1
|
Shen ZJ, Hu J, Kashi V, Bochkov YA, Gern JE, Malter JS. TLR-7 Stress Signaling in Differentiating and Mature Eosinophils Is Mediated by the Prolyl Isomerase Pin1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3503-3513. [PMID: 30397031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The response of eosinophils (Eos) to respiratory virus has emerged as an important link between pulmonary infection and allergic asthmatic exacerbations. Eos activate innate immune responses through TLR signaling. In this study, using mouse and human Eos and mice lacking the prolyl isomerase Pin1 selectively in Eos, we show that Pin1 is indispensable for eosinophilopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) and mature cell function in the presence of TLR7 activation. Unbiased in vivo analysis of mouse models of allergic airway inflammation revealed that TLR7 activation in knockout mice resulted in systemic loss of Eos, reduced IFN production, and an inability to clear respiratory viruses. Consistent with this finding, BM mouse Eos progenitors lacking Pin1 showed markedly reduced cell proliferation and survival after TLR7 activation. Mechanistically, unlike wild-type cells, Pin1 null mouse Eos were defective in the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response. We observed significant reductions in the expression of unfolded protein response components and target genes, aberrant TLR7 cleavage and trafficking, and reduced granule protein production in knockout Eos. Our data strongly suggest that Pin1 is required for BM Eos generation and function during concurrent allergen challenge and viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jian Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Venkatesh Kashi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792
| | - James S Malter
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pelaia C, Calabrese C, Vatrella A, Busceti MT, Garofalo E, Lombardo N, Terracciano R, Pelaia G. Benralizumab: From the Basic Mechanism of Action to the Potential Use in the Biological Therapy of Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4839230. [PMID: 29862274 PMCID: PMC5971345 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4839230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a very frequent chronic airway disease that includes many different clinical phenotypes and inflammatory patterns. In particular, eosinophilic bronchial inflammation is often associated with allergic as well as nonallergic asthma. The most important cytokine involved in the induction, maintenance, and amplification of airway eosinophilia in asthma is interleukin-5 (IL-5), released by both T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). Hence, IL-5 and its receptor are suitable targets for selective biologic drugs which can play a key role in add-on treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma refractory to corticosteroids. Within such a context, the anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies mepolizumab and reslizumab have been developed and approved for biological therapy of uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma. In this regard, on the basis of several successful randomized controlled trials, the anti-IL-5 receptor benralizumab has also recently obtained the approval from US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cecilia Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraciche e Respiratorie, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Busceti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eugenio Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu C, Xia L, Li F, Zhou L, Weng Q, Li Z, Wu Y, Mao Y, Zhang C, Wu Y, Li M, Ying S, Chen Z, Shen H, Li W. mTOR complexes differentially orchestrates eosinophil development in allergy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6883. [PMID: 29720621 PMCID: PMC5932055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil infiltration is considered a hallmark in allergic airway inflammation, and the blockade of eosinophil differentiation may be an effective approach for treating eosinophil-related disorders. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a vital modulator in cell growth control and related diseases, and we have recently demonstrated that rapamycin can suppress eosinophil differentiation in allergic airway inflammation. Considering its critical role in haematopoiesis, we further investigated the role of mTOR in eosinophil differentiation in the context of asthmatic pathogenesis. Intriguingly, the inhibition of mTOR, either by genetic deletion or by another pharmacological inhibitor torin-1, accelerated the eosinophil development in the presence of IL-5. However, this was not observed to have any considerable effect on eosinophil apoptosis. The effect of mTOR in eosinophil differentiation was mediated by Erk signalling. Moreover, myeloid specific knockout of mTOR or Rheb further augmented allergic airway inflammation in mice after allergen exposure. Ablation of mTOR in myeloid cells also resulted in an increased number of eosinophil lineage-committed progenitors (Eops) in allergic mice. Collectively, our data uncovered the differential effects of mTOR in the regulation of eosinophil development, likely due to the distinct functions of mTOR complex 1 or 2, which thus exerts a pivotal implication in eosinophil-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lixia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lingren Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Qingyu Weng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Zhouyang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yinfang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315010, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yanagibashi T, Satoh M, Nagai Y, Koike M, Takatsu K. Allergic diseases: From bench to clinic - Contribution of the discovery of interleukin-5. Cytokine 2018; 98:59-70. [PMID: 28863833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T helper 2 cells produce a number of cytokines including inteleukin (IL)-5, IL-4 and IL-13. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) also produce IL-5 under sterile conditions. IL-5 is interdigitating homodimeric glycoprotein and a member of the four α helical bundle motifs conserved among hematopoietic cytokines. IL-5 exerts its effects on target cells via IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), composed of an IL-5R α and βc subunit. The membrane proximal proline-rich motif of the cytoplasmic domain of both IL-5R α and βc subunits is essential for IL-5 signal transduction. Although IL-5 was initially identified by its ability to support the growth and terminal differentiation of mouse B cells into antibody-secreting cells, recombinant IL-5 exerts pleiotropic activities on various target cells. For example, IL-5 is now recognized as the major maturation and differentiation factor for eosinophils in mice and humans. Overexpression of IL-5 in mouse significantly increases eosinophil numbers and antibody levels in vivo, while mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or IL-5R display developmental and functional impairments in B cell and eosinophil lineages. In mice, the role of the IL-5/IL-5R system in the production and secretion of Immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgA in mucosal tissues has been reported. Although eosinophils protect against invading pathogens including virus, bacteria and helminthes, they are also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as food allergy, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The recent expansion in our understanding in the context of IL-5 and IL-5-producing ILC2s in eosinophil activation and the pathogenesis of eosinophil-dependent inflammatory diseases has led to advances in therapeutic options. A new therapy currently under invetigarion in clinical trials uses humanized monoclonal antibodies against IL-5 or the IL-5R. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the functions of IL-5 and its receptor, the innate regulation of IL-5-producing cells, and therapeutic potential of anti-IL-5 and anti-eosinophil (IL-5R) antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Yanagibashi
- Toyama Prefectural Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, 17-1 Nakataikouyama, Imizu City, Toyama 939-0363, Japan; Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Satoh
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Finamcial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8185, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nagai
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masamichi Koike
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Finamcial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8185, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Toyama Prefectural Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, 17-1 Nakataikouyama, Imizu City, Toyama 939-0363, Japan; Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pelaia C, Vatrella A, Bruni A, Terracciano R, Pelaia G. Benralizumab in the treatment of severe asthma: design, development and potential place in therapy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:619-628. [PMID: 29606855 PMCID: PMC5868576 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s155307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a widespread and heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways, which is characterized by several different phenotypes and endotypes. In particular, eosinophilic airway inflammation is a common pathologic trait of both allergic and nonallergic asthma. The key cytokine responsible for maturation, activation, recruitment, and survival of eosinophils is interleukin (IL)-5, which is mainly produced by T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Therefore, for uncontrolled patients with severe eosinophilic asthma, who are not fully responsive to corticosteroids, IL-5 represents a very important molecular target for add-on biological therapies. Among these new treatments, anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies such as mepolizumab and reslizumab have been developed and clinically evaluated. Furthermore, benralizumab is currently the only available biologic drug that specifically binds to the IL-5 receptor, thus preventing the interaction with its ligand and the consequent pro-inflammatory effects. The effectiveness of benralizumab in improving severe eosinophilic asthma has been well-documented by many randomized controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Respiratory Diseases, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Andrea Bruni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Respiratory Diseases, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Respiratory Diseases, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soman KV, Stafford SJ, Pazdrak K, Wu Z, Luo X, White WI, Wiktorowicz JE, Calhoun WJ, Kurosky A. Activation of Human Peripheral Blood Eosinophils by Cytokines in a Comparative Time-Course Proteomic/Phosphoproteomic Study. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2663-2679. [PMID: 28679203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated eosinophils contribute to airway dysfunction and tissue remodeling in asthma and thus are considered to be important factors in asthma pathology. We report here comparative proteomic and phosphoproteomic changes upon activation of eosinophils using eight cytokines individually and in selected cytokine combinations in time-course reactions. Differential protein and phosphoprotein expressions were determined by mass spectrometry after 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) and by LC-MS/MS. We found that each cytokine-stimulation produced significantly different changes in the eosinophil proteome and phosphoproteome, with phosphoproteomic changes being more pronounced and having an earlier onset. Furthermore, we observed that IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 showed the greatest change in protein expression and phosphorylation, and this expression differed markedly from those of the other five cytokines evaluated. Comprehensive univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were employed to evaluate the comparative results. We also monitored eosinophil activation using flow cytometry (FC) analysis of CD69. In agreement with our proteomic studies, FC indicated that IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 were more effective than the other five cytokines studied in stimulating a cell surface CD69 increase indicative of eosinophil activation. Moreover, selected combinations of cytokines revealed proteomic patterns with many proteins in common with single cytokine expression patterns but also showed a greater effect of the two cytokines employed, indicating a more complex signaling pathway that was reflective of a more typical inflammatory pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kizhake V Soman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Susan J Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Konrad Pazdrak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Xuemei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Wendy I White
- MedImmune LLC , One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - John E Wiktorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Institute for Human Immunity & Infection, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - William J Calhoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xia LX, Hua W, Jin Y, Tian BP, Qiu ZW, Zhang C, Che LQ, Zhou HB, Wu YF, Huang HQ, Lan F, Ke YH, Lee JJ, Li W, Ying SM, Chen ZH, Shen HH. Eosinophil differentiation in the bone marrow is promoted by protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2175. [PMID: 27054330 PMCID: PMC4855658 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SHP2 participates in multiple signaling events by mediating T-cell development and function, and regulates cytokine-dependent granulopoiesis. To explore whether and how SHP2 can regulate bone-marrow eosinophil differentiation, we investigate the contribution of SHP2 in the bone-marrow eosinophil development in allergic mice. Blockade of SHP2 function by SHP2 inhibitor PHPS-1 or conditional shp2 knockdown by adenovirus-inhibited bone-marrow-derived eosinophil differentiation in vitro, with no detectable effects on the apoptosis of eosinophils. Furthermore, SHP2 induced eosinophil differentiation via regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Myeloid shp2 conditional knockout mice (LysMcreshp2flox/flox) failed to induce eosinophilia as well as airway hyper-responsiveness. The SHP2 inhibitor PHPS-1 also alleviated eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness, accompanied by significantly reduced levels of systemic eosinophils and eosinophil lineage-committed progenitors in allergic mice. We demonstrate that inhibition of eosinophil development is SHP2-dependent and SHP2 is sufficient to promote eosinophil formation in vivo. Our data reveal SHP2 as a critical regulator of eosinophil differentiation, and inhibition of SHP2 specifically in myeloid cells alleviates allergic airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L-x Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - W Hua
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - B-p Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Z-w Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - L-q Che
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - H-b Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Y-f Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - H-q Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - F Lan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Y-h Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - J J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Hematology and Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale 85259, Arizona
| | - W Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - S-m Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Z-h Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - H-h Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith SG, Hill M, Oliveria JP, Watson BM, Baatjes AJ, Dua B, Howie K, Campbell H, Watson RM, Sehmi R, Gauvreau GM. Evaluation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists on interleukin-5-induced eosinophil differentiation. Immunology 2014; 142:484-91. [PMID: 24628018 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists have been suggested as novel therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory lung disease, such as allergic asthma. Treatment with PPAR agonists has been shown to inhibit airway eosinophilia in murine models of allergic asthma, which can occur through several mechanisms including attenuated generation of chemoattractants (e.g. eotaxin) and decreased eosinophil migrational responses. In addition, studies report that PPAR agonists can inhibit the differentiation of several cell types. To date, no studies have examined the effects of PPAR agonists on interleukin-5 (IL-5) -induced eosinophil differentiation from haemopoietic progenitor cells. Non-adherent mononuclear cells or CD34(+) cells isolated from the peripheral blood of allergic subjects were grown for 2 weeks in Methocult(®) cultures with IL-5 (10 ng/ml) and IL-3 (25 ng/ml) in the presence of 1-1000 nm PPARα agonist (GW9578), PPARβ/δ agonist (GW501516), PPARγ agonist (rosiglitazone) or diluent. The number of eosinophil/basophil colony-forming units (Eo/B CFU) was quantified by light microscopy. The signalling mechanism involved was assessed by phosphoflow. Blood-extracted CD34(+) cells cultured with IL-5 or IL-5 + IL-3 formed Eo/B CFU, which were significantly inhibited by rosiglitazone (100 nm, P < 0·01) but not GW9578 or GW501516. In addition, rosglitazone significantly inhibited IL-5-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. We observed an inhibitory effect of rosiglitazone on eosinophil differentiation in vitro, mediated by attenuation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signalling pathway. These findings indicate that the PPARγ agonist can attenuate tissue eosinophilia by interfering with local differentiative responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Smith
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ilmarinen P, Moilanen E, Kankaanranta H. Regulation of spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis-a neglected area of importance. J Cell Death 2014; 7:1-9. [PMID: 25278781 PMCID: PMC4167313 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils in the airways in most phenotypes. Eosinophils are inflammatory cells that require an external survival-prolonging stimulus such as granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-5, or IL-3 for survival. In their absence, eosinophils are programmed to die by spontaneous apoptosis in a few days. Eosinophil apoptosis can be accelerated by Fas ligation or by pharmacological agents such as glucocorticoids. Evidence exists for the relevance of these survival-prolonging and pro-apoptotic agents in the regulation of eosinophilic inflammation in inflamed airways. Much less is known about the physiological significance and mechanisms of spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis even though it forms the basis of regulation of eosinophil longevity by pathophysiological factors and pharmacological agents. This review concentrates on discussing the mechanisms of spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis compared to those of glucocorticoid- and Fas-induced apoptosis. We aim to answer the question whether the external apoptotic stimuli only augment the ongoing pathway of spontaneous apoptosis or truly activate a specific pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Ilmarinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Kankaanranta
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ikutani M, Takatsu K. Roles of IL-5-producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells in eosinophil regulation. Inflamm Regen 2014. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.34.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
11
|
Cooper MJ, Cox NJ, Zimmerman EI, Dewar BJ, Duncan JS, Whittle MC, Nguyen TA, Jones LS, Ghose Roy S, Smalley DM, Kuan PF, Richards KL, Christopherson RI, Jin J, Frye SV, Johnson GL, Baldwin AS, Graves LM. Application of multiplexed kinase inhibitor beads to study kinome adaptations in drug-resistant leukemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66755. [PMID: 23826126 PMCID: PMC3691232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases play key roles in oncogenic signaling and are a major focus in the development of targeted cancer therapies. Imatinib, a BCR-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a successful front-line treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). However, resistance to imatinib may be acquired by BCR-Abl mutations or hyperactivation of Src family kinases such as Lyn. We have used multiplexed kinase inhibitor beads (MIBs) and quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) to compare kinase expression and activity in an imatinib-resistant (MYL-R) and -sensitive (MYL) cell model of CML. Using MIB/MS, expression and activity changes of over 150 kinases were quantitatively measured from various protein kinase families. Statistical analysis of experimental replicates assigned significance to 35 of these kinases, referred to as the MYL-R kinome profile. MIB/MS and immunoblotting confirmed the over-expression and activation of Lyn in MYL-R cells and identified additional kinases with increased (MEK, ERK, IKKα, PKCβ, NEK9) or decreased (Abl, Kit, JNK, ATM, Yes) abundance or activity. Inhibiting Lyn with dasatinib or by shRNA-mediated knockdown reduced the phosphorylation of MEK and IKKα. Because MYL-R cells showed elevated NF-κB signaling relative to MYL cells, as demonstrated by increased IκBα and IL-6 mRNA expression, we tested the effects of an IKK inhibitor (BAY 65-1942). MIB/MS and immunoblotting revealed that BAY 65-1942 increased MEK/ERK signaling and that this increase was prevented by co-treatment with a MEK inhibitor (AZD6244). Furthermore, the combined inhibition of MEK and IKKα resulted in reduced IL-6 mRNA expression, synergistic loss of cell viability and increased apoptosis. Thus, MIB/MS analysis identified MEK and IKKα as important downstream targets of Lyn, suggesting that co-targeting these kinases may provide a unique strategy to inhibit Lyn-dependent imatinib-resistant CML. These results demonstrate the utility of MIB/MS as a tool to identify dysregulated kinases and to interrogate kinome dynamics as cells respond to targeted kinase inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric I. Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Dewar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James S. Duncan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martin C. Whittle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thien A. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lauren S. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sreerupa Ghose Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Smalley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pei Fen Kuan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kristy L. Richards
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Albert S. Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee EJ, Lee SJ, Kim S, Cho SC, Choi YH, Kim WJ, Moon SK. Interleukin-5 enhances the migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells via ERK1/2-mediated MMP-9/NF-κB/AP-1 pathway: involvement of the p21WAF1 expression. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2025-38. [PMID: 23770289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines may be a critical component of epithelial cancer progression. We examined the role of interleukin (IL)-5 in the migration of bladder cancer cells. The expression of IL-5 and its receptor IL-5Rα was enhanced in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancers (MIBC), and then it was detected in bladder cancer cell lines 5637 and T-24. IL-5 increased migration and MMP-9 expression via activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, and induced activation of ERK1/2 and Jak-Stat signaling in both cells. Treatment with ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 significantly inhibited induction of migration, MMP-9 expression, and activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in IL-5-treated cells. However, none of the Jak inhibitors affected the IL-5-induced migration of bladder cancer cells. Moreover, gene knockdown for IL-5Rα, using siRNA transfection, suppressed migration, ERK1/2 activation, MMP-9 expression, as well as the binding activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in IL-5-treated bladder cancer cells. Similar results were observed in βc siRNA (si-βc) transfected cells. Unexpectedly, IL-5 treatment resulted in significant induction of p21WAF1 in both cell lines. The p21WAF1-specific small interfering RNA inhibited IL-5-induced cell migration, ERK activity, MMP-9 expression, and activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in bladder cancer cells. The effects of IL-5-induced cell responses were confirmed by transfection of IL-5 gene, which demonstrated that p21WAF1 participates in the induction of cell migration, leading to an increase in ERK1/2-mediated MMP-9 expression through activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in IL-5-treated bladder cancer cells. These unexpected results provide a theoretical basis for the therapeutic targeting of IL-5 in bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eo-Jin Lee
- Personalized Tumor Engineering Research Center, Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Milara J, Martinez-Losa M, Sanz C, Almudéver P, Peiró T, Serrano A, Morcillo EJ, Zaragozá C, Cortijo J. Bafetinib inhibits functional responses of human eosinophils in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 715:172-80. [PMID: 23747655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils play a prominent role in the process of allergic inflammation. Non-receptor associated Lyn tyrosine kinases generate key initial signals in eosinophils. Bafetinib, a specific Abl/Lyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor has shown a potent antiproliferative activity in leukemic cells, but its effects on eosinophils have not been reported. Therefore, we studied the effects of bafetinib on functional and mechanistic responses of isolated human eosinophils. Bafetinib was more potent than non-specific tyrosin kinase comparators genistein and tyrphostin inhibiting superoxide anion triggered by N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF; 100 nM) (-log IC50=7.25 ± 0.04 M; 6.1 ± 0.04 M; and 6.55 ± 0.03 M, respectively). Bafetinib, genistein and tyrphostin did not modify the [Ca(2+)]i responses to fMLF. Bafetinib inhibited the release of EPO induced by fMLF with higher potency than genistein and tyrphostin (-log IC50=7.24 ± 0.09 M; 5.36 ± 0.28 M; and 5.37 ± 0.19 M, respectively), and nearly suppressed LTC4, ECP and chemotaxis. Bafetinib, genistein and tyrphostin did not change constitutive apoptosis. However bafetinib inhibited the ability of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor to prevent apoptosis. The activation of Lyn tyrosine kinase, p-ERK1/2 and p-38 induced by fMLF was suppressed by bafetinib and attenuated by genistein and tyrphostin. In conclusion, bafetinib inhibits oxidative burst and generation of inflammatory mediators, and reverses the eosinophil survival. Therefore, future anti-allergic therapies based on bafetinib, could help to suppress excessive inflammatory response of eosinophils at inflammatory sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- Clinical Research Unit (UIC), University General Hospital Consortium, Av. tres cruces s/n, Valencia E-46014, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee SJ, Lee EJ, Kim SK, Jeong P, Cho YH, Yun SJ, Kim S, Kim GY, Choi YH, Cha EJ, Kim WJ, Moon SK. Identification of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with muscle invasive bladder cancer; the roles of IL-5, IL-20, and IL-28A. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40267. [PMID: 22962576 PMCID: PMC3433484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We used gene expression profiling to identify inflammatory cytokines that correlate with bladder cancer development. Gene expression profiles of the tissue samples were investigated using cDNA microarrays that contained 103 non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC), 62 muscle invasive bladder cancers (MIBC), 58 samples of histologically normal-looking surrounding tissues, and 10 normal, healthy subjects who served as the control cohort for comparison. We grouped the data-sets according to biological characterizations and focused on immune response genes with at least 2-fold differential expression in MIBC vs. controls. The experimental data-set identified 36 immune-related genes that were significantly altered in MIBC samples. In addition, 10 genes were up-regulated and 26 genes were down-regulated in MIBC samples compared with the normal tissues. Among the 10 up-regulated molecules examined, the capacity for both wound-healing migration and invasion was enhanced in response to IL-5, IL-20, and IL-28A in bladder cancer cell lines (253J and EJ cells), compared with untreated cells. The expression levels of IL-5, IL-20, and IL-28A were increased in patients with MIBC. All 3 cytokines and their receptors were produced in bladder cancer cell lines, as determined by real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis and confocal immunofluorescence. Up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was found after IL-5, IL-20, and IL-28A stimulation in both cell types. Moreover, an EMSA assay showed that treatment with IL-5, IL-20, and IL-28A induced activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 that regulate the MMP-9 promoter. Finally, activation of MAPK and Jak-Stat signaling was observed after the addition of IL-5, IL-20, and IL-28A to bladder cancer cells. This study suggests the presence of specific inflammatory cytokine (IL-5, IL-20, and IL-28A)-mediated association in bladder cancer development. All 3 cytokines may be important new molecular targets for the modulation of migration and invasion in bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Chungju National University, Chungju, Chungbuk, South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Korea
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Eo-Jin Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Chungju National University, Chungju, Chungbuk, South Korea
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Pildu Jeong
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Cho
- Juseong Gene Therapy R&D Center, Juseong University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Sangtae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chungju National University, Chungju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, Chungju National University, Chungju, Chungbuk, South Korea
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lyn is involved in CD24-induced ERK1/2 activation in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:43. [PMID: 22731636 PMCID: PMC3464950 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim CD24 expression is associated with human colorectal cancer (CRC). Our previous data indicated that CD24 promoted the proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer cells through the activation of ERK1/2. Since Src family kinases are frequently deregulated in CRC and closely related to the MAPK signaling pathway, we investigated the impact of Lyn, an important member of SFKs, on CD24-induced ERK1/2 activation in CRC. Methods and Results The interaction of CD24 and Lyn was identified by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and ectopic expression of CD24-induced Lyn activation. Inhibition of Lyn activation by phosphatase PP2 in SW480CD24cells abrogated CD24-induced invasion. The results of the Co-IP and immunofluorescence assay revealed that overexpression of CD24 enhanced the interaction of Lyn and ERK1/2 and induced the nuclear translocation of Lyn. However, inhibition of Lyn activity attenuated CD24-induced ERK1/2 activation, and depletion of CD24 disrupted Lyn-ERK1/2 interaction. Immunohistochemistry analysis for 202 cases of CRC showed that the expression of both CD24 and Lyn was positively correlated with tumor grade, stage, lymph node and distant metastasis. Patients with lower expression of CD24 or Lyn had a higher survival rate. The Cox multivariate analysis showed that CD24 expression, but not Lyn expression, was an independent prognostic factor of CRC. Conclusions Our results suggest that Lyn is involved in CD24-induced ERK1/2 activation in CRC. The expression of CD24 is associated with activation of Lyn and ERK1/2, which might be a novel mechanism related to CD24-mediated regulation of CRC development.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ma P, Vemula S, Munugalavadla V, Chen J, Sims E, Borneo J, Kondo T, Ramdas B, Mali RS, Li S, Hashino E, Takemoto C, Kapur R. Balanced interactions between Lyn, the p85alpha regulatory subunit of class I(A) phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and SHIP are essential for mast cell growth and maturation. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:4052-62. [PMID: 21791602 PMCID: PMC3187372 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05750-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and maturation of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) from precursors are regulated by coordinated signals from multiple cytokine receptors, including KIT. While studies conducted using mutant forms of these receptors lacking the binding sites for Src family kinases (SFKs) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) suggest a role for these signaling molecules in regulating growth and survival, how complete loss of these molecules in early BMMC progenitors (MCps) impacts maturation and growth during all phases of mast cell development is not fully understood. We show that the Lyn SFK and the p85α subunit of class I(A) PI3K play opposing roles in regulating the growth and maturation of BMMCs in part by regulating the level of PI3K. Loss of Lyn in BMMCs results in elevated PI3K activity and hyperactivation of AKT, which accelerates the rate of BMMC maturation due in part to impaired binding and phosphorylation of SHIP via Lyn's unique domain. In the absence of Lyn's unique domain, BMMCs behave in a manner similar to that of Lyn- or SHIP-deficient BMMCs. Importantly, loss of p85α in Lyn-deficient BMMCs not only represses the hyperproliferation associated with the loss of Lyn but also represses their accelerated maturation. The accelerated maturation of BMMCs due to loss of Lyn is associated with increased expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf), which is repressed in MCps deficient in the expression of both Lyn and p85α relative to controls. Our results demonstrate a crucial interplay of Lyn, SHIP, and p85α in regulating the normal growth and maturation of BMMCs, in part by regulating the activation of AKT and the expression of Mitf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Sasidhar Vemula
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | | | - Jinbiao Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Emily Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Jovencio Borneo
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Takako Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Baskar Ramdas
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | | | - Shuo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Eri Hashino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Clifford Takemoto
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Molfino NA, Gossage D, Kolbeck R, Parker JM, Geba GP. Molecular and clinical rationale for therapeutic targeting of interleukin-5 and its receptor. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:712-37. [PMID: 22092535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 is a Th2 homodimeric cytokine involved in the differentiation, maturation, migration, development, survival, trafficking and effector function of blood and local tissue eosinophils, in addition to basophils and mast cells. The IL-5 receptor (IL-5R) consists of an IL-5-specific α subunit that interacts in conformationally dynamic ways with the receptor's βc subunit, an aggregate of domains it shares with binding sites of IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. IL-5 and IL-5R drive allergic and inflammatory immune responses characterizing numerous diseases, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, hyper-eosinophilic syndrome, Churg-Strauss syndrome and eosinophilic nasal polyposis. Although corticosteroid therapy is the primary treatment for these diseases, a substantial number of patients exhibit incomplete responses and suffer side-effects. Two monoclonal antibodies have been designed to neutralize IL-5 (mepolizumab and reslizumab). Both antibodies have demonstrated the ability to reduce blood and tissue eosinophil counts. One additional monoclonal antibody, benralizumab (MEDI-563), has been developed to target IL-5R and attenuate eosinophilia through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. All three monoclonal antibodies are being clinically evaluated. Antisense oligonucleotide technology targeting the common βc IL-5R subunit is also being used therapeutically to inhibit IL-5-mediated effects (TPI ASM8). Small interfering RNA technology has also been used therapeutically to inhibit the expression of IL-5 in animal models. This review summarizes the structural interactions between IL-5 and IL-5R and the functional consequences of such interactions, and describes the pre-clinical and clinical evidence supporting IL-5R as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Molfino
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Takatsu K. Interleukin-5 and IL-5 receptor in health and diseases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:463-85. [PMID: 21986312 PMCID: PMC3313690 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
While interleukin-5 (IL-5) is initially identified by its ability to support the growth and terminal differentiation of mouse B cells in vitro into antibody-secreting cells, recombinant IL-5 exerts pleiotropic activities on various target cells including B cells, eosinophils, and basophils. IL-5 is produced by both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells including T cells, granulocytes, and natural helper cells. IL-5 exerts its effects for proliferation and differentiation via receptors that comprise an IL-5-specific α and common β-subunit. IL-5Rα expression in activated B cells is regulated by a complex of transcription factors including E12, E47, Sp1, c/EBPβ, and Oct2. IL-5 signals are transduced through JAK-STAT, Btk, and Ras/Raf-ERK signaling pathways and lead to maintenance of survival and functions of B cells and eosinophils. Overexpression of IL-5 in vivo significantly increases eosinophils and B cells in number, while mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or IL-5 receptor display a number of developmental and functional impairments in B cells and eosinophil lineages. In humans, the biologic effects of IL-5 are best characterized for eosinophils. The recent expansion in our understanding of eosinophil development and activation and pathogenesis of eosinophil-dependent inflammatory diseases has led to advance in therapeutic options. Intravenous administration of humanized anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody reduces baseline bronchial mucosal eosinophils in mild asthma; providing important implications for strategies that inhibit the actions of IL-5 to treat asthma and other allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alam R, Gorska MM. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and ERK1/2 bistability in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 41:149-59. [PMID: 21121982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) integrate signals from numerous receptors and translate these signals into cell functions. MAPKs are critical for immune cell metabolism, migration, production of pro-inflammatory mediators, survival and differentiation. We provide a concise review of the involvement of MAPK in important cells of the immune system. Certain cell functions, e.g. production of pro-inflammatory mediators resolve quickly and may require a transient MAPK activation, other processes such as cell differentiation and long-term survival may require persistent MAPK signal. The persistent MAPK signal is frequently a consequence of positive feedback loops or double negative feedback loops which perpetuate the signal after removal of an external cell stimulus. This self-perpetuated activation of a signalling circuit is a manifestation of its bistability. Bistable systems can exist in 'on' and 'off' states and both states are stable. We have demonstrated the existence of self-perpetuated activation mechanism for ERK1/2 in bronchial epithelial cells. This sustained activation of ERK1/2 supports long-term survival of these cells and primes them for cytokine transcription. ERK1/2 bistability arises from repetitive stimulation of the cell. The repeated stimulation (e.g. repeated viral infection or repeated allergen exposure) seems to be a common theme in asthma and other chronic illnesses. We thus hypothesize that the self-perpetuated ERK1/2 signal plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Alam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhu Y, Bertics PJ. Chemoattractant-induced signaling via the Ras-ERK and PI3K-Akt networks, along with leukotriene C4 release, is dependent on the tyrosine kinase Lyn in IL-5- and IL-3-primed human blood eosinophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:516-26. [PMID: 21106848 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human blood eosinophils exhibit a hyperactive phenotype in response to chemotactic factors after cell "priming" with IL-5 family cytokines. Earlier work has identified ERK1/2 as molecular markers for IL-5 priming, and in this article, we show that IL-3, a member of the IL-5 family, also augments fMLP-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in primary eosinophils. Besides ERK1/2, we also observed an enhancement of chemotactic factor-induced Akt phosphorylation after IL-5 priming of human blood eosinophils. Administration of a peptide antagonist that targets the Src family member Lyn before cytokine (IL-5/IL-3) priming of blood eosinophils inhibited the synergistic increase of fMLP-induced activation of Ras, ERK1/2 and Akt, as well as the release of the proinflammatory factor leukotriene C(4). In this study, we also examined a human eosinophil-like cell line HL-60 clone-15 and observed that these cells exhibited significant surface expression of IL-3Rs and GM-CSFRs, as well as ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to the addition of IL-5 family cytokines or the chemotactic factors fMLP, CCL5, and CCL11. Consistent with the surface profile of IL-5 family receptors, HL-60 clone-15 recapitulated the enhanced fMLP-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation observed in primary blood eosinophils after priming with IL-3/GM-CSF, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Lyn expression completely abolished the synergistic effects of IL-3 priming on fMLP-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Altogether, our data demonstrate a central role for Lyn in the mechanisms of IL-5 family priming and suggest that Lyn contributes to the upregulation of the Ras-ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt cascades, as well as the increased leukotriene C(4) release observed in response to fMLP in "primed" eosinophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nakata K, Suzuki Y, Inoue T, Ra C, Yakura H, Mizuno K. Deficiency of SHP1 leads to sustained and increased ERK activation in mast cells, thereby inhibiting IL-3-dependent proliferation and cell death. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:472-80. [PMID: 21044800 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
SHP-1 plays an important role for the regulation of signaling from various hematopoietic cell receptors. In this study, we examined IL-3-induced cell proliferation and IL-3 depletion-induced apoptosis in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) established from motheaten (me) that lack SHP-1 expression, viable motheaten (me(v)) expressing phosphatase-deficient SHP-1, and wild-type (WT) mice. When BMMC were stimulated with IL-3, increased ERK activation was evident in resting state and sustained in me-BMMC relative to WT-BMMC. ERK is known to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in some cells. In accordance with sustained ERK activation, apoptosis was decreased in me- and me(v)-BMMC compared with WT-BMMC. In contrast to the predicted role of ERK as a pro-survival molecule, IL-3-induced cell proliferation was much lower in me- and me(v)-BMMC than WT-BMMC. Stimulation with lower concentration of IL-3 or addition of PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, to the culture resulted in the suppression of decreased apoptosis and cell proliferation in me- and me(v)-BMMC. Collectively, these results suggest that SHP-1 positively regulates IL-3-dependent mast cell proliferation and apoptosis by inhibiting ERK activity through its phosphatase activity. Furthermore, our results indicate that ERK would act as a negative regulator for cell proliferation and induce apoptosis when its activity is highly increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Nakata
- Department of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Science, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gorska MM, Alam R. The signaling mechanism of eosinophil activation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:247-56. [PMID: 20476938 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils play an important role in certain aspects of asthma pathogenesis. This review focuses on the mechanism of activation of eosinophils by the growth factor interleukin-5 and the CC chemokine receptor-3. Interleukin-5 activates members of the Janus and Src family of kinases. The latter kinases are largely responsible for the generation of initial signaling events. CC chemokine receptor-3, in contrast, signals through heterotrimeric G-proteins. Subsequently, various signaling pathways are activated, which converge on four major pathways - the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway, the calcium signaling pathway and the Janus-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway. The biologic consequences of many of these signaling pathways are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Gorska
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ishikawa H, Tsuyama N, Abroun S, Liu S, Li FJ, Otsuyama KI, Zheng X, Kawano MM. Interleukin-6, CD45 and the Src-Kinases in Myeloma Cell Proliferation. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 44:1477-81. [PMID: 14565647 DOI: 10.3109/10428190309178767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a proliferative disorder of monoclonal plasma cells which accumulate in human bone marrow, and myeloma cells proliferate in response to a cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6). We recently found that MPC-1- CD49e- immature myeloma cells expressing CD45 form a proliferating population in MM. IL-6 activates at least two intracellular pathways including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) following the activation of Janus kinases (JAKs) via its receptor complexes composed of the IL-6 receptor alpha chain and gp130. Although the roles of CD45 have been extensively studied for antigen receptors in B and T cells, its physiological consequences in other hematopoietic cells remain largely unknown. Myeloma cells expressing CD45 antigens which contain the activation of src family protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) independent of IL-6 stimulation proliferate in response to IL-6, whereas the proliferation of CD45- cells which lack a considerable activity of the src family PTKs is not promoted by IL-6. The STAT3 and ERK1/2 pathways are similarly activated by IL-6 in both cells either expressing or not expressing CD45. In this review, we argue a novel mechanism of proliferation of myeloma cells, in that the activation of both STAT3 and ERK1/2 is not sufficient for IL-6-induced proliferation which further requires IL-6-independent activation of the src family kinases associated with CD45 phosphatase. We propose that the cellular context, such as CD45 expression and src family kinase activation, is crucial for myeloma cells to proliferate in response to IL-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishikawa
- Department of Bio-Signal Analysis, Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Takatsu K, Kouro T, Nagai Y. Interleukin 5 in the link between the innate and acquired immune response. Adv Immunol 2009; 101:191-236. [PMID: 19231596 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)01006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is an interdigitating homodimeric glycoprotein that is initially identified by its ability to support the in vitro growth and differentiation of mouse B cells and eosinophils. IL-5 transgenic mouse shows two predominant features, remarkable increase in B-1 cells resulting in enhanced serum antibody levels, predominantly IgM, IgA, and IgE classes and in expansion of eosinophil numbers in the blood and eosinophil infiltration into various tissues. Conversely, mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or IL-5 receptor alpha chain (IL-5Ralpha) display a number of developmental and functional impairments in B cells and eosinophils. IL-5 receptor (IL-5R) comprises alpha and betac chains. IL-5 specifically binds to IL-5Ralpha and induces the recruitment of betac to IL-5R. Although precise mechanisms on cell-lineage-specific IL-5Ralpha expression remain elusive, several transcription factors including Sp1, E12/E47, Oct-2, and c/EBPbeta have been shown to regulate its expression in B cells and eosinophils. JAK2 and JAK1 tyrosine kinase are constitutively associated with IL-5Ralpha and betac, respectively, and are activated by IL-5 stimulation. IL-5 activates at least three different signaling pathways including JAK2/STAT5 pathway, Btk pathway, and Ras/ERK pathway. IL-5 is one of key cytokines for mouse B cell differentiation in general, particularly for fate-determination of terminal B cell differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells. IL-5 critically regulates homeostatic proliferation and survival of and natural antibody production by B-1 cells, and enhances the AID and Blimp-1 expression in activated B-2 cells leading to induce mu to gamma1 class switch recombination and terminal differentiation to IgM- and IgG1-secreting plasma cells, respectively. In humans, major target cells of IL-5 are eosinophils. IL-5 appears to play important roles in pathogenesis of asthma, hypereosinophilic syndromes, and eosinophil-dependent inflammatory diseases. Clinical studies will provide a strong impetus for investigating the means of modulating IL-5 effects. We will discuss the role of IL-5 in the link between innate and acquired immune response, particularly emphasis of the molecular basis of IL-5-dependent B cell activation, allergen-induced chronic inflammation and hypereosinophilic syndromes on a novel target for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Fc receptor gamma-chain, a constitutive component of the IL-3 receptor, is required for IL-3-induced IL-4 production in basophils. Nat Immunol 2008; 10:214-22. [PMID: 19098920 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Fc receptor common gamma-chain (FcRgamma) is a widely expressed adaptor bearing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) that transduces activation signals from various immunoreceptors. We show here that basophils lacking FcRgamma developed normally and proliferated efficiently in response to interleukin 3 (IL-3) but were very impaired in IL-3-induced production of IL-4 and in supporting T helper type 2 differentiation. Through its transmembrane portion, FcRgamma associated constitutively with the common beta-chain of the IL-3 receptor and signaled by recruiting the kinase Syk. Retrovirus-mediated complementation demonstrated the essential function of the ITAM of FcRgamma in IL-3 signal transduction. Our results identify a previously unknown mechanism whereby FcRgamma functions to 'route' selective cytokine-triggered signals into the ITAM-mediated IL-4 production pathway.
Collapse
|
27
|
Tan Y, Lim LHK. trans-Resveratrol, an extract of red wine, inhibits human eosinophil activation and degranulation. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:995-1004. [PMID: 18776917 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE trans-Resveratrol, a non-flavonoid polyphenol found abundantly in red wine possesses antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity in various inflammatory disease conditions. However, the effect of trans-resveratrol on eosinophil activation in relation to allergy has not been investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human eosinophils were isolated and purified from whole blood and incubated for 16 h with trans-resveratrol. Eosinophil chemotaxis, activation and degranulation, and apoptosis were investigated. The effect of trans-resveratrol on the inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 activation was examined. KEY RESULTS Treatment of human eosinophils with trans-resveratrol at concentrations <100 microM for 16 h did not induce eosinophil apoptosis. Similar results were seen after 24 h and 48 h incubations. trans-Resveratrol (<100 microM) significantly inhibited eosinophil peroxidase release after activation with IL-5 (IC(50)=2.9+/-0.9 microM) or C5a (IC(50)=3.9+/-0.5 microM) after 5 min priming with cytochalasin B (CB). Similarly, the production of leukotriene C4 after stimulation with calcium ionophore, and eosinophil chemotaxis in response to eotaxin, as well as CD11b upregulation and CD62 L shedding was also significantly reduced by trans-resveratrol, at concentrations above 5 microM. All the activators induced p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation maximal at 2 min of activation. trans-Resveratrol potently inhibited p38 and ERK1/2 activation after calcium ionophore and CB and C5a activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS trans-Resveratrol is effective at inhibiting human eosinophil activation and degranulation at concentrations <100 microM, while not inducing apoptosis. This potent anti-inflammatory activity of trans-resveratrol and possibly its metabolites on eosinophils may be worth investigating for the treatment of eosinophil-related allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tan
- Inflammation and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Physiology and NUS Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu W, Liang Q, Balzar S, Wenzel S, Gorska M, Alam R. Cell-specific activation profile of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in asthmatic airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:893-902.e2. [PMID: 18395552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many airway cells manifest signs of chronic activation in asthma. The mechanism of this chronic activation is unknown. OBJECTIVES We sought to study the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in airway cells. METHODS Endobronchial biopsy specimens from patients with severe and mild asthma (n = 17 in each group) and healthy control subjects (n = 15) were analyzed for the phosphorylated MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38, and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and their downstream effectors by means of immunofluorescence staining. Airway epithelial activation of ERK1/2 and p38 was studied by using Western blotting. Epithelial function was studied by means of real-time PCR, ELISA, and the thymidine incorporation assay. RESULTS We detected strong phospho-ERK1/2 staining in airway epithelium and smooth muscle cells in biopsy specimens from asthmatic patients. Fluorescent areas per image, as well as mean fluorescence intensity, were significantly (P < .0001) different among the 3 study groups (patients with severe asthma, patients with mild asthma, and healthy control subjects). Patients with severe asthma also demonstrated strong phospho-p38 staining, mostly in epithelial cells, which was significantly different from that in patients with mild asthma (P = .0001) and healthy control subjects (P = .02). Phospho-JNK primarily stained airway smooth muscle cells. Healthy subjects showed the highest intensity of phospho-JNK staining compared with that seen in patients with severe (P = .004) and mild asthma (P = .003). Inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 in primary airway epithelial cells blocked their proliferation and expression of select, but not all, chemokines. CONCLUSIONS Significant phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 and their correlation with disease severity suggests that the foregoing signaling pathways play an important role in asthma. The ERK1/2 and p38 pathways regulate epithelial cell secretory function and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Liu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cyr MM, Baatjes AJ, Dorman SC, Crawford L, Sehmi R, Foley R, Alam R, Byrne PO, Denburg JA. In vitro effects of budesonide on eosinophil-basophil lineage commitment. Open Respir Med J 2008; 2:60-6. [PMID: 19343093 PMCID: PMC2606647 DOI: 10.2174/1874306400802010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED IL-5 is the primary cytokine that stimulates the production and survival of eosinophils and basophils from progenitor cells. The inhaled glucocorticoid, budesonide, has been shown to exert a therapeutic effect via suppression of eosinophil/basophil progenitors in vivo. Since various steroids have exhibited the ability to enhance eosinophil/basophil progenitor differentiation, we examined the effects of budesonide in vitro. Bone marrow and cord blood samples were obtained and cultured in the presence of IL-5 alone or IL-5 plus budesonide. Eosinophil/basophil colony-forming units were enumerated from cultured nonadherent mononuclear cells and from purified CD34⁺ cells. CD34⁺ cells with and without budesonide were also examined for up-regulation of ERK1/2, MAPK and GATA-1 using real time-PCR. RESULTS i) up-regulation of eosinophil/basophil colony-forming units is due to the direct effects of budesonide on IL-5-stimulated progenitors; ii) GATA-1 is likely involved in the early amplification of eosinophil/basophil progenitor commitment leading to increased differentiation. A potential transcriptional pathway has been identified which may mediate the effects of budesonide on eosinophil/basophil lineage commitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Cyr
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goplen N, Gorska MM, Stafford SJ, Rozario S, Guo L, Liang Q, Alam R. A phosphosite screen identifies autocrine TGF-beta-driven activation of protein kinase R as a survival-limiting factor for eosinophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4256-64. [PMID: 18322238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The differential usage of signaling pathways by chemokines and cytokines in eosinophils is largely unresolved. In this study, we investigate signaling similarities and differences between CCL11 (eotaxin) and IL-5 in a phosphosite screen of human eosinophils. We confirm many previously known pathways of cytokine and chemokine signaling and elucidate novel phosphoregulation in eosinophils. The signaling molecules that were stimulated by both agents were members of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways and their downstream effectors such as RSK and MSK1/2. Both agents inhibited S6 kinase, protein kinase Cepsilon, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha and beta. The molecules that were differentially regulated include STATs and protein kinase R (PKR). One of the chief findings in this investigation was that PKR and eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha are phosphorylated under basal conditions in eosinophils and neutrophils. This basal phosphorylation was linked to autocrine secretion of TGF-beta in eosinophils. TGF-beta directly activates PKR in eosinophils. Basal phosphorylation of PKR was inhibited by incubation of eosinophils with a neutralizing anti-TGF-beta Ab suggesting its physiological importance. We show that inhibition of PKR activity prolongs eosinophil survival. The eosinophil survival factor IL-5 strongly suppresses phosphorylation of PKR. The biological relevance of IL-5 inhibition of phospho-PKR was established by the observation that ex vivo bone marrow-derived eosinophils from OVA-immunized mice had no PKR phosphorylation in contrast to the high level of phosphorylation in sham-immunized mice. Together, our findings suggest that survival of eosinophils is in part controlled by basal activation of PKR through autocrine TGF-beta and that this could be modulated by a Th2 microenvironment in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Goplen
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Takatsu K, Nakajima H. IL-5 and eosinophilia. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:288-94. [PMID: 18511250 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is initially identified by its ability to support the growth and differentiation of activated B cells, overexpression of IL-5 significantly increases eosinophil numbers and antibody levels predominantly from an expanded population of B-1 cells in vivo. Conversely, mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or IL-5 receptor alpha chain (IL-5Ralpha) display a number of developmental and functional impairments in B cell and eosinophil lineages. In addition to the JAK-STAT and Btk pathway, the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signals are important for IL-5-dependent cell survival. IL-5 critically regulates expression of genes involved in cell survival, IgH switch recombination, maturation in B cells and genes required for growth, survival, and effector function of eosinophils. IL-5Ralpha expression in B cells, but not in eosinophils is regulated by Oct-2. Eosinophilia is associated with a wide variety of conditions, including asthma and atopic diseases, helminth infections, drug hypersensitivity, and neoplastic disorders. In humans, the biologic effects of IL-5 are best characterized for eosinophils. The Sprouty-related Ena/VASP homology 1-domain containing protein (Spred)-1 negatively controls eosinophil numbers and functions by modulating IL-5 signaling in allergic asthma. We will emphasize that IL-5 plays a pivotal role in the innate and acquired immune response and eosinophilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Norris HH, Peterson ME, Stebbins CC, McConchie BW, Bundoc VG, Trivedi S, Hodges MG, Anthony RM, Urban JF, Long EO, Keane-Myers AM. Inhibitory receptor gp49B regulates eosinophil infiltration during allergic inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:1531-41. [PMID: 17761953 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1106667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
gp49B, an Ig-like receptor, negatively regulates the activity of mast cells and neutrophils through cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs. To characterize the role of gp49B further in vivo, gp49B-deficient mice were tested in two allergic models. Responses to ragweed (RW) challenge in the lung and conjunctiva were assessed in models of allergic inflammation and during an infection with parasitic larvae of the nematode Ascaris suum. Infiltration by inflammatory cells into the lung during allergic responses was under negative control of the inhibitory receptor gp49B. Furthermore, an increase in conjunctival inflammation with a predominance of eosinophils, neutrophils, and degranulated mast cells was observed in RW-sensitized, gp49B-deficient mice, which had been challenged in the eye, as compared with C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) controls. Finally, an increase in allergic inflammation in the lungs of A. suum-infected, RW-sensitized mice was observed upon RW challenge, as compared with C57BL/6 WT controls. The observed influx of eosinophils into mucus membranes is characteristic of allergic asthma and allergic conjunctivitis and may contribute to airway hyper-responsiveness, airway remodeling, and mucus production. Expression of gp49B was detected on peripheral eosinophils of control mice and on eosinophils from lungs of mice treated with RW, suggesting a role for gp49B on eosinophils in dampening allergic inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hillary H Norris
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The Lyn tyrosine kinase is a unique member of the Src family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases whose principal role is to regulate signals through inhibitory receptors thereby promoting signal attenuation. Lyn is renowned for its role in B cell antigen receptor and FcepsilonRI signaling; however, it is becoming increasingly apparent that Lyn also functions in signal transduction from growth factor receptors including the receptors for GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-5, SCF, erythropoietin, CSF-1, G-CSF, thrombopoietin and Flt3 ligand. Numerous studies have implicated Lyn in growth factor receptor signal amplification, while a number also suggest that Lyn participates in negative regulation of growth factor signaling. Indeed Lyn-deficient mice are hyper-responsive to myeloid growth factors and develop a myeloproliferative disorder that predisposes the mice to macrophage tumours, with loss of negative regulation through SHP-1 and SHIP-1 thought to be the major contributing factor to this phenotype. Developing a clear understanding of Lyn's role in establishing signaling thresholds in growth factor receptor signal amplification and signal inhibition may have important implications in the management of leukemias that may depend on Lyn activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Hibbs
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Vic., Australia. margaret.hibbs@
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
|
36
|
ADACHI T, MOTOJIMA S, HIRATA A, FUKUDA T, KIHARA N, MAKINO S. Detection of transforming growth factor-β in sputum from patients with bronchial asthma by eosinophil survival assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Gorska MM, Cen O, Liang Q, Stafford SJ, Alam R. Differential regulation of interleukin 5-stimulated signaling pathways by dynamin. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14429-39. [PMID: 16556602 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512718200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the yeast two-hybrid screen we have identified dynamin-2 as a molecule that interacts with the alpha subunit of the interleukin (IL) 5 receptor. Dynamin-2 is a GTPase that is critical for endocytosis. We have shown that dynamin-2 interacts with the IL-5 receptor-associated tyrosine kinases, Lyn and JAK2, in eosinophils. Tyrosine phosphorylation of dynamin is markedly enhanced upon IL-5 stimulation. The inhibition of tyrosine kinases results in complete abolition of ligand-induced receptor endocytosis. Inhibition of dynamin by a dominant-negative mutant or by small interfering RNA results in enhancement of IL-5-stimulated ERK1/2 signaling and cell proliferation. In contrast, the absence of a functional dynamin does not affect STAT5 or AKT phosphorylation or cell survival. Thus, we have identified specific functions for dynamin in the IL-5 signaling pathway and demonstrated its role in receptor endocytosis and termination of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Gorska
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Beavitt SJE, Harder KW, Kemp JM, Jones J, Quilici C, Casagranda F, Lam E, Turner D, Brennan S, Sly PD, Tarlinton DM, Anderson GP, Hibbs ML. Lyn-deficient mice develop severe, persistent asthma: Lyn is a critical negative regulator of Th2 immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1867-75. [PMID: 16034130 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of asthma, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, remains obscure, although T cells appear to be central disease mediators. Lyn tyrosine kinase has been implicated as both a facilitator and inhibitor of signaling pathways that play a role in allergic inflammation, although its role in asthma is unclear because Lyn is not expressed in T cells. We show in the present study that Lyn-/- mice develop a severe, persistent inflammatory asthma-like syndrome with lung eosinophilia, mast cell hyperdegranulation, intensified bronchospasm, hyper IgE, and Th2-polarizing dendritic cells. Dendritic cells from Lyn-/- mice have a more immature phenotype, exhibit defective inhibitory signaling pathways, produce less IL-12, and can transfer disease when adoptively transferred into wild-type recipients. Our results show that Lyn regulates the intensity and duration of multiple asthmatic traits and indicate that Lyn is an important negative regulator of Th2 immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane E Beavitt
- Lung Disease Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Inoue H, Kato R, Fukuyama S, Nonami A, Taniguchi K, Matsumoto K, Nakano T, Tsuda M, Matsumura M, Kubo M, Ishikawa F, Moon BG, Takatsu K, Nakanishi Y, Yoshimura A. Spred-1 negatively regulates allergen-induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:73-82. [PMID: 15630138 PMCID: PMC2212755 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
T helper 2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, play a critical role in allergic asthma. These cytokines transmit signals through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and the Ras–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Although the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family proteins have been shown to regulate the STAT pathway, the mechanism regulating the ERK pathway has not been clarified. The Sprouty-related Ena/VASP homology 1–domain-containing protein (Spred)-1 has recently been identified as a negative regulator of growth factor–mediated, Ras-dependent ERK activation. Here, using Spred-1–deficient mice, we demonstrated that Spred-1 negatively regulates allergen-induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness, without affecting helper T cell differentiation. Biochemical assays indicate that Spred-1 suppresses IL-5–dependent cell proliferation and ERK activation. These data indicate that Spred-1 negatively controls eosinophil numbers and functions by modulating IL-5 signaling in allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Inoue
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Wong CK, Ip WK, Lam CWK. Biochemical assessment of intracellular signal transduction pathways in eosinophils: implications for pharmacotherapy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004; 41:79-113. [PMID: 15077724 DOI: 10.1080/10408360490427624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis are inflammatory diseases of the airway. Cytokines and chemokines produced by T helper (Th) type 2 cells (GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13), eotaxin, transforming growth factor-beta, and IL-11 orchestrate most pathophysiological processes of the late-phase allergic reaction, including the recruitment, activation, and delayed apoptosis of eosinophils, as well as eosinophilic degranulation to release eosinophilic cationic protein, major basic protein, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin. These processes are regulated through an extensive network of interactive intracellular signal transduction pathways that have been intensively investigated recently. Our present review updates the cytokine and chemokine-mediated signal transduction mechanisms including the RAS-RAF-mitogen-activated protein kinases, Janus kinases (signal transducers and activators of transcription), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B, activator protein-1, GATA, and cyclic AMP-dependent pathways, and describes the roles of different signaling pathways in the regulation of eosinophil differentiation, recruitment, degranulation, and expression of adhesion molecules. We shall also discuss different biochemical methods for the assessment of various intracellular signal transduction molecules, and various antagonists of receptors, modulators, and inhibitors of intracellular signaling molecules, many of which are potential therapeutic agents for treating allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Moon BG, Takaki S, Nishizumi H, Yamamoto T, Takatsu K. Abrogation of autoimmune disease in Lyn-deficient mice by the deletion of IL-5 receptor alpha chain gene. Cell Immunol 2004; 228:110-8. [PMID: 15219462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lyn, the src-family protein tyrosine kinase, plays a crucial role in the regulation of B cell antigen receptor (BCR)- and IL-5-receptor (IL-5R)-mediated signaling. Lyn-deficient mice have been reported to exhibit an increase in B-1 cell numbers, splenomegaly and accumulation of lymphoblast-like cells in the spleen with age, resulting in hyperimmunoglobulinemia and glomerulonephritis caused by the deposition of autoantibody complexes. To elucidate the role of IL-5 in B-1 cell activation, autoantibody production and autoimmune diseases, Lyn-deficient mice were crossed with IL-5Ralpha chain (IL-5Ralpha)-deficient mice and generated Lyn- and IL-5Ralpha-deficient (DKO) mice. In contrast to Lyn-deficient mice, DKO mice showed significantly reduced splenomegaly and lymphoadenopathy and reduced B-1 cell number in the peritoneal cavity. DKO mice also secreted low levels of IgM and IgG autoantibodies. Biochemical and histological analyses revealed that DKO mice showed milder pathogenesis of autoimmune-like disorders than Lyn-deficient mice. These results suggest involvement of IL-5 in enhanced B-1 cell activation, autoantibody production, and development of autoimmune disease in Lyn-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-gon Moon
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cui P, Sharmin S, Okumura Y, Yamada H, Yano M, Mizuno D, Kido H. Endothelin-1 peptides and IL-5 synergistically increase the expression of IL-13 in eosinophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:782-7. [PMID: 14985080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The 21-amino acid-length endothelin-1 (ET-1)(1-21) and its novel derivative, 31 amino acid-length ET-1(1-31), have proinflammatory properties and induce significant eosinophil migration mediated by an increase in the local levels of eotaxin and IL-5. We have analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay the effects of ETs on the expression of IL-13 mRNA and protein in eosinophils with or without cell priming with IL-5. The expression of the ETA receptor (ETAR) and its membrane localization were detected in the eosinophils, whereas the ETB receptor was undetectable. ET peptides synergistically increased the expression of IL-13 in eosinophils after priming with IL-5, and the increase was blocked by the ETAR antagonist BQ123, though these peptides did not directly influence the expression. These results may explain the presence of eosinophilia in the airways' epithelium of patients suffering from asthma, along with an increase in immunoreactive ETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cui
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ishikawa H, Tsuyama N, Kawano MM. Interleukin-6-induced proliferation of human myeloma cells associated with CD45 molecules. Int J Hematol 2003; 78:95-105. [PMID: 12953802 DOI: 10.1007/bf02983376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines exert multiple biological functions through binding to their specific receptors that triggers activation of intracellular signaling cascades. The cytokine-mediated signals may produce variable and even opposing effects on different cell types, depending on cellular context, which also are dictated by the differentiation stage of the cell. Multiple myeloma is a monoclonal proliferative disorder of human plasma cells. Despite their clonal origin, myeloma cells appear to include mixed subpopulations in accordance with expression of their surface antigens, such as CD45, CD49e, and MPC-1. Although interleukin-6 (IL-6) is widely accepted as the most relevant growth factor for myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo, only a few subpopulations of tumor cells, such as CD45(+)MPC-1(-)CD49e- immature cells, proliferate in response to IL-6. We recently showed that IL-6 efficiently activated both signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in CD45- myeloma cell lines, although CD45- cells failed to proliferate in response to IL-6. In contrast, src family protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs), the most important substrates for CD45 protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) are found activated independently of STAT3 and ERK1/2 activation in CD45+ but not in CD45- myeloma cell lines. Therefore activation of both STAT3 and ERK1/2 is not sufficient for IL-6-induced proliferation of myeloma cells, which requires the src family kinase activation associated with CD45 expression. We propose a mechanism for IL-6-induced cell proliferation that is strictly dependent on the cellular context in myelomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishikawa
- Department of Bio-Signal Analysis, Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gregory B, Kirchem A, Phipps S, Gevaert P, Pridgeon C, Rankin SM, Robinson DS. Differential regulation of human eosinophil IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF receptor alpha-chain expression by cytokines: IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF down-regulate IL-5 receptor alpha expression with loss of IL-5 responsiveness, but up-regulate IL-3 receptor alpha expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5359-66. [PMID: 12759409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our recent data suggested that tissue eosinophils may be relatively insensitive to anti-IL-5 treatment. We examined cross-regulation and functional consequences of modulation of eosinophil cytokine receptor expression by IL-3, IL-5 GM-CSF, and eotaxin. Incubation of eosinophils with IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF led to reduced expression of IL-5R alpha, which was sustained for up to 5 days. Eosinophils incubated with IL-5 or IL-3 showed diminished respiratory burst and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase phosphorylation in response to further IL-5 stimulation. In contrast to these findings, eosinophil expression of IL-3R alpha was increased by IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF, whereas GM-CSF receptor alpha was down-regulated by GM-CSF, but was not affected by IL-3 or IL-5. CCR3 expression was down-regulated by IL-3 and was transiently reduced by IL-5 and GM-CSF, but rapidly returned toward baseline. Eotaxin had no effect on receptor expression for IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF. Up-regulation of IL-3R alpha by cytokines was prevented by a phosphoinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, whereas this and other signaling inhibitors had no effect on IL-5R alpha down-regulation. These data suggest dynamic and differential regulation of eosinophil receptors for IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF by the cytokine ligands. Since these cytokines are thought to be involved in eosinophil development and mobilization from the bone marrow and are present at sites of allergic inflammation, tissue eosinophils may have reduced IL-5R expression and responsiveness, and this may explain the disappointing effect of anti-IL-5 therapy in reducing airway eosinophilia in asthma.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Eosinophils/enzymology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology
- Humans
- Interleukin-3/physiology
- Interleukin-5/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-5/physiology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-5
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Gregory
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cen O, Gorska MM, Stafford SJ, Sur S, Alam R. Identification of UNC119 as a novel activator of SRC-type tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:8837-45. [PMID: 12496276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208261200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyn, an Src-type tyrosine kinase, is associated with the interleukin (IL)-5 receptor in eosinophils. The mechanism of its activation is unknown. Through yeast two-hybrid screening we have cloned and characterized a new signaling molecule, Unc119, that associates with IL-5Ralpha and Src family tyrosine kinases. Unc119 induces the catalytic activity of these kinases through interaction with Src homology 2 and 3 domains. IL-5 stimulation of eosinophils increases Unc119 association with Lyn and induces its catalytic activity. Lyn is important for eosinophil survival. Eosinophils that are transduced with Unc119 have increased Lyn activity and demonstrate prolonged survival in the absence of IL-5. Inhibition of Unc119 down-regulates eosinophil survival. To our knowledge Unc119 is the first receptor-associated activator of Src family tyrosine kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Cen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health Asthma and Allergic Diseases Research Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Choi EN, Choi MK, Park CS, Chung IY. A parallel signal-transduction pathway for eotaxin- and interleukin-5-induced eosinophil shape change. Immunology 2003; 108:245-56. [PMID: 12562334 PMCID: PMC1782875 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and eotaxin are the most important cytokines/chemokines responsible for regulating eosinophil locomotion and are known to play a co-operative role in the selective recruitment of eosinophils to inflamed tissues. Following exposure to chemoattractants, eosinophils undergo a series of events, including reorganization of actin filaments and subsequent rapid shape changes, culminating in chemotaxis. In this study we examined the signalling pathways for eosinophil shape change regulated by eotaxin and IL-5, primarily using a gated autofluorescence/forward-scatter assay. Eotaxin and IL-5 were able to elicit shape change with peaks at 10 and 60 min, respectively, and IL-5 triggered the shape change more efficiently than eotaxin. The pharmacological inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) and p38 blocked both eotaxin- and IL-5-induced eosinophil shape change in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, depletion of intracellular Ca2+ and inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) strongly reduced eosinophil shape change. In contrast, even when used at high concentrations, protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors caused only a slight reduction in the ability to change shape. However, treatment with protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, such as GF109203X and staurosporine, resulted in a striking inhibition of eosinophil shape change by IL-5, but not eotaxin. Data from the inhibition of activation and chemotaxis of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) by the PKC inhibitors were also consistent with findings from the experiments on shape change. Collectively, two eosinophil-selective cytokines/chemokines probably regulate eosinophil shape change via a largely overlapping signalling pathway, with involvement of PKC restricted to the IL-5 signal alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Nam Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hanyang UniversityAnsan, South Korea
| | - Moon Kyung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hanyang UniversityAnsan, South Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University HospitalBucheon, South Korea
| | - Il Yup Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hanyang UniversityAnsan, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University HospitalBucheon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Buitenhuis M, Baltus B, Lammers JWJ, Coffer PJ, Koenderman L. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (STAT5a) is required for eosinophil differentiation of human cord blood-derived CD34+ cells. Blood 2003; 101:134-42. [PMID: 12393707 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) have been reported to play a critical role in the differentiation of several myeloid cell lines, although the importance of STATs in the differentiation of primary human hematopoietic cells remains to be established. Terminal eosinophil differentiation is induced by interleukin-5 (IL-5), which has also been demonstrated to activate STAT5. We have investigated whether STAT5 plays a critical role during eosinophil differentiation using umbilical cord blood-derived CD34(+) cells. In this ex vivo system, STAT5 expression and activation are high early during differentiation, and STAT5 protein expression is down-regulated during the final stages of eosinophil differentiation. Retroviral transductions were performed to ectopically express wild-type and dominant-negative STAT5a (STAT5aDelta750) in CD34(+) cells. Transduction of cells with STAT5a resulted in enhanced proliferation compared with cells transduced with empty vector alone. Interestingly, ectopic expression of STAT5a also resulted in accelerated differentiation. In contrast, ectopic expression of STAT5aDelta750 resulted in a block in differentiation, whereas proliferation was also severely inhibited. Similar results were obtained with dominant-negative STAT5b. Forced expression of STAT5a enhanced expression of the STAT5 target genes Bcl-2 and p21(WAF/Cip1), suggesting they may be important in STAT5a-mediated eosinophil differentiation. These results demonstrate that STAT5 plays a critical role in eosinophil differentiation of primary human hematopoietic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Buitenhuis
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ehrhardt A, Ehrhardt GRA, Guo X, Schrader JW. Ras and relatives--job sharing and networking keep an old family together. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:1089-106. [PMID: 12384139 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many members of the Ras superfamily of GTPases have been implicated in the regulation of hematopoietic cells, with roles in growth, survival, differentiation, cytokine production, chemotaxis, vesicle-trafficking, and phagocytosis. The well-known p21 Ras proteins H-Ras, N-Ras, K-Ras 4A, and K-Ras 4B are also frequently mutated in human cancer and leukemia. Besides the four p21 Ras proteins, the Ras subfamily of the Ras superfamily includes R-Ras, TC21 (R-Ras2), M-Ras (R-Ras3), Rap1A, Rap1B, Rap2A, Rap2B, RalA, and RalB. They exhibit remarkable overall amino acid identities, especially in the regions interacting with the guanine nucleotide exchange factors that catalyze their activation. In addition, there is considerable sharing of various downstream effectors through which they transmit signals and of GTPase activating proteins that downregulate their activity, resulting in overlap in their regulation and effector function. Relatively little is known about the physiological functions of individual Ras family members, although the presence of well-conserved orthologs in Caenorhabditis elegans suggests that their individual roles are both specific and vital. The structural and functional similarities have meant that commonly used research tools fail to discriminate between the different family members, and functions previously attributed to one family member may be shared with other members of the Ras family. Here we discuss similarities and differences in activation, effector usage, and functions of different members of the Ras subfamily. We also review the possibility that the differential localization of Ras proteins in different parts of the cell membrane may govern their responses to activation of cell surface receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ehrhardt
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wong CK, Zhang J, Ip WK, Lam CWK. Intracellular signal transduction in eosinophils and its clinical significance. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:165-86. [PMID: 12066845 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis have recently been increasing worldwide. Eosinophils are the principal effector cells for the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation via the secretion of highly cytotoxic granular proteins including eosinophil cationic protein, major basic protein and eosinophil protein X. Blood and tissue eosinophilia is a common manifestation of late-phase allergic inflammation causing tissue damage. The development of eosinophilia correlates with the production of haematopoietic cytokines including interleukin (IL)-3. IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and eosinophil-specific chemoattractant, eotaxin, from T-lymphocytes and the epithelium respectively. Elucidation of intracellular mechanisms that control the activation, apoptosis and recruitment of eosinophils to tissues is therefore fundamental in understanding these disease processes and provides targets for novel drug therapy. Over the past decade, there has been intensive investigation for the intracellular signal transduction regulating various biological functions of eosinophils and their roles in the pathogenesis of eosinophil-related diseases. This review will emphasize on the cytokine and chemokine-mediated signal transductions including the RAS-RAF-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), Janus kinases (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), and various antagonists of receptors and inhibitors of intracellular signaling molecules as potential therapeutic agents of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|