which remain associated with it like HLA-I. Recombinant ESAT-6:CFP-10 was also found to reduce classical and cross presentation of peptide antigens by MHC-I molecules. In summary, our data indicate that interaction between ESAT-6 and β2M can reduce the levels of available free β2M that associate with HLA/MHC-I molecules. This could be an interesting mechanism by which M. tuberculosis inhibits classical and cross presentation of peptide antigens in order to prevent or delay the onset of anti-mycobacterial adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nazia Parveen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vishwanath Jha
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, LEPRA Society-Blue Peter Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania Hyderabad, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Draborg AH, Jacobsen S, Westergaard M, Mortensen S, Larsen JL, Houen G, Duus K. Reduced response to Epstein-Barr virus antigens by T-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus Sci Med 2014; 1:e000015. [PMID: 25396062 PMCID: PMC4225738 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2014-000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has for long been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we investigated the levels of latent and lytic antigen EBV-specific T-cells and antibodies in SLE patients. Methods T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and antibodies were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results SLE patients showed a significantly reduced number of activated (CD69) T-cells upon ex vivo stimulation with EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) 1 or EBV early antigen diffuse (EBV-EA/D) in whole blood samples compared with healthy controls. Also, a reduced number of T-cells from SLE patients were found to produce interferon-γ upon stimulation with these antigens. Importantly, responses to a superantigen were normal in SLE patients. Compared with healthy controls, SLE patients had fewer EBV-specific T-cells but higher titres of antibodies against EBV. Furthermore, an inverse correlation was revealed between the number of lytic antigen EBV-specific T-cells and disease activity of the SLE patients, with high-activity SLE patients having fewer T-cells than low-activity SLE patients. Conclusions These results indicate a limited or a defective EBV-specific T-cell response in SLE patients, which may suggest poor control of EBV infection in SLE with an immune reaction shift towards a humoral response in an attempt to control viral reactivation. A role for decreased control of EBV as a contributing agent in the development or exacerbation of SLE is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Holck Draborg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Søren Jacobsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Marie Westergaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Shila Mortensen
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Janni Lisander Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Karen Duus
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Hosmalin A. Mining the resource of cross-presentation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:62. [PMID: 24578703 PMCID: PMC3936470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hosmalin
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; CNRS UMR8104 , Paris , France ; University of Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin , Paris , France
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Gamrekelashvili J, Kapanadze T, Han M, Wissing J, Ma C, Jaensch L, Manns MP, Armstrong T, Jaffee E, White AO, Citrin DE, Korangy F, Greten TF. Peptidases released by necrotic cells control CD8+ T cell cross-priming. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4755-68. [PMID: 24216478 DOI: 10.1172/jci65698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells and generation of effector immune responses is pivotal for tumor immunity as well as for successful anticancer vaccination and therapy. Dead and dying cells produce signals that can influence Ag processing and presentation; however, there is conflicting evidence regarding the immunogenicity of necrotic cell death. We used a mouse model of sterile necrosis, in which mice were injected with sterile primary necrotic cells, to investigate a role of these cells in priming of CD8+ T cells. We discovered a molecular mechanism operating in Ag donor cells that regulates cross-priming of CD8+ T cells during primary sterile necrosis and thereby controls adaptive immune responses. We found that the cellular peptidases dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP-3) and thimet oligopeptidase 1 (TOP-1), both of which are present in nonimmunogenic necrotic cells, eliminated proteasomal degradation products and blocked Ag cross-presentation. While sterile necrotic tumor cells failed to induce CD8+ T cell responses, their nonimmunogenicity could be reversed in vitro and in vivo by inactivation of DPP-3 and TOP-1. These results indicate that control of cross-priming and thereby immunogenicity of primary sterile necrosis relies on proteasome-dependent oligopeptide generation and functional status of peptidases in Ag donor cells.
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Mouchacca P, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Boyer C. Visualization of cytolytic T cell differentiation and granule exocytosis with T cells from mice expressing active fluorescent granzyme B. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67239. [PMID: 23840635 PMCID: PMC3695958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate acquisition and activation of cytolytic functions during immune responses we generated knock in (KI) mice expressing Granzyme B (GZMB) as a fusion protein with red fluorescent tdTomato (GZMB-Tom). As for GZMB in wild type (WT) lymphocytes, GZMB-Tom was absent from naïve CD8 and CD4 T cells in GZMB-Tom-KI mice. It was rapidly induced in most CD8 T cells and in a subpopulation of CD4 T cells in response to stimulation with antibodies to CD3/CD28. A fraction of splenic NK cells expressed GZMB-Tom ex vivo with most becoming positive upon culture in IL-2. GZMB-Tom was present in CTL granules and active as a protease when these degranulated into cognate target cells, as shown with target cells expressing a specific FRET reporter construct. Using T cells from mice expressing GZMB-Tom but lacking perforin, we show that the transfer of fluorescent GZMB-Tom into target cells was dependent on perforin, favoring a role for perforin in delivery of GZMB at the target cells' plasma membranes. Time-lapse video microscopy showed Ca++ signaling in CTL upon interaction with cognate targets, followed by relocalization of GZMB-Tom-containing granules to the synaptic contact zone. A perforin-dependent step was next visualized by the fluorescence signal from the non-permeant dye TO-PRO-3 at the synaptic cleft, minutes before the labeling of the target cell nucleus, characterizing a previously undescribed synaptic event in CTL cytolysis. Transferred OVA-specific GZMB-Tom-expressing CD8 T cells acquired GZMB-Tom expression in Listeria monocytogenes-OVA infected mice as soon as 48h after infection. These GZMB-Tom positive CD8 T cells localized in the splenic T-zone where they interacted with CD11c positive dendritic cells (DC), as shown by GZMB-Tom granule redistribution to the T/DC contact zone. GZMB-Tom-KI mice thus also provide tools to visualize acquisition and activation of cytolytic function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mouchacca
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Boyer
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
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Ng D, Gommerman JL. The Regulation of Immune Responses by DC Derived Type I IFN. Front Immunol 2013; 4:94. [PMID: 23626590 PMCID: PMC3631742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our immune system bears the tremendous task of mounting effective anti-microbial responses whilst maintaining immunoregulatory functions to avoid autoimmunity. In order to quickly respond to pathogens, Dendritic cells (DC) are armed with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), allowing them to recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are uniquely expressed by invading microbes. PRR activation can trigger DCs to release the pleiotropic cytokine, Type I interferons (IFN), which facilitates various biological functions in different immune cell types. In this review, we will discuss the classical PRR-induced Type I IFN response in DCs as well as describe a novel mechanism for Type I IFN induction by the tumor-necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members, TNFR-1 and lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR). While PRR activation during viral infection, produces large amounts of Type I IFN in a relative short period of time, TNFRSF-induced Type I IFN expression is modest with gradual kinetics. Type I IFN can exert pro-inflammatory effects, but in some cases it also facilitates immune-regulatory functions. Therefore, DCs are important regulators of immune responses by carefully modulating Type I IFN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ng
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kotsias F, Hoffmann E, Amigorena S, Savina A. Reactive oxygen species production in the phagosome: impact on antigen presentation in dendritic cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:714-29. [PMID: 22827577 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is known to play a major role in innate immunity for several decades. Phagocytic cells provide host defense by ingesting microbes and destroy them by different mechanisms, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NOX2, a process known as oxidative burst. The phagocytic pathway of dendritic cells (DCs), highly adapted to antigen processing, has been shown to display remarkable differences compared to other phagocytes. Contrary to macrophages and neutrophils, the main function of DC phagosomes is antigen presentation rather than pathogen killing or clearance of cell debris. RECENT ADVANCES In the last few years, it became clear that NOX2 is also involved in the establishment of adaptive immunity. Several studies support the idea of a relationship between antigen presentation and the level of antigen degradation, the latter one being regulated by the pH and ROS within phagosomes. CRITICAL ISSUES The regulation of phagosomal pH exerted by NOX2, and thereby of the efficacy of antigen cross-presentation in DCs, represents a clear illustration of how NOX2 can influence CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses. In this review, we want to put emphasis on the relationship between ROS generation and antigen processing and presentation, since there is growing evidence that the low levels of ROS generated by DCs play an important role in these processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In the next years, it will be interesting to unravel possible mechanisms involved and to find other possible connections between NOX family members and adaptive immune responses.
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Hopkins RA, Connolly JE. The specialized roles of immature and mature dendritic cells in antigen cross-presentation. Immunol Res 2012; 53:91-107. [PMID: 22450675 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous antigen cross-presentation is integral to the stimulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against viruses and tumors. Central to this process are dendritic cells (DCs), which specialize in cross-presentation. DCs may be considered to exist in two radically different states of activation, generally referred to as immature and mature. In each of these states, the cell has a series of separate and specialized abilities for the induction of T-cell immunity. In the immature state, the DC is adept in surveying the periphery, acquiring and storing antigen, but has a limited capacity for direct T-cell activation. During a brief and defined window of time following DC stimulation, nearly every aspect of antigen handling changes, as it transitions from an entity focused on protein preservation to one capable of efficient cross-presentation. It is this time period and the underlying molecular mechanisms active here, which form the core of our studies on cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hopkins
- Program in Translational Immunology, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03 Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore
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Aleyas AG, Han YW, Patil AM, Kim SB, Kim K, Eo SK. Impaired cross-presentation of CD8α+ CD11c+ dendritic cells by Japanese encephalitis virus in a TLR2/MyD88 signal pathway-dependent manner. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2655-66. [PMID: 22706912 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation is the pathway by which exogenous antigens are routed for presentation by MHC class I molecules leading to activation of antiviral CD8(+) T-cell responses. However, there is little information describing the modulation of cross-presentation and the impact of pathogen-derived signals associated with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is one of the most common causes of encephalitis in humans. In this study, we demonstrate that JEV infection could suppress in vivo cross-presentation of soluble and cell-associated antigens, thereby generating weak CD8(+) T-cell responses to exogenous antigens, as evaluated by CFSE dilution of adoptively transferred CD8(+) T cells and in vivo CTL killing activity. Furthermore, CD8α(+) CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs), which are known to be far more efficient at cross-presenting soluble antigens, played a specific role in contributing to JEV-mediated inhibition of the cross-presentation of exogenous antigens through interference with effective antigen uptake. Finally, this study provides evidence that TLR2-MyD88 and p38 MAPK signal pathway might be involved in JEV-mediated inhibition of cross-presentation of soluble and cell-associated antigens. These observations suggest that the modulation of cross-presentation of exogenous antigens through TLR signaling has important implications for antiviral immune responses against JEV infection and the development of effective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Aleyas
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Hsu SC, Chang CP, Tsai CY, Hsieh SH, Wu-Hsieh BA, Lo YS, Yang JM. Steric recognition of T-cell receptor contact residues is required to map mutant epitopes by immunoinformatical programmes. Immunology 2012; 136:139-52. [PMID: 22121944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I-restricted CD8 T-lymphocyte epitopes comprise anchor motifs, T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residues and the peptide backbone. Serial variant epitopes with substitution of amino acids at either anchor motifs or TCR contact residues have been synthesized for specific interferon-γ responses to clarify the TCR recognition mechanism as well as to assess the epitope prediction capacity of immunoinformatical programmes. CD8 T lymphocytes recognise the steric configuration of functional groups at the TCR contact side chain with a parallel observation that peptide backbones of various epitopes adapt to the conserved conformation upon binding to the same MHC class I molecule. Variant epitopes with amino acid substitutions at the TCR contact site are not recognised by specific CD8 T lymphocytes without compromising their binding capacity to MHC class I molecules, which demonstrates two discrete antigen presentation events for the binding of peptides to MHC class I molecules and for TCR recognition. The predicted outcome of immunoinformatical programmes is not consistent with the results of epitope identification by laboratory experiments in the absence of information on the interaction with TCR contact residues. Immunoinformatical programmes based on the binding affinity to MHC class I molecules are not sufficient for the accurate prediction of CD8 T-lymphocyte epitopes. The predictive capacity is further improved to distinguish mutant epitopes from the non-mutated epitopes if the peptide-TCR interface is integrated into the computing simulation programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiou-Chih Hsu
- Vaccine Research and Development Centre, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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Scalea J, Hanecamp I, Robson SC, Yamada K. T-cell-mediated immunological barriers to xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19:23-30. [PMID: 22360750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantion remains the most viable option for significant expansion of the donor organ pool in clinical transplantation. With the advent of nuclear transfer technologies, the production of transgenic swine has become a possibility. These animals have allowed transplant investigators to overcome humoral mechanisms of hyperacute xenograft rejection in experimental pig-to-non-human primate models. However, other immunologic barriers preclude long-term acceptance of xenografts. This review article focuses on a major feature of xenogeneic rejection: xenogeneic T cell responses. Evidence obtained from both small and large animal models, particularly those using either islet cells or kidneys, have demonstrated that T cell responses play a major role in xenogeneic rejection, and that immunosuppression alone is likely incapable of completely suppressing these responses. Additionally, both the direct and indirect pathway of antigen presentation appear to be involved in these anti donor processes. Enhanced understanding of (i) CD47 and its role in transduced xeno-bone marrow (ii) CD39 and its role in coagulation dysregulation and (iii) thymic transplantation have provided us with encouraging results. Presently, experiments evaluating the possibility of xenogeneic tolerance are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Scalea
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Cayabyab MJ, Kashino SS, Campos-Neto A. Robust immune response elicited by a novel and unique Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein using an optimized DNA/protein heterologous prime/boost protocol. Immunology 2012; 135:216-25. [PMID: 22043824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious tuberculosis (TB) vaccine will probably need to induce both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses specific to a protective Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen(s). To achieve this broad cellular immune response we tested a heterologous DNA/protein combination vaccine strategy. We used a purified recombinant protein preparation of a unique M. tuberculosis antigen (rMT1721) found in the urine of TB patients, an optimized plasmid DNA expressing this protein (DNA-MT1721), and a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist adjuvant. We found that priming mice with DNA-MT1721 and subsequently boosting with rMT1721 elicited high titres of specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies as well as high magnitude and polyfunctional CD4(+) T-cell responses. However, no detectable CD8(+) T-cell response was observed using this regimen of immunization. In contrast, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses were detected after a prime/boost vaccination regimen using rMT1721 as the priming antigen and DNA-MT1721 as the boosting immunogen. These findings support the exploration of heterologous DNA/protein immunization strategies in vaccine development against TB and possibly other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Cayabyab
- Global Infectious Disease Research Center, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Harriff MJ, Purdy GE, Lewinsohn DM. Escape from the Phagosome: The Explanation for MHC-I Processing of Mycobacterial Antigens? Front Immunol 2012; 3:40. [PMID: 22566923 PMCID: PMC3342008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is thought to live in an altered phagosomal environment. In this setting, the mechanisms by which mycobacterial antigens access the major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) processing machinery remain incompletely understood. There is evidence that Mtb antigens can be processed in both endocytic and cytosolic environments, with different mechanisms being proposed for how Mtb antigens can access the cytosol. Recently, electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that Mtb has the potential to escape the phagosome and reside in the cytosol. This was postulated as the primary mechanism by which Mtb antigens enter the MHC-I processing and presentation pathway. In this commentary, we will review data on the escape of Mtb from the cytosol and whether this escape is required for antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells.
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Benichou G, Yamada Y, Yun SH, Lin C, Fray M, Tocco G. Immune recognition and rejection of allogeneic skin grafts. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:757-70. [PMID: 21668313 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of allogeneic skin grafts is associated with a potent inflammatory immune response leading to the destruction of donor cells and the rejection of the graft. Shortly after transplantation, skin dendritic cells (DCs) migrate out of the graft through lymphatic vessels and infiltrate the recipient's draining lymph nodes where they present donor antigens via two mechanisms: the direct pathway, in which T cells recognize intact donor MHC antigens on donor DCs; and the indirect pathway, involving T-cell recognition of donor peptides bound to self-MHC molecules on recipient DCs. Some recent studies have suggested that T cells can become activated via recognition of donor MHC molecules transferred on recipient antigen-presenting cells (semidirect pathway). Activation of T cells via direct or indirect allorecognition is sufficient to trigger acute rejection of allogeneic skin grafts. In addition, allospecific antibodies contribute to the rejection process either by killing allogeneic targets in a complement-dependent fashion or by opsonizing donor cells and forming immune complexes. Finally, several studies demonstrate that NK cells, activated due to missing self-MHC class I molecules on allogeneic cells, are involved in allogeneic skin graft rejection via direct killing of donor cells and through the production of proinflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Benichou
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Unit & Wellman Photomedicine Center Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Unger WWJ, van Beelen AJ, Bruijns SC, Joshi M, Fehres CM, van Bloois L, Verstege MI, Ambrosini M, Kalay H, Nazmi K, Bolscher JG, Hooijberg E, de Gruijl TD, Storm G, van Kooyk Y. Glycan-modified liposomes boost CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses by targeting DC-SIGN on dendritic cells. J Control Release 2012; 160:88-95. [PMID: 22366522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy requires potent tumor-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses, initiated by dendritic cells (DCs). Tumor antigens can be specifically targeted to DCs in vivo by exploiting their expression of C-type lectin receptors (CLR), which bind carbohydrate structures on antigens, resulting in internalization and antigen presentation to T-cells. We explored the potential of glycan-modified liposomes to target antigens to DCs to boost murine and human T-cell responses. Since DC-SIGN is a CLR expressed on DCs, liposomes were modified with DC-SIGN-binding glycans Lewis (Le)(B) or Le(X). Glycan modification of liposomes resulted in increased binding and internalization by BMDCs expressing human DC-SIGN. In the presence of LPS, this led to 100-fold more efficient presentation of the encapsulated antigens to CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells compared to unmodified liposomes or soluble antigen. Similarly, incubation of human moDC with melanoma antigen MART-1-encapsulated liposomes coated with Le(X) in the presence of LPS led to enhanced antigen-presentation to MART-1-specific CD8(+) T-cell clones. Moreover, this formulation drove primary CD8(+) T-cells to differentiate into high numbers of tetramer-specific, IFN-γ-producing effector T-cells. Together, our data demonstrate the potency of a glycoliposome-based vaccine targeting DC-SIGN for CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector T-cell activation. This approach may offer improved options for treatment of cancer patients and opens the way to in situ DC-targeted vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W J Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
CD4(+) Th cells are pivotal for the generation and maintenance of CD8(+) T-cell responses. "Helped" CD8(+) T cells receive signals during priming that prevent the induction of the proapoptotic molecule TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) during reactivation, thereby enabling robust secondary expansion. Conversely, "helpless" CD8(+) T cells primed in the absence of Th induce TRAIL expression after restimulation and undergo activation-induced cell death. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis for the differential regulation of TRAIL in helped versus helpless CD8(+) T cells by comparing their transcriptional profiles, and have identified a transcriptional corepressor, NGFI-A binding protein 2 (Nab2), that is selectively induced in helped CD8(+) T cells. Enforced expression of Nab2 prevents TRAIL induction after restimulation of primary helpless CD8(+) T cells, and expression of a dominant-negative form of Nab2 in helped CD8(+) T cells impairs their secondary proliferative response that is reversible by TRAIL blockade. Finally, we observe that the CD8(+) T-cell autocrine growth factor IL-2 coordinately increases Nab2 expression and decreases TRAIL expression. These findings identify Nab2 as a mediator of Th-dependent CD8(+) T-cell memory responses through the regulation of TRAIL and the promotion of secondary expansion, and suggest a mechanism through which this operates.
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Moltedo B, Li W, Yount JS, Moran TM. Unique type I interferon responses determine the functional fate of migratory lung dendritic cells during influenza virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002345. [PMID: 22072965 PMCID: PMC3207893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory lung dendritic cells (DCs) transport viral antigen from the lungs to the draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) during influenza virus infection to initiate the adaptive immune response. Two major migratory DC subsets, CD103+ DCs and CD11bhigh DCs participate in this function and it is not clear if these antigen presenting cell (APC) populations become directly infected and if so whether their activity is influenced by the infection. In these experiments we show that both subpopulations can become infected and migrate to the draining MLN but a difference in their response to type I interferon (I-IFN) signaling dictates the capacity of the virus to replicate. CD103+ DCs allow the virus to replicate to significantly higher levels than do the CD11bhigh DCs, and they release infectious virus in the MLNs and when cultured ex-vivo. Virus replication in CD11bhigh DCs is inhibited by I-IFNs, since ablation of the I-IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling permits virus to replicate vigorously and productively in this subset. Interestingly, CD103+ DCs are less sensitive to I-IFNs upregulating interferon-induced genes to a lesser extent than CD11bhigh DCs. The attenuated IFNAR signaling by CD103+ DCs correlates with their described superior antigen presentation capacity for naïve CD8+ T cells when compared to CD11bhigh DCs. Indeed ablation of IFNAR signaling equalizes the competency of the antigen presenting function for the two subpopulations. Thus, antigen presentation by lung DCs is proportional to virus replication and this is tightly constrained by I-IFN. The “interferon-resistant” CD103+ DCs may have evolved to ensure the presentation of viral antigens to T cells in I-IFN rich environments. Conversely, this trait may be exploitable by viral pathogens as a mechanism for systemic dissemination. Migratory lung dendritic cells (DCs) control the initiation of the adaptive immune responses to influenza virus by expanding virus-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes (MLNs) that will subsequently clear the pathogen from the respiratory tract. Here we demonstrate that both subsets of lung DCs, CD103+ DCs and CD11bhigh DCs become infected by influenza virus in vivo and migrate to the MLNs, but only CD103+ DCs support productive virus replication. Enhanced virus replication in CD103+ DCs compared to CD11bhigh DCs was responsible for their superior antigen presentation efficacy for naïve CD8+ T cells and originated from a difference in sensitivity of the two DC populations to type I interferon (I-IFN). These data show that in contrast to most other immune cell types, DCs can become productively infected with influenza virus and I-IFN operates as a master regulator controlling which DC subset will present antigen during a viral infection. A deeper understanding of basic innate and adaptive immune response mechanisms regulated by I-FN may lead to the development of cutting edge therapies and improve vaccine efficacy against influenza and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moltedo
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TMM); (BM)
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TMM); (BM)
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Wick DA, Webb JR. A novel, broad spectrum therapeutic HPV vaccine targeting the E7 proteins of HPV16, 18, 31, 45 and 52 that elicits potent E7-specific CD8T cell immunity and regression of large, established, E7-expressing TC-1 tumors. Vaccine 2011; 29:7857-66. [PMID: 21816200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection by high risk genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical cancer, which remains one of the most common cancers among women worldwide. In addition, there is a growing appreciation that high risk HPVs are associated with a number of other cancers including anogenital cancers as well as a subset of head and neck cancers. Recently, prophylactic HPV vaccines targeting the two most prevalent high risk HPVs (HPV16 and HPV18) have been deployed in large-scale vaccination campaigns. However, the extent to which these prophylactic vaccines confer protection against other high risk HPV genotypes is largely unknown and prophylactic vaccines have been shown to be ineffective against pre-existing infection. Thus there continues to be an urgent need for effective therapeutic vaccines against HPV. The E7 protein of HPV16 has been widely studied as a target for therapeutic vaccines in HPV-associated cancer settings because HPV16 is the most prevalent of the high risk HPV genotypes. However, HPV16 accounts for only about 50% of cervical cancers and there are at least 15 other high risk HPVs that are known to be oncogenic. We have developed a novel, broad-spectrum, therapeutic vaccine (Pentarix) directed at the E7 proteins from five of the most prevalent high-risk genotypes of HPV worldwide (HPV16, 18, 31, 45 and 52) that together account for more than 80% of all HPV-associated cancers. Pentarix is a recombinant protein-based vaccine that elicits strong, multi-genotype specific CD8 T cell immunity when administered to mice in combination with adjuvants comprised of agonists of the TLR3 or TLR9 family of innate immune receptors. Furthermore, large, established E7-expressing TC-1 tumors undergo rapid and complete regression after therapeutic vaccination of mice with Pentarix. Together, these data suggest that Pentarix may be of clinical value for patients with E7-positive, HPV-associated precancerous lesions or malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin A Wick
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, Canada
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Jackson JT, Hu Y, Liu R, Masson F, D'Amico A, Carotta S, Xin A, Camilleri MJ, Mount AM, Kallies A, Wu L, Smyth GK, Nutt SL, Belz GT. Id2 expression delineates differential checkpoints in the genetic program of CD8α+ and CD103+ dendritic cell lineages. EMBO J 2011; 30:2690-704. [PMID: 21587207 PMCID: PMC3155298 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have critical roles in the induction of the adaptive immune response. The transcription factors Id2, Batf3 and Irf-8 are required for many aspects of murine DC differentiation including development of CD8α(+) and CD103(+) DCs. How they regulate DC subset specification is not completely understood. Using an Id2-GFP reporter system, we show that Id2 is broadly expressed in all cDC subsets with the highest expression in CD103(+) and CD8α(+) lineages. Notably, CD103(+) DCs were the only DC able to constitutively cross-present cell-associated antigens in vitro. Irf-8 deficiency affected loss of development of virtually all conventional DCs (cDCs) while Batf3 deficiency resulted in the development of Sirp-α(-) DCs that had impaired survival. Exposure to GM-CSF during differentiation induced expression of CD103 in Id2-GFP(+) DCs. It did not restore cross-presenting capacity to Batf3(-/-) or CD103(-)Sirp-α(-)DCs in vitro. Thus, Irf-8 and Batf3 regulate distinct stages in DC differentiation during the development of cDCs. Genetic mapping DC subset differentiation using Id2-GFP may have broad implications in understanding the interplay of DC subsets during protective and pathological immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Jackson
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Vaccine adjuvants aluminum and monophosphoryl lipid A provide distinct signals to generate protective cytotoxic memory CD8 T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7914-9. [PMID: 21518876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104588108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines can greatly reduce the spread of and deaths from many infectious diseases. However, many infections have no successful vaccines. Better understanding of the generation of protective CD8 memory T cells by vaccination is essential for the rational design of new vaccines that aim to prime cellular immune responses. Here we demonstrate that the combination of two adjuvants that are currently licensed for use in humans can be used to prime long-lived memory CD8 T cells that protect mice from viral challenge. The universally used adjuvant, aluminum salts, primed long-lived memory CD8 T cells; however, effective cytotoxic T-cell differentiation occurred only in the presence of an additional adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). MPL-induced IL-6 was required for cytotoxic differentiation. The IL-6 acted by inducing granzyme B production and reducing expression of inhibitory molecule PD1 on the surface of the primed CD8 T cells. CD8 memory T cells generated by antigen delivered with both aluminum salts and MPL provided significant protection from influenza A challenge. These adjuvants could be used in human vaccines to prime protective memory CD8 T cells.
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