1
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Sahoo S, Dhaka N, Mukherjee SP. Backbone triple resonance assignments of the dimerization domain of NF-kappaB p52 subunit. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2024:10.1007/s12104-024-10179-1. [PMID: 38856960 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-024-10179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
NF-kappaB is a family of inducible transcription factors playing an important role in immune response in vertebrates. All the five members of the family function as dimers in various combinations. Though all the family members recognize and bind to similar DNA elements to regulate the transcription of its target genes, the dimer composition can lead to differential transcriptional outcomes. Here we report the backbone resonance assignment of the 24.2 kDa homodimer of p52 subunit of the NF-kB family. The p52 subunit of NF-kB is a crucial player in the non-canonical NF-kB pathway and its dysregulation has shown detrimental effects in immune response leading to various inflammatory diseases and cancers. While the β-strands predicted using the backbone chemical shifts in this study largely conform with the available crystal structure, the helical turns present in the crystal structure are not observed in our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunirmala Sahoo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India
| | - Nitin Dhaka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sulakshana P Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India.
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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2
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Deka K, Li Y. Transcriptional Regulation during Aberrant Activation of NF-κB Signalling in Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:788. [PMID: 36899924 PMCID: PMC10001244 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB signalling pathway is a major signalling cascade involved in the regulation of inflammation and innate immunity. It is also increasingly recognised as a crucial player in many steps of cancer initiation and progression. The five members of the NF-κB family of transcription factors are activated through two major signalling pathways, the canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB pathway is prevalently activated in various human malignancies as well as inflammation-related disease conditions. Meanwhile, the significance of non-canonical NF-κB pathway in disease pathogenesis is also increasingly recognized in recent studies. In this review, we discuss the double-edged role of the NF-κB pathway in inflammation and cancer, which depends on the severity and extent of the inflammatory response. We also discuss the intrinsic factors, including selected driver mutations, and extrinsic factors, such as tumour microenvironment and epigenetic modifiers, driving aberrant activation of NF-κB in multiple cancer types. We further provide insights into the importance of the interaction of NF-κB pathway components with various macromolecules to its role in transcriptional regulation in cancer. Finally, we provide a perspective on the potential role of aberrant NF-κB activation in altering the chromatin landscape to support oncogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakshi Deka
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yinghui Li
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
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3
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Ye Y, Zhou J. The protective activity of natural flavonoids against osteoarthritis by targeting NF-κB signaling pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1117489. [PMID: 36998478 PMCID: PMC10043491 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1117489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a typical joint disease associated with chronic inflammation. The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway plays an important role in inflammatory activity and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation can be a potential strategy for treating OA. Flavonoids are a class of naturally occurring polyphenols with anti-inflammatory properties. Structurally, natural flavonoids can be divided into several sub-groups, including flavonols, flavones, flavanols/catechins, flavanones, anthocyanins, and isoflavones. Increasing evidence demonstrates that natural flavonoids exhibit protective activity against the pathological changes of OA by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Potentially, natural flavonoids may suppress NF-κB signaling-mediated inflammatory responses, ECM degradation, and chondrocyte apoptosis. The different biological actions of natural flavonoids against the NF-κB signaling pathway in OA chondrocytes might be associated with the differentially substituted groups on the structures. In this review, the efficacy and action mechanism of natural flavonoids against the development of OA are discussed by targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Potentially, flavonoids could become useful inhibitors of the NF-κB signaling pathway for the therapeutic management of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianguo Zhou,
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4
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Papoutsopoulou S, Tang J, Elramli AH, Williams JM, Gupta N, Ikuomola FI, Sheibani-Tezerji R, Alam MT, Hernández-Fernaud JR, Caamaño JH, Probert CS, Muller W, Duckworth CA, Pritchard DM. Nfkb2 deficiency and its impact on plasma cells and immunoglobulin expression in murine small intestinal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G306-G317. [PMID: 35916405 PMCID: PMC9485003 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00037.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The alternative (noncanonical) nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway predominantly regulates the function of the p52/RelB heterodimer. Germline Nfkb2 deficiency in mice leads to loss of p100/p52 protein and offers protection against a variety of gastrointestinal conditions, including azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis-associated cancer and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced small intestinal epithelial apoptosis. However, the common underlying protective mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. We applied high-throughput RNA-Seq and proteomic analyses to characterize the transcriptional and protein signatures of the small intestinal mucosa of naïve adult Nfkb2-/- mice. Those data were validated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative ELISA using both small intestinal tissue lysates and serum. We identified a B-lymphocyte defect as a major transcriptional signature in the small intestinal mucosa and immunoglobulin A as the most downregulated protein by proteomic analysis in Nfkb2-/- mice. Small intestinal immunoglobulins were dramatically dysregulated, with undetectable levels of immunoglobulin A and greatly increased amounts of immunoglobulin M being detected. The numbers of IgA-producing, cluster of differentiation (CD)138-positive plasma cells were also reduced in the lamina propria of the small intestinal villi of Nfkb2-/- mice. This phenotype was even more striking in the small intestinal mucosa of RelB-/- mice, although these mice were equally sensitive to LPS-induced intestinal apoptosis as their RelB+/+ wild-type counterparts. NF-κB2/p52 deficiency confers resistance to LPS-induced small intestinal apoptosis and also appears to regulate the plasma cell population and immunoglobulin levels within the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Novel transcriptomic analysis of murine proximal intestinal mucosa revealed an unexpected B cell signature in Nfkb2-/- mice. In-depth analysis revealed a defect in the CD38+ B cell population and a gut-specific dysregulation of immunoglobulin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,2Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Joseph Tang
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed H. Elramli
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,3Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Jonathan M. Williams
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,4Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal
Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Nitika Gupta
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Felix I. Ikuomola
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mohammad T. Alam
- 6Warwick Medical School, Bioinformatics RTP, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,7Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juan R. Hernández-Fernaud
- 6Warwick Medical School, Bioinformatics RTP, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,8Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jorge H. Caamaño
- 9College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S. Probert
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Muller
- 10Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie A. Duckworth
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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5
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Ghosh G, Wang VYF. Origin of the Functional Distinctiveness of NF-κB/p52. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764164. [PMID: 34888310 PMCID: PMC8650618 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription regulators of the NF-κB family have emerged as a critical factor affecting the function of various adult tissues. The NF-κB family transcription factors are homo- and heterodimers made up of five monomers (p50, p52, RelA, cRel and RelB). The family is distinguished by sequence homology in their DNA binding and dimerization domains, which enables them to bind similar DNA response elements and participate in similar biological programs through transcriptional activation and repression of hundreds of genes. Even though the family members are closely related in terms of sequence and function, they all display distinct activities. In this review, we discuss the sequence characteristics, protein and DNA interactions, and pathogenic involvement of one member of family, NF-κB/p52, relative to that of other members. We pinpoint the small sequence variations within the conserved region that are mostly responsible for its distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourisankar Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Vivien Ya-Fan Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.,Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
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6
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NF-κB in Gastric Cancer Development and Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080870. [PMID: 34440074 PMCID: PMC8389569 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is considered one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide and, thus, a major health problem. A variety of environmental factors including physical and chemical noxae, as well as pathogen infections could contribute to the development of gastric cancer. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and its dysregulation has a major impact on gastric carcinogenesis due to the regulation of cytokines/chemokines, growth factors, anti-apoptotic factors, cell cycle regulators, and metalloproteinases. Changes in NF-κB signaling are directed by genetic alterations in the transcription factors themselves, but also in NF-κB signaling molecules. NF-κB actively participates in the crosstalk of the cells in the tumor micromilieu with divergent effects on the heterogeneous tumor cell and immune cell populations. Thus, the benefits/consequences of therapeutic targeting of NF-κB have to be carefully evaluated. In this review, we address recent knowledge about the mechanisms and consequences of NF-κB dysregulation in gastric cancer development and therapy.
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7
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Morgan D, Garg M, Tergaonkar V, Tan SY, Sethi G. Pharmacological significance of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188449. [PMID: 33058996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the impact of the non-canonical NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) pathway in several human diseases including autoimmune, inflammatory and cancers has been on the rise. This pathway induces the expression of several important genes involved in diverse biological processes. Though progress has been made in understanding the activation, regulation and biological functions of the non-canonical NF-κB signaling mechanism, no specific drug has been approved to target NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK), the key signaling molecule in this pathway. The inhibition of NIK can serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for various ailments, especially for the treatment of different types of human cancers. There are other targetable downstream molecules in this pathway as well. This review highlights the possible role of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in normal physiology as well as in different cancers and discusses about various pharmacological strategies to modulate the activation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhakshayini Morgan
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119 074, Singapore
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119 074, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - Soo Yong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119 074, Singapore; Advanced Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117 600, Singapore.
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8
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NF-κB Signaling Regulates Physiological and Pathological Chondrogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246275. [PMID: 31842396 PMCID: PMC6941088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes that control cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as genes that respond to inflammation and immune responses. There are two means of NF-κB activation: the classical pathway, which involves the degradation of the inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), and the alternative pathway, which involves the NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK, also known as MAP3K14). The mouse growth plate consists of the resting zone, proliferative zone, prehypertrophic zone, and hypertrophic zone. The p65 (RelA), which plays a central role in the classical pathway, is expressed throughout the cartilage layer, from the resting zone to the hypertrophic zone. Inhibiting the classical NF-κB signaling pathway blocks growth hormone (GH) or insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) signaling, suppresses cell proliferation, and suppresses bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) expression, thereby promoting apoptosis. Since the production of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-17, are regulated by the classical pathways and are increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), NF-κB inhibitors are used to suppress inflammation and joint destruction in RA models. In osteoarthritis (OA) models, the strength of NF-κB-activation is found to regulate the facilitation or suppression of OA. On the other hand, RelB is involved in the alternative pathway, and is expressed in the periarticular zone during the embryonic period of development. The alternative pathway is involved in the generation of chondrocytes in the proliferative zone during physiological conditions, and in the development of RA and OA during pathological conditions. Thus, NF-κB is an important molecule that controls normal development and the pathological destruction of cartilage.
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9
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Andreas N, Potthast M, Geiselhöringer AL, Garg G, de Jong R, Riewaldt J, Russkamp D, Riemann M, Girard JP, Blank S, Kretschmer K, Schmidt-Weber C, Korn T, Weih F, Ohnmacht C. RelB Deficiency in Dendritic Cells Protects from Autoimmune Inflammation Due to Spontaneous Accumulation of Tissue T Regulatory Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2602-2613. [PMID: 31578269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are well-known immune suppressor cells in various settings. In this study, we provide evidence that knockout of the relB gene in dendritic cells (DCs) of C57BL/6 mice results in a spontaneous and systemic accumulation of Foxp3+ T regulatory T cells (Tregs) partially at the expense of microbiota-reactive Tregs. Deletion of nfkb2 does not fully recapitulate this phenotype, indicating that alternative NF-κB activation via the RelB/p52 complex is not solely responsible for Treg accumulation. Deletion of RelB in DCs further results in an impaired oral tolerance induction and a marked type 2 immune bias among accumulated Foxp3+ Tregs reminiscent of a tissue Treg signature. Tissue Tregs were fully functional, expanded independently of IL-33, and led to an almost complete Treg-dependent protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, we provide clear evidence that RelB-dependent pathways regulate the capacity of DCs to quantitatively and qualitatively impact on Treg biology and constitute an attractive target for treatment of autoimmune diseases but may come at risk for reduced immune tolerance in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Andreas
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Potthast
- Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Technische Universität und Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Geiselhöringer
- Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Technische Universität und Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Garima Garg
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Neurologische Klinik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Renske de Jong
- Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Technische Universität und Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Riewaldt
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, German Research Foundation - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengeneering, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dennis Russkamp
- Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Technische Universität und Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marc Riemann
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structural, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Blank
- Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Technische Universität und Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, German Research Foundation - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengeneering, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Schmidt-Weber
- Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Technische Universität und Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Disease, 35392 Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Neurologische Klinik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Caspar Ohnmacht
- Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Technische Universität und Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
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10
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Alternative NF-κB signaling controls peripheral homeostasis and function of regulatory T cells. Immunobiology 2019; 224:687-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Mitchell S, Hoffmann A. Substrate complex competition is a regulatory motif that allows NFκB RelA to license but not amplify NFκB RelB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10592-10597. [PMID: 31048505 PMCID: PMC6535030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways often share molecular components, tying the activity of one pathway to the functioning of another. In the NFκB signaling system, distinct kinases mediate inflammatory and developmental signaling via RelA and RelB, respectively. Although the substrates of the developmental, so-called noncanonical, pathway are induced by inflammatory/canonical signaling, crosstalk is limited. Through dynamical systems modeling, we identified the underlying regulatory mechanism. We found that as the substrate of the noncanonical kinase NIK, the nfkb2 gene product p100, transitions from a monomer to a multimeric complex, it may compete with and inhibit p100 processing to the active p52. Although multimeric complexes of p100 (IκBδ) are known to inhibit preexisting RelA:p50 through sequestration, here we report that p100 complexes can inhibit the enzymatic formation of RelB:p52. We show that the dose-response systems properties of this complex substrate competition motif are poorly accounted for by standard Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but require more detailed mass action formulations. In sum, although tonic inflammatory signaling is required for adequate expression of the noncanonical pathway precursors, the substrate complex competition motif identified here can prevent amplification of the active RelB:p52 dimer in elevated inflammatory conditions to ensure reliable RelB-dependent developmental signaling independent of inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mitchell
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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12
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Nakatomi C, Nakatomi M, Matsubara T, Komori T, Doi-Inoue T, Ishimaru N, Weih F, Iwamoto T, Matsuda M, Kokabu S, Jimi E. Constitutive activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway disturbs endochondral ossification. Bone 2019; 121:29-41. [PMID: 30611922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is important for skeletal development. Recent findings indicate that the p65 (RelA) subunit, a main subunit of the classical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, plays essential roles in chondrocyte differentiation. Although several groups have reported that the alternative NF-κB pathway also regulates bone homeostasis, the role of the alternative NF-κB pathway in chondrocyte development is still unclear. Here, we analyzed the in vivo function of the alternative pathway on endochondral ossification using p100-deficient (p100-/-) mice, which carry a homozygous deletion of the COOH-terminal ankyrin repeats of p100 but still express functional p52 protein. The alternative pathway was activated during the periarticular stage in wild-type mice. p100-/- mice exhibited dwarfism, and histological analysis of the growth plate revealed abnormal arrangement of chondrocyte columns and a narrowed hypertrophic zone. Consistent with these observations, the expression of hypertrophic chondrocyte markers, type X collagen (ColX) or matrix metalloproteinase 13, but not early chondrogenic markers, such as Col II or aggrecan, was suppressed in p100-/- mice. An in vivo BrdU tracing assay clearly demonstrated less proliferative activity in chondrocytes in p100-/- mice. These defects were partly rescued when the RelB gene was deleted in p100-/- mice. Taken together, the alternative NF-κB pathway may regulate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation to maintain endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nakatomi
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-kux, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-kux, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | | | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Falk Weih
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Tsutomu Iwamoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Miho Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-kux, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-kux, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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13
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Saxon JA, Yu H, Polosukhin VV, Stathopoulos GT, Gleaves LA, McLoed AG, Massion PP, Yull FE, Zhao Z, Blackwell TS. p52 expression enhances lung cancer progression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6078. [PMID: 29666445 PMCID: PMC5904214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While many studies have demonstrated that canonical NF-κB signaling is a central pathway in lung tumorigenesis, the role of non-canonical NF-κB signaling in lung cancer remains undefined. We observed frequent nuclear accumulation of the non-canonical NF-κB component p100/p52 in human lung adenocarcinoma. To investigate the impact of non-canonical NF-κB signaling on lung carcinogenesis, we employed transgenic mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of p52 in airway epithelial cells. p52 over-expression led to increased tumor number and progression after injection of the carcinogen urethane. Gene expression analysis of lungs from transgenic mice combined with in vitro studies suggested that p52 promotes proliferation of lung epithelial cells through regulation of cell cycle-associated genes. Using gene expression and patient information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we found that expression of p52-associated genes was increased in lung adenocarcinomas and correlated with reduced survival, even in early stage disease. Analysis of p52-associated gene expression in additional human lung adenocarcinoma datasets corroborated these findings. Together, these studies implicate the non-canonical NF-κB component p52 in lung carcinogenesis and suggest modulation of p52 activity and/or downstream mediators as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Saxon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 1 Asklepiou Str., 26504, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Linda A Gleaves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Allyson G McLoed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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14
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RelB regulates Th17 differentiation in a cell-intrinsic manner. Immunobiology 2018; 223:191-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Simon PS, Bardhan K, Chen MR, Paschall AV, Lu C, Bollag RJ, Kong FC, Jin J, Kong FM, Waller JL, Pollock RE, Liu K. NF-κB functions as a molecular link between tumor cells and Th1/Tc1 T cells in the tumor microenvironment to exert radiation-mediated tumor suppression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23395-415. [PMID: 27014915 PMCID: PMC5029635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation modulates both tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to exert its anti-tumor activity; however, the molecular connection between tumor cells and immune cells that mediates radiation-exerted tumor suppression activity in the tumor microenvironment is largely unknown. We report here that radiation induces rapid activation of the p65/p50 and p50/p50 NF-κB complexes in human soft tissue sarcoma (STS) cells. Radiation-activated p65/p50 and p50/p50 bind to the TNFα promoter to activate its transcription in STS cells. Radiation-induced TNFα induces tumor cell death in an autocrine manner. A sublethal dose of Smac mimetic BV6 induces cIAP1 and cIAP2 degradation to increase tumor cell sensitivity to radiation-induced cell death in vitro and to enhance radiation-mediated suppression of STS xenografts in vivo. Inhibition of caspases, RIP1, or RIP3 blocks radiation/TNFα-induced cell death, whereas inhibition of RIP1 blocks TNFα-induced caspase activation, suggesting that caspases and RIP1 act sequentially to mediate the non-compensatory cell death pathways. Furthermore, we determined in a syngeneic sarcoma mouse model that radiation up-regulates IRF3, IFNβ, and the T cell chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 in the tumor microenvironment, which are associated with activation and increased infiltration of Th1/Tc1 T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, tumor-infiltrating T cells are in their active form since both the perforin and FasL pathways are activated in irradiated tumor tissues. Consequently, combined BV6 and radiation completely suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, radiation-induced NF-κB functions as a molecular link between tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment for radiation-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla S Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kankana Bardhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - May R Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Amy V Paschall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roni J Bollag
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Feng-Chong Kong
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - JianYue Jin
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Feng-Ming Kong
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Waller
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
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16
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Zhou Y, Xu H, Ding Y, Lu Q, Zou MH, Song P. AMPKα1 deletion in fibroblasts promotes tumorigenesis in athymic nude mice by p52-mediated elevation of erythropoietin and CDK2. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53654-53667. [PMID: 27449088 PMCID: PMC5288212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for tumor development. Accumulating evidence suggests that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor and redox modulator, is associated with cancer development. However, the effect of AMPK on tumor development is controversial, and whether AMPK affects tumor angiogenesis has not been resolved. We show that deletion of AMPKα1, but not AMPKα2, upregulates non-canonical nuclear factor kappa B2 (NF-κB2)/p52-mediated cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), which is responsible for the anchorage-independent cell growth of immortalized mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). Co-culture with AMPKα1 knockout MEFs (or their conditioned medium) enhances the migration and network formation of human microvascular endothelial cells, which is dependent on p52-upregulated erythropoietin (Epo). AMPKα1 deletion stimulates cellular proliferation of allograft MEFs, angiogenesis, and tumor development in athymic nu/nu mice, which is partly ameliorated by antibody-mediated Epo neutralization. Therefore, the AMPKα1-p52-Epo pathway may be involved in stromal fibroblast-mediated angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province on Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China
| | - Hairong Xu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Ye Ding
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Qiulun Lu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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17
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Constitutive expression of NF-κB inducing kinase in regulatory T cells impairs suppressive function and promotes instability and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14779. [PMID: 29116141 PMCID: PMC5677020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable negative regulators of immune responses. To understand Treg biology in health and disease, it is critical to elucidate factors that affect Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Tregs express several costimulatory TNF receptor family members that activate non-canonical NF-κB via accumulation of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK). We previously showed that constitutive NIK expression in all T cells causes fatal multi-organ autoimmunity associated with hyperactive conventional T cell responses and poor Treg-mediated suppression. Here, we show that constitutive NIK expression that is restricted to Tregs via a Cre-inducible transgene causes an autoimmune syndrome. We found that constitutive NIK expression decreased expression of numerous Treg signature genes and microRNAs involved in Treg homeostasis and suppressive phenotype. NIK transgenic Tregs competed poorly with WT Tregs in vivo and produced pro-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation. Lineage tracing experiments revealed accumulation of ex-Foxp3+ T cells in mice expressing NIK constitutively in Tregs, and these former Tregs produced copious IFNγ and IL-2. Our data indicate that under inflammatory conditions in which NIK is activated, Tregs may lose suppressive function and may actively contribute to inflammation.
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18
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Mitchell JP, Carmody RJ. NF-κB and the Transcriptional Control of Inflammation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 335:41-84. [PMID: 29305014 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor was discovered 30 years ago and has since emerged as the master regulator of inflammation and immune homeostasis. It achieves this status by means of the large number of important pro- and antiinflammatory factors under its transcriptional control. NF-κB has a central role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmunity, as well as diseases comprising a significant inflammatory component such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Here, we provide an overview of the studies that form the basis of our understanding of the role of NF-κB subunits and their regulators in controlling inflammation. We also describe the emerging importance of posttranslational modifications of NF-κB in the regulation of inflammation, and highlight the future challenges faced by researchers who aim to target NF-κB transcriptional activity for therapeutic benefit in treating chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Mitchell
- Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence, Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruaidhrí J Carmody
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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19
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Souza TM, Kleinjans JCS, Jennen DGJ. Dose and Time Dependencies in Stress Pathway Responses during Chemical Exposure: Novel Insights from Gene Regulatory Networks. Front Genet 2017; 8:142. [PMID: 29085386 PMCID: PMC5649202 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of biological networks is often observed during exposure to xenobiotics, and the identification of disturbed processes, their dynamic traits, and dose–response relationships are some of the current challenges for elucidating the mechanisms determining adverse outcomes. In this scenario, reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from expression data may provide a system-level snapshot embedded within accurate molecular events. Here, we investigate the composition of GRNs inferred from groups of chemicals with two distinct outcomes, namely carcinogenicity [azathioprine (AZA) and cyclophosphamide (CYC)] and drug-induced liver injury (DILI; diclofenac, nitrofurantoin, and propylthiouracil), and a non-carcinogenic/non-DILI group (aspirin, diazepam, and omeprazole). For this, we analyzed publicly available exposed in vitro human data, taking into account dose and time dependencies. Dose–Time Network Identification (DTNI) was applied to gene sets from exposed primary human hepatocytes using four stress pathways, namely endoplasmic reticulum (ER), NF-κB, NRF2, and TP53. Inferred GRNs suggested case specificity, varying in interactions, starting nodes, and target genes across groups. DILI and carcinogenic compounds were shown to directly affect all pathway-based GRNs, while non-DILI/non-carcinogenic chemicals only affected NF-κB. NF-κB-based GRNs clearly illustrated group-specific disturbances, with the cancer-related casein kinase CSNK2A1 being a target gene only in the carcinogenic group, and opposite regulation of NF-κB subunits being observed in DILI and non-DILI/non-carcinogenic groups. Target genes in NRF2-based GRNs shared by DILI and carcinogenic compounds suggested markers of hepatotoxicity. Finally, we indicate several of these group-specific interactions as potentially novel. In summary, our reversed-engineered GRNs are capable of revealing dose dependent, chemical-specific mechanisms of action in stress-related biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezinha M Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Danyel G J Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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20
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Kuehn HS, Niemela JE, Sreedhara K, Stoddard JL, Grossman J, Wysocki CA, de la Morena MT, Garofalo M, Inlora J, Snyder MP, Lewis DB, Stratakis CA, Fleisher TA, Rosenzweig SD. Novel nonsense gain-of-function NFKB2 mutations associated with a combined immunodeficiency phenotype. Blood 2017; 130:1553-1564. [PMID: 28778864 PMCID: PMC5620416 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-782177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling through its NFKB1-dependent canonical and NFKB2-dependent noncanonical pathways plays distinctive roles in a diverse range of immune processes. Recently, mutations in these 2 genes have been associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). While studying patients with genetically uncharacterized primary immunodeficiencies, we detected 2 novel nonsense gain-of-function (GOF) NFKB2 mutations (E418X and R635X) in 3 patients from 2 families, and a novel missense change (S866R) in another patient. Their immunophenotype was assessed by flow cytometry and protein expression; activation of canonical and noncanonical pathways was examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and transfected HEK293T cells through immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, luciferase activity, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and multiplex assays. The S866R change disrupted a C-terminal NF-κΒ2 critical site affecting protein phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, resulting in CVID with adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency, growth hormone deficiency, and mild ectodermal dysplasia as previously described. In contrast, the nonsense mutations E418X and R635X observed in 3 patients led to constitutive nuclear localization and activation of both canonical and noncanonical NF-κΒ pathways, resulting in a combined immunodeficiency (CID) without endocrine or ectodermal manifestations. These changes were also found in 2 asymptomatic relatives. Thus, these novel NFKB2 GOF mutations produce a nonfully penetrant CID phenotype through a different pathophysiologic mechanism than previously described for mutations in NFKB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sun Kuehn
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Julie E Niemela
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Karthik Sreedhara
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Jennifer L Stoddard
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Jennifer Grossman
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christian A Wysocki
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - M Teresa de la Morena
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Mary Garofalo
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - David B Lewis
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; and
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, and
- Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Thomas A Fleisher
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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21
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Mejías-Luque R, Zöller J, Anderl F, Loew-Gil E, Vieth M, Adler T, Engler DB, Urban S, Browning JL, Müller A, Gerhard M, Heikenwalder M. Lymphotoxin β receptor signalling executes Helicobacter pylori-driven gastric inflammation in a T4SS-dependent manner. Gut 2017; 66:1369-1381. [PMID: 27196595 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) signalling has been implicated in inflammation-associated tumour development in different tissues. We have analysed the role of LTβR and alternative NF-κB signalling in Helicobacter pylori-mediated gastric inflammation and pathology. DESIGN We analysed several ligands and receptors of the alternative NF-κB pathway, RelB, p52 nuclear translocation and target genes in tissue samples of H. pylori-infected patients with different degrees of gastritis or early gastric tumours by in situ hybridisation, immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real-time PCR analyses. Molecular mechanisms involved in LTβR activation by H. pylori were assessed in vitro using human gastric cancer cell lines and distinct H. pylori isolates. The effects of blocking or agonistically activating LTβR on gastric pathology during challenge with a human pathogenic H. pylori strain were studied in a mouse model. RESULTS Among the tested candidates, LT was significantly increased and activated alternative NF-κB signalling was observed in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori-infected patients. H. pyloriinduced LTβR-ligand expression in a type IV secretion system-dependent but CagA-independent manner, resulting in activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway, which was further enhanced by blocking canonical NF-κB during infection. Blocking LTβR signalling in vivo suppressed H. pylori-driven gastritis, whereas LTβR activation in gastric epithelial cells of infected mice induced a broadened pro-inflammatory chemokine milieu, resulting in exacerbated pathology. CONCLUSIONS LTβR-triggered activation of alternative NF-κB signalling in gastric epithelial cells executes H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis, representing a novel target to restrict gastric inflammation and pathology elicited by H. pylori, while exclusively targeting canonical NF-κB may aggravate pathology by enhancing the alternative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Zöller
- Institut für Virologie, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Anderl
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elena Loew-Gil
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thure Adler
- Immunology Screen, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela B Engler
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Urban
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institut für Virologie, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Wang Y, Xu J, Gao G, Li J, Huang H, Jin H, Zhu J, Che X, Huang C. Tumor-suppressor NFκB2 p100 interacts with ERK2 and stabilizes PTEN mRNA via inhibition of miR-494. Oncogene 2016; 35:4080-90. [PMID: 26686085 PMCID: PMC4916044 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence from The Cancer Genome Atlas has revealed that nuclear factor κB2 (nfκb2) gene encoding p100 is genetically deleted or mutated in human cancers, implicating NFκB2 as a potential tumor suppressor. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the antitumorigenic action of p100 remains poorly understood. Here we report that p100 inhibits cancer cell anchorage-independent growth, a hallmark of cellular malignancy, by stabilizing the tumor-suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA via a mechanism that is independent of p100's inhibitory role in NFκB activation. We further demonstrate that the regulatory effect of p100 on PTEN expression is mediated by its downregulation of miR-494 as a result of the inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), in turn leading to inhibition of c-Jun/activator protein-1-dependent transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we identify that p100 specifically interacts with non-phosphorylated ERK2 and prevents ERK2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Moreover, the death domain at C-terminal of p100 is identified as being crucial and sufficient for its interaction with ERK2. Taken together, our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the understanding of the tumor-suppressive role for NFκB2 p100.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chuanshu Huang
- Corresponding author: Dr. Chuanshu Huang, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, Tel: 845-731-3519, Fax: 845-351-2320,
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23
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Merga YJ, O'Hara A, Burkitt MD, Duckworth CA, Probert CS, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM. Importance of the alternative NF-κB activation pathway in inflammation-associated gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1081-90. [PMID: 27102559 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00026.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a common factor in the development of many gastrointestinal malignancies. Examples include inflammatory bowel disease predisposing to colorectal cancer, Barrett's esophagus as a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma, and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. The classical activation pathway of NF-κB signaling has been identified as regulating several sporadic and inflammation-associated gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Emerging evidence suggests that the alternative NF-κB signaling pathway also exerts a distinct influence on these processes. This review brings together current knowledge of the role of the alternative NF-κB signaling pathway in the gastrointestinal tract, with a particular emphasis on inflammation-associated cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette J Merga
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian O'Hara
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Burkitt
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S Probert
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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24
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Saxon JA, Cheng DS, Han W, Polosukhin VV, McLoed AG, Richmond BW, Gleaves LA, Tanjore H, Sherrill TP, Barham W, Yull FE, Blackwell TS. p52 Overexpression Increases Epithelial Apoptosis, Enhances Lung Injury, and Reduces Survival after Lipopolysaccharide Treatment. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:1891-9. [PMID: 26773153 PMCID: PMC4744539 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have demonstrated a critical role for canonical NF-κB signaling in inflammation and disease, the function of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway remains ill-defined. In lung tissue from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, we identified increased expression of the noncanonical pathway component p100/p52. To investigate the effects of p52 expression in vivo, we generated a novel transgenic mouse model with inducible expression of p52 in Clara cell secretory protein-expressing airway epithelial cells. Although p52 overexpression alone did not cause significant inflammation, p52 overexpression caused increased lung inflammation, injury, and mortality following intratracheal delivery of Escherichia coli LPS. No differences in cytokine/chemokine expression were measured between p52-overexpressing mice and controls, but increased apoptosis of Clara cell secretory protein-positive airway epithelial cells was observed in transgenic mice after LPS stimulation. In vitro studies in lung epithelial cells showed that p52 overexpression reduced cell survival and increased the expression of several proapoptotic genes during cellular stress. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a novel role for p52 in cell survival/apoptosis of airway epithelial cells and implicate noncanonical NF-κB signaling in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Saxon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dong-Sheng Cheng
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Wei Han
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Allyson G McLoed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Bradley W Richmond
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Linda A Gleaves
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Harikrishna Tanjore
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Taylor P Sherrill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Whitney Barham
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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25
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Banoth B, Chatterjee B, Vijayaragavan B, Prasad MVR, Roy P, Basak S. Stimulus-selective crosstalk via the NF-κB signaling system reinforces innate immune response to alleviate gut infection. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25905673 PMCID: PMC4432492 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue microenvironment functions as an important determinant of the inflammatory response elicited by the resident cells. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Our systems-level analyses identified a duration code that instructs stimulus specific crosstalk between TLR4-activated canonical NF-κB pathway and lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) induced non-canonical NF-κB signaling. Indeed, LTβR costimulation synergistically enhanced the late RelA/NF-κB response to TLR4 prolonging NF-κB target gene-expressions. Concomitant LTβR signal targeted TLR4-induced newly synthesized p100, encoded by Nfkb2, for processing into p52 that not only neutralized p100 mediated inhibitions, but potently generated RelA:p52/NF-κB activity in a positive feedback loop. Finally, Nfkb2 connected lymphotoxin signal within the intestinal niche in reinforcing epithelial innate inflammatory RelA/NF-κB response to Citrobacter rodentium infection, while Nfkb2−/− mice succumbed to gut infections owing to stromal defects. In sum, our results suggest that signal integration via the pleiotropic NF-κB system enables tissue microenvironment derived cues in calibrating physiological responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05648.001 The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against infection and disease. Innate immune cells are found in every tissue type, poised to respond immediately to damaged, stressed, or infected host cells. When innate immune cells recognize any injury or infection, one of the first things they do is trigger the inflammatory response. Fluid and other immune cells then move from the blood into the injured tissues. This movement can cause redness and swelling. But the response helps to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection, promotes the elimination of both invading microbes and damaged host cells, and encourages the repair of the tissue. Inflammation is tightly controlled. If the response is too weak, it could leave an individual prone to serious infection. On the other hand, excessive inflammation can severely damage healthy cells and tissues. Inflammation is regulated differently in different tissue types, and the environment within the tissue itself influences the activity of local innate immune cells and the inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for receiving and interpreting the signals derived from the host tissue remain unknown. Now, Banoth et al., have revealed that the integration of inflammation-provoking signals, such as injury or infection and cues from the tissue environment occurs via the so-called ‘NF-κB signaling system’. NF-κB is a protein found in almost all cell types, and when activated it is able to switch on the expression of many different genes. Banoth et al. explain that signal integration via the NF-κB system enables cues from the tissue environment to tune a cell's responses. Further experiments confirmed the importance of this signal integration by showing how a signal coming from intestinal tissue can influence the activity of innate immune cells and inflammation in the gut. These findings suggest that a breakdown in the NF-κB signaling system's ability to integrate multiple signals, including those derived from the tissue environment, may be responsible for many inflammatory disorders, and in particular those that involve the gut. Future work is now needed to explore this possibility. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05648.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Banoth
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - M V R Prasad
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Payel Roy
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Gilmore TD, Gélinas C. Methods for assessing the in vitro transforming activity of NF-κB transcription factor c-Rel and related proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1280:427-46. [PMID: 25736765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2422-6_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among NF-κB transcription factors, c-Rel and c-Rel-derived proteins, including v-Rel, are the only ones that have shown consistent and frank transforming activity in cell culture. In particular, viral, chicken, mouse, and human Rel proteins can rapidly transform primary chicken spleen and bone marrow cells. Overexpression of a human Rel protein missing a C-terminal transactivation domain can also enhance the transformed state of the human B-lymphoma cell line BJAB. As described in this chapter, these in vitro assays can be used to quantitatively assess the transforming activity of Rel proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA,
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27
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Abstract
In unstimulated cells, NF-κB dimers usually exist as latent complexes in the cytoplasm with the IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB) proteins or IκB-like protein p100, the precursor of NF-κB2 mature form p52. Accordingly, there are two major mechanisms leading to NF-κB activation: inducible degradation of IκBs and processing of p100 to generate p52 (selective degradation of the C-terminal IκB-like sequence of p100), which are termed the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways, respectively. While activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway plays critical roles in a wide range of biological processes, the noncanonical NF-κB pathway has important but more restricted roles in both normal and pathological processes. Systematic detection of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway activation is very important for understanding the physiological role of this pathway in biological processes, and for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of related diseases. We describe here the methods we employ to detect noncanonical NF-κB activation in cells and tissues. These methods are immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Noncanonical NF-κB-induced gene expression changes can be determined by gene array analysis and quantitative real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Qu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 1.18 Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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28
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The Role of BMP Signaling and NF-κB Signaling on Osteoblastic Differentiation, Cancer Development, and Vascular Diseases—Is the Activation of NF-κB a Friend or Foe of BMP Function? BONE MORPHOGENIC PROTEIN 2015; 99:145-70. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Yılmaz ZB, Kofahl B, Beaudette P, Baum K, Ipenberg I, Weih F, Wolf J, Dittmar G, Scheidereit C. Quantitative dissection and modeling of the NF-κB p100-p105 module reveals interdependent precursor proteolysis. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1756-1769. [PMID: 25482563 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that govern proteolytic maturation or complete destruction of the precursor proteins p100 and p105 are fundamental to homeostasis and activation of NF-κB; however, they remain poorly understood. Using mass-spectrometry-based quantitative analysis of noncanonical LTβR-induced signaling, we demonstrate that stimulation induces simultaneous processing of both p100 and p105. The precursors not only form hetero-oligomers but also interact with the ATPase VCP/p97, and their induced proteolysis strictly depends on the signal response domain (SRD) of p100, suggesting that the SRD-targeting proteolytic machinery acts in cis and in trans. Separation of cellular pools by isotope labeling revealed synchronous dynamics of p105 and p100 proteolysis. The generation of p50 and p52 from their precursors depends on functional VCP/p97. We have developed quantitative mathematical models that describe the dynamics of the system and predict that p100-p105 complexes are signal responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekiye Buket Yılmaz
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bente Kofahl
- Mathematical Modeling Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Beaudette
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Baum
- Mathematical Modeling Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inbal Ipenberg
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research-Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Wolf
- Mathematical Modeling Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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30
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p100, a precursor of NF-κB2, inhibits c-Rel and reduces the expression of IL-23 in dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:332-7. [PMID: 25305492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB regulates various genes involved in the immune response, inflammation, cell survival, and development. NF-κB activation is controlled by proteins possessing ankyrin repeats, such as IκBs. A precursor of the NF-κB2 (p52) subunit, p100, contains ankyrin repeats in its C-terminal portion and has been found to act as a cytoplasmic inhibitor of RelA in the canonical pathway of NF-κB activation. Here, we demonstrate that p100 also suppresses c-Rel function in dendritic cells. Expression of the p19 and p40 subunits of IL-23, a c-Rel-dependent cytokine, was enhanced in p100-deficient cells, although expression of a RelA-dependent cytokine, TNF-α, was reduced. Nuclear translocation of c-Rel was enhanced in p100-deficient cells. p100, and not the processed p52 form, associated with c-Rel in the steady state and dissociated immediately after lipopolysaccharide stimulation in wild-type dendritic cells. Four hours after the stimulation, p100 was newly synthesized and associated with c-Rel again. In cells expressing both c-Rel and RelA, c-Rel is preferentially suppressed by p100.
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31
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Yu S, Yang M, Nam KT. Mouse models of gastric carcinogenesis. J Gastric Cancer 2014; 14:67-86. [PMID: 25061535 PMCID: PMC4105382 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2014.14.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Animal models have been used to elucidate the details of the molecular mechanisms of various cancers. However, most inbred strains of mice have resistance to gastric carcinogenesis. Helicobacter infection and carcinogen treatment have been used to establish mouse models that exhibit phenotypes similar to those of human gastric cancer. A large number of transgenic and knockout mouse models of gastric cancer have been developed using genetic engineering. A combination of carcinogens and gene manipulation has been applied to facilitate development of advanced gastric cancer; however, it is rare for mouse models of gastric cancer to show aggressive, metastatic phenotypes required for preclinical studies. Here, we review current mouse models of gastric carcinogenesis and provide our perspectives on future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsook Yu
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mijeong Yang
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Cui Y, Nadiminty N, Liu C, Lou W, Schwartz CT, Gao AC. Upregulation of glucose metabolism by NF-κB2/p52 mediates enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:435-42. [PMID: 24659479 PMCID: PMC4021715 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolic pathways to facilitate fast proliferation. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of NF-κB2/p52 (p52) in prostate cancer cells promotes cell growth and leads to castration resistance through aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR). In addition, these cells become resistant to enzalutamide. In this study, we investigated the effects of p52 activation on glucose metabolism and on response to enzalutamide therapy. Data analysis of gene expression arrays showed that genes including GLUT1 (SLC2A1), PKM2, G6PD, and ME1 involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism were altered in LNCaP cells overexpressing p52 compared with the parental LNCaP cells. We demonstrated an increased amount of glucose flux in the glycolysis pathway, as well as the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) upon p52 activation. The p52-overexpressing cells increase glucose uptake and are capable of higher ATP and lactate production compared with the parental LNCaP cells. The growth of p52-overexpressing cells depends on glucose in the culture media and is sensitive to glucose deprivation compared with the parental LNCaP cells. Targeting glucose metabolism by the glucose analog 2-deoxy-d-glucose synergistically inhibits cell growth when combined with enzalutamide, and resensitizes p52-overexpressing cells to enzalutamide treatment. These results suggest that p52 modulates glucose metabolism, enhances glucose flux to glycolysis and PPPs, thus facilitating fast proliferation of the cells. Co-targeting glucose metabolism together with AR axis synergistically inhibits cell growth and restores enzalutamide-resistant cells to enzalutamide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Allen C. Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, CA, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Urology University of California Davis Medical Center 4645 2 Ave, Research III, Suite 1300 Sacramento, CA 95817
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33
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Krljanac B, Weih D, Jacobsen ID, Hu D, Koliesnik I, Reppe K, Witzenrath M, Weih F. NF-κB2/p100 deficiency impairs immune responses to T-cell-independent type 2 antigens. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:662-72. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Krljanac
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Debra Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-University; Jena Germany
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34
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Burkitt MD, Williams JM, Duckworth CA, O'Hara A, Hanedi A, Varro A, Caamaño JH, Pritchard DM. Signaling mediated by the NF-κB sub-units NF-κB1, NF-κB2 and c-Rel differentially regulate Helicobacter felis-induced gastric carcinogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. Oncogene 2013; 32:5563-73. [PMID: 23975431 PMCID: PMC3898319 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The classical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway has been shown to be important in a number of models of inflammation-associated cancer. In a mouse model of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer, impairment of classical NF-κB signaling in the gastric epithelium led to the development of increased preneoplastic pathology, however the role of specific NF-κB proteins in Helicobacter-associated gastric cancer development remains poorly understood. To investigate this C57BL/6, Nfkb1−/−, Nfkb2−/− and c-Rel−/− mice were infected with Helicobacter felis for 6 weeks or 12 months. Bacterial colonization, gastric atrophy and preneoplastic changes were assessed histologically and cytokine expression was assessed by qPCR. Nfkb1−/− mice developed spontaneous gastric atrophy when maintained for 12 months in conventional animal house conditions. They also developed more pronounced gastric atrophy after short-term H. felis colonization with a similar extent of preneoplasia to wild-type (WT) mice after 12 months. c-Rel−/− mice developed a similar degree of gastric atrophy to WT mice; 3 of 6 of these animals also developed lymphoproliferative lesions after 12 months of infection. Nfkb2−/− mice developed minimal gastric epithelial pathology even 12 months after H. felis infection. These findings demonstrate that NF-κB1- and NF-κB2-mediated signaling pathways differentially regulate the epithelial consequences of H. felis infection in the stomach, while c-Rel-mediated signaling also appears to modulate the risk of lymphomagenesis in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Burkitt
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J M Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - C A Duckworth
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A O'Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Hanedi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J H Caamaño
- IBR-School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D M Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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35
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I kappa B kinase alpha (IKKα) activity is required for functional maturation of dendritic cells and acquired immunity to infection. EMBO J 2013; 32:816-28. [PMID: 23422957 PMCID: PMC3604721 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are required for priming antigen-specific T cells and acquired immunity to many important human pathogens, including Mycobacteriuim tuberculosis (TB) and influenza. However, inappropriate priming of auto-reactive T cells is linked with autoimmune disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the priming and activation of naïve T cells is critical for development of new improved vaccines and understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The serine/threonine kinase IKKα (CHUK) has previously been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity and inhibit innate immunity. Here, we show that IKKα is required in DC for priming antigen-specific T cells and acquired immunity to the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. We describe a new role for IKKα in regulation of IRF3 activity and the functional maturation of DC. This presents a unique role for IKKα in dampening inflammation while simultaneously promoting adaptive immunity that could have important implications for the development of new vaccine adjuvants and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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36
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Hu X, Zimmerman MA, Bardhan K, Yang D, Waller JL, Liles GB, Lee JR, Pollock R, Lev D, Ware CF, Garber E, Bailly V, Browning JL, Liu K. Lymphotoxin β receptor mediates caspase-dependent tumor cell apoptosis in vitro and tumor suppression in vivo despite induction of NF-κB activation. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1105-14. [PMID: 23349015 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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37
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Nadiminty N, Tummala R, Zhu Y, Gao AC. NF-kappaB2/p52 in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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38
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Giardino Torchia ML, Conze DB, Jankovic D, Ashwell JD. Balance between NF-κB p100 and p52 regulates T cell costimulation dependence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:549-55. [PMID: 23248260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are ubiquitin protein ligases (E3s) that repress noncanonical NF-κB activation. We have created mice that bear a mutation in c-IAP2 that inactivates its E3 activity and interferes, in a dominant-negative fashion, with c-IAP1 E3 activity (c-IAP2(H570A)). The immune response of these animals was explored by infecting them with the Th1-inducing parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Surprisingly, c-IAP2(H570A) mice succumbed because of T cell production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Unlike naive wild-type (WT) cells, which require signals generated by the TCR and costimulatory receptors to become fully activated, naive c-IAP2(H570A) T cells proliferated and produced high levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ to stimulation via TCR alone. c-IAP2(H570A) T cells had constitutive noncanonical NF-κB activation, and IκB kinase inhibition reduced their proliferation to anti-TCR alone to WT levels but had no effect when costimulation via CD28 was provided. Notably, T cells from nfkb2(-/-) mice, which cannot generate the p52 component of noncanonical NF-κB, were also costimulation independent, consistent with the negative role of this unprocessed protein in canonical NF-κB activation. Whereas T cells from nfkb2(+/-) mice behaved like WT, coexpression of a single copy of c-IAP2(H570A) resulted in cleavage of p100, upregulation of p52, and T cell costimulation independence. Thus, p100 represses and p52 promotes costimulation, and the ratio regulates T cell dependence on costimulatory signals.
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39
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Bénézech C, Mader E, Desanti G, Khan M, Nakamura K, White A, Ware CF, Anderson G, Caamaño JH. Lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling through NF-κB2-RelB pathway reprograms adipocyte precursors as lymph node stromal cells. Immunity 2012; 37:721-34. [PMID: 22940098 PMCID: PMC3809035 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node development during embryogenesis involves lymphotoxin-β receptor engagement and subsequent differentiation of a poorly defined population of mesenchymal cells into lymphoid tissue organizer cells. Here, we showed that embryonic mesenchymal cells with characteristics of adipocyte precursors present in the microenvironment of lymph nodes gave rise to lymph node organizer cells. Signaling through the lymphotoxin-β receptor controlled the fate of adipocyte precursor cells by blocking adipogenesis and instead promoting lymphoid tissue stromal cell differentiation. This effect involved activation of the NF-κB2-RelB signaling pathway and inhibition of the expression of the key adipogenic factors Pparγ and Cebpα. In vivo organogenesis assays show that embryonic and adult adipocyte precursor cells can migrate into newborn lymph nodes and differentiate into a variety of lymph node stromal cells. Thus, we propose that adipose tissues act as a source of lymphoid stroma for lymph nodes and other lymphoid structures associated with fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bénézech
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emma Mader
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Guillaume Desanti
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mahmood Khan
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kyoko Nakamura
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrea White
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carl F. Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Graham Anderson
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jorge H. Caamaño
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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40
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Lovas A, Weidemann A, Albrecht D, Wiechert L, Weih D, Weih F. p100 Deficiency is insufficient for full activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway: TNF cooperates with p52-RelB in target gene transcription. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42741. [PMID: 22880094 PMCID: PMC3412832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Constitutive activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway leads to marginal zone B cell expansion and disorganized spleen microarchitecture. Furthermore, uncontrolled alternative NF-κB signaling may result in the development and progression of cancer. Here, we focused on the question how does the constitutive alternative NF-κB signaling exert its effects in these malignant processes. Methodology/Principal Findings To explore the consequences of unrestricted alternative NF-κB activation on genome-wide transcription, we compared gene expression profiles of wild-type and NF-κB2/p100-deficient (p100−/−) primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and spleens. Microarray experiments revealed only 73 differentially regulated genes in p100−/− vs. wild-type MEFs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed in p100−/− MEFs direct binding of p52 and RelB to the promoter of the Enpp2 gene encoding ENPP2/Autotaxin, a protein with an important role in lymphocyte homing and cell migration. Gene ontology analysis revealed upregulation of genes with anti-apoptotic/proliferative activity (Enpp2/Atx, Serpina3g, Traf1, Rrad), chemotactic/locomotory activity (Enpp2/Atx, Ccl8), and lymphocyte homing activity (Enpp2/Atx, Cd34). Most importantly, biochemical and gene expression analyses of MEFs and spleen, respectively, indicated a marked crosstalk between classical and alternative NF-κB pathways. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that p100 deficiency alone was insufficient for full induction of genes regulated by the alternative NF-κB pathway. Moreover, alternative NF-κB signaling strongly synergized both in vitro and in vivo with classical NF-κB activation, thereby extending the number of genes under the control of the p100 inhibitor of the alternative NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lovas
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Weidemann
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Lars Wiechert
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Debra Weih
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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41
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Abstract
The signaling module that specifies nuclear factor-κΒ (NF-κB) activation is a three-component system: NF-κB, inhibitor of NF-κΒ (IκΒ), and IκΒ kinase complex (IKK). IKK receives upstream signals from the surface or inside the cell and converts itself into a catalytically active form, leading to the destruction of IκB in the inhibited IκB:NF-κB complex, leaving active NF-κB free to regulate target genes. Hidden within this simple module are family members that all can undergo various modifications resulting in expansion of functional spectrum. Three-dimensional structures representing all three components are now available. These structures have allowed us to interpret cellular observations in molecular terms and at the same time helped us to bring forward new concepts focused towards understanding the specificity in the NF-κB activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourisankar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92903, USA.
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42
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Seo Y, Fukushima H, Maruyama T, Kuroishi KN, Osawa K, Nagano K, Aoki K, Weih F, Doi T, Zhang M, Ohya K, Katagiri T, Hosokawa R, Jimi E. Accumulation of p100, a precursor of NF-κB2, enhances osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and bone formation in vivo in aly/aly mice. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:414-22. [PMID: 22282470 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that alymphoplasia (aly/aly) mice, which have a natural loss-of-function mutation in the Nik gene, which encodes a kinase essential for the processing of p100 to p52 in the alternative nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, show mild osteopetrosis with an increase in several parameters of bone formation: bone formation rate, mineral apposition rate, and osteoblast number. We therefore investigated the molecular mechanisms triggered by the alternative NF-κB pathway in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation using primary osteoblasts (POB) prepared from aly/aly mice. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization induced by the presence of β-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid were enhanced in POB from aly/aly compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, osteoblastic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), as shown by ALP activity, mRNA expression of osteocalcin, Id1, Osterix and Runx2, and Sma- and Mad-related protein (Smad)1/5/8 phosphorylation, was also enhanced in POB from aly/aly mice. The ectopic bone formation in vivo that was induced by BMP2 was enhanced in aly/aly mice compared with controls. Transfection of a mutant form of p100, p100ΔGRR, which cannot be processed to p52, stimulated ALP activity and Smad phosphorylation. In contrast to p100ΔGRR, overexpression of p52 inhibited these events. Both BMP2-induced ALP activity and Smad phosphorylation were reduced in POB from p100-deficient mice, which carry a homozygous deletion of the COOH-terminal ankyrin repeats of p100 but still express functional p52 protein. p52 and p100ΔGRR interacted with a BMP receptor, ALK2, in overexpressed COS7 cells and changed the ALK2 protein levels in opposite directions: p52 reduced ALK2 and p100 increased it. Thus, the alternative the NF-κB pathway via the processing of p52 from p100 negatively regulates osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation by modifying BMP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Seo
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience, Kyushu Dental College, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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Murray SE, Polesso F, Rowe AM, Basak S, Koguchi Y, Toren KG, Hoffmann A, Parker DC. NF-κB–inducing kinase plays an essential T cell–intrinsic role in graft-versus-host disease and lethal autoimmunity in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4775-86. [PMID: 22045568 PMCID: PMC3223068 DOI: 10.1172/jci44943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK) is an essential upstream kinase in noncanonical NF-κB signaling. NIK-dependent NF-κB activation downstream of several TNF receptor family members mediates lymphoid organ development and B cell homeostasis. Peripheral T cell populations are normal in the absence of NIK, but the role of NIK during in vivo T cell responses to antigen has been obscured by other developmental defects in NIK-deficient mice. Here, we have identified a T cell–intrinsic requirement for NIK in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), wherein NIK-deficient mouse T cells transferred into MHC class II mismatched recipients failed to cause GVHD. Although NIK was not necessary for antigen receptor signaling, it was absolutely required for costimulation through the TNF receptor family member OX40 (also known as CD134). When we conditionally overexpressed NIK in T cells, mice suffered rapid and fatal autoimmunity characterized by hyperactive effector T cells and poorly suppressive Foxp3(+) Tregs. Together, these data illuminate a critical T cell–intrinsic role for NIK during immune responses and suggest that its tight regulation is critical for avoiding autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Murray
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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44
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Direct Rel/NF-κB inhibitors: structural basis for mechanism of action. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:1683-707. [PMID: 21425986 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rel/NF-κB transcription factors have emerged as novel therapeutic targets for a variety of human diseases and pathological conditions, including inflammation, autoimmune diseases, cancer, ischemic injury, osteoporosis, transplant rejection and neurodegeneration. Several US FDA-approved drugs may, in part, attribute their therapeutic effects to the inhibition of the Rel/NF-κB pathway. Strategies for blocking the Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway have inspired the pharmaceutical industry to develop inhibitors for I-κB kinase, however, this article focuses instead on identifying natural compounds that directly target and inhibit DNA binding and transcription activity of Rel/NF-κB. These include compounds containing a quinone core, an α,β unsaturated carbonyl and a benzene diamine. By investigating the mechanisms of action of existing natural inhibitors, novel strategies and synthetic approaches can be devised that will facilitate the development of novel and selective Rel/NF-κB inhibitors with better safety profiles.
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45
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Abstract
The non-canonical NF-κB pathway is an important arm of NF-κB signaling that predominantly targets activation of the p52/RelB NF-κB complex. This pathway depends on the inducible processing of p100, a molecule functioning as both the precursor of p52 and a RelB-specific inhibitor. A central signaling component of the non-canonical pathway is NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), which integrates signals from a subset of TNF receptor family members and activates a downstream kinase, IκB kinase-α (IKKα), for triggering p100 phosphorylation and processing. A unique mechanism of NIK regulation is through its fate control: the basal level of NIK is kept low by a TRAF-cIAP destruction complex and signal-induced non-canonical NF-κB signaling involves NIK stabilization. Tight control of the fate of NIK is important, since deregulated NIK accumulation is associated with lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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46
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Xiao G, Fu J. NF-κB and cancer: a paradigm of Yin-Yang. Am J Cancer Res 2010; 1:192-221. [PMID: 21969033 PMCID: PMC3180046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have clearly linked nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that plays a central role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses, to tumor development, progression, and metastasis as well as tumor therapy resistance. However, it still remains largely unknown on how the tightly regulated NF-κB becomes constitutively activated in tumorigenesis and how the original cancer immunosurveillance function of NF-κB is transformed to be tumorigenic. To address these important issues for cancer prevention and treatment, we discuss current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and molecules involved in the oncogenic activation of NF-κB. We also discuss current understanding of how NF-κB coordinates the inflammatory and malignant cells in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gutian Xiao
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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47
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Shen C, Zhao XL, Ju W, Zou XB, Huo LR, Yan W, Zou JH, Yan GD, Jenkins EC, Brown WT, Zhong N. A proteomic investigation of B lymphocytes in an autistic family: a pilot study of exposure to natural rubber latex (NRL) may lead to autism. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:443-52. [PMID: 20957522 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a multi-factorial neurodevelopmental disorder. We have investigated the molecular mechanism involved in a Chinese family with autism by a proteomic approach. Antibody chips containing 500 spots of human protein antibodies were used to screen for differentially expressed proteins in the peripheral B lymphocytes between autistic and non-autistic siblings in this family. Four proteins relevant to immuno-pathway, including IKKα that was up-regulated and Tyk2, EIF4G1 and PRKCI that were down-regulated, were identified differentially expressed in autistic versus non-autistic siblings. Western blot analysis and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction validated the differential expression of these four proteins. Based on the function of these differentially expressed proteins, relevant studies on immunoglobulin E (IgE) level, nuclear factor kappa B signaling activation and cell cycle were conducted in both autistic and non-autistic children of this family. Considering the fact that the family members were in close contact with natural rubber latex (NRL) and that IgE-mediated cross-reactions could be triggered by Hevea brasiliensis (Hev-b) proteins in NRL, we hypothesize that immune reactions triggered by close contact with NRL might influence the functions of B lymphocytes by altering expression of certain proteins identified in our experiments thus contributing to the occurrence of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- Peking University Center of Medical Genetics, Beijing, 100191, China
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48
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Keller U, Huber J, Nilsson JA, Fallahi M, Hall MA, Peschel C, Cleveland JL. Myc suppression of Nfkb2 accelerates lymphomagenesis. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:348. [PMID: 20598117 PMCID: PMC2902445 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deregulated c-Myc expression is a hallmark of several human cancers where it promotes proliferation and an aggressive tumour phenotype. Myc overexpression is associated with reduced activity of Rel/NF-κB, transcription factors that control the immune response, cell survival, and transformation, and that are frequently altered in cancer. The Rel/NF-κB family member NFKB2 is altered by chromosomal translocations or deletions in lymphoid malignancies and deletion of the C-terminal ankyrin domain of NF-κB2 augments lymphocyte proliferation. Methods Precancerous Eμ-Myc-transgenic B cells, Eμ-Myc lymphomas and human Burkitt lymphoma samples were assessed for Nfkb2 expression. The contribution of Nfkb2 to Myc-driven apoptosis, proliferation, and lymphomagenesis was tested genetically in vivo. Results Here we report that the Myc oncoprotein suppresses Nfkb2 expression in vitro in primary mouse fibroblasts and B cells, and in vivo in the Eμ-Myc transgenic mouse model of human Burkitt lymphoma (BL). NFKB2 suppression by Myc was also confirmed in primary human BL. Promoter-reporter assays indicate that Myc-mediated suppression of Nfkb2 occurs at the level of transcription. The contribution of Nfkb2 to Myc-driven lymphomagenesis was tested in vivo, where Nfkb2 loss was shown to accelerate lymphoma development in Eμ-Myc transgenic mice, by impairing Myc's apoptotic response. Conclusions Nfkb2 is suppressed by c-Myc and harnesses Myc-driven lymphomagenesis. These data thus link Myc-driven lymphomagenesis to the non-canonical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Keller
- III. Medical Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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von Vietinghoff S, Asagiri M, Azar D, Hoffmann A, Ley K. Defective regulation of CXCR2 facilitates neutrophil release from bone marrow causing spontaneous inflammation in severely NF-kappa B-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:670-8. [PMID: 20519647 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
NF-kappaB is a major regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophils) constitutively express RelA/p65 (Rela), c-Rel (Crel), and p50 (Nfkappab1) but not p52 (Nfkappab2) subunits. In this paper, we describe Crel(-/-)Nfkappab1(-/-)Rela(+/-) mice that have the most severe genetic neutrophil NF-kappaB deficiency compatible with life, Rela(-/-) mice being embryonic lethal. Crel(-/-)Nfkappab1(-/-)Rela(+/-) mice developed spontaneous dermal and intestinal inflammation associated with chronic neutrophilia, elevated CXCL1, and G-CSF. The bone marrow contained fewer nucleated cells and was enriched in myeloid progenitor cells. Neutrophilia was preserved when Crel(-/-)Nfkappab1(-/-)Rela(+/-) bone marrow was transferred into wild-type mice, but mixed bone marrow chimeras receiving wild-type and Crel(-/-)Nfkappab1(-/-)Rela(+/-) bone marrow showed normal circulating neutrophil numbers, excluding an intrinsic proliferation advantage. In mixed bone marrow chimeras, Crel(-/-)Nfkappab1(-/-)Rela(+/-) neutrophils were preferentially mobilized from the bone marrow in response to CXCL1 injection, LPS-induced lung inflammation, and thioglycollate-induced peritonitis. Crel(-/-)Nfkappab1(-/-)Rela(+/-) neutrophils expressed higher levels of the CXCL1 receptor CXCR2 both under resting and stimulated conditions and failed to downregulate CXCR2 during inflammation. Treatment with an anti-CXCR2 Ab abolished preferential mobilization of Crel(-/-)Nfkappab1(-/-)Rela(+/-) neutrophils in peritonitis in mixed chimeric mice and neutrophilia in Crel(-/-)Nfkappab1(-/-)Rela(+/-) mice. We conclude that severe NF-kappaB deficiency facilitates neutrophil mobilization, which causes elevated numbers of preactivated neutrophils in blood and tissues, leading to spontaneous inflammation. These neutrophil effects may limit the usefulness of global NF-kappaB inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle von Vietinghoff
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA.
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50
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Nadiminty N, Lou W, Sun M, Chen J, Yue J, Kung HJ, Evans CP, Zhou Q, Gao AC. Aberrant activation of the androgen receptor by NF-kappaB2/p52 in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3309-19. [PMID: 20388792 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer initiation and progression are uniquely dependent on the androgen receptor (AR). Even when the cancer progresses to a castration-resistant stage, AR signaling remains active via a variety of mechanisms. In the present study, we showed that NF-kappaB/p52 can activate the AR, resulting in increased transactivation of AR-responsive genes, such as PSA and NKX3.1, in a ligand-independent manner. NF-kappaB2/p52 enhances nuclear translocation and activation of AR by interacting with its NH(2)-terminal domain and enhances the recruitment of coactivators such as p300 to the promoters of AR-dependent genes. These results were confirmed in three different prostate cancer cell lines: LAPC-4 (wild-type AR), LNCaP (mutant AR), and C4-2 (castration resistant). Transfection of p52 into LAPC-4 and LNCaP cells (which express low levels of p52) showed increased activation of the endogenous AR. Downregulation of endogenous p52 in C4-2 cells resulted in abrogation of AR constitutive activation. Comparison of the relative effects of p52 and p65 (RelA) showed that p52, but not p65, could activate the AR. Collectively, these findings, together with previous reports that the levels of NF-kappaB2/p52 are elevated in prostate cancer cells and that active NF-kappaB2/p52 promotes prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, suggest that NF-kappaB2/p52 may play a critical role in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagalakshmi Nadiminty
- Department of Urology, and Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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