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Udomsinprasert W. Interleukin-1 family cytokines in liver cell death: a new therapeutic target for liver diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1125-1143. [PMID: 37975716 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2285763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver cell death represents a basic biological process regulating the progression of liver diseases via distinct mechanisms. Accumulating evidence has uncovered participation of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines in liver cell death. Upon activation of cell death induced by hepatotoxic stimuli, IL1 family cytokines released by hepatic dead cells stimulate recruitment of immune cells, which in turn influence inflammation and subsequent liver injury, thus highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in liver diseases. Enhancing our comprehension of mechanisms underlying IL1 family cytokine signaling in cell death responses could pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions aimed at addressing liver cell death-related liver pathologies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the recent findings reported in preclinical and clinical studies on mechanisms of liver cell death, alongside participation of IL1 family members consisting of IL1α, ILβ, IL18, and IL33 in liver cell death and their significant implications in liver diseases. EXPERT OPINION Discovery of new and innovative therapeutic approaches for liver diseases will need close cooperation between fundamental and clinical scientists to better understand the multi-step processes behind IL1 family cytokines' contributions to liver cell death.
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Nkongolo S, Mahamed D, Kuipery A, Sanchez Vasquez JD, Kim SC, Mehrotra A, Patel A, Hu C, McGilvray I, Feld JJ, Fung S, Chen D, Wallin JJ, Gaggar A, Janssen HL, Gehring AJ. Longitudinal liver sampling in patients with chronic hepatitis B starting antiviral therapy reveals hepatotoxic CD8+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:158903. [PMID: 36594467 PMCID: PMC9797343 DOI: 10.1172/jci158903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of activated immune cells results in nonspecific hepatocyte killing in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis. This study aims to understand the underlying mechanisms in humans and to define whether these are driven by widespread activation or a subpopulation of immune cells. We enrolled CHB patients with active liver damage to receive antiviral therapy and performed longitudinal liver sampling using fine-needle aspiration to investigate mechanisms of CHB pathogenesis in the human liver. Single-cell sequencing of total liver cells revealed a distinct liver-resident, polyclonal CD8+ T cell population that was enriched at baseline and displayed a highly activated immune signature during liver damage. Cytokine combinations, identified by in silico prediction of ligand-receptor interaction, induced the activated phenotype in healthy liver CD8+ T cells, resulting in nonspecific Fas ligand-mediated killing of target cells. These results define a CD8+ T cell population in the human liver that can drive pathogenesis and a key pathway involved in their function in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Nkongolo
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deeqa Mahamed
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Kuipery
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan D. Sanchez Vasquez
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aman Mehrotra
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anjali Patel
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Hu
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian McGilvray
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan J. Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Fung
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Chen
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Anuj Gaggar
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Harry L.A. Janssen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fumagalli V, Venzin V, Di Lucia P, Moalli F, Ficht X, Ambrosi G, Giustini L, Andreata F, Grillo M, Magini D, Ravà M, Friedrich C, Fontenot JD, Bousso P, Gilmore SA, Khan S, Baca M, Vivier E, Gasteiger G, Kuka M, Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Group 1 ILCs regulate T cell-mediated liver immunopathology by controlling local IL-2 availability. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabi6112. [PMID: 35213210 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi6112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which comprise both natural killer (NK) cells and ILC1s, are important innate effectors that can also positively and negatively influence adaptive immune responses. The latter function is generally ascribed to the ability of NK cells to recognize and kill activated T cells. Here, we used multiphoton intravital microscopy in mouse models of hepatitis B to study the intrahepatic behavior of group 1 ILCs and their cross-talk with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8+ T cells. We found that hepatocellular antigen recognition by effector CD8+ T cells triggered a prominent increase in the number of hepatic NK cells and ILC1s. Group 1 ILCs colocalized and engaged in prolonged interactions with effector CD8+ T cells undergoing hepatocellular antigen recognition; however, they did not induce T cell apoptosis. Rather, group 1 ILCs constrained CD8+ T cell proliferation by controlling local interleukin-2 (IL-2) availability. Accordingly, group 1 ILC depletion, or genetic removal of their IL-2 receptor a chain, considerably increased the number of intrahepatic HBV-specific effector CD8+ T cells and the attendant immunopathology. Together, these results reveal a role for group 1 ILCs in controlling T cell-mediated liver immunopathology by limiting local IL-2 concentration and have implications for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fumagalli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Venzin
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Moalli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Xenia Ficht
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gioia Ambrosi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Giustini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Grillo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Diletta Magini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Micol Ravà
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Christin Friedrich
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximiliams-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Eric Vivier
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille 13288, France.,Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille 13276, France.,APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille-Immunopôle, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximiliams-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Haga S, Kanno A, Morita N, Jin S, Matoba K, Ozawa T, Ozaki M. Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) is Critically Involved in Liver Ischemia/reperfusion-injury. J Surg Res 2021; 270:124-138. [PMID: 34656890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a DNA-repairing enzyme activated by extreme genomic stress, and therefore is potently activated in the remnant liver suffering from ischemia after surgical resection. However, the impact of PARP on post-ischemic liver injury has not been elucidated yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the impact of PARP on murine hepatocyte/liver injury induced by hypoxia/ischemia, respectively. RESULTS PJ34, a specific inhibitor of PARP, markedly protected against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cell death, though z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor similarly showed the protective effect. PJ34 did not affect H/R-induced caspase activity or caspase-mediated cell death. z-VAD-fmk also did not affect the production of PAR (i.e., PARP activity). Therefore, PARP- and caspase-mediated cell death occurred in a mechanism independent of each other in H/R. H/R immediately induced activation of PARP and cell death afterwards, both of which were suppressed by PJ34 or Trolox, an antioxidant. This suggests that H/R-induced cell death occurred redox-dependently through PARP activation. H/R and OS induced nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF, a marker of parthanatos) and RIP1-RIP3 interaction (a marker of necroptosis), both of which were suppressed by PJ34. H/R induced PARP-mediated parthanatos and necroptosis redox-dependently. In mouse experiments, PJ34 significantly reduced serum levels of AST, ALT & LDH and areas of hepatic necrosis after liver ischemia/reperfusion, similar to z-VAD-fmk or Trolox. CONCLUSION PARP, activated by ischemic damage and/or oxidative stress, may play a critical role in post-ischemic liver injury by inducing programmed necrosis (parthanatos and necroptosis). PARP inhibition may be one of the promising strategies against post-ischemic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Haga
- Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akira Kanno
- Department of Environmental Applied Chemistry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoki Morita
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigeki Jin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matoba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michitaka Ozaki
- Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Bio-Imaging, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Nelke J, Medler J, Weisenberger D, Beilhack A, Wajant H. CD40- and CD95-specific antibody single chain-Baff fusion proteins display BaffR-, TACI- and BCMA-restricted agonism. MAbs 2021; 12:1807721. [PMID: 32840410 PMCID: PMC7531569 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1807721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target a clinically relevant group of receptors within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), including CD40 and CD95 (Fas/Apo-1), also require binding to Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) to elicit a strong agonistic activity. This FcγR dependency largely relies on the mere cellular anchoring through the antibody’s Fc domain and does not involve the engagement of FcγR signaling. The aim of this study was to elicit agonistic activity from αCD40 and αCD95 antibodies in a myeloma cell anchoring-controlled FcγR-independent manner. For this purpose, various antibody variants (IgG1, IgG1N297A, Fab2) against the TNFRSF members CD40 and CD95 were genetically fused to a single-chain-encoded B-cell activating factor (scBaff) trimer as a C-terminal myeloma-specific anchoring domain substituting for Fc domain-mediated FcγR binding. The antibody-scBaff fusion proteins were evaluated in binding studies and functional assays using tumor cell lines expressing one or more of the three receptors of Baff: BaffR, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA). Cellular binding studies showed that the binding properties of the different domains within the fusion proteins remained fully intact in the antibody-scBaff fusion proteins. In co-culture assays of CD40- and CD95-responsive cells with BaffR, BCMA or TACI expressing anchoring cells, the antibody fusion proteins displayed strong agonism while only minor receptor stimulation was observed in co-cultures with cells without expression of Baff-interacting receptors. Thus, our CD40 and CD95 antibody fusion proteins display myeloma cell-dependent activity and promise reduced systemic side effects compared to conventional CD40 and CD95 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Nelke
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Medler
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Beilhack
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
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6
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He L, Sehrawat TS, Verma VK, Navarro-Corcuera A, Sidhu G, Mauer A, Luo X, Katsumi T, Chen J, Shah S, Arab JP, Cao S, Kashkar H, Gores GJ, Malhi H, Shah VH. XIAP Knockdown in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Models Exhibits Divergent in vitro and in vivo Phenotypes Owing to a Potential Zonal Inhibitory Role of SMAC. Front Physiol 2021; 12:664222. [PMID: 34025452 PMCID: PMC8138467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.664222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) has been recognized as the most common cause of advanced liver disease worldwide, though mechanisms of pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) protein was originally described as an anti-apoptotic protein that directly binds and inhibits caspases-3, 7, and 9. Here, we investigated the function of XIAP in hepatocytes in vitro using gain and loss-of-function approaches. We noted an XIAP-dependent increase in caspase activation as well as increased inflammatory markers and pro-inflammatory EV release from hepatocytes in vitro. Primary hepatocytes (PMH) from Xiap Alb.Cre and Xiap loxP mice exhibited higher cell death but surprisingly, lower expression of inflammation markers. Conditioned media from these isolated Xiap deleted PMH further decrease inflammation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Also, interestingly, when administered an ethanol plus Fas-agonist-Jo2 model and an ethanol plus CCl4 model, these animals failed to develop an exacerbated disease phenotype in vivo. Of note, neither Xiap Alb . Cre nor Xiap AAV8.Cre mice presented with aggravated liver injury, hepatocyte apoptosis, liver steatosis, or fibrosis. Since therapeutics targeting XIAP are currently in clinical trials and caspase-induced death is very important for development of ALD, we sought to explore the potential basis of this unexpected lack of effect. We utilized scRNA-seq and spatially reconstructed hepatocyte transcriptome data from human liver tissue and observed that XIAP was significantly zonated, along with its endogenous inhibitor second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) in periportal region. This contrasted with pericentral zonation of other IAPs including cIAP1 and Apollon as well as caspases 3, 7, and 9. Thus providing a potential explanation for compensation of the effect of Xiap deletion by other IAPs. In conclusion, our findings implicate a potential zonallydependent role for SMAC that prevented development of a phenotype in XIAP knockout mice in ALD models. Targeting SMAC may also be important in addition to current efforts of targeting XIAP in treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tejasav S. Sehrawat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Vikas K. Verma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amaia Navarro-Corcuera
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Guneet Sidhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amy Mauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xin Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tomohiro Katsumi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jingbiao Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Soni Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sheng Cao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Azebaze Agueguia FS, Talla P, Okomo Assoumou MC, Jacobs GB, Mbakam CH, Guiedem E, Mesembe MT, Lyonga E, Ikomey GM. Involvement of CD95 and ligand in CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell depletion and hepatic cytolysis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B. Afr J Lab Med 2021; 10:1224. [PMID: 33824856 PMCID: PMC8008047 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v10i1.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic viral hepatitis B (HBV) is characterised by progressive hepatocyte destruction and T-cell depletion. The mechanisms of the CD95-CD95 ligand (CD95L) signalling pathway during this chronic disease and the cirrhotic process remains unclear. Objective We evaluated the involvement of the CD95-CD95L receptor-ligand system in T-cell depletion and hepatic cytolysis in patients with chronic HBV. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted from September to December 2018 at the Yaoundé General Hospital, Cameroon. Four mL of whole blood was collected and analysed. The CD95 and CD95L levels, as well as the CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell counts, were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Results Of the 130 HBV-positive patients, 36 (27.7%) were cirrhotic and 94 (72.3%) were non-cirrhotic. The cirrhotic patients had significantly elevated CD95 (p < 0.001) and CD95L (p = 0.001) plasma levels, compared with non-cirrhotic patients. The CD4/CD8 ratios were lower in cirrhotic patients, compared to non-cirrhotic patients (p < 0.001). There were statistically significant correlations between CD95 level and CD4+ T-cell counts, between CD95 level and CD8+ T-cell counts, between CD95 level and the CD4/CD8 ratio, between CD95 level and fibrosis score, and between CD95L level and fibrosis score. Conclusion CD95 and CD95L could be involved in T-cell depletion and hepatic cytolysis during the pathogenesis of chronic HBV and could potentially be used as biomarkers for immunological and hepatic monitoring in patients with chronic HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin S Azebaze Agueguia
- Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences (FMBS), University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Paul Talla
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS), Yaoundé General Hospital, University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marie C Okomo Assoumou
- Department of Microbiology, Haematology, Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS), University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Graeme B Jacobs
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Cedric H Mbakam
- Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences (FMBS), University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elise Guiedem
- Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences (FMBS), University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Martha Tongo Mesembe
- Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences (FMBS), University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emilia Lyonga
- Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences (FMBS), University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - George Mondinde Ikomey
- Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences (FMBS), University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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8
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Gregory-Ksander M, Marshak-Rothstein A. The FasLane to ocular pathology-metalloproteinase cleavage of membrane-bound FasL determines FasL function. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:965-977. [PMID: 33565149 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri1220-834r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL) is best known for its ability to induce cell death in a wide range of Fas-expressing targets and to limit inflammation in immunoprivileged sites such as the eye. In addition, the ability of FasL to induce a much more extensive list of outcomes is being increasingly explored and accepted. These outcomes include the induction of proinflammatory cytokine production, T cell activation, and cell motility. However, the distinct and opposing functions of membrane-associated FasL (mFasL) and the C-terminal soluble FasL fragment (sFasL) released by metalloproteinase cleavage is less well documented and understood. Both mFasL and sFasL can form trimers that engage the trimeric Fas receptor, but only mFasL can form a multimeric complex in lipid rafts to trigger apoptosis and inflammation. By contrast, a number of reports have now documented the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity of sFasL, pointing to a critical regulatory function of the soluble molecule. The immunomodulatory activity of FasL is particularly evident in ocular pathology where elimination of the metalloproteinase cleavage site and the ensuing increased expression of mFasL can severely exacerbate the extent of inflammation and cell death. By contrast, both homeostatic and increased expression of sFasL can limit inflammation and cell death. The mechanism(s) responsible for the protective activity of sFasL are discussed but remain controversial. Nevertheless, it will be important to consider therapeutic applications of sFasL for the treatment of ocular diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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El-Mesery M, El-Mowafy M, Youssef LF, El-Mesery A, Abed SY, Elgaml A. Serum Soluble Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 Represents a Novel Biomarker for Differentiation Between Acute and Chronic Egyptian Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Patients. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:52-59. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2020.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Mesery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed El-Mowafy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Laila F. Youssef
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Mesery
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sally Yussef Abed
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Science in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
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10
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Jiang Y, Qin S, Wei X, Liu X, Guan J, Zhu H, Chang G, Chen Y, Lu H, Qian J, Wang Z, Shen M, Lin X. Highly activated TRAIL + CD56 bright NK cells are associated with the liver damage in HBV-LC patients. Immunol Lett 2021; 232:9-19. [PMID: 33515618 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis(HBV-LC)is the most common cirrhosis in China, which is characterized as liver damage and high mortality. We aim to investigate the characteristics of TRAIL+NK cells in patients with HBV-LC and their relationship with liver damage in patients with HBV-LC. METHODS Thirty cases each of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), HBV-related compensated liver cirrhosis (HBV-CLC) and HBV-related decompensated liver cirrhosis (HBV-DLC) patients were recruited in this study. Thirty age-and sex-matched healthy individuals were recruited as healthy controls (HCs). NK cell phenotypes were determined using flow cytometry. Serum chemokine concentrations were ascertained using the CBA Flex set. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using the Annexin V-PE/7-AAD apoptosis Kit. RESULTS CD56bright NK cells increased, but CD56dim NK cells reduced in HBV-LC patients. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) was mainly expressed on CD56bright NK cells. As the degree of liver damage increased, the frequency and activation of total TRAIL+NK cells and TRAIL+NK cell subsets continued to increase, especially in the HBV-LC patients. Furthermore, the difference in frequency and activation of total TRAIL+NK cells between the HBV-CLC and HBV-DLC groups was mainly due to the highly activation and increase of TRAIL+CD56bright NK cells. With the increasing degree of liver damage, CXCR3-associated chemokines (including CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11) were constantly increased, particularly in the HBV-DLC group. The expression of CXCR3 on CD56bright NK cells was almost 100 % in all enrolled cohorts. CXCR3-associated chemokines were negatively correlated with liver function and positively correlated with fibrosis degree. TRAIL+CD56bright NK cells were negatively correlated with liver function, and positively correlated with fibrosis degree and CXCR3-associated chemokines. The apoptosis of K562 cells and hepatocytes was suppressed partially by the TRAIL-neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The increase of CXCR3-related chemokines (including CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11) might be related to the migration of TRAIL+ CD56bright NK cells to the liver. Highly activated TRAIL+ CD56bright NK cells were associated with the liver damage in HBV-LC patients. These findings may provide new perspectives and theoretical basis for future immunotherapy of HBV-LC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Guan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Hengyue Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Guolin Chang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingxiao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou, Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jingjing Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Mo Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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11
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Shojaie L, Iorga A, Dara L. Cell Death in Liver Diseases: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249682. [PMID: 33353156 PMCID: PMC7766597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is pivotal in directing the severity and outcome of liver injury. Hepatocyte cell death is a critical event in the progression of liver disease due to resultant inflammation leading to fibrosis. Apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and recently, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, have all been investigated in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. These cell death subroutines display distinct features, while sharing many similar characteristics with considerable overlap and crosstalk. Multiple types of cell death modes can likely coexist, and the death of different liver cell populations may contribute to liver injury in each type of disease. This review addresses the known signaling cascades in each cell death pathway and its implications in liver disease. In this review, we describe the common findings in each disease model, as well as the controversies and the limitations of current data with a particular focus on cell death-related research in humans and in rodent models of alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis (NASH/NAFLD), acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease, and viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Shojaie
- Division of Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (L.S.); (A.I.)
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Andrea Iorga
- Division of Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (L.S.); (A.I.)
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lily Dara
- Division of Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (L.S.); (A.I.)
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Chen T, Dai X, Dai J, Ding C, Zhang Z, Lin Z, Hu J, Lu M, Wang Z, Qi Y, Zhang L, Pan R, Zhao Z, Lu L, Liao W, Lu X. AFP promotes HCC progression by suppressing the HuR-mediated Fas/FADD apoptotic pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:822. [PMID: 33009373 PMCID: PMC7532541 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is reactivated in a majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and associated with poor patient outcomes. Although increasing evidence has shown that AFP can regulate HCC cell growth, the precise functions of AFP in hepatocarcinogenesis and the associated underlying mechanism remain incompletely understood. In this study, we demostrated that depleting AFP significantly suppressed diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver tumor progression in an AFP gene-deficient mouse model. Similarly, knocking down AFP expression inhibited human HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth by inducing apoptosis. AFP expression level was inversely associated with the apoptotic rate in mouse and human HCC specimens. Investigation of potential cross-talk between AFP and apoptotic signaling revealed that AFP exerted its growth-promoting effect by suppressing the Fas/FADD-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Mechanistically, AFP bound to the RNA-binding protein HuR, increasing the accumulation of HuR in the cytoplasm and subsequent inhibition of Fas mRNA translation. In addition, we found that inhibiting AFP enhanced the cytotoxicity of therapeutics to AFP-positive HCC cells by activating HuR-mediated Fas/FADD apoptotic signaling. Conclusion: Our study defined the pro-oncogenic role of AFP in HCC progression and uncovered a novel antiapoptotic mechanism connecting AFP to HuR-mediated Fas translation. Our findings suggest that AFP is involved in the pathogenesis and chemosensitivity of HCC and that blockade of AFP may be a promising strategy to treat advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianke Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Juji Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaodong Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mei Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhanyu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yalei Qi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rulu Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhu Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liting Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanqin Liao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xincheng Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China.
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13
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Gibbens J, Spencer SK, Solis L, Bowles T, Kyle PB, Szczepanski JL, Dumas JP, Robinson R, Wallace K. Fas ligand neutralization attenuates hypertension, endothelin-1, and placental inflammation in an animal model of HELLP syndrome. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R195-R202. [PMID: 32640833 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00272.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutralization of FasL is linked to suppression of hypertension, placental inflammation, and endothelin system activation in an animal model of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. During HELLP syndrome the placenta has been reported to serve as the primary source of Fas ligand (FasL), which has an impact on inflammation and hypertension during pregnancy and is dysregulated in women with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. We hypothesize that neutralization of FasL during pregnancy in an animal model of HELLP syndrome decreases inflammation and placental apoptosis, improves endothelial damage, and improves hypertension. On gestational day (GD) 12, rats were chronically infused with placental antiangiogenic factors sFlt-1 and sEng to induce HELLP syndrome. To neutralize FasL, MFL4 or FasL antibody was infused into a subset of HELLP or normal pregnant rats on GD13. IgG infusion into another group of NP and HELLP rats on GD13 was used as a control for FasL antibody, and all rats were euthanized on GD19 after blood pressure measurement. Plasma and placentas were collected to assess inflammation, apoptosis, and the degree of placental debris activation of endothelial cells. Administration of MFL4 to HELLP rats significantly decreased blood pressure compared with untreated HELLP rats and HELLP rats infused with IgG and improved the biochemistry of HELLP syndrome. Both circulating and placental FasL were significantly attenuated in response to MFL4 infusion, as were levels of placental and circulating TNFα when compared with untreated HELLP rats and HELLP rats infused with IgG. Endothelial cells exposed to placental debris and media from HP + MFL4 rats secreted significantly less endothelin-1 compared with stimulated endothelial cells from HELLP placentas. Neutralization of FasL is associated with decreased MAP and improvement in placental inflammation and endothelial damage in an animal model of HELLP syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Gibbens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Shauna-Kay Spencer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lucia Solis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Teylor Bowles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Patrick B Kyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jamie L Szczepanski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - John Polk Dumas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Reanna Robinson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Kedra Wallace
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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14
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Maruyama S, Kono H, Furuya S, Shimizu H, Saito R, Shoda K, Akaike H, Hosomura N, Kawaguchi Y, Amemiya H, Kawaida H, Sudo M, Inoue S, Shirai T, Suzuki-Inoue K, Ichikawa D. Platelet C-Type Lectin-Like Receptor 2 Reduces Cholestatic Liver Injury in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1833-1842. [PMID: 32473917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury leads to liver dysfunction. The available evidence suggests that platelets can either promote or reduce liver injury and fibrosis. This study focused on the functions of the C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2), a new special platelet receptor that binds with podoplanin-activating platelets. The role of CLEC-2 and podoplanin in cholestatic liver injury was investigated. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with weekly doses of anti-CLEC-2 antibody (2A2B10) to achieve effective CLEC-2 inhibition in their platelets. Next, left and middle hepatic bile duct ligation (BDL) procedures were performed, and mice were euthanized 1 week later (2A2B10-BDL group). In addition, mice were prepared for control groups, and relevant histological and laboratory variables were compared among these groups. The inhibition of CLEC-2 resulted in increasing hepatocellular necrosis, hepatic inflammation, and liver fibrosis. In addition, podoplanin was strongly expressed in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells in BDL-treated mice. Moreover, in 2A2B10-BDL mice, total plasma bile acid levels were significantly increased. In summary, podoplanin is expressed on hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells upon BDL. Platelets bind with podoplanin via CLEC-2 and become activated. As a result, the total bile acid pool is decreased. Therefore, the CLEC-2-podoplanin interaction promotes liver protection and inhibits liver fibrosis after cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Maruyama
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kono
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan.
| | - Shinji Furuya
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimizu
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Ryo Saito
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Shoda
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akaike
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Hosomura
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kawaguchi
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Hidetake Amemiya
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kawaida
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Makoto Sudo
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Shingo Inoue
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shirai
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
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15
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Chang C, Tanaka A, Bowlus C, Gershwin ME. The use of biologics in the treatment of autoimmune liver disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:385-398. [PMID: 32102572 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1733527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Autoimmune liver diseases include autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and juvenile autoimmune hepatitis (JAIH). The pathophysiologic features of each disease vary, but generally include presence of autoantibodies, cytokine abnormalities, and/or T and B cell autoreactivity.Areas covered: This article compares conventional therapy with newer biologics available for treatment of autoimmune liver diseases. Conventional therapy involves the use of immunosuppressive agents, or other treatment modalities for specific autoimmune liver diseases such as ursodeoxycholic acid and fibrates for PBC. Biologics were developed to target the production of autoantibodies by B cells, the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules or T and B cell activation.Expert opinion: Despite the promise of biologics being able to target specific cellular and humoral pathways, results have been generally poor, and safety has not been as expected. Cases of autoimmune hepatitis have also developed with the use of these biologicals. Reasons for the lack of success of biologics in treating autoimmune liver disease has led to a reevaluation of our understanding of underlying pathogenesis, demonstrating that while our knowledge of the immunity has improved over the past two decades, it is far from complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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16
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Kamiya M, Mizoguchi F, Takamura A, Kimura N, Kawahata K, Kohsaka H. A new in vitro model of polymyositis reveals CD8+ T cell invasion into muscle cells and its cytotoxic role. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:224-232. [PMID: 31257434 PMCID: PMC6927901 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The hallmark histopathology of PM is the presence of CD8+ T cells in the non-necrotic muscle cells. The aim of this study was to clarify the pathological significance of CD8+ T cells in muscle cells. Methods C2C12 cells were transduced retrovirally with the genes encoding MHC class I (H2Kb) and SIINFEKL peptide derived from ovalbumin (OVA), and then differentiated to myotubes (H2KbOVA-myotubes). H2KbOVA-myotubes were co-cultured with OT-I CD8+ T cells derived from OVA-specific class I restricted T cell receptor transgenic mice as an in vitro model of PM to examine whether the CD8+ T cells invade into the myotubes and if the myotubes with the invasion are more prone to die than those without. Muscle biopsy samples from patients with PM were examined for the presence of CD8+ T cells in muscle cells. The clinical profiles were compared between the patients with and without CD8+ T cells in muscle cells. Results Analysis of the in vitro model of PM with confocal microscopy demonstrated the invasion of OT-I CD8+ T cells into H2KbOVA-myotubes. Transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed an electron-lucent area between the invaded CD8+ T cell and the cytoplasm of H2KbOVA-myotubes. The myotubes invaded with OT-I CD8+ T cells died earlier than the uninvaded myotubes. The level of serum creatinine kinase was higher in patients with CD8+ T cells in muscle cells than those without these cells. Conclusion CD8+ T cells invade into muscle cells and contribute to muscle injury in PM. Our in vitro model of PM is useful to examine the mechanisms underlying muscle injury induced by CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kamiya
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Mizoguchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akito Takamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kimura
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimito Kawahata
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kohsaka
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Liu W, Guo TF, Jing ZT, Tong QY. Repression of Death Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis of Hepatocytes by Hepatitis B Virus e Antigen. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2181-2195. [PMID: 31449776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen (HBeAg) is associated with viral persistence and pathogenesis. Resistance of HBV-infected hepatocytes to apoptosis is seen as one of the primary promotors for HBV chronicity and malignancy. Fas receptor/ligand (Fas/FasL) and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) system plays a key role in hepatic death during HBV infection. We found that HBeAg mediates resistance of hepatocytes to FasL or TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Introduction of HBeAg into human hepatocytes rendered resistance to FasL or TRAIL cytotoxicity in a p53-dependent manner. HBeAg further inhibited the expression of p53, total Fas, membrane-bound Fas, TNF receptor superfamily member 10a, and TNF receptor superfamily member 10b at both mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, HBeAg enhanced the expression of soluble forms of Fas through facilitation of Fas alternative mRNA splicing. In a mouse model, expression of HBeAg in mice injected with recombinant adenovirus-associated virus 8 inhibited agonistic anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatic apoptosis. Xenograft tumorigenicity assay also found that HBeAg-induced carcinogenesis was resistant to the proapoptotic effect of TRAIL and chemotherapeutic drugs. These results indicate that HBeAg may prevent hepatocytes from FasL and TRAIL-induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of the proapoptotic and antiapoptotic forms of death receptors, which may contribute to the survival and persistence of infected hepatocytes during HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China.
| | - Teng-Fei Guo
- Institute of Digestive Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhen-Tang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Yun Tong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China.
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18
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Mohammadi A, Salehi M, Khanbabaei H, Sheikhesmaeili F, Tajik N, Alavian SM. Fas and FasL promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to HBV infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 76:104003. [PMID: 31425784 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a universal cellular defense mechanism against senescent, damaged, genetically mutated, or virally-infected cells. It also is critical for the maintenance of liver health. Fas and FasL system act as a major death pathway that triggers apoptosis cascade in the liver. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the relationship between four major polymorphisms of Fas and FasL genes with susceptibility to or clearance of HBV infection. All the eligible studies were extracted from PubMed and Scopus with no date and language restriction. ORs with 95% CIs were used to evaluate the strength of the association based on the following genetic models: (1) the allelic, (2) the homozygote, (3) the dominant, and (4) the recessive models. Totally 7 related articles were included in this meta-analysis; 5 studies of 7 related articles investigated FasL -844C/T (rs763110) polymorphism, 4 studies investigated FasL IVS2nt-124, 6 studies investigated Fas -670 A/G (rs1800682), and 4 studies investigated Fas -1377 A/G (rs2234767) polymorphism. This meta-analysis showed that there is no statistically significant association between the risk or clearance of HBV infection and four studied Fas and FasL polymorphisms in their allelic comparison or genetic models. Fas -670, Fas -1377, FasL -124, and FasL -844 polymorphisms did not show any significant association with the clearance or risk of HBV infection. Therefore, it seems that susceptibility to HBV infection or clearance of it is not affected by Fas and FasL genetic polymorphisms. But, to reach a definitive conclusion, further studies with a larger sample size of different ethnicity are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asadollah Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Maryam Salehi
- Research Center for Patient Safety, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Farshad Sheikhesmaeili
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Nader Tajik
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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von Knethen A, Schäfer A, Kuchler L, Knape T, Christen U, Hintermann E, Fißlthaler B, Schröder K, Brandes RP, Genz B, Abshagen K, Pützer BM, Sha LK, Weigert A, Syed SN, Schulz M, Shah AM, Ernst A, Putyrski M, Finkelmeier F, Pesic M, Greten F, Hogardt M, Kempf VAJ, Gunne S, Parnham MJ, Brüne B. Tolerizing CTL by Sustained Hepatic PD-L1 Expression Provides a New Therapy Approach in Mouse Sepsis. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2003-2016. [PMID: 31037153 PMCID: PMC6485280 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation contributes to liver damage during sepsis, but the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Understanding the underlying principle will permit interference with CTL activation and thus, provide a new therapeutic option. Methods: To elucidate the mechanism leading to CTL activation we used the Hepa1-6 cell line in vitro and the mouse model of in vivo polymicrobial sepsis, following cecal-ligation and -puncture (CLP) in wildtype, myeloid specific NOX-2, global NOX2 and NOX4 knockout mice, and their survival as a final readout. In this in vivo setting, we also determined hepatic mRNA and protein expression as well as clinical parameters of liver damage - aspartate- and alanine amino-transaminases. Hepatocyte specific overexpression of PD-L1 was achieved in vivo by adenoviral infection and transposon-based gene transfer using hydrodynamic injection. Results: We observed downregulation of PD-L1 on hepatocytes in the murine sepsis model. Adenoviral and transposon-based gene transfer to restore PD-L1 expression, significantly improved survival and reduced the release of liver damage, as PD-L1 is a co-receptor that negatively regulates T cell function. Similar protection was observed during pharmacological intervention using recombinant PD-L1-Fc. N-acetylcysteine blocked the downregulation of PD-L1 suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species. This was confirmed in vivo, as we observed significant upregulation of PD-L1 expression in NOX4 knockout mice, following sham operation, whereas its expression in global as well as myeloid lineage NOX2 knockout mice was comparable to that in the wild type animals. PD-L1 expression remained high following CLP only in total NOX2 knockouts, resulting in significantly reduced release of liver damage markers. Conclusion: These results suggest that, contrary to common assumption, maintaining PD-L1 expression on hepatocytes improves liver damage and survival of mice during sepsis. We conclude that administering recombinant PD-L1 or inhibiting NOX2 activity might offer a new therapeutic option in sepsis.
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20
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Rex J, Lutz A, Faletti LE, Albrecht U, Thomas M, Bode JG, Borner C, Sawodny O, Merfort I. IL-1β and TNFα Differentially Influence NF-κB Activity and FasL-Induced Apoptosis in Primary Murine Hepatocytes During LPS-Induced Inflammation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:117. [PMID: 30842741 PMCID: PMC6391654 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-derived cytokines largely influence the behavior of hepatocytes during an inflammatory response. We previously reported that both TNFα and IL-1β, which are released by macrophages upon LPS stimulation, affect Fas ligand (FasL)-induced apoptotic signaling. Whereas TNFα preincubation leads to elevated levels of caspase-3 activity and cell death, pretreatment with IL-1β induces increased caspase-3 activity but keeps cells alive. We now report that IL-1β and TNFα differentially influence NF-κB activity resulting in a differential upregulation of target genes, which may contribute to the distinct effects on cell viability. A reduced NF-κB activation model was established to further investigate the molecular mechanisms which determine the distinct cell fate decisions after IL-1β and TNFα stimulation. To study this aspect in a more physiological setting, we used supernatants from LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The treatment of hepatocytes with the BMDM supernatant, which contains both IL-1β and TNFα, sensitized to FasL-induced caspase-3 activation and cell death. However, when TNFα action was blocked by neutralizing antibodies, cell viability after stimulation with the BMDM supernatant and FasL increased as compared to single FasL stimulation. This indicates the important role of TNFα in the sensitization of apoptosis in hepatocytes. These results give first insights into the complex interplay between macrophages and hepatocytes which may influence life/death decisions of hepatocytes during an inflammatory reaction of the liver in response to a bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rex
- Institute for System Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura E Faletti
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infection Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infection Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Borner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Sawodny
- Institute for System Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Perforin inhibition protects from lethal endothelial damage during fulminant viral hepatitis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4805. [PMID: 30442932 PMCID: PMC6237769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells protect the liver against viral infection, but can also cause severe liver damage that may even lead to organ failure. Given the lack of mechanistic insights and specific treatment options in patients with acute fulminant hepatitis, we develop a mouse model reflecting a severe acute virus-induced CD8 T cell-mediated hepatitis. Here we show that antigen-specific CD8 T cells induce liver damage in a perforin-dependent manner, yet liver failure is not caused by effector responses targeting virus-infected hepatocytes alone. Additionally, CD8 T cell mediated elimination of cross-presenting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells causes endothelial damage that leads to a dramatically impaired sinusoidal perfusion and indirectly to hepatocyte death. With the identification of perforin-mediated killing as a critical pathophysiologic mechanism of liver failure and the protective function of a new class of perforin inhibitor, our study opens new potential therapeutic angles for fulminant viral hepatitis. CD8 T cells can protect the liver from viral infection, but can also result in severe liver damage and organ failure. Here, the authors develop a mouse model reflecting fulminant CD8 T cell mediated viral hepatitis, which occurs in a perforin-dependent manner that is protected by the use of perforin inhibitors.
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22
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Hepatitis B Spliced Protein (HBSP) Suppresses Fas-Mediated Hepatocyte Apoptosis via Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01273-18. [PMID: 30209179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01273-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B spliced protein (HBSP) is known to associate with viral persistence and pathogenesis; however, its biological and clinical significance remains poorly defined. Acquired resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis is thought to be one of the major promotors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronicity and malignancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HBSP could protect hepatocytes against Fas-initiated apoptosis. We showed here that HBSP mediated resistance of hepatoma cells or primary human hepatocytes (PHH) to agonistic anti-Fas antibody (CH11)- or FasL-induced apoptosis. Under Fas signaling stimulation, expression of HBSP inhibited Fas aggregation and prevented recruitment of the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and procaspase-8 (or FADD-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme [FLICE]) into the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) while increasing recruitment of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein L (FLIPL) into the DISC. Those effects may be mediated through activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway as evidenced by increased cellular phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) content and PI3K activity and enhanced phosphorylation of mTORC2 and PDPK1 as well as Akt itself. Confirmedly, inhibition of PI3K by LY294002 reversed the effect of HBSP on Fas aggregation, FLIPL expression, and cellular apoptosis. These results indicate that HBSP functions to prevent hepatocytes from Fas-induced apoptosis by enhancing PI3K/Akt activity, which may contribute to the survival and persistence of infected hepatocytes during chronic infection.IMPORTANCE Our study revealed a previously unappreciated role of HBSP in Fas-mediated apoptosis. The antiapoptotic activity of HBSP is important for understanding hepatitis B virus pathogenesis. In particular, HBV variants associated with hepatoma carcinoma may downregulate apoptosis of hepatocytes through enhanced HBSP expression. Our study also found that Akt is centrally involved in Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and revealed that interventions directed at inhibiting the activation or functional activity of Akt may be of therapeutic value in this process.
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23
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Nishigori A, Hatori T, Asano T. An 8-Year-Old Girl with Autoimmune Hepatitis Following Aplastic Anemia. J NIPPON MED SCH 2018; 85:241-244. [PMID: 30259895 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2018_85-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a case of severe aplastic anemia diagnosed in an 8-year-old girl with a previous diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. We found significantly increased CD8+ and CD68+ cell numbers in her bone marrow, which can induce severe organ damage, refractory to immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nishigori
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital
| | - Tsutomu Hatori
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital
| | - Takeshi Asano
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital
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24
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TNFα sensitizes hepatocytes to FasL-induced apoptosis by NFκB-mediated Fas upregulation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:909. [PMID: 30185788 PMCID: PMC6125596 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that TNFα contributes to hepatitis, liver failure and associated hepatocarcinogenesis via the regulation of inflammation, its pro-apoptotic role in the liver has remained enigmatic. On its own, TNFα is unable to trigger apoptosis. However, when combined with the transcriptional inhibitor GaLN, it can cause hepatocyte apoptosis and liver failure in mice. Moreover, along with others, we have shown that TNFα is capable of sensitizing cells to FasL- or drug-induced cell death via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and phosphorylation/activation of the BH3-only protein Bim. In this context, TNFα could exacerbate hepatocyte cell death during simultaneous inflammatory and T-cell-mediated immune responses in the liver. Here we show that TNFα sensitizes primary hepatocytes, established hepatocyte cell lines and mouse embryo fibroblasts to FasL-induced apoptosis by the transcriptional induction and higher surface expression of Fas via the NFκB pathway. Genetic deletion, diminished expression or dominant-negative inhibition of the NFκB subunit p65 resulted in lower Fas expression and inhibited TNFα-induced Fas upregulation and sensitization to FasL-induced cell death. By hydrodynamic injection of p65 shRNA into the tail vein of mice, we confirm that Fas upregulation by TNFα is also NFκB-mediated in the liver. In conclusion, TNFα sensitization of FasL-induced apoptosis in the liver proceeds via two parallel signaling pathways, activation of JNK and Bim phosphorylation and NFκB-mediated Fas upregulation.
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25
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Jing ZT, Liu W, Wu SX, He Y, Lin YT, Chen WN, Lin XJ, Lin X. Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Enhances the Sensitivity of Hepatocytes to Fas-Mediated Apoptosis via Suppression of AKT Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2303-2314. [PMID: 30171166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Fas receptor/ligand system plays a prominent role in hepatic apoptosis and hepatocyte death. Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface Ag (HBsAg) is the most abundant HBV protein in the liver and peripheral blood of patients with chronic HBV infection, its role in Fas-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis has not been disclosed. In this study, we report that HBsAg sensitizes HepG2 cells to agonistic anti-Fas Ab CH11-induced apoptosis through increasing the formation of SDS-stable Fas aggregation and procaspase-8 cleavage but decreasing both the expression of cellular FLIPL/S and the recruitment of FLIPL/S at the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Notably, HBsAg increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and consequently reduced AKT phosphorylation by deactivation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), leading to enhancement of Fas-mediated apoptosis. In a mouse model, expression of HBsAg in mice injected with recombinant adenovirus-associated virus 8 aggravated Jo2-induced acute liver failure, which could be effectively attenuated by the AKT activator SC79. Based on these results, it is concluded that HBsAg predisposes hepatocytes to Fas-mediated apoptosis and mice to acute liver failure via suppression of AKT prosurviving activity, suggesting that interventions directed at enhancing the activation or functional activity of AKT may be of therapeutic value in Fas-mediated progressive liver cell injury and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Tang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Shu-Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Yun He
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Yan-Ting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Wan-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Xin-Jian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; and .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
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26
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Hong LK, Chen Y, Smith CC, Montgomery SA, Vincent BG, Dotti G, Savoldo B. CD30-Redirected Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Target CD30 + and CD30 - Embryonal Carcinoma via Antigen-Dependent and Fas/FasL Interactions. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1274-1287. [PMID: 30087115 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor antigen heterogeneity limits success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies. Embryonal carcinomas (EC) and mixed testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) containing EC, which are the most aggressive TGCT subtypes, are useful for dissecting this issue as ECs express the CD30 antigen but also contain CD30-/dim cells. We found that CD30-redirected CAR T cells (CD30.CAR T cells) exhibit antitumor activity in vitro against the human EC cell lines Tera-1, Tera-2, and NCCIT and putative EC stem cells identified by Hoechst dye staining. Cytolytic activity of CD30.CAR T cells was complemented by their sustained proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production. CD30.CAR T cells also demonstrated antitumor activity in an in vivo xenograft NOD/SCID/γcnull (NSG) mouse model of metastatic EC. We observed that CD30.CAR T cells, while targeting CD30+ EC tumor cells through the CAR (i.e., antigen-dependent targeting), also eliminated surrounding CD30- EC cells in an antigen-independent manner, via a cell-cell contact-dependent Fas/FasL interaction. In addition, ectopic Fas (CD95) expression in CD30+ Fas- EC was sufficient to improve CD30.CAR T-cell antitumor activity. Overall, these data suggest that CD30.CAR T cells might be useful as an immunotherapy for ECs. Additionally, Fas/FasL interaction between tumor cells and CAR T cells can be exploited to reduce tumor escape due to heterogeneous antigen expression or to improve CAR T-cell antitumor activity. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1274-87. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee K Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christof C Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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27
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Ferriero R, Nusco E, De Cegli R, Carissimo A, Manco G, Brunetti-Pierri N. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and lactate dehydrogenase are targets for therapy of acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2018; 69:325-335. [PMID: 29580866 PMCID: PMC6057136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute liver failure is a rapidly progressive deterioration of hepatic function resulting in high mortality and morbidity. Metabolic enzymes can translocate to the nucleus to regulate histone acetylation and gene expression. METHODS Levels and activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were evaluated in nuclear fractions of livers of mice exposed to various hepatotoxins including CD95-antibody, α-amanitin, and acetaminophen. Whole-genome gene expression profiling by RNA-seq was performed in livers of mice with acute liver failure and analyzed by gene ontology enrichment analysis. Cell viability was evaluated in cell lines knocked-down for PDHA1 or LDH-A and in cells incubated with the LDH inhibitor galloflavin after treatment with CD95-antibody. We evaluated whether the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor garcinol or galloflavin could reduce liver damage in mice with acute liver failure. RESULTS Levels and activities of PDHC and LDH were increased in nuclear fractions of livers of mice with acute liver failure. The increase of nuclear PDHC and LDH was associated with increased concentrations of acetyl-CoA and lactate in nuclear fractions, and histone H3 hyper-acetylation. Gene expression in livers of mice with acute liver failure suggested that increased histone H3 acetylation induces the expression of genes related to damage response. Reduced histone acetylation by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor garcinol decreased liver damage and improved survival in mice with acute liver failure. Knock-down of PDHC or LDH improved viability in cells exposed to a pro-apoptotic stimulus. Treatment with the LDH inhibitor galloflavin that was also found to inhibit PDHC, reduced hepatic necrosis, apoptosis, and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice with acute liver failure. Mice treated with galloflavin also showed a dose-response increase in survival. CONCLUSION PDHC and LDH translocate to the nucleus, leading to increased nuclear concentrations of acetyl-CoA and lactate. This results in histone H3 hyper-acetylation and expression of damage response genes. Inhibition of PDHC and LDH reduces liver damage and improves survival in mice with acute liver failure. Thus, PDHC and LDH are targets for therapy of acute liver failure. LAY SUMMARY Acute liver failure is a rapidly progressive deterioration of liver function resulting in high mortality. In experimental mouse models of acute liver failure, we found that two metabolic enzymes, namely pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and lactic dehydrogenase, translocate to the nucleus resulting in detrimental gene expression. Treatment with an inhibitor of these two enzymes was found to reduce liver damage and to improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ferriero
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Edoardo Nusco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Carissimo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy,Institute for Applied Mathematics 'Mauro Picone', National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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28
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Haga S, Kanno A, Ozawa T, Morita N, Asano M, Ozaki M. Detection of Necroptosis in Ligand-Mediated and Hypoxia-Induced Injury of Hepatocytes Using a Novel Optic Probe-Detecting Receptor-Interacting Protein (RIP)1/RIP3 Binding. Oncol Res 2017; 26:503-513. [PMID: 28770700 PMCID: PMC7844641 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x15005102445191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injury is often observed in various pathological conditions including posthepatectomy state and cancer chemotherapy. It occurs mainly as a consequence of the combined necrotic and apoptotic types of cell death. In order to study liver/hepatocyte injury by the necrotic type of cell death, we studied signal-regulated necrosis (necroptosis) by developing a new optic probe for detecting receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP)/RIP3 binding, an essential process for necroptosis induction. In the mouse hepatocyte cell line, TIB-73 cells, TNF-α/cycloheximide (T/C) induced RIP1/3 binding only when caspase activity was suppressed by the caspase-specific inhibitor z-VAD-fmk (zVAD). T/C/zVAD-induced RIP1/3 binding was inhibited by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), an allosteric inhibitor of RIP1. The reduced cell survival by T/C/zVAD was improved by Nec-1. These facts indicate that T/C induces necroptosis of hepatocytes when the apoptotic pathway is inhibited/unavailable. FasL also induced cell death, which was only partially inhibited by zVAD, indicating the possible involvement of necroptosis rather than apoptosis. FasL activated caspase 3 and, similarly, induced RIP1/3 binding when the caspases were inactivated. Interestingly, FasL-induced RIP1/3 binding was significantly suppressed by the antioxidants Trolox and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in FasL-induced necroptotic cellular processes. H₂O₂, by itself, induced RIP1/3 binding that was suppressed by Nec-1, but not by zVAD. Hypoxia induced RIP1/3 binding after reoxygenation, which was suppressed by Nec-1 or by the antioxidants. Cell death induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) was also improved by Nec-1. Similar to H₂O₂, H/R did not require caspase inhibition for RIP1/3 binding, suggesting the involvement of a caspase-independent mechanism for non-ligand-induced and/or redox-mediated necroptosis. These data indicate that ROS can induce necroptosis and mediate the FasL- and hypoxia-induced necroptosis via a molecular mechanism that differs from a conventional caspase-dependent pathway. In conclusion, necroptosis is potentially involved in liver/hepatocyte injury induced by oxidative stress and FasL in the absence of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Haga
- Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Akira Kanno
- Department of Environmental Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Morita
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Sapporo, HokkaidoJapan
| | - Mami Asano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Bio-Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Michitaka Ozaki
- Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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29
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Tanaka K, Soto-Gutierrez A, Navarro-Alvarez N, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Jun HS, Kobayashi N. Functional Hepatocyte Culture and its Application to Cell Therapies. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:855-64. [PMID: 17299989 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Berry and Friend developed methods to isolate hepatocytes from the liver by a collagenase digestion technique in 1969, studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that hepatocyte transplantation could potentially be used for the treatment of liver failure and inborn errors of liver-based metabolism. Healthy human hepatocytes are an ideal source for hepatocyte transplantation; however, their relative scarcity is one of the major drawbacks, further compounded by the competing demands of liver transplantation. Notably, most of the hepatocytes are isolated from discarded livers that are not suitable for organ transplantation for a variety of reasons, including excessive fat content. Importantly, the hepatocyte isolation procedure itself exerts major stress on hepatocytes by the disruption of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix contacts, resulting in hepatocytic apoptosis. Prevention of apoptosis would maximize yield of healthy cells and maintain hepatocyte differentiated function in culture. In this review, we describe methods to prevent apoptosis by utilizing both antiapoptotic molecules and matrices. We also introduce a new type of liver tissue engineering, hepatocyte sheet transplantation, which utilizes unwoven cloth having a cellular adhesive property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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30
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El-Mesery M, El-Mowafy M, Elgaml A, Youssef LF, Abed SY. Correlation of Serum Soluble Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 with Soluble FAS Ligand and Interferon Gamma in Egyptian Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:342-347. [PMID: 28609212 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains one of the serious human diseases worldwide, especially in Egypt, which can lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the exact molecular mechanism of HCC progress in HCV-infected patients remains unclear. Soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2 (sFGL2) is a modulator of the immune response that is secreted by T cells and inhibits maturation of dendritic cells and T cell proliferation. In the current study, serum sFGL2 levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique in 30 chronic HCV-infected patients (HCV group), 30 chronic HCV-infected patients with HCC (HCC group), and 12 healthy individuals (control group). Moreover, serum levels of soluble FAS ligand (sFASL) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were analyzed and correlated with sFGL2 levels. According to our results, serum sFGL2 levels were significantly elevated in all patients with chronic HCV infection. However, HCC patients showed lower sFGL2 levels than HCV-infected patients without HCC incidence. In addition, serum sFASL levels were significantly elevated in both HCV and HCC groups, whereas serum IFN-γ levels were only elevated in the HCC group. Interestingly, sFGL2 correlated positively with serum total bilirubin level and negatively with serum levels of sFASL, IFN-γ, and albumin in HCV and HCC groups. Thus, conclusively, sFGL2 level increases in Egyptian HCV-infected and HCC patients. Taken together, the current work may open future possibility of designing new treatment strategies for HCV infection targeting sFGL2 and its immunosuppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Mesery
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed El-Mowafy
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Laila F Youssef
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sally Y Abed
- 3 Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
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Wang L, Zhang W, Ge CH, Yin RH, Xiao Y, Zhan YQ, Yu M, Li CY, Ge ZQ, Yang XM. Toll-like receptor 5 signaling restrains T-cell/natural killer T-cell activation and protects against concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury. Hepatology 2017; 65:2059-2073. [PMID: 28273362 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) signaling regulates the immune privileged status of the liver and is involved in hepatic immune disorders. However, the role of TLR5 has not yet been investigated in experimental models of concanavalin A (Con A)-mediated liver injury. Here, we show that TLR5 is highly up-regulated in the hepatic mononuclear cells of mice during Con A-induced hepatitis. Increased mortality and liver histopathology of TLR5-deficient mice correlated with excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that TLR5 knockout mice were more susceptible to Con A-induced hepatitis. We also report that administration of CBLB502, an exogenous TLR5 agonist, substantially alleviated Con A-mediated hepatitis in wild-type mice as shown by increased survival rates, reduced aminotransferase and proinflammatory cytokine production, impaired lymphocyte infiltration, and ameliorated hepatocyte necrosis and/or apoptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that CBLB502 acts as a negative regulator in limiting T-cell/natural killer T-cell activity and cytokine production in the Con A-hepatitis model. Bone marrow transplantation experiments showed that TLR5 in bone marrow-derived cells contributed to the hepatoprotective efficacy of CBLB502 against Con A-induced liver injury. Moreover, interleukin-6 elevation induced by CBLB502 is an important protective factor against Con A-induced liver injury. In addition, we demonstrate that CBLB502 suppresses α-galactosylceramide-induced natural killer T cell-dependent inflammatory liver injury. CONCLUSION The TLR5 signaling pathway plays an important role in T cell-mediated hepatic injury and may be exploited for therapeutic treatment of inflammatory liver diseases. (Hepatology 2017;65:2059-2073).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Hui Ge
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Hua Yin
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Qun Zhan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Yan Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing, China
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32
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Biological implications of selenium in adolescent rats exposed to binge drinking: Oxidative, immunologic and apoptotic balance. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 329:165-172. [PMID: 28579252 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol intermittent binge drinking (BD) during adolescence decreases the levels of selenium (Se), a trace element that plays a key biological role against oxidative damage in hepatocytes through different selenoproteins such as the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidases (GPx1 and Gpx4) and selenoprotein P (SelP). In this context, it has been found that GPx4 has an essential antioxidant role in mitochondria modulating the apoptosis and NF-kB activation (a factor intimately related to apoptosis and immune function). To further investigate the effectiveness of selenium supplementation in oxidative balance, inflammation and apoptosis, the present study examined the protective effects of 0.4ppm of dietary selenite administrated to adolescent rats exposed to BD. BD consumption depleted Se deposits in all the tissues studied. In liver, GPx1 activity and expression were decreased leading to protein and lipid hepatic oxidation. Moreover GPx4 and NF-kB expression were also decreased in liver, coinciding with an increase in caspase-3 expression. This hepatic profile caused general liver damage as shown the increased serum transaminases ratio AST/ALT. Proinflammatory serum citokines and chemocines were decreased. Se supplementation therapy used restored all these values, even AST levels. These findings suggest for first time that Se supplementation is a good strategy against BD liver damage during adolescence, since it increases GPx1 and GPx4 expression and avoids NF-kB downregulation and caspase-3 upregulation, leading to a better oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic liver profile. The therapy proposed could be considered to have a great biological efficacy and to be suitable for BD exposed teenagers in order to avoid future hepatic complications.
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33
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Cassim S, Bilodeau M, Vincent C, Lapierre P. Novel Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Hepatitis. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:8. [PMID: 28184367 PMCID: PMC5266689 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease of unknown pathogenesis, characterized by a loss of immunological tolerance against liver autoantigens resulting in the progressive destruction of the hepatic parenchyma. Current treatments are based on non-specific immunosuppressive drugs. Although tremendous progress has been made using specific biological agents in other inflammatory diseases, progress has been slow to come for AIH patients. While current treatments are successful in the majority of patients, treatment discontinuation is difficult to achieve, and relapses are frequent. Lifelong immunosuppression is not without risks, especially in the pediatric population; 4% of patient with type 1 AIH will eventually develop hepatocellular carcinoma with a 2.9% probability after 10 years of treatment. Therefore, future treatments should aim to restore tolerance to hepatic autoantigens and induce long-term remission. Promising new immunotherapies have been tested in experimental models of AIH including T and B cell depletion and regulatory CD4+ T cells infusion. Clinical studies on limited numbers of patients have also shown encouraging results using B-cell-depleting (rituximab) and anti-TNF-α (infliximab) antibodies. A better understanding of key molecular targets in AIH combined with effective site-specific immunotherapies could lead to long-term remission without blanket immunosuppression and with minimal deleterious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamir Cassim
- Laboratoire d'hépatologie cellulaire, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Marc Bilodeau
- Laboratoire d'hépatologie cellulaire, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Vincent
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Laboratoire d'hépatologie cellulaire, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Yu H, He J, Lu Q, Huo D, Yuan S, Zhou Z, Xu P, Hu Y. Anti-Fas Antibody Conjugated Nanoparticles Enhancing the Antitumor Effect of Camptothecin by Activating the Fas-FasL Apoptotic Pathway. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29950-29959. [PMID: 27754664 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggest that the introduction of Fas ligand (FasL) can enhance the Fas-dependent apoptosis and induce durable immune responses against tumor. However, selective triggering of apoptosis in tumor cells while sparing normal cells remains a great challenge for the application of FasL-based therapeutic strategies. Herein, smart nanoparticles (NPs) with a sandwich structure were fabricated. These NPs consist of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cleavable PEG outer layer, an anti-Fas antibody middle layer, and a camptothecin (CPT)-loaded inner core. They could accumulate at a tumor site by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The removable PEG layer protects the cytotoxic anti-Fas antibody from premature contact with normal tissues, thus avoiding the unexpected lethal side effect before they reach the tumor site. Due to the high level of MMP expressed by tumor cells inside the tumor tissue, these NPs would shed their PEG layers, resulting in the exposure of anti-Fas antibody to bind the Fas receptor and triggering the apoptosis of tumor cells. Results of Western blot confirmed that these NPs could mimic the function of activated cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) to activate the Fas-FasL apoptosis pathway of tumor cells. With the aid of CPT payload, these anti-Fas antibody conjugated NPs achieved a high tumor inhibition in the B16 allograft tumor animal model. The design of these NPs provides a method for delivering cytotoxic ligand to targeting tissue, which may be valuable in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
| | | | - Qian Lu
- Institute of Materials Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Da Huo
- Institute of Materials Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shanmei Yuan
- Institute of Materials Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
| | | | | | - Yong Hu
- Institute of Materials Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
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35
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O' Reilly E, Tirincsi A, Logue SE, Szegezdi E. The Janus Face of Death Receptor Signaling during Tumor Immunoediting. Front Immunol 2016; 7:446. [PMID: 27843441 PMCID: PMC5086583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immune surveillance is essential for the inhibition of carcinogenesis. Malignantly transformed cells can be recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems through different mechanisms. Immune effector cells induce extrinsic cell death in the identified tumor cells by expressing death ligand cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family. However, some tumor cells can escape immune elimination and progress. Acquisition of resistance to the death ligand-induced apoptotic pathway can be obtained through cleavage of effector cell expressed death ligands into a poorly active form, mutations or silencing of the death receptors, or overexpression of decoy receptors and pro-survival proteins. Although the immune system is highly effective in the elimination of malignantly transformed cells, abnormal/dysfunctional death ligand signaling curbs its cytotoxicity. Moreover, DRs can also transmit pro-survival and pro-migratory signals. Consequently, dysfunctional death receptor-mediated apoptosis/necroptosis signaling does not only give a passive resistance against cell death but actively drives tumor cell motility, invasion, and contributes to consequent metastasis. This dual contribution of the death receptor signaling in both the early, elimination phase, and then in the late, escape phase of the tumor immunoediting process is discussed in this review. Death receptor agonists still hold potential for cancer therapy since they can execute the tumor-eliminating immune effector function even in the absence of activation of the immune system against the tumor. The opportunities and challenges of developing death receptor agonists into effective cancer therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear O' Reilly
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Andrea Tirincsi
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Susan E Logue
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Eva Szegezdi
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
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36
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Weerasinghe SVW, Park MJ, Portney DA, Omary MB. Mouse genetic background contributes to hepatocyte susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3005-3012. [PMID: 27535425 PMCID: PMC5063609 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease progression is modulated by genetic modifiers in mouse strains and across human races and ethnicities. We hypothesized that hepatocyte culture duration and genetic background regulate hepatocyte susceptibility to apoptosis. Hepatocytes were isolated from FVB/N, C57BL/6, and C3H/He mice and cultured or treated with Fas ligand or acetaminophen after different culture times. Protein and mRNA expressions of Fas receptor, caspases-3/7/8, and Bak/Bax/Bid proteins were determined. FVB/N hepatocytes manifested rapid decreases of caspases-3/7 but not caspase-8 as culture time increased, which paralleled decreased susceptibility to apoptosis. Some changes were also found in Fas-receptor and Bak, Bax, and Bid proteins; caspase mRNA decreases were also noted. Caspase protein degradation was partially reversed by lysosomal protease but not proteasome or autophagy inhibitors. C57BL/6 and FVB/N hepatocytes behaved similarly in their limited susceptibility to apoptosis, whereas C3H/He hepatocytes show limited alterations in caspases, with consequent increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Similarly, C3H/He mice were more susceptible than C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice to Fas-mediated liver injury. Therefore there are significant mouse strain-dependent differences in susceptibility to apoptosis and selective loss of caspases upon short-term hepatocyte culture, with consequent decrease in susceptibility to apoptosis. These differences likely reflect genetic modifiers that provide resistance or predisposition to hepatocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith V W Weerasinghe
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel A Portney
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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37
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Ghare SS, Donde H, Chen WY, Barker DF, Gobejishvilli L, McClain CJ, Barve SS, Joshi-Barve S. Acrolein enhances epigenetic modifications, FasL expression and hepatocyte toxicity induced by anti-HIV drug Zidovudine. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:66-76. [PMID: 27238871 PMCID: PMC4938746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zidovudine (AZT) remains the mainstay of antiretroviral therapy against HIV in resource-poor countries; however, its use is frequently associated with hepatotoxicity. Not all HIV patients on AZT develop hepatotoxicity, and the determining factors are unclear. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are known risk factors for HIV hepatotoxicity, and both are significant sources of acrolein, a highly reactive and toxic aldehyde. This study examines the potential hepatotoxic interactions between acrolein and AZT. Our data demonstrate that acrolein markedly enhanced AZT-induced transcriptionally permissive histone modifications (H3K9Ac and H3K9Me3) allowing the recruitment of transcription factor NF-kB and RNA polymerase II at the FasL gene promoter, resulting in FasL upregulation and apoptosis in hepatocytes. Notably, the acrolein scavenger, hydralazine prevented these promoter-associated epigenetic changes and inhibited FasL upregulation and apoptosis induced by the combination of AZT and acrolein, as well as AZT alone. Our data strongly suggest that acrolein enhancement of promoter histone modifications and FasL upregulation are major pathogenic mechanisms driving AZT-induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, these data also indicate the therapeutic potential of hydralazine in mitigating AZT hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Ghare
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hridgandh Donde
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wei-Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - David F Barker
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvilli
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shirish S Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Ku NO, Strnad P, Bantel H, Omary MB. Keratins: Biomarkers and modulators of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in the liver. Hepatology 2016; 64:966-76. [PMID: 26853542 PMCID: PMC4977204 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Keratins, formerly known as cytokeratins, are the major epithelial-specific subgroup of intermediate filament proteins. Adult hepatocytes express keratin polypeptides 8 and 18 (K8/K18), whereas cholangiocytes express K8/K18 and keratins 7 and 19 (K7/K19). Keratins function primarily to protect hepatocytes from apoptosis and necrosis, which was revealed using several genetic mouse models. This cytoprotective function was further clarified by the identification of natural human keratin variants that are normally silent, but become pathogenic by predisposing their carriers to apoptosis during acute or chronic liver injury mediated by toxins, virus infection, or metabolic stress. During apoptosis, caspases cleave K18 and K19 at conserved aspartates (human K18/K19: (235) Val-Glu-Val-Asp(↓) ) and K18 at a unique aspartate (human K18: (394) Asp-Ala-Leu-Asp(↓) ), with the latter exposed epitope becoming recognized by the M30 antibody in blood and tissues. Additional K18-containing protein backbone epitopes are detected using the M6 and M5 (termed M65) antibodies. Intact K18 and its associated fragments, which are released into blood during apoptosis and necrosis in various diseases, have been analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the M30/M65 antibodies or their signal ratios. Furthermore, M30/M65 levels have been used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in acute and chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and acute liver failure. Other keratin biomarkers include K8/K18/K19-related tissue polypeptide antigen, K18-related tissue polypeptide-specific antigen, and K19-related CYFRA-21-1, which have been evaluated mostly in patients with epithelial tumors. CONCLUSION Keratins and their fragments are released into blood during liver and other epithelial tissue injury. The epithelial specificity of K18/K19, epitope unmasking upon caspase digestion, keratin abundance, and relative keratin stability render them useful biomarkers for hepatocyte and cholangiocyte apoptosis and necrosis. However, the precise biochemical nature and release mechanism of circulating keratins remain unknown. (Hepatology 2016;64:966-976).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-On Ku
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7744 Medical Science II, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622,Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 7744 Medical Science II, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622; and VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor MI, 48105
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39
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Tan CT, Zhou QL, Su YC, Fu NY, Chang HC, Tao RN, Sukumaran SK, Baksh S, Tan YJ, Sabapathy K, Yu CD, Yu VC. MOAP-1 Mediates Fas-Induced Apoptosis in Liver by Facilitating tBid Recruitment to Mitochondria. Cell Rep 2016; 16:174-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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40
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Iaboni M, Russo V, Fontanella R, Roscigno G, Fiore D, Donnarumma E, Esposito CL, Quintavalle C, Giangrande PH, de Franciscis V, Condorelli G. Aptamer-miRNA-212 Conjugate Sensitizes NSCLC Cells to TRAIL. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e289. [PMID: 27111415 PMCID: PMC5014461 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising antitumor agent for its remarkable ability to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells, without affecting the viability of healthy bystander cells. The TRAIL tumor suppressor pathway is deregulated in many human malignancies including lung cancer. In human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, sensitization to TRAIL therapy can be restored by increasing the expression levels of the tumor suppressor microRNA-212 (miR-212) leading to inhibition of the anti-apoptotic protein PED/PEA-15 implicated in treatment resistance. In this study, we exploited a previously described RNA aptamer inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase receptor Axl (GL21.T) expressed on lung cancer cells, as a means to deliver miR-212 into human NSCLC cells expressing Axl. We demonstrate efficient delivery of miR-212 following conjugation of the miR to GL21.T (GL21.T-miR212 chimera). We show that the chimera downregulates PED and restores TRAIL-mediate cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Importantly, treatment of Axl+ lung cancer cells with the chimera resulted in (i) an increase in caspase activation and (ii) a reduction of cell viability in combination with TRAIL therapy. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the GL21.T-miR212 chimera can be employed as an adjuvant to TRAIL therapy for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Iaboni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Danilo Fiore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- IEOS, CNR, Naples, Italy
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41
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Oh IS, Park SH. Immune-mediated Liver Injury in Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Immune Netw 2015; 15:191-8. [PMID: 26330805 PMCID: PMC4553257 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.4.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for approximately 350 million chronic infections worldwide and is a leading cause of broad-spectrum liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although it has been well established that adaptive immunity plays a critical role in viral clearance, the pathogenetic mechanisms that cause liver damage during acute and chronic HBV infection remain largely known. This review describes our current knowledge of the immune-mediated pathogenesis of HBV infection and the role of immune cells in the liver injury during hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Soo Oh
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Kuhla A, Thrum M, Schaeper U, Fehring V, Schulze-Topphoff U, Abshagen K, Vollmar B. Liver-specific Fas silencing prevents galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury. Apoptosis 2015; 20:500-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhong W, Qin S, Zhu B, Pu M, Liu F, Wang L, Ye G, Yi Q, Yan D. Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 8 (ORP8) increases sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8876-87. [PMID: 25596532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.610188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatoma (HCC) has been reported to be strongly resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study the function of oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 8 (ORP8) in human hepatoma cells apoptosis was assessed. We found that ORP8 is down-regulated, whereas miR-143, which controls ORP8 expression, is up-regulated in clinical HCC tissues as compared with liver tissue from healthy subjects. ORP8 overexpression triggered apoptosis in primary HCC cells and cell lines, which coincided with a relocation of cytoplasmic Fas to the cell plasma membrane and FasL up-regulation. Co-culture of HepG2 cells or primary HCC cells with Jurkat T-cells or T-cells, respectively, provided further evidence that ORP8 increases HCC cell sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis. ORP8-induced Fas translocation is p53-dependent, and FasL was induced upon ORP8 overexpression via the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Moreover, ORP8 overexpression and miR-143 inhibition markedly inhibited tumor growth in a HepG2 cell xenograft model. These results indicate that ORP8 induces HCC cell apoptosis through the Fas/FasL pathway. The role of ORP8 in Fas translocation to the plasma membrane and its down-regulation by miR-143 offer a putative mechanistic explanation for HCC resistance to apoptosis. ORP8 may be a potential target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Zhong
- From the Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shengying Qin
- From the Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Biying Zhu
- From the Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Miaoshui Pu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou 510010, China, and
| | - Fupei Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lin Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guilin Ye
- From the Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qing Yi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Daoguang Yan
- From the Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China,
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Urbanik T, Koehler BC, Wolpert L, Elßner C, Scherr AL, Longerich T, Kautz N, Welte S, Hövelmeyer N, Jäger D, Waisman A, Schulze-Bergkamen H. CYLD deletion triggers nuclear factor-κB-signaling and increases cell death resistance in murine hepatocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17049-17064. [PMID: 25493017 PMCID: PMC4258573 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the role of CYLD for receptor-mediated cell death of murine hepatocytes in acute liver injury models.
METHODS: Hepatocyte cell death in CYLD knockout mice (CYLD-/-) was analyzed by application of liver injury models for CD95- (Jo2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- [D-GalN/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] induced apoptosis. Liver injury was assessed by measurement of serum transaminases and histological analysis. Apoptosis induction was quantified by cleaved PARP staining and Western blotting of activated caspases. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB, ERK, Akt and jun amino-terminal kinases signaling were assessed. Primary Hepatocytes were isolated by two step-collagenase perfusion and treated with recombinant TNF-α and with the CD95-ligand Jo2. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT-assay.
RESULTS: Livers of CYLD-/- mice showed increased anti-apoptotic NF-κB signaling. In both applied liver injury models CYLD-/- mice showed a significantly reduced apoptosis sensitivity. After D-GalN/LPS treatment CYLD-/- mice exhibited significantly lower levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (295 U/L vs 859 U/L, P < 0.05) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (560 U/L vs 1025 U/L, P < 0.01). After Jo injection CYLD-/- mice showed 2-fold lower ALT (50 U/L vs 110 U/L, P < 0.01) and lower AST (250 U/L vs 435 U/L, P < 0.01) serum-levels compared to WT mice. In addition, isolated CYLD-/- primary murine hepatocytes (PMH) were less sensitive towards death receptor-mediated apoptosis and showed increased levels of Bcl-2, XIAP, cIAP1/2, survivin and c-FLIP expression upon TNF- and CD95-receptor triggering, respectively. Inhibition of NF-κB activation by the inhibitor of NF-κB phosphorylation inhibitor BAY 11-7085 inhibited the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and re-sensitized CYLD-/- PMH towards TNF- and CD95-receptor mediated cell death.
CONCLUSION: CYLD is a central regulator of apoptotic cell death in murine hepatocytes by controlling NF-κB dependent anti-apoptotic signaling.
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Liu W, Lin YT, Yan XL, Ding YL, Wu YL, Chen WN, Lin X. Hepatitis B virus core protein inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis of hepatoma cells via regulation of mFas/FasL and sFas expression. FASEB J 2014; 29:1113-23. [PMID: 25466893 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-263822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc) has been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis through several mechanisms. Resistance of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected hepatocytes to apoptosis is considered one of the major contributors to the progression of chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis and ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma. The Fas receptor/ligand (Fas/FasL) system plays a prominent role in hepatocyte death during HBV infection. Here we report that HBc mediates resistance of hepatoma cells to agonistic anti-Fas antibody (CH11)-induced apoptosis. When HBc was introduced into human hepatoma cells, the cells became resistant to CH11 cytotoxicity in a p53-dependent manner. HBc significantly down-regulated the expression of p53, total Fas, and membrane-bound Fas at the mRNA and protein levels and reduced FasL mRNA expression. In contrast, HBc up-regulated the expression of soluble forms of Fas by increasing Fas alternative mRNA splicing. Mechanistically, HBc-mediated Fas alternative mRNA splicing was associated with up-regulation of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 and down-regulation of Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase. These results indicated that HBc may prevent hepatocytes from Fas-induced apoptosis by the dual effects of reducing the expression of the proapoptotic form of Fas and enhancing the expression of the antiapoptotic form of the receptor, which may contribute to the survival and persistence of infected hepatocytes during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- *Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China; and Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China
| | - Yan-Ting Lin
- *Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China; and Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yan
- *Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China; and Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China
| | - Ya-Lan Ding
- *Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China; and Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China
| | - Yun-Li Wu
- *Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China; and Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China
| | - Wan-Nan Chen
- *Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China; and Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- *Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China; and Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Minhou, China
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Luedde T, Kaplowitz N, Schwabe RF. Cell death and cell death responses in liver disease: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:765-783.e4. [PMID: 25046161 PMCID: PMC4531834 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular death is present in almost all types of human liver disease and is used as a sensitive parameter for the detection of acute and chronic liver disease of viral, toxic, metabolic, or autoimmune origin. Clinical data and animal models suggest that hepatocyte death is the key trigger of liver disease progression, manifested by the subsequent development of inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Modes of hepatocellular death differ substantially between liver diseases. Different modes of cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis trigger specific cell death responses and promote progression of liver disease through distinct mechanisms. In this review, we first discuss molecular mechanisms by which different modes of cell death, damage-associated molecular patterns, and specific cell death responses contribute to the development of liver disease. We then review the clinical relevance of cell death, focusing on biomarkers; the contribution of cell death to drug-induced, viral, and fatty liver disease and liver cancer; and evidence for cell death pathways as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck
School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
USA
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Medicine; Institute of Human Nutrition,
Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr.
Tom Luedde, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Medicine III, Division of GI-
and Hepatobiliary Oncology University Hospital RWTH Aachen.
Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen; Germany or
Dr. Robert F. Schwabe Columbia University Department of Medicine; Institute of
Human Nutrition Russ Berrie Pavilion, Room 415 1150 St. Nicholas Ave New York,
NY 10032; USA
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Lazic M, Eguchi A, Berk MP, Povero D, Papouchado B, Mulya A, Johnson CD, Feldstein AE. Differential regulation of inflammation and apoptosis in Fas-resistant hepatocyte-specific Bid-deficient mice. J Hepatol 2014; 61:107-15. [PMID: 24681344 PMCID: PMC4712949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation of Fas death receptor results in apoptosis in multiple organs, particularly liver, in a process dependent on Bid cleavage. Mice injected with an anti-Fas antibody die within hours of acute liver failure associated with massive apoptosis and hemorrhage. Our aim was to investigate the crosstalk of apoptotic and inflammatory pathways and the contribution of selective hepatocellular apoptosis during in vivo Fas activation. METHODS We generated hepatocyte-specific Bid deficient mice (hBid(-/-)). Acute liver injury was induced by Fas-activating antibody (Jo2) in a time-course study. RESULTS In contrast to controls, nearly all Jo2 injected hBid(-/-) survived. Their livers showed complete protection against hepatocellular apoptosis with minimal focal hemorrhagic changes and mainly non-parenchymal cell apoptosis. In agreement, the hepatocytes had no mitochondrial cytochrome c release in cytosol, or caspase 3 activation. hBid(-/-) livers showed marked increase in acute inflammatory foci composed of neutrophils and monocytes associated with the increased expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, in the manner dependent on non-canonical interleukin-1β activation and amplified in the absence of caspase-3 activation. In addition, hBid(-/-) mice were completely protected from hepatotoxicity and the infiltrated cells were cleared 2 weeks post single Jo2 injection. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocyte Bid suppression is critical for the resistance to the lethal effects of Fas activation in vivo. Fas signaling induces differential activation of non-canonical interleukin-1β maturation, amplified in the absence of apoptotic Bid-mitochondrial loop, in hepatocytes. These findings may have important pathophysiological and therapeutic implications in a variety of liver disorders associated with Fas activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Lazic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Davide Povero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bettina Papouchado
- Department of Pathology, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Anny Mulya
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Casey D. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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48
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Jedicke N, Struever N, Aggrawal N, Welte T, Manns MP, Malek NP, Zender L, Janciauskiene S, Wuestefeld T. α-1-antitrypsin inhibits acute liver failure in mice. Hepatology 2014; 59:2299-308. [PMID: 24449466 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute liver failure remains a critical clinical condition, with high mortality rates, and increased apoptosis of hepatocytes represents a key event in the cause of liver failure. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is synthesized and secreted mainly by hepatocytes, and plasma purified AAT is used for augmentation therapy in patients with AAT deficiency. Because AAT therapy exerts antiinflammatory and immune modulatory activities in various experimental models, and it was recently suggested that AAT exerts antiapoptotic activities, we aimed to explore whether administration of AAT may represent a therapeutic strategy to treat acute liver failure in mice. Well-established preclinical models of acute liver failure such as the Jo2 FAS/CD95 activating model and models of acetaminophen and α-amanitin poisoning were used. Therapeutic effects of AAT were evaluated by monitoring animal survival, histopathological changes, measurement of caspase activity, and serum cytokine levels. Systemic treatment with AAT significantly decreased Jo2-induced liver cell apoptosis and prolonged survival of mice. Native and oxidized (lacking elastase inhibitory activity) forms of AAT were equally effective in preventing acute liver injury and showed direct inhibition of active caspase-3 and -8 in liver homogenates and in a cell-free system in vitro. Concomitantly, mice treated with AAT showed significantly lower serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which also paralleled the reduced activity of ADAM17 (TACE). Noticeably, the increased survival and a reduction of apoptotic hepatocytes were also observed in the α-amanitin and acetaminophen-induced liver injury mouse models. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that systemic administration of AAT can be a promising therapy to treat acute liver failure and clinical studies to explore this treatment in humans should be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Jedicke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Chronic Infection and Cancer Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Mastroianni CM, Lichtner M, Mascia C, Zuccalà P, Vullo V. Molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV coinfection. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9184-208. [PMID: 24865485 PMCID: PMC4100089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in people coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Several studies have shown that HIV infection promotes accelerated HCV hepatic fibrosis progression, even with HIV replication under full antiretroviral control. The pathogenesis of accelerated hepatic fibrosis among HIV/HCV coinfected individuals is complex and multifactorial. The most relevant mechanisms involved include direct viral effects, immune/cytokine dysregulation, altered levels of matrix metalloproteinases and fibrosis biomarkers, increased oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis, HIV-associated gut depletion of CD4 cells, and microbial translocation. In addition, metabolic alterations, heavy alcohol use, as well drug use, may have a potential role in liver disease progression. Understanding the pathophysiology and regulation of liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infection may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for the management of all patients with ongoing liver disease. In this review, we therefore discuss the evidence and potential molecular mechanisms involved in the accelerated liver fibrosis seen in patients coinfected with HIV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Mascia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Zuccalà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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50
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Eguchi A, Wree A, Feldstein AE. Biomarkers of liver cell death. J Hepatol 2014; 60:1063-74. [PMID: 24412608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte cell death during liver injury was classically viewed to occur by either programmed (apoptosis), or accidental, uncontrolled cell death (necrosis). Growing evidence from our increasing understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in cell demise has provided an expanding view of various modes of cell death that can be triggered during both acute and chronic liver damage such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagic cell death. The complexity of non-invasively assessing the predominant mode of cell death during a specific liver insult in either experimental in vivo models or in humans is highlighted by the fact that in many instances there is significant crosstalk and overlap between the different cell death pathways. Nevertheless, the realization that during cell demise triggered by a specific mode of cell death certain intracellular molecules such as proteins, newly generated protein fragments, or MicroRNAs are released from hepatocytes into the extracellular space and may appear in circulation have spurred a significant interest in the development of non-invasive markers to monitor liver cell death. This review focuses on some of the most promising markers, and their potential role in assessing the presence and severity of liver damage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
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