1
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Functional analysis of the antigen binding sites on the MTB/HIV-1 peptide bispecific T-cell receptor complementarity determining region 3α. AIDS 2023; 37:33-42. [PMID: 36281689 PMCID: PMC9794127 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mycobacterium tuberculosis /human immunodeficiency virus (MTB/HIV) coinfection has become an urgent problem in the field of prevention and control of infectious diseases in recent years. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells which recognize the specific antigen artificially may have tremendous potential in anti-MTB/HIV coinfection. We have previously successfully identified a MTB Ag85B 199-207 and HIV-1 Env 120-128 peptide-bispecific TCR screened out from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a HLA-A∗0201 + healthy individual and have further studied that how residues on the predicted complementarity determining region (CDR) 3 of the β chain contribute to the bispecific TCR contact with the peptide-MHC. However, it is not clear which amino acids in the predicted CDR3α of the bispecific TCR play a crucial role in ligand recognition. METHODS The variants in the CDR3α of the bispecific TCR were generated using alanine substitution. We then evaluated the immune effects of the five variants on T-cell recognition upon encounter with the MTB or HIV-1 antigen. RESULTS Mutation of two amino acids (E112A, Y115A) in CDR3α of the bispecific TCR caused a markedly diminished T-cell response to antigen, whereas mutation of the other three amino acids (S113A, P114A, S116A) resulted in completely eliminated response. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Ser 113 , Pro 114 and Ser 116 in CDR3α of the bispecific TCR are especially important for antigen recognition. These results will pave the way for the future development of an improved high-affinity bispecific TCR for use in adoptive cellular immunotherapy for MTB/HIV coinfected patients.
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2
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Clemente O, Ottaiano A, Di Lorenzo G, Bracigliano A, Lamia S, Cannella L, Pizzolorusso A, Di Marzo M, Santorsola M, De Chiara A, Fazioli F, Tafuto S. Is immunotherapy in the future of therapeutic management of sarcomas? J Transl Med 2021; 19:173. [PMID: 33902630 PMCID: PMC8077947 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare, ubiquitous and heterogeneous tumors usually treated with surgery, chemotherapy, target therapy, and radiotherapy. However, 25-50% of patients experience local relapses and/or distant metastases after chemotherapy with an overall survival about 12-18 months. Recently, immuno-therapy has revolutionized the cancer treatments with initial indications for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma (immune-checkpoint inhibitors).Here, we provide a narrative review on the topic as well as a critical description of the currently available trials on immunotherapy treatments in patients with sarcoma. Given the promising results obtained with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) and CAR-T cells, we strongly believe that these new immunotherapeutic approaches, along with an innovative characterization of tumor genetics, will provide an exciting opportunity to ameliorate the therapeutic management of sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Clemente
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ottaiano
- Division of Innovative Therapies, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bracigliano
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lamia
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Cannella
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzolorusso
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Marzo
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Santorsola
- Division of Innovative Therapies, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annarosaria De Chiara
- Histopathology of Lymphomas and Sarcomas SSD, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavio Fazioli
- Orthopedic Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tafuto
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy.
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3
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Manfredi F, Cianciotti BC, Potenza A, Tassi E, Noviello M, Biondi A, Ciceri F, Bonini C, Ruggiero E. TCR Redirected T Cells for Cancer Treatment: Achievements, Hurdles, and Goals. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1689. [PMID: 33013822 PMCID: PMC7494743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is a rapidly evolving therapeutic approach designed to harness T cell specificity and function to fight diseases. Based on the evidence that T lymphocytes can mediate a potent anti-tumor response, initially ACT solely relied on the isolation, in vitro expansion, and infusion of tumor-infiltrating or circulating tumor-specific T cells. Although effective in a subset of cases, in the first ACT clinical trials several patients experienced disease progression, in some cases after temporary disease control. This evidence prompted researchers to improve ACT products by taking advantage of the continuously evolving gene engineering field and by improving manufacturing protocols, to enable the generation of effective and long-term persisting tumor-specific T cell products. Despite recent advances, several challenges, including prioritization of antigen targets, identification, and optimization of tumor-specific T cell receptors, in the development of tools enabling T cells to counteract the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, still need to be faced. This review aims at summarizing the major achievements, hurdles and possible solutions designed to improve the ACT efficacy and safety profile in the context of liquid and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Manfredi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Claudia Cianciotti
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Centro San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Potenza
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tassi
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Noviello
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Clinica Pediatrica Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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4
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Sanderson JP, Crowley DJ, Wiedermann GE, Quinn LL, Crossland KL, Tunbridge HM, Cornforth TV, Barnes CS, Ahmed T, Howe K, Saini M, Abbott RJ, Anderson VE, Tavano B, Maroto M, Gerry AB. Preclinical evaluation of an affinity-enhanced MAGE-A4-specific T-cell receptor for adoptive T-cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2019; 9:1682381. [PMID: 32002290 PMCID: PMC6959444 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1682381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial obstacle to the success of adoptive T cell-based cancer immunotherapy is the sub-optimal affinity of T-cell receptors (TCRs) for most tumor antigens. Genetically engineered TCRs that have enhanced affinity for specific tumor peptide-MHC complexes may overcome this barrier. However, this enhancement risks increasing weak TCR cross-reactivity to other antigens expressed by normal tissues, potentially leading to clinical toxicities. To reduce the risk of such adverse clinical outcomes, we have developed an extensive preclinical testing strategy, involving potency testing using 2D and 3D human cell cultures and primary tumor material, and safety testing using human primary cell and cell-line cross-reactivity screening and molecular analysis to predict peptides recognized by the affinity-enhanced TCR. Here, we describe this strategy using a developmental T-cell therapy, ADP-A2M4, which recognizes the HLA-A2-restricted MAGE-A4 peptide GVYDGREHTV. ADP-A2M4 demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in the absence of major off-target cross-reactivity against a range of human primary cells and cell lines. Identification and characterization of peptides recognized by the affinity-enhanced TCR also revealed no cross-reactivity. These studies demonstrated that this TCR is highly potent and without major safety concerns, and as a result, this TCR is now being investigated in two clinical trials (NCT03132922, NCT04044768).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tina Ahmed
- Preclinical Research, Adaptimmune, Abingdon, UK
| | - Karen Howe
- Target Validation, Adaptimmune, Abingdon, UK
| | - Manoj Saini
- Preclinical Research, Adaptimmune, Abingdon, UK
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5
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Kochin V, Nishikawa H. <Editors' Choice> Meddling with meddlers: curbing regulatory T cells and augmenting antitumor immunity. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2019; 81:1-18. [PMID: 30962651 PMCID: PMC6433633 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.81.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the transcription factor forkhead
box P3 (FoxP3) play an important role in self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Tregs have
evolved to protect the host from aberrant immune responses against self-components and
collateral damages occurring in the process of defense against invading pathogens by
softening immune responses. However, they turned to be a scourge in malignant tumors by
not only allowing and promoting tumor growth but also suppressing effective antitumor
actions, both inherent (host’s immune surveillance) and extrinsic (anticancer therapy). An
increase in the number of Tregs infiltrating into tumor sites and a concomitant decrease
in the number of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are associated with a poor
prognosis for various types of cancers, marking Tregs as notorious meddlers with an
effective antitumor response. Various cancer immunotherapy approaches are often dampened
by meddling Tregs, making them one of the major targets in the treatment of cancer. The
recent success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target immune checkpoint
molecules expressed by Tregs or effector T cells implies, that “meddling with meddlers”
represents an effective strategy in cancer immunotherapy. However, clinical responses to
ICIs are effective and durable only in some patients with cancer, whereas more than half
of them do not show significant clinical improvement. This implies that a therapeutic
approach based on the use of a single ICI, or targeting Tregs alone, is insufficient,
highlighting the need for combinatorial approaches. With regard to antitumor immune
stimulation, several approaches, such as vaccination with peptides (or the corresponding
DNA) to stimulate antigen-presenting CD8+ T cells with tumor-specific
neoantigens, cancer/testis antigens, or cancer stem cell antigens, that eventually boost
effective cytotoxic antitumor responses are being tested. This review describes the
immunosuppressive physiology of Tregs and their meddling with the host’s antitumor
immunity; current and prospective approaches to curb Tregs; and approaches to augment
antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Kochin
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo / Chiba, Japan
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6
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Tendeiro Rego R, Morris EC, Lowdell MW. T-cell receptor gene-modified cells: past promises, present methodologies and future challenges. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:341-357. [PMID: 30655164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy constitutes an exciting and rapidly evolving field, and the demonstration that genetically modified T-cell receptors (TCRs) can be used to produce T-lymphocyte populations of desired specificity offers new opportunities for antigen-specific T-cell therapy. Overall, TCR-modified T cells have the ability to target a wide variety of self and non-self targets through the normal biology of a T cell. Although major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted and dependent on co-receptors, genetically engineered TCRs still present a number of characteristics that ensure they are an important alternative strategy to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and high-affinity TCRs can now be successfully engineered with the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse events. This review will focus on the main characteristics of TCR gene-modified cells, their potential clinical application and promise to the field of adoptive cell transfer (ACT), basic manufacturing procedures and characterization protocols and overall challenges that need to be overcome so that redirection of TCR specificity may be successfully translated into clinical practice, beyond early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Tendeiro Rego
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK; Centre for Cell, Gene & Tissue Therapeutics, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma C Morris
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Mark W Lowdell
- UCL Cancer Institute, Department of Haematology, London, UK
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7
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Cameron BJ, Gerry AB, Dukes J, Harper JV, Kannan V, Bianchi FC, Grand F, Brewer JE, Gupta M, Plesa G, Bossi G, Vuidepot A, Powlesland AS, Legg A, Adams KJ, Bennett AD, Pumphrey NJ, Williams DD, Binder-Scholl G, Kulikovskaya I, Levine BL, Riley JL, Varela-Rohena A, Stadtmauer EA, Rapoport AP, Linette GP, June CH, Hassan NJ, Kalos M, Jakobsen BK. Identification of a Titin-derived HLA-A1-presented peptide as a cross-reactive target for engineered MAGE A3-directed T cells. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:197ra103. [PMID: 23926201 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MAGE A3, which belongs to the family of cancer-testis antigens, is an attractive target for adoptive therapy given its reactivation in various tumors and limited expression in normal tissues. We developed an affinity-enhanced T cell receptor (TCR) directed to a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*01-restricted MAGE A3 antigen (EVDPIGHLY) for use in adoptive therapy. Extensive preclinical investigations revealed no off-target antigen recognition concerns; nonetheless, administration to patients of T cells expressing the affinity-enhanced MAGE A3 TCR resulted in a serious adverse event (SAE) and fatal toxicity against cardiac tissue. We present a description of the preclinical in vitro functional analysis of the MAGE A3 TCR, which failed to reveal any evidence of off-target activity, and a full analysis of the post-SAE in vitro investigations, which reveal cross-recognition of an off-target peptide. Using an amino acid scanning approach, a peptide from the muscle protein Titin (ESDPIVAQY) was identified as an alternative target for the MAGE A3 TCR and the most likely cause of in vivo toxicity. These results demonstrate that affinity-enhanced TCRs have considerable effector functions in vivo and highlight the potential safety concerns for TCR-engineered T cells. Strategies such as peptide scanning and the use of more complex cell cultures are recommended in preclinical studies to mitigate the risk of off-target toxicity in future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Cameron
- Immunocore Ltd., 57c Milton Park, Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, OX14 4RX, UK
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8
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Gras S, Burrows SR, Turner SJ, Sewell AK, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. A structural voyage toward an understanding of the MHC-I-restricted immune response: lessons learned and much to be learned. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:61-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Monash University; Clayton; Australia
| | - Scott R. Burrows
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development; Brisbane; Australia
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Australia
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff; UK
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Australia
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9
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Lynch JN, Donermeyer DL, Weber KS, Kranz DM, Allen PM. Subtle changes in TCRα CDR1 profoundly increase the sensitivity of CD4 T cells. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:283-94. [PMID: 22982754 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the peptide and MHC molecules have been extensively examined for how they alter T cell activation, but many fewer studies have examined the TCR. Structural studies of how TCR differences alter T cell specificity have focused on broad variation in the CDR3 loops. However, changes in the CDR1 and 2 loops can also alter TCR recognition of pMHC. In this study we focus on two mutations in the CDR1α loop of the TCR that increased the affinity of a TCR for agonist Hb(64-76)/I-E(k) by increasing the on-rate of the reaction. These same mutations also conferred broader recognition of altered peptide ligands. TCR transgenic mice expressing the CDR1α mutations had altered thymic selection, as most of the T cells were negatively selected compared to T cells expressing the wildtype TCR. The few T cells that escaped negative selection and were found in the periphery were rendered anergic, thereby avoiding autoimmunity. T cells with the CDR1α mutations were completely deleted in the presence of Hb(64-76) as an endogenous peptide. Interestingly, the wildtype T cells were not eliminated, identifying a threshold affinity for negative selection where a 3-fold increase in affinity is the difference between incomplete and complete deletion. Overall, these studies highlight how small changes in the TCR can increase the affinity of TCR:pMHC but with the consequences of skewing selection and producing an unresponsive T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Lynch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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10
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Gras S, Wilmann PG, Chen Z, Halim H, Liu YC, Kjer-Nielsen L, Purcell AW, Burrows SR, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. A structural basis for varied αβ TCR usage against an immunodominant EBV antigen restricted to a HLA-B8 molecule. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:311-21. [PMID: 22140258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
EBV is a ubiquitous and persistent human pathogen, kept in check by the cytotoxic T cell response. In this study, we investigated how three TCRs, which differ in their T cell immunodominance hierarchies and gene usage, interact with the same EBV determinant (FLRGRAYGL), bound to the same Ag-presenting molecule, HLA-B8. We found that the three TCRs exhibit differing fine specificities for the viral Ag. Further, via structural and biophysical approaches, we demonstrated that the viral Ag provides the greatest energetic contribution to the TCR-peptide-HLA interaction, while focusing on a few adjacent HLA-based interactions to further tune fine-specificity requirements. Thus, the TCR engages the peptide-HLA with the viral Ag as the main glue, such that neighboring TCR-MHC interactions are recruited as a supportive adhesive. Collectively, we provide a portrait of how the host's adaptive immune response differentially engages a common viral Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Collins EJ, Riddle DS. TCR-MHC docking orientation: natural selection, or thymic selection? Immunol Res 2009; 41:267-94. [PMID: 18726714 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCR) dock on their peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) targets in a conserved orientation. Since amino acid sidechains are the foundation of specific protein-protein interactions, a simple explanation for the conserved docking orientation is that key amino acids encoded by the TCR and MHC genes have been selected and maintained through evolution in order to preserve TCR/pMHC binding. Expectations that follow from the hypothesis that TCR and MHC evolved to interact are discussed in light of the data that both support and refute them. Finally, an alternative and equally simple explanation for the driving force behind the conserved docking orientation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 804 Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA.
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12
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Archbold JK, Macdonald WA, Gras S, Ely LK, Miles JJ, Bell MJ, Brennan RM, Beddoe T, Wilce MCJ, Clements CS, Purcell AW, McCluskey J, Burrows SR, Rossjohn J. Natural micropolymorphism in human leukocyte antigens provides a basis for genetic control of antigen recognition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:209-19. [PMID: 19139173 PMCID: PMC2626662 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene polymorphism plays a critical role in protective immunity, disease susceptibility, autoimmunity, and drug hypersensitivity, yet the basis of how HLA polymorphism influences T cell receptor (TCR) recognition is unclear. We examined how a natural micropolymorphism in HLA-B44, an important and large HLA allelic family, affected antigen recognition. T cell–mediated immunity to an Epstein-Barr virus determinant (EENLLDFVRF) is enhanced when HLA-B*4405 was the presenting allotype compared with HLA-B*4402 or HLA-B*4403, each of which differ by just one amino acid. The micropolymorphism in these HLA-B44 allotypes altered the mode of binding and dynamics of the bound viral epitope. The structure of the TCR–HLA-B*4405EENLLDFVRF complex revealed that peptide flexibility was a critical parameter in enabling preferential engagement with HLA-B*4405 in comparison to HLA-B*4402/03. Accordingly, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphism can alter the dynamics of the peptide-MHC landscape, resulting in fine-tuning of T cell responses between closely related allotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Archbold
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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13
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Marrack P, Scott-Browne JP, Dai S, Gapin L, Kappler JW. Evolutionarily conserved amino acids that control TCR-MHC interaction. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:171-203. [PMID: 18304006 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rules for the conserved reaction of alphabeta T cell receptors (TCRs) with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins plus peptides are poorly understood, probably because thymocytes bearing TCRs with the strongest MHC reactivity are lost by negative selection. Thus, only TCRs with an attenuated ability to react with MHC appear on mature T cells. Also, the interaction sites between TCRs and MHC may be inherently flexible and hence difficult to spot. We reevaluated contacts between TCRs and MHC in the solved structures of their complexes with these points in mind. Relatively conserved amino acids in the TCR complementarity-determining regions (CDR) 1 and CDR2 are often used to bind exposed areas of the MHC alpha-helices. These areas are exposed because of small amino acids that allow somewhat flexible binding of the TCRs. The TCR amino acids involved are specific to families of variable (V) regions and to some extent different rules may govern the recognition of MHCI versus MHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Denver Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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14
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Robbins PF, Li YF, El-Gamil M, Zhao Y, Wargo JA, Zheng Z, Xu H, Morgan RA, Feldman SA, Johnson LA, Bennett AD, Dunn SM, Mahon TM, Jakobsen BK, Rosenberg SA. Single and dual amino acid substitutions in TCR CDRs can enhance antigen-specific T cell functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6116-31. [PMID: 18424733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Single and dual amino acid substitution variants were generated in the TCR CDRs of three TCRs that recognize tumor-associated Ags. Substitutions that enhance the reactivity of TCR gene-modified T cells to the cognate Ag complex were identified using a rapid RNA-based transfection system. The screening of a panel of variants of the 1G4 TCR, that recognizes a peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 157-165 of the human cancer testis Ag NY-ESO-1 (SLLMWITQC) in the context of the HLA-A*02 class I allele, resulted in the identification of single and dual CDR3alpha and CDR2beta amino acid substitutions that dramatically enhanced the specific recognition of NY-ESO-1(+)/HLA-A*02(+) tumor cell lines by TCR gene-modified CD4(+) T cells. Within this group of improved TCRs, a dual substitution in the 1G4 TCR CDR3alpha chain was identified that enhanced Ag-specific reactivity in gene-modified CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Separate experiments on two distinct TCRs that recognize the MART-1 27-35 (AAGIGILTV) peptide/HLA-A*02 Ag complex characterized single amino acid substitutions in both TCRs that enhanced CD4(+) T cell Ag-specific reactivity. These results indicate that simple TCR substitution variants that enhance T cell function can be identified by rapid transfection and assay techniques, providing the means for generating potent Ag complex-specific TCR genes for use in the study of T cell interactions and in T cell adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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15
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Borg NA, Ely LK, Beddoe T, Macdonald WA, Reid HH, Clements CS, Purcell AW, Kjer-Nielsen L, Miles JJ, Burrows SR, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. The CDR3 regions of an immunodominant T cell receptor dictate the 'energetic landscape' of peptide-MHC recognition. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:171-80. [PMID: 15640805 DOI: 10.1038/ni1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The energetic bases of T cell recognition are unclear. Here, we studied the 'energetic landscape' of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) recognition by an immunodominant alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR). We quantified and evaluated the effect of natural and systematic substitutions in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops on ligand binding in the context of the structural detail of each component of the immunodominant TCR-pMHC complex. The CDR1 and CDR2 loops contributed minimal energy through direct recognition of the antigen and instead had a chief function in stabilizing the ligated CDR3 loops. The underlying energetic basis for recognition lay in the CDR3 loops. Therefore the energetic burden of the CDR loops in the TCR-pMHC interaction is variable among TCRs, reflecting the inherent adaptability of the TCR in ligating different ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Borg
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, Monash Centre for Synchrotron Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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16
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Chlewicki LK, Holler PD, Monti BC, Clutter MR, Kranz DM. High-affinity, peptide-specific T cell receptors can be generated by mutations in CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3. J Mol Biol 2004; 346:223-39. [PMID: 15663940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 11/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The third complementarity-determining regions (CDR3s) of antibodies and T cell receptors (TCRs) have been shown to play a major role in antigen binding and specificity. Consistent with this notion, we demonstrated previously that high-affinity, peptide-specific TCRs could be generated in vitro by mutations in the CDR3alpha region of the 2C TCR. In contrast, it has been argued that CDR1 and CDR2 are involved to a greater extent than CDR3s in the process of MHC restriction, due to their engagement of MHC helices. Based on this premise, we initiated the present study to explore whether higher affinity TCRs generated through mutations in these CDRs or other regions would lead to significant reductions in peptide specificity (i.e. the result of greater binding energy gained through interactions with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) helices). Yeast-display technology and flow sorting were used to select high-affinity TCRs from libraries of CDR mutants or random mutants. High-affinity TCRs with mutations in the first residue of the Valpha, CDR1, CDR2, or CDR3 were isolated. Unexpectedly, every TCR mutant, including those in CDR1 and CDR2, retained remarkable peptide specificity. Molecular modeling of various mutants suggested that such exquisite specificity may be due to: (1) enhanced electrostatic interactions with key peptide or MHC residues; or (2) stabilization of CDRs in specific conformations. The results indicate that the TCR is positioned so that virtually every CDR can contribute to the antigen-specificity of a T cell. The conserved diagonal docking of TCRs could thus orient each CDR loop to sense the peptide directly or indirectly through peptide-induced effects on the MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz K Chlewicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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17
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Holler PD, Kranz DM. Quantitative analysis of the contribution of TCR/pepMHC affinity and CD8 to T cell activation. Immunity 2003; 18:255-64. [PMID: 12594952 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relative roles of CD8, TCR:pepMHC affinity, and TCR:pepMHC dissociation rate in T cell activation have remained controversial. To determine the relationships among these factors, we used T cells transfected with normal and in vitro engineered alphabeta TCRs, in the presence or absence of CD8. The TCRs exhibited a wide range of affinities (K(D) values of 80 microM to 5 nM). T cells with the highest affinity TCRs were efficiently stimulated by peptide, with or without CD8. In contrast, CD8 was required for T cells that expressed TCRs with affinities typical of syngeneic reactions (K(D) values above approximately 3 microM). The results suggest that virtually all normal syngeneic interactions require CD8, which enhances peptide sensitivity by one million-fold or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Holler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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18
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Holler PD, Chlewicki LK, Kranz DM. TCRs with high affinity for foreign pMHC show self-reactivity. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:55-62. [PMID: 12469116 DOI: 10.1038/ni863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2002] [Accepted: 10/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells with high-affinity T cell receptors (TCRs) for a foreign peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) appear to be negatively selected, even though they have never seen the foreign antigen. To examine how this process operates, we used in vitro yeast display to isolate high-affinity TCRs from the T cell clone 2C. The TCRs showed fast on-rates, which were consistent with reduced CDR (complementarity determining region) flexibility, and cross-reactivity with other cognate pMHCs. T cell hybridomas transfected with a high-affinity TCR were stimulated by endogenous self-pMHC, which suggested that T cells bearing the TCR would be negatively selected. The immune system appears to maintain a repertoire of flexible, low-affinity TCRs at the expense of more effective high-affinity TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Holler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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19
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Kalergis AM, Boucheron N, Doucey MA, Palmieri E, Goyarts EC, Vegh Z, Luescher IF, Nathenson SG. Efficient T cell activation requires an optimal dwell-time of interaction between the TCR and the pMHC complex. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:229-34. [PMID: 11224522 DOI: 10.1038/85286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activation by antigen requires the specific detection of peptide-major histocompatibility class I (pMHC) molecules on the target-cell surface by the T cell receptor (TCR). We examined the effect of mutations in the antigen-binding site of a Kb-restricted TCR on T cell activation, antigen binding and dissociation from antigen.These parameters were also examined for variants derived from a Kd-restricted peptide that was recognized by a CTL clone. Using these two independent systems, we show that T cell activation can be impaired by mutations that either decrease or increase the binding half-life of the TCR-pMHC interaction. Our data indicate that efficient T cell activation occurs within an optimal dwell-time range of TCR-pMHC interaction. This restricted dwell-time range is consistent with the exclusion of either extremely low or high affinity T cells from the expanded population during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kalergis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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20
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Gascoigne NR, Alam SM, Lin CM, McGuire MV, Marine S, Niederberger N, Redpath S, Sim BC, Travers PJ, Yachi P, Zal MA, Zal T. T cell receptor binding kinetics and special role of Valpha in T cell development and activation. Immunol Res 2000; 21:225-31. [PMID: 10852121 DOI: 10.1385/ir:21:2-3:225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the interaction between T cell receptor (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has an important role in determining thymocyte-positive and -negative selection in the thymus, as well as in T cell activation. The alpha chain of the TCR is the major player in determining how the TCR fits onto the MHC ligand, and thus has a major role in determining whether a T cell develops as class I or class II restricted. In this article, we summarize recent data from our laboratory and others on the role of polymorphism in the Valpha combining site in determining MHC class restriction, and on kinetic parameters in thymocyte selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Gascoigne
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Holler PD, Holman PO, Shusta EV, O'Herrin S, Wittrup KD, Kranz DM. In vitro evolution of a T cell receptor with high affinity for peptide/MHC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:5387-92. [PMID: 10779548 PMCID: PMC25838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.080078297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) exhibit genetic and structural diversity similar to antibodies, but they have binding affinities that are several orders of magnitude lower. It has been suggested that TCRs undergo selection in vivo to maintain lower affinities. Here, we show that there is not an inherent genetic or structural limitation on higher affinity. Higher-affinity TCR variants were generated in the absence of in vivo selective pressures by using yeast display and selection from a library of Valpha CDR3 mutants. Selected mutants had greater than 100-fold higher affinity (K(D) approximately 9 nM) for the peptide/MHC ligand while retaining a high degree of peptide specificity. Among the high-affinity TCR mutants, a strong preference was found for CDR3alpha that contained Pro or Gly residues. Finally, unlike the wild-type TCR, a soluble monomeric form of a high-affinity TCR was capable of directly detecting peptide/MHC complexes on antigen-presenting cells. These findings prove that affinity maturation of TCRs is possible and suggest a strategy for engineering TCRs that can be used in targeting specific peptide/MHC complexes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers
- Dimerization
- Directed Molecular Evolution/methods
- Gene Library
- Genetic Variation
- Glycine
- Ligands
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Proline
- Protein Conformation
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Holler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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22
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Lee PU, Churchill HR, Daniels M, Jameson SC, Kranz DM. Role of 2CT cell receptor residues in the binding of self- and allo-major histocompatibility complexes. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1355-64. [PMID: 10770802 PMCID: PMC2193126 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.8.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/1999] [Accepted: 02/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell clone 2C recognizes the alloantigen L(d) and the positive selecting major histocompatibility complex (MHC), K(b). To explore the molecular basis of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) binding to different peptide/MHC (pMHC) complexes, we performed alanine scanning mutagenesis of the 2C TCR. The TCR energy maps for QL9/L(d) and SIYR/K(b) were remarkably similar, in that 16 of 41 Valpha and Vbeta alanine mutants showed reduced binding to both ligands. Several TCR residues varied in the magnitude of energy contributed to binding the two ligands, indicating that there are also unique interactions. Residues in complementarity determining region 3alpha showed the most notable differences in binding energetics among the ligands QL9/L(d), SIYR/K(b), and the clonotypic antibody 1B2. Various lines of evidence suggest that these differences relate to the mobility of this loop and point to the key role of conformational dynamics in pMHC recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter U.Y. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | | | - Mark Daniels
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Stephen C. Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - David M. Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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23
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Churchill HR, Andersen PS, Parke EA, Mariuzza RA, Kranz DM. Mapping the energy of superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin C3 recognition of an alpha/beta T cell receptor using alanine scanning mutagenesis. J Exp Med 2000; 191:835-46. [PMID: 10704464 PMCID: PMC2195847 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.5.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 01/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to a bacterial superantigen (SAG) results in stimulation of a large population of T cells and subsequent inflammatory reactions. To define the functional contribution of TCR residues to SAG recognition, binding by 24 single-site alanine substitutions in the TCR Vbeta domain to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin (SE) C3 was measured, producing an energy map of the TCR-SAG interaction. The results showed that complementarity determining region 2 (CDR2) of the Vbeta contributed the majority of binding energy, whereas hypervariable region 4 (HV4) and framework region 3 (FR3) contributed a minimal amount of energy. The crystal structure of the Vbeta8.2-SEC3 complex suggests that the CDR2 mutations act by disrupting Vbeta main chain interactions with SEC3, perhaps by affecting the conformation of CDR2. The finding that single Vbeta side chain substitutions had significant effects on binding and that other SEC3-reactive Vbeta are diverse at these same positions indicates that SEC3 binds to other TCRs through compensatory mechanisms. Thus, there appears to be strong selective pressure on SAGs to maintain binding to diverse T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine/genetics
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Superantigens/immunology
- Superantigens/metabolism
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter S. Andersen
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Evan A. Parke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Roy A. Mariuzza
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - David M. Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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24
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Garcia KC. Molecular interactions between extracellular components of the T-cell receptor signaling complex. Immunol Rev 1999; 172:73-85. [PMID: 10631938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structural and biochemical basis of antigen recognition by the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 signaling complex has been illuminated greatly over the past few years. Structural biology has contributed enormously to this understanding through the determination of crystal structures of many of the individual components of this complex, and some of the complexes. A number of general principles can be derived for the structure of the alpha beta TCR and its interaction with peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) in class I systems, as well as interaction of the CD8 co-receptor with MHC. Large buried surface areas within the protein-protein interfaces, and varying degrees of shape complementarity appear critical for modulating the stability of the multicomponent, low-affinity macromolecular complexes consisting of TCR, pMHC, CD8 or CD4, and CD3 gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta. Significant structural alterations in TCR and pMHC, upon complex formation, hint at an as yet unclear role for conformational change in both recognition and activation. Subtle chemical alterations in key peptide residues which contact the TCR can have dramatic agonist or antagonist effects on receptor activation, which correlate only loosely with the TCR/pMHC complex affinity, implying an ability of the signaling complex to "sense" fine differences in the interface. The stoichiometry of an activated TCR signaling complex is still an unresolved issue, as is the structure and disposition of the CD3 components. However, functional experiments are bridging this gap and providing us with preliminary working models of the multimeric assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5124, USA.
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25
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Manning TC, Kranz DM. Binding energetics of T-cell receptors: correlation with immunological consequences. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:417-22. [PMID: 10462742 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T C Manning
- Dept of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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26
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Kieke MC, Shusta EV, Boder ET, Teyton L, Wittrup KD, Kranz DM. Selection of functional T cell receptor mutants from a yeast surface-display library. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:5651-6. [PMID: 10318939 PMCID: PMC21915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterodimeric alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR) for antigen is the key determinant of T cell specificity. The structure of the TCR is very similar to that of antibodies, but the engineering of TCRs by directed evolution with combinatorial display libraries has not been accomplished to date. Here, we report that yeast surface display of a TCR was achieved only after the mutation of specific variable region residues. These residues are located in two regions of the TCR, at the interface of the alpha- and beta-chains and in the beta-chain framework region that is thought to be in proximity to the CD3 signal-transduction complex. The mutations are encoded naturally in many antibody variable regions, indicating specific functional differences that have not been appreciated between TCRs and antibodies. The identification of these residues provides an explanation for the inherent difficulties in the display of wild-type TCRs compared with antibodies. Yeast-displayed mutant TCRs bind specifically to the peptide/MHC antigen, enabling engineering of soluble T cell receptors as specific T cell antagonists. This strategy of random mutagenesis followed by selection for surface expression may be of general use in the directed evolution of other eukaryotic proteins that are refractory to display.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Kieke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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