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Chovatia RM, Acharya A, Rasal KD, Bedekar MK, Jeena K, Rathinam RB, Dinakaran C, Tripathi G. Ontogeny and tissue specific expression profiles of recombination activating genes (RAGs) during development in Nile tilapia, Oreochromisniloticus. Gene Expr Patterns 2024; 52:119358. [PMID: 38460579 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2024.119358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Recombination activating genes (RAGs) mediates the process of rearrangement and somatic recombination (V(D)J) to generate different antibody repertoire. Studies on the expression pattern of adaptive immune genes during ontogenic development are crucial for the formulation of fish immunization strategy. In the present study, Nile tilapia was taken to explore the relative expression profile of RAG genes during their developmental stages. The developmental stages of Nile tilapia, i.e., unfertilized egg, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30 days post-hatch (dph) and kidney, blood, gill, liver and spleen tissues from adult fish were collected and the cDNA synthesis was carried out. Gene specific primers for RAG-1 and RAG-2 of Nile tilapia were designed and their annealing temperature (Tm) was optimized by gradient PCR. Consequently, PCR was performed to confirm the specific amplification of RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) gene expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 were noticed in all the developmental stages; however, a significant increase was observed after 12 dph and peaked at 24 dph, followed by a gradual decrease until 30 dph. Tissue-specific gene expression profiling revealed that the highest expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 was observed in the kidney, followed by spleen, gill, liver and blood. The findings of the study explored the suitable timing of lymphoid maturation that could be technically used for the adoption of strategies to improve disease resistance of fish larvae for mitigating larval mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arpit Acharya
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Kiran D Rasal
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | | | - Kezhedath Jeena
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - R Bharathi Rathinam
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India; ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Gayatri Tripathi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India.
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2
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Kim JEJ, Tung LT, Jiang RR, Yousefi M, Liang Y, Malo D, Vidal SM, Nijnik A. Dysregulation of B lymphocyte development in the SKG mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunology 2023; 170:553-566. [PMID: 37688495 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic and systemic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 1% of the world's population and is characterised by joint inflammation, the destruction of articular cartilage and bone, and many potentially life-threatening extraarticular manifestations. B lymphocytes play a central role in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis as the precursors of autoantibody secreting plasma cells, as highly potent antigen-presenting cells, and as a source of various inflammatory cytokines, however, the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on B lymphocyte development remain poorly understood. Here, we analyse B lymphocyte development in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis, quantifying all the subsets of B cell precursors in the bone marrow and splenic B cells using flow cytometry. We demonstrate a severe reduction in pre-B cells and immature B cells in the bone marrow of mice with active disease, despite no major effects on the mature naïve B cell numbers. The loss of B cell precursors in the bone marrow of the affected mice was associated with a highly significant reduction in the proportion of Ki67+ cells, indicating impaired cell proliferation, while the viability of the B cell precursors was not significantly affected. We also observed some mobilisation of the B cell precursor cells into the mouse spleen, demonstrated with flow cytometry and pre-B colony forming units assays. In summary, the current work demonstrates a severe dysregulation in B lymphocyte development in murine rheumatoid arthritis, with possible implications for B cell repertoire formation, tolerance induction, and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Eun June Kim
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lin Tze Tung
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roselyn R Jiang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Pandey MK. Exploring Pro-Inflammatory Immunological Mediators: Unraveling the Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041067. [PMID: 37189685 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of rare and ultra-rare genetic disorders caused by defects in specific genes that result in the accumulation of toxic substances in the lysosome. This excess accumulation of such cellular materials stimulates the activation of immune and neurological cells, leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Examples of lysosomal storage diseases include Gaucher, Fabry, Tay–Sachs, Sandhoff, and Wolman diseases. These diseases are characterized by the accumulation of various substrates, such as glucosylceramide, globotriaosylceramide, ganglioside GM2, sphingomyelin, ceramide, and triglycerides, in the affected cells. The resulting pro-inflammatory environment leads to the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and several components of complement cascades, which contribute to the progressive neurodegeneration seen in these diseases. In this study, we provide an overview of the genetic defects associated with lysosomal storage diseases and their impact on the induction of neuro-immune inflammation. By understanding the underlying mechanisms behind these diseases, we aim to provide new insights into potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for monitoring and managing the severity of these diseases. In conclusion, lysosomal storage diseases present a complex challenge for patients and clinicians, but this study offers a comprehensive overview of the impact of these diseases on the central and peripheral nervous systems and provides a foundation for further research into potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0515, USA
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4
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Tikka C, Beasley L, Xu C, Yang J, Cooper S, Lechner J, Gutch S, Kaplan MH, Capitano M, Yang K. BATF sustains homeostasis and functionality of bone marrow Treg cells to preserve homeostatic regulation of hematopoiesis and development of B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1026368. [PMID: 36911703 PMCID: PMC9992736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1026368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow Treg cells (BM Tregs) orchestrate stem cell niches crucial for hematopoiesis. Yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing BM Treg homeostasis and function. Here we report that the transcription factor BATF maintains homeostasis and functionality of BM Tregs to facilitate homeostatic regulation of hematopoiesis and B cell development. Treg-specific ablation of BATF profoundly compromised proportions of BM Tregs associated with reduced expression of Treg effector molecules, including CD44, ICOS, KLRG1, and TIGIT. Moreover, BATF deficiency in Tregs led to increased numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), multipotent progenitors (MPPs), and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), while reducing the functionality of myeloid progenitors and the generation of common lymphoid progenitors. Furthermore, Tregs lacking BATF failed to support the development of B cells in the BM. Mechanistically, BATF mediated IL-7 signaling to promote expression of effector molecules on BM Tregs and their homeostasis. Our studies reveal a previously unappreciated role for BATF in sustaining BM Treg homeostasis and function to ensure hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Tikka
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lindsay Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Chengxian Xu
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Scott Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joseph Lechner
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sarah Gutch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Maegan Capitano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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5
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Dietlein N, Wang X, Metz J, Disson O, Shang F, Beyersdörffer C, Rodríguez Correa E, Lipka DB, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Kosinsky RL, Johnsen SA, Lecuit M, Höfer T, Rodewald HR. Usp22 is an intracellular regulator of systemic emergency hematopoiesis. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabq2061. [PMID: 36490327 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emergency hematopoiesis is a concerted response aimed toward enhanced protection from infection, involving multiple cell types and developmental stages across the immune system. Despite its importance, the underlying molecular regulation remains poorly understood. The deubiquitinase USP22 regulates the levels of monoubiquitinated histone H2B (H2Bub1), which is associated with activation of interferon responses upon viral infection. Here, we show that in the absence of infection or inflammation, mice lacking Usp22 in all hematopoietic cells display profound systemic emergency hematopoiesis, evident by increased hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, myeloid bias, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Functionally, loss of Usp22 results in elevated phagocytosis by neutrophilic granulocytes and enhanced innate protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection. At the molecular level, we found this state of emergency hematopoiesis associated with transcriptional signatures of myeloid priming, enhanced mitochondrial respiration, and innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation. Augmented expression of many inflammatory genes was linked to elevated locus-specific H2Bub1 levels. Collectively, these results demonstrate the existence of a tunable epigenetic state that promotes systemic emergency hematopoiesis in a cell-autonomous manner to enhance innate protection, identifying potential paths toward immune enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Dietlein
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xi Wang
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jonas Metz
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fuwei Shang
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Celine Beyersdörffer
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Rodríguez Correa
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel B Lipka
- Section Translational Cancer Epigenomics, Department of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Begus-Nahrmann
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robyn Laura Kosinsky
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven A Johnsen
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral & Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015 Paris, France.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Institut Imagine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Trivedi VS, Magnusen AF, Rani R, Marsili L, Slavotinek AM, Prows DR, Hopkin RJ, McKay MA, Pandey MK. Targeting the Complement-Sphingolipid System in COVID-19 and Gaucher Diseases: Evidence for a New Treatment Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214340. [PMID: 36430817 PMCID: PMC9695449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced disease (COVID-19) and Gaucher disease (GD) exhibit upregulation of complement 5a (C5a) and its C5aR1 receptor, and excess synthesis of glycosphingolipids that lead to increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in massive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. This C5a-C5aR1-glycosphingolipid pathway- induced pro-inflammatory environment causes the tissue damage in COVID-19 and GD. Strikingly, pharmaceutically targeting the C5a-C5aR1 axis or the glycosphingolipid synthesis pathway led to a reduction in glycosphingolipid synthesis and innate and adaptive immune inflammation, and protection from the tissue destruction in both COVID-19 and GD. These results reveal a common involvement of the complement and glycosphingolipid systems driving immune inflammation and tissue damage in COVID-19 and GD, respectively. It is therefore expected that combined targeting of the complement and sphingolipid pathways could ameliorate the tissue destruction, organ failure, and death in patients at high-risk of developing severe cases of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyoma Snehal Trivedi
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Albert Frank Magnusen
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Reena Rani
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Luca Marsili
- Department of Neurology, James J. and Joan A. Gardner Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, 3113 Bellevue Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Anne Michele Slavotinek
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Daniel Ray Prows
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Robert James Hopkin
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mary Ashley McKay
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Corneth OBJ, Neys SFH, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B Cell Signaling in Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213391. [PMID: 36359789 PMCID: PMC9654300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant B cell signaling plays a critical in role in various systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. This is supported by genetic evidence by many functional studies in B cells from patients or specific animal models and by the observed efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. In this review, we first discuss key signal transduction pathways downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) that ensure that autoreactive B cells are removed from the repertoire or functionally silenced. We provide an overview of aberrant BCR signaling that is associated with inappropriate B cell repertoire selection and activation or survival of peripheral B cell populations and plasma cells, finally leading to autoantibody formation. Next to BCR signaling, abnormalities in other signal transduction pathways have been implicated in autoimmune disease. These include reduced activity of several phosphates that are downstream of co-inhibitory receptors on B cells and increased levels of BAFF and APRIL, which support survival of B cells and plasma cells. Importantly, pathogenic synergy of the BCR and Toll-like receptors (TLR), which can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, has been shown to enhance autoimmunity. Finally, we will briefly discuss therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease based on interfering with signal transduction in B cells.
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8
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Wang Y, Chen D, Xu D, Huang C, Xing R, He D, Xu H. Early developing B cells undergo negative selection by central nervous system-specific antigens in the meninges. Immunity 2021; 54:2784-2794.e6. [PMID: 34626548 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-reactive B cell progenitors are eliminated through central tolerance checkpoints, a process thought to be restricted to the bone marrow in mammals. Here, we identified a consecutive trajectory of B cell development in the meninges of mice and non-human primates. The meningeal B cells were located predominantly at the dural sinuses, where endothelial cells expressed essential niche factors to support B cell development. Parabiosis experiments together with lineage tracing showed that meningeal developing B cells were replenished continuously from hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived progenitors via a circulation-independent route. Autoreactive immature B cells that recognized myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a central nervous system-specific antigen, were eliminated specifically from the meninges. Furthermore, genetic deletion of the Mog gene restored the self-reactive B cell population in the meninges. These findings identify the meninges as a distinct reservoir for B cell development, allowing in situ negative selection to ensure a locally non-self-reactive immune repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dianyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruxiao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danyang He
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Heping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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NAD + augmentation with nicotinamide riboside improves lymphoid potential of Atm -/- and old mice HSCs. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:25. [PMID: 34548492 PMCID: PMC8455618 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ supplementation has significant benefits in compromised settings, acting largely through improved mitochondrial function and DNA repair. Elevating NAD+ to physiological levels has been shown to improve the function of some adult stem cells, with implications that these changes will lead to sustained improvement of the tissue or system. Here, we examined the effect of elevating NAD+ levels in models with reduced hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) potential, ATM-deficient and aged WT mice, and showed that supplementation of nicotinamide riboside (NR), a NAD+ precursor, improved lymphoid lineage potential during supplementation. In aged mice, this improved lymphoid potential was maintained in competitive transplants and was associated with transcriptional repression of myeloid gene signatures in stem and lineage-committed progenitor cells after NR treatment. However, the altered transcriptional priming of the stem cells toward lymphoid lineages was not sustained in the aged mice after NR removal. These data characterize significant alterations to the lineage potential of functionally compromised HSCs after short-term exposure to NR treatment.
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10
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Magnusen AF, Hatton SL, Rani R, Pandey MK. Genetic Defects and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636139. [PMID: 34239490 PMCID: PMC8259624 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder attributed to the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Motor symptoms include resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesias, while non-motor symptoms include autonomic dysfunction, anxiety, and sleeping problems. Genetic mutations in a number of genes (e.g., LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, PARK2, PARK6, and PARK7) and the resultant abnormal activation of microglial cells are assumed to be the main reasons for the loss of DA neurons in PD with genetic causes. Additionally, immune cell infiltration and their participation in major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) and/or MHCII-mediated processing and presentation of cytosolic or mitochondrial antigens activate the microglial cells and cause the massive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are all critical for the propagation of brain inflammation and the neurodegeneration in PD with genetic and idiopathic causes. Despite knowing the involvement of several of such immune devices that trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD, the exact disease mechanism or the innovative biomarker that could detect disease severity in PD linked to LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, PARK2, PARK6, and PARK7 defects is largely unknown. The current review has explored data from genetics, immunology, and in vivo and ex vivo functional studies that demonstrate that certain genetic defects might contribute to microglial cell activation and massive generation of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which ultimately drive the brain inflammation and lead to neurodegeneration in PD. Understanding the detailed involvement of a variety of immune mediators, their source, and the target could provide a better understanding of the disease process. This information might be helpful in clinical diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and early identification of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Frank Magnusen
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Reena Rani
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Paediatrics of University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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11
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. The spleen: "epicenter" in malaria infection and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:753-769. [PMID: 33464668 PMCID: PMC8518401 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri1020-713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a complex secondary lymphoid organ that plays a crucial role in controlling blood‐stage infection with Plasmodium parasites. It is tasked with sensing and removing parasitized RBCs, erythropoiesis, the activation and differentiation of adaptive immune cells, and the development of protective immunity, all in the face of an intense inflammatory environment. This paper describes how these processes are regulated following infection and recognizes the gaps in our current knowledge, highlighting recent insights from human infections and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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12
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Johnson CB, Zhang J, Lucas D. The Role of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in the Response to Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585402. [PMID: 33324404 PMCID: PMC7723962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) is the primary source of immune cells. Hematopoiesis is regulated by a diverse cellular microenvironment that supports stepwise differentiation of multipotent stem cells and progenitors into mature blood cells. Blood cell production is not static and the bone marrow has evolved to sense and respond to infection by rapidly generating immune cells that are quickly released into the circulation to replenish those that are consumed in the periphery. Unfortunately, infection also has deleterious effects injuring hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), inefficient hematopoiesis, and remodeling and destruction of the microenvironment. Despite its central role in immunity, the role of the microenvironment in the response to infection has not been systematically investigated. Here we summarize the key experimental evidence demonstrating a critical role of the bone marrow microenvironment in orchestrating the bone marrow response to infection and discuss areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B Johnson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jizhou Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Lucas
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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13
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Sushila N, Das BK, Mir IN, Rout AK, Pani Prasad K, Tripathi G. Cloning, characterization and ontogenetic expression profile of RAG-2 and IgM in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). Gene 2020; 739:144496. [PMID: 32088242 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Early larval developmental stages of fish are highly susceptible to opportunistic pathogens until the complete maturation of the lymphoid organs. Knowledge of the expression pattern of important markers of adaptive immune system during the ontogenetic development is essential before vaccinating the fish. In the present study, Pterophyllum scalare (angelfish) was taken to explore the relative expression profile of developmental markers of adaptive immunity, recombination activating gene-2 (RAG-2) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). The fishes were bred and early developmental stages (0-45 days post-hatched) were used to assess the expression profile. The genes, RAG-2 and IgM were cloned and sequenced with the base pair lengths of 1958 bp and 225 bp respectively. The mRNA expression of RAG-2 appeared at insignificant level at the first day of hatching, but the expression was significantly increased from 24 dph (days post-hatching) onwards and reached its peak at 27 dph. The results proved that the maturation of lymphoid organs was completed at 27 dph as the respective protein is involved in the V(D)J recombination, important for the maturation of lymphoid organs. A similar trend was also observed in the mRNA transcript levels of IgM gene and a significantly high expression was detected from 27 dph onwards. The present study suggested that the suitable time for vaccination in P. scalare could be taken at 27 dph, as the maturation and development of lymphoid organs is completed thus helps in stimulating the adaptive response of immunity against any pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngairangbam Sushila
- Division of Aquatic Environment and Health Management, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Ishfaq Nazir Mir
- Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture (DIVA), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, ECR Muttukadu, Chennai 603112, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Rout
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - K Pani Prasad
- Division of Aquatic Environment and Health Management, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Gayatri Tripathi
- Division of Aquatic Environment and Health Management, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India.
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14
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Genetic defects in hematopoietic transcription factors and predisposition to acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2019; 134:793-797. [PMID: 31311817 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018852400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide studies have revealed a plethora of germline variants that significantly influence the susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), thus providing compelling evidence for genetic inheritance of this blood cancer. In particular, hematopoietic transcription factors (eg, ETV6, PAX5, IKZF1) are most frequently implicated in familial ALL, and germline variants in these genes confer strong predisposition (albeit with incomplete penetrance). Studies of germline risk factors for ALL provide unique insights into the molecular etiology of this leukemia.
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15
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Ise W, Kurosaki T. Plasma cell differentiation during the germinal center reaction. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:64-74. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ise
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte DifferentiationWPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte DifferentiationWPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka University Osaka Japan
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte DifferentiationRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS) Yokohama Japan
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16
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Jin Y, Lee A, Oh JH, Lee HW, Ha SJ. The R229Q mutation of Rag2 does not characterize severe immunodeficiency in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4415. [PMID: 30872621 PMCID: PMC6418226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RAG1 or RAG2 mutations are associated with defects in V(D)J recombination activity, causing severe immunodeficiency with a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. A R229Q mutation of RAG2 was identified in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) or Omenn syndrome (OS). Although some factors determining the clinical features between SCID and OS were not clear, the molecular mechanism of OS was studied in a mouse model in which an EGFP tag is fused to Rag2 with the R229Q mutation. To design the human disease model mimicking severe immunodeficiency, we generated Rag2-R229Q knock-in mice without an epitope tag. Mutant mice showed impaired T and B cell differentiation with reduced V(D)J recombination activity; however, the extent to which the R229Q mutation affects severe immunodeficiency was not severe. While Rag2-R229Q mutation under some conditions may cause severe immunological and clinical phenotypes similar to human SCID or OS, R229Q mutation per se did not cause severe immunodeficiency in mice, suggesting that additional factors other than R229Q mutation are required to induce severe immunodeficiency. Thus, our report implies that the effects of genetic background and/or a tagged protein sequence may alter the mouse immune system, revealing the mechanism of phenotypic heterogeneity arising from an identical mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Lund H, Bakke AF, Sommerset I, Afanasyev S, Schriwer G, Thorisdottir A, Boysen P, Krasnov A. A time-course study of gene expression and antibody repertoire at early time post vaccination of Atlantic salmon. Mol Immunol 2019; 106:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Rozmus J, Kariminia A, Abdossamadi S, Storer BE, Martin PJ, Lee SJ, Wolff D, Arora M, Cutler C, Schultz KR. Comprehensive B Cell Phenotyping Profile for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Diagnosis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 25:451-458. [PMID: 30447393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported single B cell-related chronic graft-versus-host disease diagnostic (cGVHD) biomarkers, such as B cell-activating factor (BAFF), CD21low, and immature B cells, but research on the performance of biomarker combinations and the covariate effect of steroids is lacking. The primary objective of this study was to determine the most accurate combination of B cell populations using cell surface staining flow cytometry in an independent cohort of patients with cGVHD. Secondary objectives included assessing the effect of corticosteroid use at sample collection on the makeup and accuracy of the diagnostic panel and identifying the mechanism underlying low surface expression of BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) on B cells in cGVHD. Flow cytometry analysis was performed in an adult cohort of post-HCT patients with cGVHD onset (n = 44) and time-matched recipients without cGVHD (n = 63). We confirmed that the onset of cGVHD was associated with higher soluble BAFF (sBAFF) levels, elevated CD27-CD10-CD21low CD19+ B cell and classical switched memory B cell counts, and reduced transitional and naïve B cell counts. The highest single B cell population area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was .72 for transitional type 1 CD21low B cells. We also showed a significant inverse relationship between sBAFF and surface BAFF-R expression caused by sBAFF modulation of BAFF-R. Steroid use at sample collection influenced the significance of the sBAFF:B cell ratio, naïve and marginal zone-like B cells. The optimal combination of B cell subsets most significantly associated with cGVHD onset with or without concurrent corticosteroid use resulted in ROC AUCs of .87 and .84, respectively. Transitional and CD21low B cells were the only populations present in both panels; however, analyzing only these populations resulted in ROC AUCs of .79 and .78, respectively. This suggests that the inclusion of other populations and use of different panels depending on steroid use is necessary to achieve better accuracy. sBAFF was not a component of either panel. These novel B cell profiles could be tested prospectively in patients post-HSCT and could lead to focused mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Rozmus
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amina Kariminia
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sayeh Abdossamadi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Barry E Storer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul J Martin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie J Lee
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel Wolff
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mukta Arora
- University of Minnesota, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Corey Cutler
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
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19
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EVI1 overexpression reprograms hematopoiesis via upregulation of Spi1 transcription. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4239. [PMID: 30315161 PMCID: PMC6185954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inv(3q26) and t(3:3)(q21;q26) are specific to poor-prognosis myeloid malignancies, and result in marked overexpression of EVI1, a zinc-finger transcription factor and myeloid-specific oncoprotein. Despite extensive study, the mechanism by which EVI1 contributes to myeloid malignancy remains unclear. Here we describe a new mouse model that mimics the transcriptional effects of 3q26 rearrangement. We show that EVI1 overexpression causes global distortion of hematopoiesis, with suppression of erythropoiesis and lymphopoiesis, and marked premalignant expansion of myelopoiesis that eventually results in leukemic transformation. We show that myeloid skewing is dependent on DNA binding by EVI1, which upregulates Spi1, encoding master myeloid regulator PU.1. We show that EVI1 binds to the -14 kb upstream regulatory element (-14kbURE) at Spi1; knockdown of Spi1 dampens the myeloid skewing. Furthermore, deletion of the -14kbURE at Spi1 abrogates the effects of EVI1 on hematopoietic stem cells. These findings support a novel mechanism of leukemogenesis through EVI1 overexpression.
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20
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Chen Y, Chaudhary N, Yang N, Granato A, Turner JA, Howard SL, Devereaux C, Zuo T, Shrestha A, Goel RR, Neuberg D, Wesemann DR. Microbial symbionts regulate the primary Ig repertoire. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1397-1415. [PMID: 29588346 PMCID: PMC5940265 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships help shape immune fitness. Chen et al. demonstrate that microbial symbionts influence host immunity by enriching frequencies of antibacterial specificities within the naive B cell receptor repertoire and that this may have consequences for mucosal and systemic immunity. The ability of immunoglobulin (Ig) to recognize pathogens is critical for optimal immune fitness. Early events that shape preimmune Ig repertoires, expressed on IgM+ IgD+ B cells as B cell receptors (BCRs), are poorly defined. Here, we studied germ-free mice and conventionalized littermates to explore the hypothesis that symbiotic microbes help shape the preimmune Ig repertoire. Ig-binding assays showed that exposure to conventional microbial symbionts enriched frequencies of antibacterial IgM+ IgD+ B cells in intestine and spleen. This enrichment affected follicular B cells, involving a diverse set of Ig-variable region gene segments, and was T cell–independent. Functionally, enrichment of microbe reactivity primed basal levels of small intestinal T cell–independent, symbiont-reactive IgA and enhanced systemic IgG responses to bacterial immunization. These results demonstrate that microbial symbionts influence host immunity by enriching frequencies of antibacterial specificities within preimmune B cell repertoires and that this may have consequences for mucosal and systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicole Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jacob A Turner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shannon L Howard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Colby Devereaux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Akritee Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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21
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Abstract
Maintenance of immunological self-tolerance requires lymphocytes carrying self-reactive antigen receptors to be selectively prevented from mounting destructive or inflammatory effector responses. Classically, self-tolerance is viewed in terms of the removal, editing, or silencing of B and T cells that have formed self-reactive antigen receptors during their early development. However, B cells activated by foreign antigen can enter germinal centers (GCs), where they further modify their antigen receptor by somatic hypermutation (SHM) of their immunoglobulin genes. The inevitable emergence of activated, self-reactive GC B cells presents a unique challenge to the maintenance of self-tolerance that must be rapidly countered to avoid autoantibody production. Here we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms that enforce B cell self-tolerance, with particular focus on the control of self-reactive GC B cells. We also consider how self-reactive GC B cells can escape self-tolerance to initiate autoantibody production or instead be redeemed via SHM and used in productive antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; , .,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; , .,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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22
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Ghosh D, Brown SL, Stumhofer JS. IL-17 Promotes Differentiation of Splenic LSK - Lymphoid Progenitors into B Cells following Plasmodium yoelii Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1783-1795. [PMID: 28733485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lineage-Sca-1+c-Kit- (LSK-) cells are a lymphoid progenitor population that expands in the spleen and preferentially differentiates into mature B cells in response to Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice. Furthermore, LSK- derived B cells can subsequently contribute to the ongoing immune response through the generation of parasite-specific Ab-secreting cells, as well as germinal center and memory B cells. However, the factors that promote their differentiation into B cells in the spleen postinfection are not defined. In this article, we show that LSK- cells produce the cytokine IL-17 in response to Plasmodium infection. Using Il-17ra-/- mice, IL-17R signaling in cells other than LSK- cells was found to support their differentiation into B cells. Moreover, primary splenic stromal cells grown in the presence of IL-17 enhanced the production of CXCL12, a chemokine associated with B cell development in the bone marrow, by a population of IL-17RA-expressing podoplanin+CD31- stromal cells, a profile associated with fibroblastic reticular cells. Subsequent blockade of CXCL12 in vitro reduced differentiation of LSK- cells into B cells, supporting a direct role for this chemokine in this process. Immunofluorescence indicated that podoplanin+ stromal cells in the red pulp were the primary producers of CXCL12 after P. yoelii infection. Furthermore, podoplanin staining on stromal cells was more diffuse, and CXCL12 staining was dramatically reduced in Il-17ra-/- mice postinfection. Together, these results identify a distinct pathway that supports lymphoid development in the spleen during acute Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Susie L Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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23
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Ghosh D, Wikenheiser DJ, Kennedy B, McGovern KE, Stuart JD, Wilson EH, Stumhofer JS. An Atypical Splenic B Cell Progenitor Population Supports Antibody Production during Plasmodium Infection in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1788-800. [PMID: 27448588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) function to replenish the immune cell repertoire under steady-state conditions and in response to inflammation due to infection or stress. Whereas the bone marrow serves as the primary niche for hematopoiesis, extramedullary mobilization and differentiation of HSPCs occur in the spleen during acute Plasmodium infection, a critical step in the host immune response. In this study, we identified an atypical HSPC population in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice, with a lineage(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(-) (LSK(-)) phenotype that proliferates in response to infection with nonlethal Plasmodium yoelii 17X. Infection-derived LSK(-) cells upon transfer into naive congenic mice were found to differentiate predominantly into mature follicular B cells. However, when transferred into infection-matched hosts, infection-derived LSK(-) cells gave rise to B cells capable of entering into a germinal center reaction, and they developed into memory B cells and Ab-secreting cells that were capable of producing parasite-specific Abs. Differentiation of LSK(-) cells into B cells in vitro was enhanced in the presence of parasitized RBC lysate, suggesting that LSK(-) cells expand and differentiate in direct response to the parasite. However, the ability of LSK(-) cells to differentiate into B cells was not dependent on MyD88, as myd88(-/-) LSK(-) cell expansion and differentiation remained unaffected after Plasmodium infection. Collectively, these data identify a population of atypical lymphoid progenitors that differentiate into B lymphocytes in the spleen and are capable of contributing to the ongoing humoral immune response against Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
| | - Daniel J Wikenheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
| | - Kathryn E McGovern
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Johnasha D Stuart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
| | - Emma H Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
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24
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Taki M, Tsuboi I, Harada T, Naito M, Hara H, Inoue T, Aizawa S. Lipopolysaccharide reciprocally alters the stromal cell-regulated positive and negative balance between myelopoiesis and B lymphopoiesis in C57BL/6 mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 37:1872-81. [PMID: 25451836 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) and spleen is controlled by stromal cells. Inflammation promotes myelopoiesis and simultaneously suppresses B lymphopoiesis. However, the role of the reciprocal regulation of myelopoiesis and B lymphopoiesis by stromal cells during inflammation is not fully understood. We investigated inflammation-induced alteration of hematopoietic regulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. C57BL/6 female mice were intravenously injected with a single, 5-µg dose of LPS, which induced a rapid decrease in the number of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage; CFU-GM) and B cell progenitors (CFU-preB) in BM. The CFU-GM count rapidly recovered, whereas the recovery of CFU-preB was delayed. LPS induced a marked increase in the number of CFU-GM but not in the number of CFU-preB in spleen. After LPS treatment, gene expression levels of positive regulators of myelopoiesis such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in BM and spleen were markedly upregulated whereas levels of positive regulators for B lymphopoiesis such as stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, stem cell factor (SCF), and IL-7 remained unchanged. Meanwhile, the negative regulator of B lymphopoiesis tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was markedly up-regulated. The number of CFU-GM in S-phase in BM increased after LPS treatment, whereas the number of CFU-preB in S-phase decreased. These results suggest that LPS-activated stromal cells induce positive-dominant regulation of myelopoiesis and negative-dominant regulation of B lymphopoiesis, which facilitates emergency myelopoiesis during inflammation by suppressing B lymphopoiesis, thereby contributing to the host defense against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Taki
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine
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25
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Chong AS, Alegre ML. Transplantation tolerance and its outcome during infections and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:80-101. [PMID: 24517427 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward understanding the mechanistic basis of transplantation tolerance in experimental models, which implicates clonal deletion of alloreactive T and B cells, induction of cell-intrinsic hyporesponsiveness, and dominant regulatory cells mediating infectious tolerance and linked suppression. Despite encouraging success in the laboratory, achieving tolerance in the clinic remains challenging, although the basis for these challenges is beginning to be understood. Heterologous memory alloreactive T cells generated by infections prior to transplantation have been shown to be a critical barrier to tolerance induction. Furthermore, infections at the time of transplantation and tolerance induction provide a pro-inflammatory milieu that alters the stability and function of regulatory T cells as well as the activation requirements and differentiation of effector T cells. Thus, infections can result in enhanced alloreactivity, resistance to tolerance induction, and destabilization of the established tolerance state. We speculate that these experimental findings have relevance to the clinic, where infections have been associated with allograft rejection and may be a causal event precipitating the loss of grafts after long periods of stable operational tolerance. Understanding the mechanisms by which infections prevent and destabilize tolerance can lead to therapies that promote stable life-long tolerance in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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de Almeida CR, Hendriks RW, Stadhouders R. Dynamic Control of Long-Range Genomic Interactions at the Immunoglobulin κ Light-Chain Locus. Adv Immunol 2015; 128:183-271. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Wang H, Yan M, Sun J, Jain S, Yoshimi R, Abolfath SM, Ozato K, Coleman WG, Ng AP, Metcalf D, DiRago L, Nutt SL, Morse HC. A reporter mouse reveals lineage-specific and heterogeneous expression of IRF8 during lymphoid and myeloid cell differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1766-77. [PMID: 25024380 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The IFN regulatory factor family member 8 (IRF8) regulates differentiation of lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells by promoting or suppressing lineage-specific genes. How IRF8 promotes hematopoietic progenitors to commit to one lineage while preventing the development of alternative lineages is not known. In this study, we report an IRF8-EGFP fusion protein reporter mouse that revealed previously unrecognized patterns of IRF8 expression. Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into oligopotent progenitors is associated with progressive increases in IRF8-EGFP expression. However, significant induction of IRF8-EGFP is found in granulocyte-myeloid progenitors and the common lymphoid progenitors but not the megakaryocytic-erythroid progenitors. Surprisingly, IRF8-EGFP identifies three subsets of the seemingly homogeneous granulocyte-myeloid progenitors with an intermediate level of expression of EGFP defining bipotent progenitors that differentiation into either EGFP(hi) monocytic progenitors or EGFP(lo) granulocytic progenitors. Also surprisingly, IRF8-EGFP revealed a highly heterogeneous pre-pro-B population with a fluorescence intensity ranging from background to 4 orders above background. Interestingly, IRF8-EGFP readily distinguishes true B cell committed (EGFP(int)) from those that are noncommitted. Moreover, dendritic cell progenitors expressed extremely high levels of IRF8-EGFP. Taken together, the IRF8-EGFP reporter revealed previously unrecognized subsets with distinct developmental potentials in phenotypically well-defined oligopotent progenitors, providing new insights into the dynamic heterogeneity of developing hematopoietic progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wang
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
| | - Ming Yan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jiafang Sun
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Shweta Jain
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Ryusuke Yoshimi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Sanaz Momben Abolfath
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William G Coleman
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ashley P Ng
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Donald Metcalf
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ladina DiRago
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
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Obishakin E, de Trez C, Magez S. Chronic Trypanosoma congolense infections in mice cause a sustained disruption of the B-cell homeostasis in the bone marrow and spleen. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:187-98. [PMID: 24451010 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma congolense is one of the main species responsible for Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT). As preventive vaccination strategies for AAT have been unsuccessful so far, investigating the mechanisms underlying vaccine failure has to be prioritized. In T. brucei and T. vivax infections, recent studies revealed a rapid onset of destruction of the host B-cell compartment, resulting in the loss of memory recall capacity. To assess such effect in experimental T. congolense trypanosomosis, we performed infections with both the cloned Tc13 parasite, which is considered as a standard model system for T. congolense rodent infections and the noncloned TRT55 field isolate. These infections differ in their virulence level in the C57BL/6 mouse model for trypanosomosis. We show that early on, an irreversible depletion of all developmental B cells stages occur. Subsequently, in the spleen, a detrimental decrease in immature B cells is followed by a significant and permanent depletion of Marginal zone B cells and Follicular B cells. The severity of these events later on in infection correlated with the virulence level of the parasite stock. In line with this, it was observed that later-stage infection-induced IgGs were largely nonspecific, in particular in the more virulent TRT55 infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Obishakin
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Glatman Zaretsky A, Engiles JB, Hunter CA. Infection-induced changes in hematopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:27-33. [PMID: 24363432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is an important site for the interrelated processes of hematopoiesis, granulopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and lymphopoiesis. A wide variety of microbial challenges are associated with profound changes in this compartment that impact on hematopoietic differentiation and mobilization of a variety of cell types. This article reviews some of the key pathways that control BM homeostasis, the infectious and inflammatory processes that affect the BM, and how addressing the knowledge gaps in this area has the potential to widen our comprehension of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Glatman Zaretsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Pandey MK, Jabre NA, Xu YH, Zhang W, Setchell KDR, Grabowski GA. Gaucher disease: chemotactic factors and immunological cell invasion in a mouse model. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:163-71. [PMID: 24079945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease results from mutations in GBA1 that cause functional disruption of the encoded lysosomal enzyme, acid β-glucosidase. The consequent excess accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine in lysosomes is central to the disease pathogenesis with classical involvement of macrophage (Mфs) lineage cells of visceral organs, bone, or brain. Several studies have implicated the increased secretion of chemokines and infiltration of a variety of immunological cells into tissues of Gaucher disease patients. Trafficking of immunological cells to the sites of inflammation requires the presence of chemokines. Although increases of different immunological cells and several chemokines are present in Gaucher disease, the specific chemoattractants that cause the increased influx of immunological cells are not fully defined. Here, increased levels of I-309, MCP-5, CXCL-2, CXCL-9, CXCL-10, CXCL-11, CXCL-13, and their corresponding leukocytes, i.e., MOs (monocytes), Mфs, dendritic cells (DCs), polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), and T, and B cells were identified in the circulation of mice with Gba1 mutations (D409V/null). Sera from D409V/null mice contained chemoattractants for a variety of immunological cells as shown by ex vivo chemotaxis studies and by flow cytometry. Enhanced chemotaxis towards 9V/null sera was found for 9V/null lung-, spleen-, liver-, and bone marrow-derived Mфs (CD11b(+) F480(+)), PMNs (Gr1(high) CD11b(+)), DCs (CD11c(+) CD11b(+)), T lymphocytes (CD3(+) TCRB(+)), and B lymphocytes (B220(+) CD19(+)). These data support these chemotactic factors as causative to increased tissue infiltration of leukocytes in Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nicholas A Jabre
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - You-Hai Xu
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Wesemann DR, Portuguese AJ, Meyers RM, Gallagher MP, Cluff-Jones K, Magee JM, Panchakshari RA, Rodig SJ, Kepler TB, Alt FW. Microbial colonization influences early B-lineage development in the gut lamina propria. Nature 2013; 501:112-5. [PMID: 23965619 PMCID: PMC3807868 DOI: 10.1038/nature12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The RAG1/RAG2 endonuclease (RAG) initiates the V(D)J recombination reaction that assembles immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chain variable region exons from germline gene segments to generate primary antibody repertoires. IgH V(D)J assembly occurs in progenitor (pro-) B cells followed by that of IgL in precursor (pre-) B cells. Expression of IgH μ and IgL (Igκ or Igλ) chains generates IgM, which is expressed on immature B cells as the B-cell antigen-binding receptor (BCR). Rag expression can continue in immature B cells, allowing continued Igκ V(D)J recombination that replaces the initial VκJκ exon with one that generates a new specificity. This 'receptor editing' process, which can also lead to Igλ V(D)J recombination and expression, provides a mechanism whereby antigen encounter at the Rag-expressing immature B-cell stage helps shape pre-immune BCR repertoires. As the major site of postnatal B-cell development, the bone marrow is the principal location of primary immunoglobulin repertoire diversification in mice. Here we report that early B-cell development also occurs within the mouse intestinal lamina propria (LP), where the associated V(D)J recombination/receptor editing processes modulate primary LP immunoglobulin repertoires. At weanling age in normally housed mice, the LP contains a population of Rag-expressing B-lineage cells that harbour intermediates indicative of ongoing V(D)J recombination and which contain cells with pro-B, pre-B and editing phenotypes. Consistent with LP-specific receptor editing, Rag-expressing LP B-lineage cells have similar VH repertoires, but significantly different Vκ repertoires, compared to those of Rag2-expressing bone marrow counterparts. Moreover, colonization of germ-free mice leads to an increased ratio of Igλ-expressing versus Igκ-expressing B cells specifically in the LP. We conclude that B-cell development occurs in the intestinal mucosa, where it is regulated by extracellular signals from commensal microbes that influence gut immunoglobulin repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Slocombe T, Brown S, Miles K, Gray M, Barr TA, Gray D. Plasma cell homeostasis: the effects of chronic antigen stimulation and inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3128-38. [PMID: 23935195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) that maintain humoral immunity to previously encountered Ags occupy a compartment in the bone marrow (BM). The rules and mechanisms by which cells enter (and leave) this compartment are poorly understood. We looked at what happens to the LLPC compartment and to plasma cell lifespan in general, in situations in which Ag stimulation and/or inflammation persist. We find that chronic Ag supply causes the generation of short-lived plasma cells in the local lymphoid organ, at the expense of any LLPC production. Furthermore, we find that inflammation caused by infection (mediated via TNF-α) causes a dramatic mobilization of LLPCs from the BM, with a concomitant reduction in circulating Ab levels against previously immunized Ags. These data are discussed in the context of the capacity of the BM LLPC compartment and competition for entry to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Slocombe
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
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Extramedullary myelopoiesis in malaria depends on mobilization of myeloid-restricted progenitors by IFN-γ induced chemokines. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003406. [PMID: 23762028 PMCID: PMC3675198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution of a variety of acute bacterial and parasitic infections critically relies on the stimulation of myelopoiesis leading in cases to extramedullary hematopoiesis. Here, we report the isolation of the earliest myeloid-restricted progenitors in acute infection with the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi. The rapid disappearance of these infection-induced myeloid progenitors from the bone marrow (BM) equated with contraction of the functional myeloid potential in that organ. The loss of BM myelopoiesis was not affected by the complete genetic inactivation of toll-like receptor signaling. De-activation of IFN-γ signaling completely abrogated the contraction of BM myeloid progenitors. Radiation chimeras of Ifngr1-null and control BM revealed that IFN-γ signaling in an irradiation-resistant stromal compartment was crucial for the loss of early myeloid progenitors. Systemic IFN-γ triggered the secretion of C-C motif ligand chemokines CCL2 and CCL7 leading to the egress of early, myeloid-committed progenitors from the bone marrow mediated by their common receptor CCR2. The mobilization of myeloid progenitors initiated extramedullary myelopoiesis in the spleen in a CCR2-dependent manner resulting in augmented myelopoiesis during acute malaria. Consistent with the lack of splenic myelopoiesis in the absence of CCR2 we observed a significant persistence of parasitemia in malaria infected CCR2-deficient hosts. Our findings reveal how the activated immune system mobilizes early myeloid progenitors out of the BM thereby transiently establishing myelopoiesis in the spleen in order to contain and resolve the infection locally. Malaria in man and in most animal models is accompanied by splenomegaly. At the same time, the spleen is the main organ for the control resolution of the parasitemia. This process initially depends mostly on the innate immune system and requires increased production of myeloid cells. We investigated the number of bone marrow (BM) LIN− cells which includes hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors during infection of mice with Plasmodium chabaudi and observed a significant reduction. Using a refined definition for early myeloid-restricted progenitors we could show that the loss of these cells in malaria equated with contraction of BM myelopoiesis. Since absence of IFN-γ receptor on stromal cells was sufficient to block this contraction we investigated the effect of IFN-γ on chemokine secretion. We observed a huge upregulation of CCL2/CCL7 serum levels and an increase in Ccl2/Ccl7 transcription in the BM at peak parasitemia. Egress from the BM of early myeloid progenitors was critically dependent on the chemokine receptor CCR2. Their mobilization resulted in extramedullary myelopopiesis in the spleen which contributed to the clearance of parasite-infected erythrocytes. Our study defined the molecular signals and interaction of various cell types leading to the establishment of splenic myelopoiesis in a mouse model of malaria.
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Loss of an Igκ gene enhancer in mature B cells results in rapid gene silencing and partial reversible dedifferentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2091-101. [PMID: 23508106 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01569-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We address here whether there is cellular memory of a transcriptional enhancer once it has served its purpose to establish an active chromatin state. We have previously shown that the mouse Igκ gene's downstream enhancers, E3' and Ed, are essential but play redundant roles for establishing transcriptional activity in the locus during B cell development. To determine whether these enhancers are also necessary for the maintenance of transcriptional activity, we conditionally deleted E3' in mature B cells that possessed Ed(-/-) alleles. Upon E3' deletion, the locus became rapidly silenced and lost positive histone epigenetic marks, and the mature B cells partially dedifferentiated, induced RAG-1 and -2 along with certain other pro-B cell makers, and then redifferentiated after triggering Igλ gene rearrangements. We conclude that the Igκ gene's downstream enhancers are essential for both the establishment and maintenance of transcriptional activity and that there is no cellular memory of previous transcriptional activity in this locus. Furthermore, upon enhancer loss, the mature B cells unexpectedly underwent reversible retrograde differentiation. This result establishes that receptor editing can occur in mature B cells and raises the possibility that this may provide a tolerance mechanism for eliminating autoreactive B cells in the periphery.
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Abstract
A large antibody repertoire is generated in developing B cells in the bone marrow. Before these B cells achieve immunocompetence, those expressing autospecificities must be purged. To that end, B cells within the bone marrow and just following egress from the bone marrow are subject to tolerance induction. Once B cells achieve immunocompetence, the antibody repertoire can be further diversified by somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in B cells that have been activated by antigen and cognate T cell help and have undergone a germinal center (GC) response. This process also leads to the generation of autoreactive B cells which must be again purged to protect the host. Thus, B cells within the GC and just following egress from the GC are also subject to tolerance induction. Available data suggest that B cell intrinsic processes triggered by signaling through the B cell receptor activate tolerance mechanisms at both time points. Recent data suggest that GC and post-GC B cells are also subject to B cell extrinsic tolerance mechanisms mediated through soluble and membrane-bound factors derived from various T cell subsets.
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Moshkani S, Kuzin II, Adewale F, Jansson J, Sanz I, Schwarz EM, Bottaro A. CD23+ CD21(high) CD1d(high) B cells in inflamed lymph nodes are a locally differentiated population with increased antigen capture and activation potential. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5944-53. [PMID: 22593620 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD23(+)CD21(high)CD1d(high) B cells in inflamed nodes (Bin cells) accumulate in the lymph nodes (LNs) draining inflamed joints of the TNF-α-transgenic mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis and are primarily involved in the significant histological and functional LN alterations that accompany disease exacerbation in this strain. In this study, we investigate the origin and function of Bin cells. We show that adoptively transferred GFP(+) sorted mature follicular B (FoB) cells home preferentially to inflamed LNs of TNF-α-transgenic mice where they rapidly differentiate into Bin cells, with a close correlation with the endogenous Bin fraction. Bin cells are also induced in wild-type LNs after immunization with T-dependent Ags and display a germinal center phenotype at higher rates compared with FoB cells. Furthermore, we show that Bin cells can capture and process Ag-immune complexes in a CD21-dependent manner more efficiently than can FoB cells, and they express greater levels of MHC class II and costimulatory Ags CD80 and CD86. We propose that Bin cells are a previously unrecognized inflammation-induced B cell population with increased Ag capture and activation potential, which may facilitate normal immune responses but may contribute to autoimmunity when chronic inflammation causes their accumulation and persistence in affected LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiehkhatoon Moshkani
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Oropallo MA, Held KS, Goenka R, Ahmad SA, O'Neill PJ, Steward O, Lane TE, Cancro MP. Chronic spinal cord injury impairs primary antibody responses but spares existing humoral immunity in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5257-66. [PMID: 22523388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immune depression. To better understand how injury inhibits humoral immunity, the effects of chronic thoracic SCI on B cell development and immune responses to thymus-independent type 2 and thymus-dependent Ags were determined. Mice received complete crush injury or control laminectomy at either thoracic level 3, which disrupts descending autonomic control of the spleen, or at thoracic level 9, which conserves most splenic sympathetic activity. Although mature B cell numbers were only mildly reduced, bone marrow B cell production was transiently but profoundly depressed immediately after injury. Despite the return of normal B cell production 4 wk after SCI, mice receiving thoracic level 3 injury showed a significant reduction in their ability to mount primary thymus-independent type 2 or thymus-dependent immune responses. The latter were marked by decreases in germinal center B cells as well as class-switched high-affinity Ab-secreting cells. Importantly, injury did not affect affinity maturation per se, pre-existing B cell memory, or secondary humoral immune responses. Taken together, these findings show that chronic high thoracic SCI impairs the ability to mount optimal Ab responses to new antigenic challenges, but spares previously established humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Oropallo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Chou DB, Sworder B, Bouladoux N, Roy CN, Uchida AM, Grigg M, Robey PG, Belkaid Y. Stromal-derived IL-6 alters the balance of myeloerythroid progenitors during Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:123-31. [PMID: 22493080 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation alters hematopoiesis, often by decreasing erythropoiesis and enhancing myeloid output. The mechanisms behind these changes and how the BM stroma contributes to this process are active areas of research. In this study, we examine these questions in the setting of murine Toxoplasma gondii infection. Our data reveal that infection alters early myeloerythroid differentiation, blocking erythroid development beyond the Pre MegE stage, while expanding the GMP population. IL-6 was found to be a critical mediator of these differences, independent of hepcidin-induced iron restriction. Comparing the BM with the spleen showed that the hematopoietic response was driven by the local microenvironment, and BM chimeras demonstrated that radioresistant cells were the relevant source of IL-6 in vivo. Finally, direct ex vivo sorting revealed that VCAM(+)CD146(lo) BM stromal fibroblasts significantly increase IL-6 secretion after infection. These data suggest that BMSCs regulate the hematopoietic changes during inflammation via IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Chou
- Mucosal Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hassaballa AE, Palmer VL, Anderson DK, Kassmeier MD, Nganga VK, Parks KW, Volkmer DL, Perry GA, Swanson PC. Accumulation of B1-like B cells in transgenic mice over-expressing catalytically inactive RAG1 in the periphery. Immunology 2012; 134:469-86. [PMID: 22044391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During their development, B lymphocytes undergo V(D)J recombination events and selection processes that, if successfully completed, produce mature B cells expressing a non-self-reactive B-cell receptor (BCR). Primary V(D)J rearrangements yield self-reactive B cells at high frequency, triggering attempts to remove, silence, or reprogramme them through deletion, anergy induction, or secondary V(D)J recombination (receptor editing), respectively. In principle, expressing a catalytically inactive V(D)J recombinase during a developmental stage in which V(D)J rearrangement is initiated may impair this process. To test this idea, we generated transgenic mice expressing a RAG1 active site mutant (dnRAG1 mice); RAG1 transcript was elevated in splenic, but not bone marrow, B cells in dnRAG1 mice relative to wild-type mice. The dnRAG1 mice accumulate splenic B cells with a B1-like phenotype that exhibit defects in B-cell activation, and are clonally diverse, yet repertoire restricted with a bias toward Jκ1 gene segment usage. The dnRAG1 mice show evidence of impaired B-cell development at the immature-to-mature transition, immunoglobulin deficiency, and poorer immune responses to thymus-independent antigens. Interestingly, dnRAG1 mice expressing the anti-dsDNA 3H9H56R heavy chain fail to accumulate splenic B1-like cells, yet retain peritoneal B1 cells. Instead, these mice show an expanded marginal zone compartment, but no difference is detected in the frequency of heavy chain gene replacement. Taken together, these data suggest a model in which dnRAG1 expression impairs secondary V(D)J recombination. As a result, selection and/or differentiation processes are altered in a way that promotes expansion of B1-like B cells in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf E Hassaballa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Acute Disruption of Bone Marrow B Lymphopoiesis and Apoptosis of Transitional and Marginal Zone B Cells in the Spleen following a Blood-Stage Plasmodium chabaudi Infection in Mice. J Parasitol Res 2011; 2011:534697. [PMID: 21687602 PMCID: PMC3112522 DOI: 10.1155/2011/534697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells and antibodies are essential for the protective immune response against a blood-stage Plasmodium infection. Although extensive research has focused on memory as well as plasma B-cell responses during infection, little is known about how malaria affects B-cell development and splenic maturation into marginal zone B (MZB) and follicular B (FoB) cells. In this study, we show that acute Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection in C57Bl/6 mice causes severe disruption of B lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow, affecting in particular pro-, pre-, and immature B cells as well as the expression of the bone marrow B-cell retention chemokine CXCL12. In addition, elevated apoptosis of transitional T2 and marginal zone (MZ) B cells was observed during and subsequent to the control of the first wave of parasitemia. In contrast, Folllicular (Fo) B cells levels were retained in the spleen throughout the infection, suggesting that these are essential for parasite clearance and proper infection control.
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Yeramilli VA, Knight KL. Somatically diversified and proliferating transitional B cells: implications for peripheral B cell homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6437-44. [PMID: 21525392 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral B cell compartment in mice and humans is maintained by continuous production of transitional B cells in the bone marrow. In other species, however, including rabbits, B lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow abates early in life, and it is unclear how the peripheral B cell compartment is maintained. We identified transitional B cells in rabbits and classified them into T1 (CD24(high)CD21(low)) and T2 (CD24(high)CD21(+)) B cell subsets. By neutralizing B cell-activating factor in vivo, we found an arrest in peripheral B cell development at the T1 B cell stage. Surprisingly, T1 B cells were present in GALT, blood, and spleen of adult rabbits, long after B lymphopoiesis was arrested. T1 B cells were distinct from their counterparts in other species because they are proliferating and the Ig genes are somatically diversified. We designate these newly described cells as T1d B cells and propose a model in which they develop in GALT, self renew, continuously differentiate into mature B cells, and thereby maintain peripheral B cell homeostasis in adults in the absence of B lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A Yeramilli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Esplin BL, Shimazu T, Welner RS, Garrett KP, Nie L, Zhang Q, Humphrey MB, Yang Q, Borghesi LA, Kincade PW. Chronic exposure to a TLR ligand injures hematopoietic stem cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5367-75. [PMID: 21441445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can be harmed by disease, chemotherapy, radiation, and normal aging. We show in this study that damage also occurs in mice repeatedly treated with very low doses of LPS. Overall health of the animals was good, and there were relatively minor changes in marrow hematopoietic progenitors. However, HSC were unable to maintain quiescence, and transplantation revealed them to be myeloid skewed. Moreover, HSC from treated mice were not sustained in serial transplants and produced lymphoid progenitors with low levels of the E47 transcription factor. This phenomenon was previously seen in normal aging. Screening identified mAbs that resolve HSC subsets, and relative proportions of these HSC changed with age and/or chronic LPS treatment. For example, minor CD150(Hi)CD48(-) populations lacking CD86 or CD18 expanded. Simultaneous loss of CD150(Lo/-)CD48(-) HSC and gain of the normally rare subsets, in parallel with diminished transplantation potential, would be consistent with age- or TLR-related injury. In contrast, HSC in old mice differed from those in LPS-treated animals with respect to VCAM-1 or CD41 expression and lacked proliferation abnormalities. HSC can be exposed to endogenous and pathogen-derived TLR ligands during persistent low-grade infections. This stimulation might contribute in part to HSC senescence and ultimately compromise immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt L Esplin
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Luning Prak ET, Monestier M, Eisenberg RA. B cell receptor editing in tolerance and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217:96-121. [PMID: 21251012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Receptor editing is the process of ongoing antibody gene rearrangement in a lymphocyte that already has a functional antigen receptor. The expression of a functional antigen receptor will normally terminate further rearrangement (allelic exclusion). However, lymphocytes with autoreactive receptors have a chance at escaping negative regulation by "editing" the specificities of their receptors with additional antibody gene rearrangements. As such, editing complicates the Clonal Selection Hypothesis because edited cells are not simply endowed for life with a single, invariant antigen receptor. Furthermore, if the initial immunoglobulin gene is not inactivated during the editing process, allelic exclusion is violated and the B cell can exhibit two specificities. Here, we describe the discovery of editing, the pathways of receptor editing at the heavy (H) and light (L) chain loci, and current evidence regarding how and where editing happens and what effects it has on the antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Victora GD, Schwickert TA, Fooksman DR, Kamphorst AO, Meyer-Hermann M, Dustin ML, Nussenzweig MC. Germinal center dynamics revealed by multiphoton microscopy with a photoactivatable fluorescent reporter. Cell 2010; 143:592-605. [PMID: 21074050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 869] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction produces high-affinity antibodies by random mutation and selective clonal expansion of B cells with high-affinity receptors. The mechanism by which B cells are selected remains unclear, as does the role of the two anatomically defined areas of the GC, light zone (LZ) and dark zone (DZ). We combined a transgenic photoactivatable fluorescent protein tracer with multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy and flow cytometry to examine anatomically defined LZ and DZ B cells and GC selection. We find that B cell division is restricted to the DZ, with a net vector of B cell movement from the DZ to the LZ. The decision to return to the DZ and undergo clonal expansion is controlled by T helper cells in the GC LZ, which discern between LZ B cells based on the amount of antigen captured and presented. Thus, T cell help, and not direct competition for antigen, is the limiting factor in GC selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Nduati EW, Ng DHL, Ndungu FM, Gardner P, Urban BC, Langhorne J. Distinct kinetics of memory B-cell and plasma-cell responses in peripheral blood following a blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi infection in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15007. [PMID: 21124900 PMCID: PMC2990717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell and plasma cell responses take place in lymphoid organs, but because of the inaccessibility of these organs, analyses of human responses are largely performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). To determine whether PBMC are a useful source of memory B cells and plasma cells in malaria, and whether they reflect Plasmodium-specific B cell responses in spleen or bone marrow, we have investigated these components of the humoral response in PBMC using a model of Plasmodium chabaudi blood-stage infections in C57BL/6 mice. We detected memory B cells, defined as isotype-switched IgD− IgM− CD19+ B cells, and low numbers of Plasmodium chabaudi Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (MSP1)-specific memory B cells, in PBMC at all time points sampled for up to 90 days following primary or secondary infection. By contrast, we only detected CD138+ plasma cells and MSP1-specific antibody-secreting cells within a narrow time frame following primary (days 10 to 25) or secondary (day 10) infection. CD138+ plasma cells in PBMC at these times expressed CD19, B220 and MHC class II, suggesting that they were not dislodged bone-marrow long-lived plasma cells, but newly differentiated migratory plasmablasts migrating to the bone marrow; thus reflective of an ongoing or developing immune response. Our data indicates that PBMC can be a useful source for malaria-specific memory B cells and plasma cells, but extrapolation of the results to human malaria infections suggests that timing of sampling, particularly for plasma cells, may be critical. Studies should therefore include multiple sampling points, and at times of infection/immunisation when the B-cell phenotypes of interest are likely to be found in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice W. Nduati
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy H. L. Ng
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francis M. Ndungu
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gardner
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Britta C. Urban
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Traggiai E, Casati A, Frascoli M, Porcellini S, Ponzoni M, Sanvito F, Leng L, Bucala R, Moretta L, Grassi F. Selective preservation of bone marrow mature recirculating but not marginal zone B cells in murine models of chronic inflammation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11262. [PMID: 20582316 PMCID: PMC2889832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation promotes granulopoiesis over B lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM). We studied B cell homeostasis in two murine models of T cell mediated chronic inflammation, namely calreticulin-deficient fetal liver chimeras (FLC), which develop severe blepharitis and alopecia due to T cell hyper responsiveness, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) caused by injection of CD4+ naïve T cells into lymphopenic mice. We show herein that despite the severe depletion of B cell progenitors during chronic, peripheral T cell-mediated inflammation, the population of BM mature recirculating B cells is unaffected. These B cells are poised to differentiate to plasma cells in response to blood borne pathogens, in an analogous fashion to non-recirculating marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the spleen. MZ B cells nevertheless differentiate more efficiently to plasma cells upon polyclonal stimulation by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, and are depleted during chronic T cell mediated inflammation in vivo. The preservation of mature B cells in the BM is associated with increased concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in serum and BM plasma. MIF produced by perivascular dendritic cells (DC) in the BM provides a crucial survival signal for recirculating B cells, and mice treated with a MIF inhibitor during inflammation showed significantly reduced mature B cells in the BM. These data indicate that MIF secretion by perivascular DC may promote the survival of the recirculating B cell pool to ensure responsiveness to blood borne microbes despite loss of the MZ B cell pool that accompanies depressed lymphopoiesis during inflammation.
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Samitas K, Lötvall J, Bossios A. B Cells: From Early Development to Regulating Allergic Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:209-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Induction of an IL7-R(+)c-Kit(hi) myelolymphoid progenitor critically dependent on IFN-gamma signaling during acute malaria. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:477-85. [PMID: 20431620 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the relationship between hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor populations has been investigated extensively under steady-state conditions, the dynamic response of the hematopoietic compartment during acute infection is largely unknown. Here we show that after infection of mice with Plasmodium chabaudi, a c-Kit(hi) progenitor subset positive for interleukin 7 receptor-alpha (IL-7Ralpha) emerged that had both lymphoid and myeloid potential in vitro. After being transferred into uninfected alymphoid or malaria-infected hosts, IL-7Ralpha(+)c-Kit(hi) progenitors generated mainly myeloid cells that contributed to the clearance of infected erythrocytes in infected hosts. The generation of these infection-induced progenitors was critically dependent on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) signaling in hematopoietic progenitors. Thus, IFN-gamma is a key modulator of hematopoiesis and innate and adaptive immunity during acute malaria infection.
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Defects in osteoblast function but no changes in long-term repopulating potential of hematopoietic stem cells in a mouse chronic inflammatory arthritis model. Blood 2009; 114:4402-10. [PMID: 19759358 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-196311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies support the notion that there is an intricate relationship between hematopoiesis and bone homeostasis in normal steady states. Using mice undergoing chronic inflammatory arthritis, we investigated the relationship between hematopoiesis and bone homeostasis in pathologic conditions. We demonstrate that mice undergoing chronic inflammatory arthritis displayed osteoporosis resulting from a severe defect in osteoblast function. Despite the defective osteoblast function, however, the hematopoietic stem cells from these mice exhibited normal properties in either long-term repopulation or cell cycling. Therefore, the bone-forming capacity of osteoblasts is distinct from their ability to maintain hematopoietic stem cells in chronic inflammatory conditions.
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De Luca K, Frances-Duvert V, Asensio MJ, Ihsani R, Debien E, Taillardet M, Verhoeyen E, Bella C, Lantheaume S, Genestier L, Defrance T. The TLR1/2 agonist PAM3CSK4 instructs commitment of human hematopoietic stem cells to a myeloid cell fate. Leukemia 2009; 23:2063-74. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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