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Zhao SK, Yeung EH, Ouidir M, Hinkle SN, Grantz KL, Mitro SD, Wu J, Stevens DR, Chatterjee S, Tekola-Ayele F, Zhang C. Recreational physical activity before and during pregnancy and placental DNA methylation-an epigenome-wide association study. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1168-1183. [PMID: 35771992 PMCID: PMC9535520 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) prior to and during pregnancy may have intergenerational effects on offspring health through placental epigenetic modifications. We are unaware of epidemiologic studies on longitudinal PA and placental DNA methylation. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between PA before and during pregnancy and placental DNA methylation. METHODS Placental tissues were obtained at delivery and methylation was measured using HumanMethylation450 Beadchips for participants in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons among 298 participants. Using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire, women recalled periconception PA (past 12 mo) at 8-13 wk of gestation and PA since last visit at 4 follow-up visits at 16-22, 24-29, 30-33, and 34-37 wk. We conducted linear regression for associations of PA at each visit with methylation controlling for false discovery rate (FDR). Top 100 CpGs were queried for enrichment of functional pathways using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS Periconception PA was significantly associated with 1 CpG site. PA since last visit for visits 1-4 was associated with 2, 2, 8, and 0 CpGs (log fold changes ranging from -0.0319 to 0.0080, after controlling for FDR). The largest change in methylation occurred at a site in TIMP2 , which is known to encode a protein critical for vasodilation, placentation, and uterine expansion during pregnancy (log fold change: -0.05; 95% CI: -0.06, -0.03 per metabolic equivalent of task-h/wk at 30-33 wk). Most significantly enriched pathways include cardiac hypertrophy signaling, B-cell receptor signaling, and netrin signaling. Significant CpGs and enriched pathways varied by visit. CONCLUSIONS Recreational PA in the year prior and during pregnancy was associated with placental DNA methylation. The associated CpG sites varied based on timing of PA. If replicated, the findings may inform the mechanisms underlying the impacts of PA on placenta health. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00912132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifang Kathy Zhao
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Marion Ouidir
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefanie N Hinkle
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine L Grantz
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susanna D Mitro
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Glotech, Inc, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Danielle R Stevens
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suvo Chatterjee
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fasil Tekola-Ayele
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Saelee P, Kearly A, Nutt SL, Garrett-Sinha LA. Genome-Wide Identification of Target Genes for the Key B Cell Transcription Factor Ets1. Front Immunol 2017; 8:383. [PMID: 28439269 PMCID: PMC5383717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor Ets1 is highly expressed in B lymphocytes. Loss of Ets1 leads to premature B cell differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), secretion of autoantibodies, and development of autoimmune disease. Despite the importance of Ets1 in B cell biology, few Ets1 target genes are known in these cells. Results To obtain a more complete picture of the function of Ets1 in regulating B cell differentiation, we performed Ets1 ChIP-seq in primary mouse B cells to identify >10,000-binding sites, many of which were localized near genes that play important roles in B cell activation and differentiation. Although Ets1 bound to many sites in the genome, it was required for regulation of less than 5% of them as evidenced by gene expression changes in B cells lacking Ets1. The cohort of genes whose expression was altered included numerous genes that have been associated with autoimmune disease susceptibility. We focused our attention on four such Ets1 target genes Ptpn22, Stat4, Egr1, and Prdm1 to assess how they might contribute to Ets1 function in limiting ASC formation. We found that dysregulation of these particular targets cannot explain altered ASC differentiation in the absence of Ets1. Conclusion We have identified genome-wide binding targets for Ets1 in B cells and determined that a relatively small number of these putative target genes require Ets1 for their normal expression. Interestingly, a cohort of genes associated with autoimmune disease susceptibility is among those that are regulated by Ets1. Identification of the target genes of Ets1 in B cells will help provide a clearer picture of how Ets1 regulates B cell responses and how its loss promotes autoantibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prontip Saelee
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Kearly
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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3
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Review of Ets1 structure, function, and roles in immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3375-90. [PMID: 23288305 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ets1 transcription factor is a member of the Ets gene family and is highly conserved throughout evolution. Ets1 is known to regulate a number of important biological processes in normal cells and in tumors. In particular, Ets1 has been associated with regulation of immune cell function and with an aggressive behavior in tumors that express it at high levels. Here we review and summarize the general features of Ets1 and describe its roles in immunity and autoimmunity, with a focus on its roles in B lymphocytes. We also review evidence that suggests that Ets1 may play a role in malignant transformation of hematopoietic malignancies including B cell malignancies.
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Bissonnette SL, Haas A, Mann KK, Schlezinger JJ. The role of CaMKII in calcium-activated death pathways in bone marrow B cells. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:108-18. [PMID: 20810541 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is an essential signaling molecule in developing B cells, thus altering calcium dynamics represents a potential target for toxicant effects. GW7845, a tyrosine analog and potent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist, induces rapid mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent apoptosis in bone marrow B cells. Changes in calcium dynamics are capable of mediating rapid initiation of cell death; therefore, we investigated the contribution of calcium to GW7845-induced apoptosis. Treatment of a nontransformed murine pro/pre-B cell line (BU-11) with GW7845 (40 μM) resulted in intracellular calcium release. Multiple features of GW7845-induced cell death were suppressed by the calcium chelator BAPTA, including MAPK activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation. A likely mechanism for the calcium-mediated effects is activation of CaMKII, a calcium-dependent MAP4K. We observed that three CaMKII isoforms (β, γ, and δ) are expressed in lymphoid tissues and bone marrow B cells. Treatment with GW7845 increased CaMKII activity. All features of GW7845-induced cell death, except loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, were suppressed by CaMKII inhibitors (KN93 and AIP-II), suggesting the activation of multiple calcium-driven pathways. To determine if CaMKII activation is a common feature of early B cell death following perturbation of Ca(2+) flux, we dissected tributyltin (TBT)-induced death signaling. High-dose TBT (1 μM) is known to activate calcium-dependent death. TBT induced rapid apoptosis that was associated with intracellular calcium release, CaMKII activation and MAPK activation, and was inhibited by AIP-II. Thus, we show that early B cells are susceptible to calcium-triggered cell death through a CaMKII/MAPK-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Bissonnette
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Abstract
Whether B-1a (CD5+) cells are a distinct lineage derived from committed fetal/neonatal precursors or arise from follicular B-2 cells in response to BCR ligation and other, unknown signals remains controversial. Recent evidence indicates that B-1a cells can derive from adult precursors expressing an appropriate specificity when the (self-) antigen is present. Antibody specificity determines whether a B cell expressing immunoglobulin transgenes has a B-2, B-1a or marginal zone (MZ) phenotype. MZ cells share many phenotypic characteristics of B-1 cells and, like them, appear to develop in response to T independent type 2 antigens. Because fetal-derived B cell progenitors fail to express terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and for other reasons, they are likely to express a repertoire that allows selection into the B-1a population. As it is selected by self-antigen, the B-1 repertoire tends to be autoreactive. This potentially dangerous repertoire is also useful, as B-1 cells are essential for resistance to several pathogens and they play an important role in mucosal immunity. The CD5 molecule can function as a negative regulator of BCR signaling that may help prevent inappropriate activation of autoreactive B-1a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Berland
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Abstract
Cellular responses to environmental stimuli are controlled by a series of signaling cascades that transduce extracellular signals from ligand-activated cell surface receptors to the nucleus. Although most pathways were initially thought to be linear, it has become apparent that there is a dynamic interplay between signaling pathways that result in the complex pattern of cell-type specific responses required for proliferation, differentiation and survival. One group of nuclear effectors of these signaling pathways are the Ets family of transcription factors, directing cytoplasmic signals to the control of gene expression. This family is defined by a highly conserved DNA binding domain that binds the core consensus sequence GGAA/T. Signaling pathways such as the MAP kinases, Erk1 and 2, p38 and JNK, the PI3 kinases and Ca2+-specific signals activated by growth factors or cellular stresses, converge on the Ets family of factors, controlling their activity, protein partnerships and specification of downstream target genes. Interestingly, Ets family members can act as both upstream and downstream effectors of signaling pathways. As downstream effectors their activities are directly controlled by specific phosphorylations, resulting in their ability to activate or repress specific target genes. As upstream effectors they are responsible for the spacial and temporal expression or numerous growth factor receptors. This review provides a brief survey of what is known to date about how this family of transcription factors is regulated by cellular signaling with a special focus on Ras responsive elements (RREs), the MAP kinases (Erks, p38 and JNK) and Ca2+-specific pathways and includes a description of the multiple roles of Ets family members in the lymphoid system. Finally, we will discuss other potential mechanisms and pathways involved in the regulation of this important family of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Yordy
- Center for Molecular and Structural Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, SC 29403, USA
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Merchant M, Caldwell RG, Longnecker R. The LMP2A ITAM is essential for providing B cells with development and survival signals in vivo. J Virol 2000; 74:9115-24. [PMID: 10982358 PMCID: PMC102110 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.19.9115-9124.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells, known as lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), LMP2A binds the tyrosine kinases Syk and Lyn, blocking B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and viral lytic replication. SH2 domains in Syk mediate binding to a phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in LMP2A. Mutation of the LMP2A ITAM in LCLs eliminates Syk binding and allows for full BCR signaling, thereby delineating the significance of the LMP2A-Syk interaction. In transgenic mice, LMP2A causes a developmental alteration characterized by a block in surface immunoglobulin rearrangement resulting in BCR-negative B cells. Normally B cells lacking cognate BCR are rapidly apoptosed; however, LMP2A transgenic B cells develop and survive without a BCR. When bred into the recombinase activating gene 1 null (RAG(-/-)) background, all LMP2A transgenic lines produce BCR-negative B cells that develop and survive in the periphery. These data indicate that LMP2A imparts developmental and survival signals to B cells in vivo. In this study, LMP2A ITAM mutant transgenic mice were generated to investigate whether the LMP2A ITAM is essential for the survival phenotype in vivo. LMP2A ITAM mutant B cells develop normally, although transgene expression is comparable to that in previously described nonmutated LMP2A transgenic B cells. Additionally, LMP2A ITAM mutant mice are unable to promote B-cell development or survival when bred into the RAG(-/-) background or when grown in methylcellulose containing interleukin-7. These data demonstrate that the LMP2A ITAM is required for LMP2A-mediated developmental and survival signals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merchant
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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8
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Abstract
CD5 is a type I transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of T cells and of B1 B cells. The analysis of CD5-deficient mice suggests that CD5 can down-regulate positive signals from the antigen receptors on T and B cells but the mechanism is not known at present. In contrast to the extracellular domain the 93 amino acid long cytoplasmic domain of CD5 is highly conserved between CD5 proteins of different mammalian species. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified two proteins which specifically bind to the N-terminal part of the CD5 cytoplasmic sequence. These are the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIdelta and Tctex-1, a light chain component of the dynein motor complex. The interaction of CD5 with the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIdelta was reproduced in vitro using fusion proteins. The potential function of these proteins in CD5 internalization and negative signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bauch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie and Biologie III, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Morris TA, DeLorenzo RJ, Tombes RM. CaMK-II inhibition reduces cyclin D1 levels and enhances the association of p27kip1 with Cdk2 to cause G1 arrest in NIH 3T3 cells. Exp Cell Res 1998; 240:218-27. [PMID: 9596994 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMK-II) inhibitor KN-93 has been shown to reversibly arrest mouse and human cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle [Tombes, R. M., Westin, E., Grant. S., and Krystal, G. (1995) Cell Growth Differ. 6, 1073-1070; Rasmussen, G., and Rasmussen, C. (1995) Biochem. Cell Biol. 71, 201-207]. The stimulation of Ca(2+)-independent (autonomous) CaMK-II enzymatic activity, a barometer of in situ activated CaMK-II, was prevented by the same KN-93 concentrations that cause G1 phase arrest. KN-93 caused the retinoblastoma protein pRB to become dephosphorylated and the activity of both cdk2 and cdk4, two potential pRb kinases, to decrease. Neither the activity of p42MAP kinase, an early response G1 signaling molecule, nor the phosphorylation status or DNA-binding capability of the transcription factors serum response factor and cAMP responsive element-binding protein was altered during this G1 arrest. The protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) and cdk4 were unaffected during this G1 arrest and the total cellular levels of the cdk inhibitors p21cip1 and p27kip1 were not increased. Instead, the cdk4 activity decreases resulting from KN-93 were the result of a 75% decrease in cyclin D1 levels. In contrast, cyclin A and E levels were relatively constant. Cdk2 activity decreases were primarily the result of enhanced p27kip1 association with cdk2/cyclin E. All of these phenomena were unaffected by KN-93's inactive analog, KN-92, and were reversible upon KN-93 washout. The kinetics of recovery from cell cycle arrest were similar to those reported for other G1 phase blockers. These results suggest a mechanism by which G1 Ca2+ signals could be linked via calmodulin-dependent phosphorylations to the cell cycle-controlling machinery through cyclins and cdk inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Morris
- Massey Cancer Center, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0230, USA
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10
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Su GH, Chen HM, Muthusamy N, Garrett-Sinha LA, Baunoch D, Tenen DG, Simon MC. Defective B cell receptor-mediated responses in mice lacking the Ets protein, Spi-B. EMBO J 1997; 16:7118-29. [PMID: 9384589 PMCID: PMC1170313 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/16.23.7118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spi-B is a hematopoietic-specific Ets family transcription factor closely related to PU.1. Previous gene targeting experiments have shown that PU.1 is essential for the production of both lymphocytes and monocytes. We have now generated mice with a null mutation at the Spi-B locus. Unlike PU.1 mutant mice, Spi-B-/- mice are viable, fertile and possess mature B and T lymphocytes. However, Spi-B-/- mice exhibit severe abnormalities in B cell function and selective T cell-dependent humoral immune responses. First, although Spi-B-/- splenic B cells respond normally to lipopolysaccharide stimulation in vitro, these B cells proliferate poorly and die in response to B cell receptor (surface IgM) cross-linking. Secondly, Spi-B-/- mice display abnormal T-dependent antigenic responses in vivo and produce low levels of antigen-specific IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b after immunization. Finally, Spi-B-/- mice show a dramatic defect in germinal center formation and maintenance. In contrast to wild-type animals, germinal centers in Spi-B-/- mice are smaller and short-lived with significantly increased numbers of apoptotic B cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Spi-B is essential for antigen-dependent expansion of B cells, T-dependent immune responses and maturation of normal germinal centers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Su
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
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11
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Abstract
Cross-linking of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) leads to the activation of three types of intracellular protein tyrosine kinases. These tyrosine kinases then phosphorylate signaling components to activate a variety of signaling reactions, including phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis, Ras activation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Each of these signaling reactions, and also the signaling molecules Vav and HS1, appears to be important for at least some of the many types of B cell responses to antigen. The complexity of BCR signaling reactions may be required to allow the B cell to respond in a number of distinct ways to antigen (proliferation, survival, apoptosis, maturational arrest, etc.) depending on the maturation state of the B cell, the location in the body, the physical nature of the antigen, and the possible presence of the antigen in complex with antibody or complement components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L DeFranco
- George Williams Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0552, USA.
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12
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Bassuk AG, Leiden JM. The role of Ets transcription factors in the development and function of the mammalian immune system. Adv Immunol 1997; 64:65-104. [PMID: 9100980 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A G Bassuk
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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