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Zenere G, Olwenyi OA, Byrareddy SN, Braun SE. Optimizing intracellular signaling domains for CAR NK cells in HIV immunotherapy: a comprehensive review. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:983-991. [PMID: 30771481 PMCID: PMC7065919 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes with a key role in host defense against HIV infection. Recent advances in chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have made NK cells a prime target for expressing recombinant receptors capable of redirecting NK cytotoxic functions towards HIV-infected cells. In this review, we discuss the role of NK cells in HIV and the mechanisms of actions of HIV-targeting CAR strategies. Furthermore, we also review NK cells signal transduction and its application to CAR NK cell strategies to develop new combinations of CAR intracellular domains and to improve CAR NK signaling and cytotoxic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zenere
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Omalla Allan Olwenyi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Stephen E Braun
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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2
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Osato N. Characteristics of functional enrichment and gene expression level of human putative transcriptional target genes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:957. [PMID: 29363429 PMCID: PMC5780744 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptional target genes show functional enrichment of genes. However, how many and how significantly transcriptional target genes include functional enrichments are still unclear. To address these issues, I predicted human transcriptional target genes using open chromatin regions, ChIP-seq data and DNA binding sequences of transcription factors in databases, and examined functional enrichment and gene expression level of putative transcriptional target genes. RESULTS Gene Ontology annotations showed four times larger numbers of functional enrichments in putative transcriptional target genes than gene expression information alone, independent of transcriptional target genes. To compare the number of functional enrichments of putative transcriptional target genes between cells or search conditions, I normalized the number of functional enrichment by calculating its ratios in the total number of transcriptional target genes. With this analysis, native putative transcriptional target genes showed the largest normalized number of functional enrichments, compared with target genes including 5-60% of randomly selected genes. The normalized number of functional enrichments was changed according to the criteria of enhancer-promoter interactions such as distance from transcriptional start sites and orientation of CTCF-binding sites. Forward-reverse orientation of CTCF-binding sites showed significantly higher normalized number of functional enrichments than the other orientations. Journal papers showed that the top five frequent functional enrichments were related to the cellular functions in the three cell types. The median expression level of transcriptional target genes changed according to the criteria of enhancer-promoter assignments (i.e. interactions) and was correlated with the changes of the normalized number of functional enrichments of transcriptional target genes. CONCLUSIONS Human putative transcriptional target genes showed significant functional enrichments. Functional enrichments were related to the cellular functions. The normalized number of functional enrichments of human putative transcriptional target genes changed according to the criteria of enhancer-promoter assignments and correlated with the median expression level of the target genes. These analyses and characters of human putative transcriptional target genes would be useful to examine the criteria of enhancer-promoter assignments and to predict the novel mechanisms and factors such as DNA binding proteins and DNA sequences of enhancer-promoter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Osato
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Paget C, Chow MT, Gherardin NA, Beavis PA, Uldrich AP, Duret H, Hassane M, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Mogilenko DA, Staumont-Sallé D, Escalante NK, Hill GR, Neeson P, Ritchie DS, Dombrowicz D, Mallevaey T, Trottein F, Belz GT, Godfrey DI, Smyth MJ. CD3bright signals on γδ T cells identify IL-17A-producing Vγ6Vδ1+ T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:198-212. [PMID: 25385067 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has an important role at mucosal sites in a wide range of immune responses including infection, allergy and auto-immunity. γδ T cells are recognized as IL-17 producers, but based on the level of CD3 expression, we now define the remarkable ability of a CD3(bright) γδ T-cell subset with an effector memory phenotype to rapidly produce IL-17A, but not interferon-γ. CD3(bright) γδ T cells uniformly express the canonical germline encoded Vγ6/Vδ1(+) T-cell receptor. They are widely distributed with a preferential representation in the lungs and skin are negatively impacted in the absence of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gammat expression or endogenous flora. This population responded rapidly to various stimuli in a mechanism involving IL-23 and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome-dependent IL-1β. Finally, we demonstrated that IL-17-producing CD3(bright) γδ T cells responded promptly and strongly to pneumococcal infection and during skin inflammation. Here, we propose a new way to specifically analyze IL-17-producing Vγ6/Vδ1(+) T cells based on the level of CD3 signals. Using this gating strategy, our data reinforce the crucial role of this γδ T-cell subset in respiratory and skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Paget
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Program, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [3] INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France [4] University of Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - M T Chow
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Program, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [3] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - N A Gherardin
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Program, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [3] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - P A Beavis
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Program, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - A P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Duret
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Program, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Hassane
- 1] INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France [2] University of Lille 2, Lille, France
| | | | - D A Mogilenko
- 1] University of Lille 2, Lille, France [2] INSERM U1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - D Staumont-Sallé
- 1] University of Lille 2, Lille, France [2] INSERM U1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France [4] Department of Dermatology, Claude Huriez Hospital, Lille, France
| | - N K Escalante
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G R Hill
- 1] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia [2] Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - P Neeson
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Program, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - D S Ritchie
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Program, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Dombrowicz
- 1] University of Lille 2, Lille, France [2] INSERM U1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - T Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Trottein
- 1] INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France [2] University of Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - G T Belz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D I Godfrey
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [2] Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Medical Imaging at University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M J Smyth
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Program, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [3] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia [4] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Niu Y, Yu W, Fang S, Liu S, Yang Z, Liu W, Chen S, Yang L, Li B, Li Y. Lead poisoning influences TCR-related gene expression patterns in peripheral blood T-lymphocytes of exposed workers. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:92-7. [PMID: 24720682 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.899412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that occupational lead (Pb) exposure might influence human T-lymphocyte function, including such as changes in T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ and Vγ repertoire and in expression of the TCRζ gene. Thus, the study here further investigated expression of TCRζ-related factors and the FcεRIγ gene (whose product has a functional role complementary to the TCRζ chain) and the Elf-1 gene whose product is involved in regulation of TCR expression. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to measure expression of TCRζ, FcεRIγ, and Elf-1 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from 17 Pb-exposed workers. Samples were collected before and after the workers had undergone chelation therapy regimens. Twenty-three healthy individuals served as controls. The results showed that TCRζ, FcεRIγ, and Elf-1 gene expression in Pb-exposed workers before chelation therapy was significantly lower than in PBMC from healthy individuals. After chelation therapy, expression of TCRζ appeared to trend toward normal levels; in comparison, lower expressions of FcεRIγ and Elf-1 persisted. In conclusion, the previously-documented impairment of T-lymphocyte functions and T- lymphocyte-mediated immune responses seen previously in response to occupational Pb exposure might be attributable, in part, to effects on TCR signaling pathways - including those related to TCRζ and FcεRIγ - and to any down-regulation of membrane TCRζ expression/activity that might be associated with Pb-induced effects on Elf-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Niu
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University , Guangzhou , PR China
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5
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Juvet SC, Thomson CW, Kim EY, Joe B, Adeyi O, Zhang L. FcRγ promotes T cell apoptosis in Fas-deficient mice. J Autoimmun 2013; 42:80-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Huang L, Chen S, Zha X, Yang L, Li B, Yu Z, Wang L, Li Y. Expression feature of CD3, FcεRIγ, and Zap-70 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:71-5. [PMID: 22664044 DOI: 10.1179/102453312x13221316477895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In leukemia patients, T-cell function has been suppressed with the disease progress. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are all to a degree immunodeficient. In order to elucidate the feature of T-cell receptor signal transduction in CLL, the expression levels of CD3γ, δ, ε, and ζ chain, FcεRIγ, and Zap-70 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction with SYBR Green technique was used for detecting the gene expression level in PBMCs from 13 patients with CLL, 13 healthy individuals, and 10 B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) served as control. The β2-microglobulin gene was used as an endogenous reference. Relative mRNA expression level of genes was analyzed by using the 2(-ΔCt) × 100% method. Significant lower expression levels of CD3γ, ε, and ζ chain genes, as well as FcεRIγ gene were found in CLL samples. Moreover, there was lost the negative correlation of the expression levels between CD3ζ and FcεRIγ genes. The expression level of Zap-70 in CLL was lower than those from healthy controls, while higher than those from B-ALL group. There was no significant correlation between the expression levels of CD3ζ and Zap-70 genes neither in the healthy group nor in the CLL group. In conclusion, the results provide a global gene expression profile of CD3γ, δ, ε, and ζ chains, and the CD3ζ-related genes FcεRIγ and Zap-70 in CLL. Deficiency of these gene expression levels might represent the feature related to T-cell immunodeficiency. The study might contribute to better understand the cellular immune features in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Huang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Faculty, Monash University Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Zha X, Yan X, Shen Q, Zhang Y, Wu X, Chen S, Li B, Yang L, Geng S, Weng J, Du X, Li Y. Alternative expression of TCRζ related genes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2012; 5:74. [PMID: 23228155 PMCID: PMC3544630 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-5-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study has demonstrated a significant decrease in the TCRζ gene expression level in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); thus, we further investigated the expression of TCRζ-regulating factors, the distribution of the TCRζ 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) splice variants, and the expression level and correlation of the alternative splicing factor/splicing factor 2 (ASF/SF-2), FcεRIγ and ZAP-70 genes. TCRζ 3'-UTR splice variants were identified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 14 healthy individuals, 40 patients with CML and 22 patients with CML in complete remission (CML-CR) by RT-PCR. The expression level of the TCRζ, FcεRIγ, ASF/SF-2 and ZAP-70 genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. While the expression of TCRζ gene in the CML group was significantly lower than that in the healthy individual and CML-CR groups, a significantly higher expression of the FceRIγ and ASF/SF-2 genes was found in the CML group. Two types of splicing forms were detected in all of the healthy individual CML-CR cases: wild type (WT) TCRζ 3'-UTR and alternatively splieced (AS) TCRζ 3'-UTR which have been alternatively splieced in the WT TCRζ 3'-UTR . However, 35% of the CML cases contained only the wild type TCRζ 3'-UTR isoform. Based on the TCRζ 3'-UTR isoform expression characteristic, we divided the patients with CML into two subgroups: the WT+AS- CML group, containing patients that express only the wild type TCRζ 3'-UTR, and the WT+AS+ CML group, which contained patients that expressed two TCRζ 3'-UTR isoforms. A significantly different ASF/SF-2 and FcεRIγ gene expression pattern was found between the WT+AS- and WT+AS+CML groups. We concluded that defective TCRζ expression may be characterized in the WT+AS-and WT+AS+CML subgroups by the different gene expression pattern. The overexpression of ASF/SF2, which alternatively splices the TCRζ 3'-UTR, is thought to participate in feedback regulation. The characteristics of TCRζ 3'-UTR alternative splicing may be a novel immunological marker for the evaluation of the CML immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zha
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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8
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Li B, Liu S, Niu Y, Fang S, Wu X, Yu Z, Chen S, Yang L, Li Y. Altered expression of the TCR signaling related genes CD3 and FcεRIγ in patients with aplastic anemia. J Hematol Oncol 2012; 5:6. [PMID: 22401598 PMCID: PMC3359239 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aplastic anemia (AA) is characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow hypoplasia, which results from immune-mediated hematopoiesis suppression. Understanding the pathophysiology of the immune system, particularly T cells immunity, has led to improved AA treatment over the past decades. However, primary and secondary failure after immunosuppressive therapy is frequent. Thus, knowledge of the immune mechanisms leading to AA is crucial to fundamentally understand the disease. Findings To elucidate the T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction features in AA, the expression levels of CD3γ, δ, ε and ζ chain and FcεRIγ genes, which are involved in TCR signal transduction, and the negative correlation of the expression levels between the CD3ζ and FcεRIγ genes in T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed. Real-time RT-PCR using the SYBR Green method was used to detect the expression level of these genes in PBMCs from 18 patients with AA and 14 healthy individuals. The β2microglobulin gene (β2M) was used as an endogenous reference. The expression levels of the CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε and CD3ζ genes in patients with AA were significantly increased compared to a healthy control group, whereas the FcεRIγ gene expression level was significantly decreased in patients with AA in comparison with the healthy control group. Moreover, the negative correlation of the expression levels between the CD3ζ and FcεRIγ genes was lost. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of the CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, CD3ζ and FcεRIγ gene expression in patients with AA. The abnormally expressed TCR signaling related genes may relate to T cells dysfunction in AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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9
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Pintaric M, Gerner W, Saalmüller A. Synergistic effects of IL-2, IL-12 and IL-18 on cytolytic activity, perforin expression and IFN-γ production of porcine natural killer cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:68-82. [PMID: 17913242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the main cellular components of the innate immune system. They play an important role in the immune response against infections as well as tumour cells and therefore have two major properties: production of immune regulatory cytokines and chemokines as well as cytolytic destruction of particular target cells. The existence of NK cells in swine is well known as well as the phenotype of resting NK cells, but their response following activation by cytokines is still poorly understood. Therefore, we tested the influence of the immune regulatory cytokines IL-2, IL-12 and IL-18 on cytolytic activity, phenotype, IFN-gamma production and the accumulation of perforin in cytoplasm of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as well as purified NK cells. NK cells were enriched from PBMC using a magnetic cell separation (MACS) strategy with monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD21 and SWC3, thereby removing T-, B- and myeloid cells. Respective fractions were used in flow cytometry (FCM) based cytolytic assays with the human tumour cell line K562 as target. After stimulation with the cytokines described above, the NK cell enriched CD3(-)CD21(-)SWC3(-) fraction showed an evident increase in the cytolytic activity compared to PBMC. This enhanced cytolytic activity was accompanied by a strong enrichment of IFN-gamma producing cells when a combination of all three cytokines (IL-2/IL-12/IL-18) was used; as determined in ELISPOT assays and intracellular staining of IFN-gamma in FCM. Also, the combination of these three cytokines led to an accumulation of perforin in the cytoplasm and an up-regulation of CD25 compared to control cultures incubated in medium without cytokines. The experiments performed clearly indicate a stimulatory role and strong synergistic effects of the investigated cytokines in the activation of porcine NK cells in vitro, inducing IFN-gamma, perforin production and cytotoxicity against target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masa Pintaric
- Clinical Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Thomson CW, Lee BPL, Zhang L. Double-negative regulatory T cells: non-conventional regulators. Immunol Res 2006; 35:163-78. [PMID: 17003518 DOI: 10.1385/ir:35:1:163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The crucial role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in self-tolerance and downregulating immune responses has been clearly established. Numerous different Treg subsets have been identified that possess distinct phenotypes and functions in various disease models. Among these subsets, alphabeta-TCR+CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) Treg cells have been shown to be able to inhibit a variety of immune responses in part via direct killing of effector T cells in an antigenspecific manner in both mice and humans. This was shown to occur at least partially by acquisition of MHC-peptide complexes from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and subsequent Fas/Fas-ligand interactions. In addition, DN Treg cells have been shown to express several molecules uncommon to other Treg cell subsets, such as IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, Ly6A, FcRgamma, and CXCR5, which may contribute to their unique regulatory ability. Understanding the development and regulatory functions of DN Treg cells may elucidate the etiology for loss of self-tolerance and serve as a therapeutic modality for various diseases. This review will summarize the characteristics, developmental pathways, and mechanisms of action of DN Treg cells, as well as their role in transplant tolerance, autoimmunity, and anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Thomson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Multi Organ Transplantation Program, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Thomson CW, Teft WA, Chen W, Lee BPL, Madrenas J, Zhang L. FcR gamma presence in TCR complex of double-negative T cells is critical for their regulatory function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2250-7. [PMID: 16887985 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
TCRalphabeta+CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) T regulatory (Treg) cells have recently been shown to suppress Ag-specific immune responses mediated by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in humans and mice. Our previous study using cDNA microarray analysis of global gene expression showed that FcRgamma was the most highly overexpressed gene in functional DN Treg cell clones compared with nonfunctional mutant clones. In this study, we demonstrate that FcRgamma-deficient DN T cells display markedly reduced suppressive activity in vitro. In addition, unlike FcRgamma-sufficient DN T cells, FcRgamma-deficient DN T cells were unable to prolong donor-specific allograft survival when adoptively transferred to recipient mice. Protein analyses indicate that in addition to FcRgamma, DN Treg cell clones also express higher levels of TCRbeta, while mutant clones expressed higher levels of Zap70 and Lck. Within DN Treg cells, we found that FcRgamma associates with the TCR complex and that both FcRgamma and Syk are phosphorylated in response to TCR cross-linking. Inhibition of Syk signaling and FcRgamma expression were both found to reduce the suppressive function of DN Treg cells in vitro. These results indicate that FcRgamma deficiency significantly impairs the ability of DN Treg cells to down-regulate allogeneic immune responses both in vitro and in vivo, and that FcRgamma plays a role in mediating TCR signaling in DN Treg cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Thomson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Multi Organ Transplantation Program, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Dhanji S, Tse K, Teh HS. The low affinity Fc receptor for IgG functions as an effective cytolytic receptor for self-specific CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1253-8. [PMID: 15661880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described a population of self-Ag-specific murine CD8(+) T cells with a memory phenotype that use receptors of both the adaptive and innate immune systems in the detection of transformed and infected cells. In this study we show that upon activation with IL-2 with or without Ag, between 10 and 20% of the activated self-specific CD8(+) T cells express the low affinity FcR for IgG. By contrast, all IL-2-activated NK cells express high levels of this FcR. The FcR comprises the FcgammaRIIIalpha and FcRgamma subunits. However, the FcRgamma subunit also associates with the CD3 complex, and this association probably contributes to the low expression of FcR in activated cells. Although the FcR is expressed at a low level on activated self-specific CD8(+) T cells, it functions very efficiently as a cytolytic receptor in ADCC. FcR-dependent killing occurred in the absence of TCR stimulation, but could be augmented by concurrent stimulation of the TCR. In addition to mediating ADCC, engagement of the FcR on self-specific CD8(+) T cells results in the production of both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. This is the first report of an activating FcR on self-specific murine CD8(+)alphabeta TCR(+) T cells and establishes the importance of innate immune system receptors in the function of these self-specific CD8(+) T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Autoantigens/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Fc/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Dhanji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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13
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Papamichail M, Perez SA, Gritzapis AD, Baxevanis CN. Natural killer lymphocytes: biology, development, and function. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:176-86. [PMID: 14685782 PMCID: PMC11034176 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes represent the first line of defense against virally infected cells and tumor cells. The role of NK cells in immune responses has been markedly explored, mainly due to the identification of NK cell receptors and their ligands, but also through the analysis of mechanisms underlying the effects of various cytokines on NK cell development and function. A population of lymphocytes that shares function and receptors with NK cells is represented by natural killer T (NKT) cells. NKT lymphocytes are regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses, but have also been reported to function as effector antitumor cells. The marked progress in our understanding of the biology, development, and function of NK/NKT cells has provided the basis for their potential application in tumor clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Papamichail
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 115 22, Athens, Greece.
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14
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Krishnan S, Farber DL, Tsokos GC. T cell rewiring in differentiation and disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3325-31. [PMID: 14500623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Krishnan
- Department of Cellular Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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15
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Krishnan S, Warke VG, Nambiar MP, Tsokos GC, Farber DL. The FcR gamma subunit and Syk kinase replace the CD3 zeta-chain and ZAP-70 kinase in the TCR signaling complex of human effector CD4 T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4189-95. [PMID: 12682251 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.8.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TCR-mediated signals required to activate resting T cells have been well characterized; however, it is not known how TCR-coupled signals are transduced in differentiated effector T cells that coordinate ongoing immune responses. Here we demonstrate that human effector CD4 T cells up-regulate the expression of the CD3zeta-related FcRgamma signaling subunit that becomes part of an altered TCR/CD3 signaling complex containing CD3epsilon, but not CD3zeta. The TCR/CD3/FcRgamma complex in effector cells recruits and activates the Syk, but not the ZAP-70, tyrosine kinase. This physiologic switch in TCR signaling occurs exclusively in effector, and not naive or memory T cells, suggesting a potential target for manipulation of effector responses in autoimmune, malignant, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Krishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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16
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Nambiar MP, Fisher CU, Kumar A, Tsokos CG, Warke VG, Tsokos GC. Forced expression of the Fc receptor gamma-chain renders human T cells hyperresponsive to TCR/CD3 stimulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2871-6. [PMID: 12626537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High level expression of Fc epsilon RI gamma chain replaces the deficient TCR zeta-chain and contributes to altered TCR/CD3-mediated signaling abnormalities in T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Increased responsiveness to Ag has been considered to lead to autoimmunity. To test this concept, we studied early signaling events and IL-2 production in fresh cells transfected with a eukaryotic expression vector encoding the Fc epsilon RI gamma gene. We found that the overexpressed Fc epsilon RI gamma chain colocalizes with the CD3 epsilon chain on the surface membrane of T cells and that cross-linking of the new TCR/CD3 complex leads to a dramatic increase of intracytoplasmic calcium concentration, protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and IL-2 production. We observed that overexpression of Fc epsilon RI gamma is associated with increased phosphorylation of Syk kinase, while the endogenous TCR zeta-chain is down-regulated. We propose that altered composition of the CD3 complex leads to increased T cell responsiveness to TCR/CD3 stimulation and sets the biochemical grounds for the development of autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Electroporation
- Enzyme Precursors/biosynthesis
- Enzyme Precursors/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, IgE/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Substrate Specificity/genetics
- Syk Kinase
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transfection/methods
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusoodana P Nambiar
- Department of Cellular Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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17
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Wu J, Edberg JC, Gibson AW, Kimberly RP. Conservation of FcepsilonRI gamma chain coding region in normals and in SLE patients. Lupus 2002; 11:42-5. [PMID: 11898918 DOI: 10.1191/0961203302lu145oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles are useful in mapping genes responsible for disease susceptibility. Functionally, Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaR) have been implicated in autoimmune disease, and the gene encoding the signaling element for several FcgammaR, Fc-epsilon-receptor gamma-chain (FcepsilonRIgamma), has several SNPs in the immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif (ITAM) recorded in GenBank. Direct sequencing of the FcepsilonRIgamma coding region found potentially polymorphic sites in the 5'-->3' direction in control donors, which were not confirmed in the reverse direction (n = 66), and further exploration of 80 SLE patients revealed no non-synonymous SNPs. One normal donor was heterozygous for a non-synonymous SNP at nt 38 which changed the fifth codon from valine (GTG) to methionine (ATG). Although the EST databases suggest candidate SNPs, insertions and deletions, these appear to be artifacts, most probably due to secondary structure. The coding region of FcepsilonRIgamma shows a remarkable absence of nucleotide diversity. Either as yet unidentified regulatory elements of FcepsilonRIgamma or other genes in the region of human chromosome 1q23 are likely to be systemic lupus erythematosus disease susceptibility and severity genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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18
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Enyedy EJ, Nambiar MP, Liossis SN, Dennis G, Kammer GM, Tsokos GC. Fc epsilon receptor type I gamma chain replaces the deficient T cell receptor zeta chain in T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 44:1114-21. [PMID: 11352243 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1114::aid-anr192>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T cells from the majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) express significantly lower levels of T cell receptor zeta chain, a critical signaling molecule. However, TCR/CD3 triggering of SLE T cells shows increased phosphorylation of downstream signaling intermediates and increased [Ca2+]i response, suggesting the presence of alternative signaling mechanisms. We investigated whether Fcepsilon receptor type I gamma chain (FcepsilonRIgamma) could substitute for TCR zeta chain and contribute to T cell signaling in SLE. METHODS T cells were purified from the peripheral blood of 21 patients with SLE and 5 healthy volunteers. The expression of FcepsilonRIgamma was investigated using immunoblotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry methods. Involvement of the FcepsilonRIgamma in T cell signaling was studied by immunoprecipitation and/or immunoblotting after TCR/CD3 stimulation. RESULTS Western blotting and densitometric analysis showed that the expression of FcepsilonRIgamma in SLE T cells was 4.3-fold higher than in normal T cells (P < 0.001). Flow cytometric analyses of T lymphocyte subsets revealed that the proportions of FcepsilonRIgamma+,CD3+, FcepsilonRIgamma+,CD4+, and FcepsilonRIgamma+, CD8+ cells were significantly greater in SLE patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.001). Immunoprecipitation of SLE T cell lysates with an anti-FcepsilonRIgamma antibody showed that FcepsilonRIgamma associates with the tyrosine kinase Syk and the CD3epsilon chain, suggesting that FcepsilonRIgamma is functionally involved in TCR signaling. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the FcepsilonRIgamma chain is expressed at high levels in a large proportion of SLE T cells. The increased expression of FcepsilonRIgamma chain in SLE T cells may account in part for the aberrant antigen receptor-initiated signaling and contribute to the diverse cellular abnormalities found in this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Enzyme Precursors/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- Receptors, IgE/immunology
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Syk Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Enyedy
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA
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19
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Capone M, Troesch M, Eberl G, Hausmann B, Palmer E, MacDonald HR. A critical role for the T cell receptor alpha-chain connecting peptide domain in positive selection of CD1-independent NKT cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:1867-75. [PMID: 11433383 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200106)31:6<1867::aid-immu1867>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of mature alpha beta TCR(+) cells that co-express NK lineage markers. Whereas most NKT cells express a canonical Valpha14/Vbeta8.2 TCR and are selected by CD1d, a minority of NKT cells express a diverse TCR repertoire and develop independently of CD1d. Little is known about the selection requirements of CD1d-independent NKT cells. We show here that NKT cells develop in RAG-deficient mice expressing an MHC class II-restricted transgenic TCR (Valpha2/Vbeta8.1) but only under conditions that lead to negative selection of conventional T cells. Moreover development of NKT cells in these mice is absolutely dependent upon an intact TCR alpha-chain connecting peptide domain, which is required for positive selection of conventional T cells via recruitment of the ERK signaling pathway. Collectively our data demonstrate that NKT cells can develop as a result of high avidity TCR/MHC class II interactions and suggest that common signaling pathways are involved in the positive selection of CD1d-independent NKT cells and conventional T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Binding Sites
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Hepatocytes
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Capone
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
The fate of the lymphocyte is determined by integration of signals delivered after the binding of antigen to the surface antigen receptor, signals delivered by cytokines that bind to their surface receptors, and signals initiated after the engagement of other surface receptors, known as costimulatory molecules. The summation of this input determines whether the immune cell will become stimulated, ignore the signal (anergy), or die (apoptosis). Antigen-receptor signaling events are abnormal in lupus lymphocytes, manifested by increased calcium responses and hyperphosphorylation of several cytosolic protein substrates. Further down, at the gene transcription level, the activity of the nuclear factor kappaB is decreased. These events are underwritten by defective T cell receptor zeta chain expression, overexpression of the gamma chain of the Fc(epsilon)RI that functions as an alternate of zeta chain, and decreased p65 -Rel A protein that is responsible for the inducible NFkappaB activity. Accumulated research data have enabled us to begin deciphering the molecular basis of the abnormal lupus lymphocyte and may lead to the development of new medicinal treatments for lupus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Cycle
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Estrogens/physiology
- Genes, MHC Class II/physiology
- Humans
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/physiopathology
- Mice
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transcription Factor AP-1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA.
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21
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Smyth MJ, Thia KY, Street SE, Cretney E, Trapani JA, Taniguchi M, Kawano T, Pelikan SB, Crowe NY, Godfrey DI. Differential tumor surveillance by natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. J Exp Med 2000; 191:661-8. [PMID: 10684858 PMCID: PMC2195840 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.4.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural tumor surveillance capabilities of the host were investigated in six different mouse tumor models where endogenous interleukin (IL)-12 does or does not dictate the efficiency of the innate immune response. Gene-targeted and lymphocyte subset-depleted mice were used to establish the relative importance of natural killer (NK) and NK1.1(+) T (NKT) cells in protection from tumor initiation and metastasis. In the models examined, CD3(-) NK cells were responsible for tumor rejection and protection from metastasis in models where control of major histocompatibility complex class I-deficient tumors was independent of IL-12. A protective role for NKT cells was only observed when tumor rejection required endogenous IL-12 activity. In particular, T cell receptor Jalpha281 gene-targeted mice confirmed a critical function for NKT cells in protection from spontaneous tumors initiated by the chemical carcinogen, methylcholanthrene. This is the first description of an antitumor function for NKT cells in the absence of exogenously administered potent stimulators such as IL-12 or alpha-galactosylceramide.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Male
- Methylcholanthrene
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Smyth
- Cellular Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Austin Research Institute, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, 3084 Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Wu J, Edberg JC, Gibson AW, Tsao B, Kimberly RP. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of T cell receptor zeta chain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1999; 42:2601-5. [PMID: 10616006 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2601::aid-anr13>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Signaling molecules from the T cell receptor zeta/Fcepsilon receptor gamma (TCRzeta/FcRgamma) family play a critical role in the function of Fcgamma receptors and the TCR and are located on human chromosome 1, where lupus susceptibility genes are located. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of polymorphisms and/or mutations of TCRzeta in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS We amplified the whole coding region of TCRzeta by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced the PCR products with a dye primer technique to facilitate heterozygote detection. RESULTS An alternative splicing form of TCRzeta, with a CAG codon (glutamine) inserted at the splice junction of exons 4 and 5, was found both in SLE and in non-SLE subjects. Both splice isoforms of TCRzeta occurred in human mixed peripheral blood mononuclear cells, natural killer cells, and Jurkat T cells. In TCRzeta, 2 silent and 2 missense mutations were found, but neither coding change occurred in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-activation motif. No unique mutations were found in Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, Chinese, or Japanese SLE patients living in North America. CONCLUSION The uncommon and equal occurrence of novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms in both SLE patients and normal subjects makes it improbable that they play important roles in genetic susceptibility to SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0006, USA
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23
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Abstract
This review describes structures which determine the biological activities triggered by Fc gamma R and account for the cell-mediated functions of IgG antibodies in physiology and pathology. The binding specificity and affinity of Fc gamma R depend primarily on IgG-binding structures, in their immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains. Binding is however also influenced by subunits that associate to multichain Fc gamma R. Effector and regulatory intracytoplasmic sequences that are unique to molecules of the Fc gamma RIIB family determine the internalization properties of these receptors. Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAMs) are intracytoplasmic effector sequences shared by Fc gamma R and other receptors involved in the recognition of antigen, which trigger cell activation and internalization. Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibition Motifs (ITIMs) are intracytoplasmic sequences, shared by Fc gamma RIIB and a growing number of negative coreceptors which negatively regulate cell activation via ITAM-bearing receptors. Altogether, these structures enable IgG antibodies to exert a variety of finely tuned biological effects during the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daëron
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Clinique, INSERM U255, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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24
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Shores EW, Ono M, Kawabe T, Sommers CL, Tran T, Lui K, Udey MC, Ravetch J, Love PE. T cell development in mice lacking all T cell receptor zeta family members (Zeta, eta, and FcepsilonRIgamma). J Exp Med 1998; 187:1093-101. [PMID: 9529325 PMCID: PMC2212212 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.7.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The zeta family includes zeta, eta, and FcepsilonRIgamma (Fcgamma). Dimers of the zeta family proteins function as signal transducing subunits of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), the pre-TCR, and a subset of Fc receptors. In mice lacking zeta/eta chains, T cell development is impaired, yet low numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells develop. This finding suggests either that pre-TCR and TCR complexes lacking a zeta family dimer can promote T cell maturation, or that in the absence of zeta/eta, Fcgamma serves as a subunit in TCR complexes. To elucidate the role of zeta family dimers in T cell development, we generated mice lacking expression of all of these proteins and compared their phenotype to mice lacking only zeta/eta or Fcgamma. The data reveal that surface complexes that are expressed in the absence of zeta family dimers are capable of transducing signals required for alpha/beta-T cell development. Strikingly, T cells generated in both zeta/eta-/- and zeta/eta-/--Fcgamma-/- mice exhibit a memory phenotype and elaborate interferon gamma. Finally, examination of different T cell populations reveals that zeta/eta and Fcgamma have distinct expression patterns that correlate with their thymus dependency. A possible function for the differential expression of zeta family proteins may be to impart distinctive signaling properties to TCR complexes expressed on specific T cell populations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Shores
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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25
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Liossis SN, Ding XZ, Dennis GJ, Tsokos GC. Altered pattern of TCR/CD3-mediated protein-tyrosyl phosphorylation in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Deficient expression of the T cell receptor zeta chain. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:1448-57. [PMID: 9525988 PMCID: PMC508723 DOI: 10.1172/jci1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity aberrations in patients with SLE are underscored by the abnormal early Ag receptor-mediated lymphocyte signal transduction pathway. To further characterize the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3-initiated signaling defects, we studied 22 patients with SLE, 12 patients with other systemic rheumatic diseases, and 14 normal donors. The early (1 min) TCR/CD3-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins with a molecular size between 36 and 64 kD was increased in 15 of 21 SLE patients, compared to normal or disease control subjects. The deficiency or absence of a band with a molecular size of approximately 16 kD in the immunoblots of SLE patients led us to investigate the expression of the TCRzeta chain. In immunoblots using anti-zeta antibodies we found that 10 of 22 lupus patients tested lacked the expression of TCRzeta, which was always present in control subjects (P < 0.001). Flow cytometric studies using permeabilized cells confirmed the deficiency or absence of the TCRzeta chain in lupus T cells. Using Northern blots we found that for eight patients tested, the TCRzeta mRNA was missing in three, decreased in three, and apparently normal in two patients (P < 0.003), but was always present in control subjects. Reverse transcriptase-PCR verified Northern blot results. We conclude that TCRzeta chain expression is either decreased or absent in the majority of patients with SLE, but not in patients with other systemic rheumatic diseases, regardless of disease activity, treatment status, or clinical manifestations. The previously described increases in TCR-initiated Ca2+ responses and the herein described increases in TCR-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation and deficient TCRzeta expression may represent intrinsic defects modulating lupus T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Liossis
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA
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26
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Takai T, Ono M, Ujike A, Yuasa T. Regulation of murine hypersensitive responses by Fc receptors. Allergol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.47.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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27
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Bléry M, Delon J, Trautmann A, Cambiaggi A, Olcese L, Biassoni R, Moretta L, Chavrier P, Moretta A, Daëron M, Vivier E. Reconstituted killer cell inhibitory receptors for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules control mast cell activation induced via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:8989-96. [PMID: 9083022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.14.8989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer and T cells express at their surface, members of a multigenic family of killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIR) for major histocompatibility complex Class I molecules. KIR engagement leads to the inhibition of natural killer and T cell activation programs. We investigated here the functional reconstitution of KIR in a non-lymphoid cell type. Using stable transfection in the RBL-2H3 mast cell line, we demonstrated that (i) KIR can inhibit signals induced by FcepsilonRIgamma or CD3zeta polypeptides that bear immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs; (ii) two distinct immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs-bearing receptors, i.e. KIR and FcgammaRIIB, use distinct inhibitory pathways since KIR engagement inhibits the intracellular Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum stores, in contrast to FcgammaRIIB, which only inhibits extracellular Ca2+ entry; (iii) KIR require co-ligation with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-dependent receptor to mediate their inhibitory function. This latter finding is central to the mechanism by which KIR selectively inhibit only the activatory receptors in close vicinity. Taken together our observations also contribute to define and extend the family of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif-bearing receptors involved in the negative control of cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bléry
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM/CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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28
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Bendelac A, Rivera MN, Park SH, Roark JH. Mouse CD1-specific NK1 T cells: development, specificity, and function. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:535-62. [PMID: 9143699 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1090] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
NK1 T cells are a specialized population of alpha/beta T cells that coexpress receptors of the NK lineage and have the unique potential to very rapidly secrete large amounts of cytokines, providing early help for effector cells and regulating the Th1 or Th2 differentiation of some immune responses. NK1 T cells express a restricted TCR repertoire made of an invariant TCR alpha chain, V alpha 14-J alpha 281, associated with polyclonal V beta 8, V beta 7, and V beta 2 TCR beta chains. NK1 T cells recognize the products of the conserved family of MHC class I-like CD1 genes, apparently in the absence of foreign antigens. Thus, this novel regulatory pathway, which straddles the innate and the adaptive immune systems, is unique in that its activation may not require associative recognition of antigen. Here, we review the specificity and function of mouse NK1 T cells, and we discuss the relationship of this lineage to mainstream T cells and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bendelac
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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29
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Flamand V, Shores EW, Tran T, Huang K, Lee E, Grinberg A, Kinet JP, Love PE. Delayed maturation of CD4- CD8- Fc gamma RII/III+ T and natural killer cell precursors in Fc epsilon RI gamma transgenic mice. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1725-35. [PMID: 8920861 PMCID: PMC2192857 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.5.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc epsilon RI gamma (gamma) is a member of a group of related proteins (the zeta-family dimers) that function as signal-transducing components of both Fc receptors and the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). Analysis of gamma expression during fetal thymus ontogeny revealed that it is expressed in early thymocytes, before the initiation of clonotypic TCR-alpha and TCR-beta gene rearrangement but is down-regulated in most adult thymocytes. To explore a possible role for gamma in thymocyte development, we generated transgenic mice in which this protein was overexpressed at all stages of ontogeny. Overexpression of gamma inhibited the maturation of T cells as well as natural killer (NK) cells. The developmental effects were transgene dose related and correlated with markedly delayed maturation of fetal CD4-CD8- FcRII/III+ thymocytes, cells thought to include the progenitors of both T and NK cells. These results suggest that the zeta and gamma chains serve distinctive functions in thymocyte development and indicate that Fc receptor(s) may play an important role in regulating the differentiation of early progenitor cells within the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Flamand
- Laboratory of Molecular Allergy & Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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30
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Taniguchi M, Koseki H, Tokuhisa T, Masuda K, Sato H, Kondo E, Kawano T, Cui J, Perkes A, Koyasu S, Makino Y. Essential requirement of an invariant V alpha 14 T cell antigen receptor expression in the development of natural killer T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:11025-8. [PMID: 8855302 PMCID: PMC38277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.20.11025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
NK1.1+ T [natural killer (NK) T] cells express an invariant T cell antigen receptor alpha chain (TCR alpha) encoded by V alpha 14 and J alpha 281 segments in association with a limited number of V betas, predominantly V beta 8.2. Expression of the invariant V alpha 14/J alpha 281, but not V alpha 1, TCR in transgenic mice lacking endogenous TCR alpha expression blocks the development of conventional T alpha beta cells and leads to the preferential development of V alpha 14 NK T cells, suggesting a prerequisite role of invariant V alpha 14 TCR in NK T cell development. In V beta 8.2 but not B beta 3 transgenic mice, two NK T cells with different CD3 epsilon expressions, CD3 epsilon(dim) and CD3 epsilon(high), can be identified. CD3 epsilon(high) NK T cells express surface V alpha 14/V beta 8 TCR, indicating a mature cell type, whereas CD3 epsilon(dim) NK T cells express V beta 8 without V alpha 14 TCR and no significant CD3 epsilon expression (CD3 epsilon(dim)) on the cell surface. However, the latter are positive for recombination activating gene (RAG-1 and RAG-2) mRNA, which are only expressed in the precursor or immature T cell lineage, and also possess CD3 epsilon mRNA in their cytoplasm, suggesting that CD3 epsilon(dim) NK T cells are the precursor of V alpha 14 NK T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hematopoiesis
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taniguchi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Chiba University, Japan
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31
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Hou X, Dietrich J, Geisler NO. The cytoplasmic tail of FcgammaRIIIAalpha is involved in signaling by the low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:22815-22. [PMID: 8798459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.37.22815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The low affinity receptor for IgG, FcgammaRIIIA, is a multimeric receptor composed of the ligand binding subunit FcgammaRIIIAalpha (CD16) in association with the signal-transducing subunits zeta or gamma. Previous studies suggested that the cytoplasmic tail of FcgammaRIIIAalpha was not required for FcgammaRIIIAalpha-zeta association or signaling by FcgammaRIIIA. However, in these studies, the truncated FcgammaRIIIAalpha chains still expressed the four most membrane-proximal amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail (amino acids 230-233). By successive truncations from the C terminus of FcgammaRIIIAalpha, we have studied the role played by the membrane-proximal amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail of FcgammaRIIIAalpha in (i) FcgammaRIIIA expression, (ii) FcgammaRIIIAalpha-zeta association, and (iii) signal transduction. We provide evidence that this region is not required for FcgammaRIIIA expression or FcgammaRIIIAalpha-zeta association. However, signaling by FcgammaRIIIA is strictly dependent on the membrane-proximal amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail of FcgammaRIIIAalpha. Thus, total deletion of the cytoplasmic tail of FcgammaRIIIAalpha results in a severely impaired tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma1, zap, and syk and rise in intracellular free Ca2+ following receptor ligation with specific anti-CD16 monoclonal antibody or Ig-anti-Ig complexes, suggesting that FcgammaRIIIAalpha-zeta association per se is not sufficient to establish the signal function of FcgammaRIIIA. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that the most membrane-proximal amino acids of the FcgammaRIIIAalpha cytoplasmic tail play a critical role in ligand-induced signal transduction by the FcgammaRIIIAalpha-zeta complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hou
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Heiken H, Schulz RJ, Ravetch JV, Reinherz EL, Koyasu S. T lymphocyte development in the absence of Fc epsilon receptor I gamma subunit: analysis of thymic-dependent and independent alpha beta and gamma delta pathways. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:1935-43. [PMID: 8765042 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During fetal development, early thymocyte progenitors transiently express low affinity Fc receptors for IgG (Fc gamma R) of both Fc gamma RII and III isoforms. Only the Fc gamma RIII isoform requires association of an Fc gamma RIII (CD16) alpha subunit with an Fc epsilon RI gamma homodimer for surface expression. To address the role of Fc gamma R in ontogeny, we studied thymic development in Fc epsilon RI gamma-/- mice. We fine that day 14.5 CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) fetal thymocytes of Fc epsilon RI gamma-/- mice express mRNA of both Fc gamma RIIb1 and Fc gamma RIII. Surface expression of Fc gamma RII/III is readily detected on these cells. It appears that Fc gamma RIIb1, whose surface expression is Fc epsilon RI gamma independent, replaces Fc gamma RIII during thymic development in these animals. Moreover, subsequent development into CD4+CD8+ double-positive and CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ single-positive subsets appears normal even in the absence of Fc epsilon RI gamma. However, alterations were noted in adult animals among the DN alpha beta TCR+ thymocytes and peripheral splenic DN T cells as well as CD8 alpha alpha + intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL). In contrast to conventional T lymphocytes, which do not express either Fc gamma RIII or Fc epsilon RI gamma, DN alpha beta TCR+ thymocytes and extrathymically derived alpha beta TCR+ and gamma delta TCR+ CD8 alpha alpha + beta- iIEL express TCR which incorporate Fc epsilon RI gamma as one of their subunits. Consistent with this, the TCR levels of these cells are lower than the TCR levels on cells from wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Despite the reduction in the level of surface TCR, the development of these cells was unaltered by the absence of Fc epsilon RI gamma. Thus, we observed alterations in adult DN alpha beta TCR+ thymocytes, splenic DN alpha beta TCR+ and DN gamma delta TCR+ large granular lymphocytes (LGL), and alpha beta TCR+ and gamma delta TCR+ CD8 alpha alpha+beta- iIEL, but no detectable changes in their major fetal thymic developmental pathways. Cultivation of peripheral DN alpha beta TCR+ and DN gamma delta TCR+ cells from Fc epsilon RI gamma-/- mice with interleukin-2 generates LGL which mediate natural killer activity. Unlike LGL from wild-type C57BL/6 mice, LGL from Fc epsilon RI gamma-/- mice lack Fc gamma RIII expression and could not mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity through Fc gamma RIII.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, T-Independent/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Receptors, IgE/deficiency
- Receptors, IgE/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H Heiken
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Martiniello R, Burton RC, Smart YC. Ly-6C+ natural T (NT) cells mediate immune surveillance against NK-sensitive and NK-resistant transplantable tumours in certain strains of mice. Int J Cancer 1996; 66:532-7. [PMID: 8635870 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960516)66:4<532::aid-ijc18>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that anti-Ly-6C monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2B6-F2 identifies a subset of (CBA +/- C57BL/6)F1 splenic NK-1.1+ natural T (NT) cells which kill the NK-sensitive YAC-1 target in vitro. Furthermore, these Ly-6C+ cells are responsible for 40-50% of in vitro YAC-1 killing in all mouse strains tested. In BALB/c and DBA/2 mice, these cells killed not only YAC-1 but also the NK-resistant WEHI-164 M1/16 target via a receptor that recognises a shared determinant on these targets in vitro. In the present study, the anti-tumour role of Ly-6C+ cells against the NK-sensitive B16 melanoma and NK-resistant tumours WEHI-7 T lymphoma and WEHI-164/1C fibrosarcoma was studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, B16, WEHI-7 and WEHI-164/1C tumour cell lines were highly sensitive to Ly-6C+ cell killing. In vivo, these same tumours showed significantly increased growth when transplanted s.c. into syngeneic mice treated with 2B6-F2 (0.05 < or = p < 0.0005), and this was most marked in the first 15 days following tumour appearance, when tumours were <15 mm in diameter. Our results show that Ly-6C+ cells play a role in controlling the growth of transplantable NK-sensitive B16 melanoma, and in BALB/c mice, at least, the repertoire of susceptible tumours is extended to include NK-resistant WEHI-7 and WEHI-164/1C. We conclude that Ly-6C+ NT cells play a role in immunosurveillance against NK-sensitive as well as NK-resistant tumours in certain strains of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martiniello
- Discipline of Surgical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia
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34
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Abstract
The NK1.1 antigen defines a subset of T cells that produce high titers of cytokines and express a restricted repertoire of T-cell receptors. Here, Alain Vicari and Albert Zlotnik discuss the characteristics of NK1.1+ T cells that distinguish them from the mainstream CD4+ helper or CD8+ cytotoxic families of T cells. It appears that NK1.1+ T cells may play major roles in the regulation of some immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Vicari
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
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35
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Tartour E, Latour S, Mathiot C, Thiounn N, Mosseri V, Joyeux I, D'Enghien CD, Lee R, Debre B, Fridman WH. Variable expression of CD3-zeta chain in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) derived from renal-cell carcinoma: relationship with TIL phenotype and function. Int J Cancer 1995; 63:205-12. [PMID: 7591205 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910630210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that in mice and in humans, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) may exhibit a defect in CD3-zeta-chain expression. Therefore, the level of CD3-zeta was analyzed in TIL derived from patients with renal-cell carcinoma, and its correlation with TIL phenotype and function was assessed. We identified 4 out of 13 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes derived from renal-cell carcinoma, with a significant decrease in CD3-zeta-chain expression as compared with control peripheral-blood lymphocytes. This defect was never found after culturing TIL with IL2. In one case, the low expression of zeta chain observed in TIL on day 0 was reversed when TIL were cultured with IL2. The zeta-chain level did not seem to predict the growth of TIL in response to IL2. All the TIL, irrespective of the level of zeta-chain expression, exhibited lower proliferative response when stimulated with PHA or anti-CD3 MAb in comparison with normal peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. Nevertheless, in this limited series of patients, a correlation was observed between the level of zeta-chain expression and T-cell infiltration (p = 0.02). After TIL stimulation with PHA or anti-CD3, in contrast to IL2 or IFN-gamma production, a trend towards a relationship between TNF alpha induction and the level of zeta-chain expression was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tartour
- Département de Biologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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36
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Levey DL, Srivastava PK. T cells from late tumor-bearing mice express normal levels of p56lck, p59fyn, ZAP-70, and CD3 zeta despite suppressed cytolytic activity. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1029-36. [PMID: 7561676 PMCID: PMC2192279 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.4.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of T cell-associated signal transduction molecules has recently been implicated in immune suppression in tumor-bearing hosts. In the present study, we have examined this and related phenomenon extensively in a large number of tumor-bearing mice, analyzed individually. Splenic T cells from tumor-bearing mice were isolated and characterized with respect to the following: (a) levels of three tyrosine kinases, p56lck, p59fyn, and ZAP-70; (b) expression of CD3-zeta; (c) alloreactive responses; and (d) antigen-specific responses. Contrary to recent reports, T cells from tumor-bearing mice were observed to express normal levels of lck, fyn, ZAP-70, and CD3-zeta. Further, T cells showed healthy alloreactive and antigen-specific responses until approximately 3 wk after post tumor challenge, when the tumors constituted approximately 20% of the body weight. Alterations with respect to some parameters were observed only in mice that had been bearing larger tumors for a considerably longer period. As human tumors are unlikely to grow to such large sizes (e.g., > 20% of the total body weight), the significance of the alterations in T cell expression of lck, fyn, ZAP-70, or CD3-zeta in the immune status of cancer patients is unclear. Altogether, these results indicate that alterations in T cell signal transduction molecules do not account for the profound tumor-specific suppression observed during tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Levey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458, USA
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37
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Curnow SJ, Boyer C, Buferne M, Schmitt-Verhulst AM. TCR-associated zeta-Fc epsilon RI gamma heterodimers on CD4-CD8- NK1.1+ T cells selected by specific class I MHC antigen. Immunity 1995; 3:427-38. [PMID: 7584134 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The origin of autoreactive CD4-CD8- T cells is largely unknown. In TCR transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the cognate class I MHC antigen, CD4-CD8- T cells differed depending on characteristics of Tg-TCR/antigen interaction. Tg-TCR/CD3lo CD4-CD8- T cells expressing the NK1.1 marker were observed only for a Tg-TCR whose stimulation by antigen was independent of CD8. Unlike normal T cells, which have essentially TCR-associated zeta homodimers, these cells had a high proportion of TCR-associated zeta-Fc epsilon RI gamma heterodimers. They were also characterized by an unusually high content of Fc epsilon RI gamma mRNA and low content of mRNA encoding CD3 epsilon, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, and zeta. Based on their phenotype and selection requirements, it is proposed that CD4-CD8- thymic precursor cells can be driven along the CD4-CD8-NK1.1+ pathway following coreceptor-independent TCR signaling at an intrathymic stage when Fc epsilon RI gamma and CD3 components are coexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Curnow
- Centre d'Immunologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique de Marseille-Luminy, France
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38
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Ryan JJ, Kinzer CA, Paul WE. Mast cells lacking the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor are deficient in Fc epsilon RI gamma messenger RNA. J Exp Med 1995; 182:567-74. [PMID: 7629513 PMCID: PMC2192112 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.2.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A population of cells that express mast cell markers, including the membrane protein p161, but that lack expression of the high affinity IgE receptor, Fc epsilon RI, can be routinely grown from bone marrow. Ionomycin, but not IgE immune complexes, causes these cells to release serotonin and to express IL-3 and IL-13 mRNA, consistent with their being FC epsilon RI-deficient mast cells. These p161+/Fc epsilon RI- mast cells expressed normal amounts of Fc epsilon RI alpha and beta chain mRNA, but extremely low levels of Fc epsilon RI gamma chain mRNA. In addition, this novel mast cell population expressed CD3 zeta chain mRNA, which p161+/Fc epsilon RI+ mast cells did not. CD3 zeta stable transfectants of Abelson-murine leukemia virus-transformed p161+/Fc epsilon RI+ mast cells continued to express Fc epsilon RI. This strongly suggests that the failure of p161+/Fc epsilon RI- mast cells to express IgE receptors was not caused by the presence of CD3 zeta chain. Transfection of human Fc epsilon RI gamma cDNA into p161+/Fc epsilon RI- mast cells rescued IgE binding. These stable transfectants released serotonin in response to cross-linkage of Fc epsilon RI, demonstrating that the molecular defect of p161+/Fc epsilon RI- mast cells is indeed the loss of Fc epsilon RI gamma expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ryan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1892, USA
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39
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Park SY, Arase H, Wakizaka K, Hirayama N, Masaki S, Sato S, Ravetch JV, Saito T. Differential contribution of the FcR gamma chain to the surface expression of the T cell receptor among T cells localized in epithelia: analysis of FcR gamma-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:2107-10. [PMID: 7621885 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The function of the Fc receptors gamma chain (FcR gamma) for the expression of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex and for T cell development, especially for T cells localized in epithelia, was investigated by analyzing FcR gamma-deficient mice. In wild-type mice, CD8 alpha alpha + beta -TCR alpha beta + T cells of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) utilized CD3 zeta homodimers and zeta-FcR gamma heterodimers, whereas CD8 alpha alpha + beta -TCR gamma delta + i-IEL used zeta-FcR gamma and FcR gamma homodimers in the TCR complex. On the other hand, these T cells in FcR gamma-deficient mice contained only zeta homodimers. The surface expression of the TCR complex was reduced in CD8 alpha alpha + beta -i-IEL and dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) in these mice, whereas the development of these T cells was normal. The degree of reduction appeared to depend on the expression level of FcR gamma. In contrast to these populations, TCR gamma delta + intraepithelial T cells in reproductive organs (r-IEL) were dramatically decreased, suggesting that the development of r-IEL is FcR gamma-dependent, probably due to the predominant usage of FcR gamma homodimers in the TCR complex. These results indicate that the FcR gamma chain contributes differently to the TCR expression and to the development of T cells localized in epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Park
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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40
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Matsuda M, Petersson M, Lenkei R, Taupin JL, Magnusson I, Mellstedt H, Anderson P, Kiessling R. Alterations in the signal-transducing molecules of T cells and NK cells in colorectal tumor-infiltrating, gut mucosal and peripheral lymphocytes: correlation with the stage of the disease. Int J Cancer 1995; 61:765-72. [PMID: 7790109 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910610605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
T cells from mice bearing an experimental colon carcinoma, and from patients with colorectal and renal carcinomas, have atypical T-cell receptors (TCR). In the present study, further characterization of modulations in CD3- and CD16-associated zeta chain in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from colorectal carcinomas was performed. Relative to PBL, the percentage of natural killer (NK) cells among fresh TIL was reduced, while a higher proportion of T cells expressing HLA-DR was found. As previously reported, we found significantly reduced levels of the CD3- and CD16-associated zeta chain in TIL and, to a lesser extent, also in patients' PBL. Levels of zeta chain in T and NK cells from non-cancerous colorectal tissue from patients were lower than in PBL but higher than in TIL, with a direct relationship between levels of this signal-transducing molecule and the distance from the tumor. In addition, zeta levels correlated with the Dukes' stage of the disease, since PBL from patients with lymph-node involvement or distant organ metastases (Dukes' stages C and D) had significantly less CD3 zeta than patients with localized disease (stages A and B). Patients' T cells also had decreased levels of cell-surface and cytoplasmic CD3 epsilon. We also observed reduced levels of the TCR accessory molecules CD4 and CD8, mainly on TIL but to a lesser extent also on patients' PBL. Biochemical analysis of anti-CD3 epsilon-immunoprecipitated TCR complexes demonstrated that the CD3 complex was not associated with the zeta chain, either on TIL or on PBL or on lymphocytes from non-cancerous colon tissue, suggesting a defect in the assembly of the TCR complex. Following several days of in vitro culture with recombinant interleukin-2 and phytohemagglutinin, anti-CD3 or anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), levels of CD3 zeta chain as well as of cell surface CD3 epsilon were normalized. Our findings suggest an abnormal expression as well as assembly of several different signal-transducing molecules of T cells and NK cells, which correlate with the stage of the disease in patients with colorectal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsuda
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Ono S, Ohno H, Saito T. Rapid turnover of the CD3 zeta chain independent of the TCR-CD3 complex in normal T cells. Immunity 1995; 2:639-44. [PMID: 7796297 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The function of CD3 zeta in the assembly and transport of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex was analyzed in normal T cells. The zeta chain, but not other chains in the surface TCR complex, rapidly exchanged with newly synthesized zeta. Because zeta was expressed independently from the complex, the TCR complex may be transported to the surface along the zeta turnover pathway by association with zeta. These data suggest the dynamic nature of zeta metabolism and provide the evidence that a single component in a multisubunit receptor exhibits independent metabolism from the rest of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ono
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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42
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Arnaiz-Villena A, Rodríguez-Gallego C, Timón M, Corell A, Pacheco A, Alvarez-Zapata D, Madroño A, Iglesias P, Regueiro JR. Diseases involving the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1995; 19:131-47. [PMID: 7612180 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)00143-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- HIV Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Nutrition Disorders/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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43
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Bendelac A, Lantz O, Quimby ME, Yewdell JW, Bennink JR, Brutkiewicz RR. CD1 recognition by mouse NK1+ T lymphocytes. Science 1995; 268:863-5. [PMID: 7538697 DOI: 10.1126/science.7538697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rare major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like CD1-specific T cells have been isolated from human blood, but it has not been determined whether these clones are part of a defined subset of CD1-specific T cells selected during T cell development, or whether their recognition of CD1 is a fortuitous cross-reaction. In mice, an entire subset of alpha beta thymocytes with a unique phenotype was found to be CD1-specific. This particular subset, and its human counterpart, provide evidence that CD1 has a general role in selecting and interacting with specialized alpha beta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bendelac
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
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44
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Daëron M, Malbec O, Latour S, Espinosa E, Pina P, Fridman WH. Regulation of tyrosine-containing activation motif-dependent cell signalling by Fc gamma RII. Immunol Lett 1995; 44:119-23. [PMID: 7797240 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(94)00202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinking of the B-cell receptor (BCR) for antigen to low-affinity receptors for IgG (Fc gamma RII) inhibits B-cell activation induced by BCR aggregation. The cell-triggering properties of the BCR depend on tyrosine-containing activation motifs (TAM), in the intracytoplasmic domain of its Ig alpha and Ig beta subunits. TAMs also account for the cell-triggering capabilities of the T-cell receptor (TCR) for antigen, in T lymphocytes, and of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI), in mast cells. Using as a model, rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) stably transfected with cDNA encoding wild-type or mutated murine or human Fc gamma RIIB and chimeric molecules having the intracytoplasmic domain of the FcR gamma subunit or of TCR-CD3 zeta subunit, we found that the inhibitory properties of Fc gamma RII are neither restricted to B cells nor to BCR-dependent cell activation, but can be extended to other cells and, as a general rule, to TAM-dependent cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daëron
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Clinique, INSERM U255, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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45
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Koyasu S. CD3+CD16+NK1.1+B220+ large granular lymphocytes arise from both alpha-beta TCR+CD4-CD8- and gamma-delta TCR+CD4-CD8- cells. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1957-72. [PMID: 8195719 PMCID: PMC2191523 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.6.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultivation of CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) mouse thymocytes and splenocytes with recombinant interleukin 2 (IL2) in the absence of other stimulation results in the generation of DN-CD3/TCR+CD16+NK1.1+B220+ large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Purified DN alpha-beta TCR+ thymocytes and splenocytes are CD16+IL2R alpha-IL2R beta+NK1.1+B220-CD5high. These cells are unique in that they express both CD16 and T cell receptor (TCR) which are usually mutually exclusive. In addition, they express the natural killer (NK) marker, NK1.1. Cultivation of these cells with IL2 for several days results in the generation of DN alpha-beta TCR+CD16+NK1.1+B220+CD5- LGL, suggesting that DN alpha-beta TCR+ cells in thymus and spleen are the precursors of the DN LGL reported previously. DN gamma-delta TCR+CD16-NK1.1-B220-CD5high thymocytes and splenocytes also give rise to DN gamma-delta TCR+CD16+NK1.1+B220+CD5- LGL which, as shown previously with DN alpha-beta TCR+ LGL cells, are cytotoxic against NK-sensitive YAC-1 cells. Cytotoxic activity is also induced through either CD16 or the gamma-delta TCR. DN alpha-beta TCR+ and DN gamma-delta TCR+ LGL cells are thus similar in phenotype to TCR- NK cells. DN alpha-beta TCR+ thymocytes express low levels of the gamma subunit of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (Fc epsilon RI gamma) molecule, an essential component of CD16 expression. Fc epsilon RI gamma expression is greatly enhanced after cultivation with IL2, resulting in a higher surface expression of CD16. In contrast to DN alpha-beta TCR+ thymocytes, DN gamma-delta TCR+ thymocytes do not express detectable CD16 or Fc epsilon RI gamma mRNA but expression of both is induced by cultivation with IL2, leading to the expression of CD16 on the surface. Whereas CD16 molecules on both DN alpha-beta TCR+ and DN gamma-delta TCR+ LGL are associated with only Fc epsilon RI gamma homodimers, the TCR on these cells are associated with an Fc epsilon RI gamma homodimer and/or CD3 zeta-Fc epsilon RI gamma heterodimers. These results demonstrate that the Fc epsilon RI gamma subunit is a component of the TCR in a fraction of T lineage cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Organ Specificity
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koyasu
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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46
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Ohno H, Ono S, Hirayama N, Shimada S, Saito T. Preferential usage of the Fc receptor gamma chain in the T cell antigen receptor complex by gamma/delta T cells localized in epithelia. J Exp Med 1994; 179:365-9. [PMID: 8270881 PMCID: PMC2191308 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.1.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
zeta and eta chains of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex and the gamma chain of Fc receptors (FcR gamma) constitute a family of proteins important for the expression of, and signal transduction through, these receptors in hematopoietic cells. In zeta-deficient mice, TCR expression was reduced in most T cells. By contrast, CD8 alpha alpha + TCR-gamma/delta + intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in these mice expressed a normal level of TCR. Biochemical analysis of the TCR complex in these cells from zeta-deficient as well as normal mice revealed the predominant usage of FcR gamma. Furthermore, gamma/delta + T cells in epithelia of the skin and female reproductive organs from zeta-deficient mice also showed relatively high TCR expression, indicating the usage of FcR gamma. These observations demonstrate the preferential usage of FcR gamma by gamma/delta + T cells localized in epithelia of normal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohno
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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47
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Qian D, Sperling AI, Lancki DW, Tatsumi Y, Barrett TA, Bluestone JA, Fitch FW. The gamma chain of the high-affinity receptor for IgE is a major functional subunit of the T-cell antigen receptor complex in gamma delta T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:11875-9. [PMID: 8265641 PMCID: PMC48087 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.24.11875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation is a consequence of the clonotypic T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) binding to an antigen followed by signal transduction via the invariant subunits of the TCR/CD3 complex. gamma delta TCR cells are a small subset of T cells that populate both the epithelial and lymphoid tissues and have unique antigen specificity and function. However, the composition of invariant chains within the gamma delta TCR/CD3 complex has not been well characterized. Here we report that, unlike the majority of alpha beta T cell, gamma delta T cells isolated from spleen and intestinal epithelial tissue express high levels of the gamma chain of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI gamma) as one invariant subunit of their TCR/CD3 complex. Fc epsilon RI gamma exists as both a homodimer and a heterodimer associated with the TCR zeta chain. Moreover, stimulation of the gamma delta TCR results in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of Fc epsilon RI gamma. Our results suggest that utilization of distinct receptor signaling components may enable the coupling of antigen stimulation to the activation of different signal transduction pathways in alpha beta and gamma delta T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelium/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Immunoblotting
- Intestines/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/isolation & purification
- Receptors, IgE/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgE/chemistry
- Receptors, IgE/isolation & purification
- Spleen/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Qian
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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48
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Ohno H, Aoe T, Taki S, Kitamura D, Ishida Y, Rajewsky K, Saito T. Developmental and functional impairment of T cells in mice lacking CD3 zeta chains. EMBO J 1993; 12:4357-66. [PMID: 8223445 PMCID: PMC413732 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD3 zeta is a component of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex and is important for signal transduction. We have established mice selectively lacking CD3 zeta but able to express CD3 eta, a polypeptide produced from the same locus through alternative splicing, using the method of gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. In homozygous mutant mice, the numbers of thymocytes and peripheral T cells were greatly reduced and the expression levels of TCR on these cells were 5-fold lower than those on wild-type cells. By contrast, TCR gamma delta+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes were not obviously affected by the mutation. T cells from homozygous mutants exhibited an impaired proliferative response. These results imply that CD3 zeta has a critical role in the development and signal transduction of T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohno
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Chiba University, School of Medicine, Japan
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49
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Zupo S, Azzoni L, Massara R, D'Amato A, Perussia B, Ferrarini M. Coexpression of Fc gamma receptor IIIA and interleukin-2 receptor beta chain by a subset of human CD3+/CD8+/CD11b+ lymphocytes. J Clin Immunol 1993; 13:228-36. [PMID: 7686565 DOI: 10.1007/bf00919976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study we identify and characterize a subset of human peripheral blood T cells, present in all individuals, that has features previously described for T cells either separately or in special circumstances. These cells are found in purified suspensions of resting peripheral blood lymphocytes within the CD8+ T lymphocytes, express alpha beta T cell receptor (TCR), and can be identified and isolated because of high-density expression of surface CD11b (TCR alpha beta +/CD3+/CD8+/CD11b+ cells). They coexpress constitutively the IL-2 receptor beta chain, Fc gamma RIIIA, and CD56. Although they do not mediate spontaneous cytotoxicity, CD3+/CD8+/CD11b+ cells have cytotoxic potential, demonstrated in redirected cytotoxicity assays with P815 target cells in the presence of anti-Fc gamma RIII (CD16) or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies. Stimulation of CD3+/CD8+/CD11b+ cells with rIL-2 induces proliferation, cytotoxicity against NK-sensitive and NK-resistant target cells, and expression of surface activation antigens, including IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25). CD3+/CD8+/CD16+/CD56+ cell clones with cytotoxic functions including those mediated by engagement of surface CD16 were obtained by limiting-dilution cloning of purified CD3+/CD8+/CD11b+ cells in the presence of rIL-2 and autologous feeder cells. Our data support the hypothesis that the CD3+/CD8+/CD11b+/CD16+ cells represent a discrete peripheral blood lymphocyte subset that could be the physiological counterpart of that expanded in several pathological conditions and in large granular lymphocyte lymphocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zupo
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, IST, Laboratorio di Immunologia Clinica, Genova, Italy
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50
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Shinkai Y, Koyasu S, Nakayama K, Murphy KM, Loh DY, Reinherz EL, Alt FW. Restoration of T cell development in RAG-2-deficient mice by functional TCR transgenes. Science 1993; 259:822-5. [PMID: 8430336 DOI: 10.1126/science.8430336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of TCR alpha transgene, TCR beta transgene, or both into RAG-2-/-mice differentially rescues T cell development. RAG-2-/- mice have small numbers of TCR-CD4-CD8-(double negative, DN) thymocytes that express CD3 gamma delta epsilon and zeta proteins intracellularly. Introduction of a TCR beta transgene, but not a TCR alpha transgene, into the RAG-2-/- background restored normal numbers of thymocytes. These cells were CD4+CD8+ (double positive, DP) and expressed small amounts of surface TCR beta chain dimers in association with CD3 gamma delta epsilon but not zeta. RAG-2-/- mice that expressed alpha and beta TCR transgenes developed both DP and single positive thymocytes. Thus, the TCR beta subunit, possibly in association with a novel CD3 complex, participates in the DN to the DP transition.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Base Sequence
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shinkai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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