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Wintering A, Hecht A, Meyer J, Wong EB, Hübner J, Abelson S, Feldman K, Kennedy VE, Peretz CAC, French DL, Maguire JA, Jobaliya C, Vasquez MR, Desai S, Dulman R, Nemecek E, Haines H, Hammad M, El Haddad A, Kogan SC, Abdullaev Z, Chehab FF, Tasian SK, Smith CC, Loh ML, Stieglitz E. LNK/ SH2B3 as a novel driver in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2024; 109:2533-2541. [PMID: 38152053 PMCID: PMC11290546 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.283776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in five canonical Ras pathway genes (NF1, NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11 and CBL) are detected in nearly 90% of patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), a frequently fatal malignant neoplasm of early childhood. In this report, we describe seven patients diagnosed with SH2B3-mutated JMML, including five patients who were found to have initiating, loss-of-function mutations in the gene. SH2B3 encodes the adaptor protein LNK, a negative regulator of normal hematopoiesis upstream of the Ras pathway. These mutations were identified to be germline, somatic or a combination of both. Loss of function of LNK, which has been observed in other myeloid malignancies, results in abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic cells due to cytokine hypersensitivity and activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. In vitro studies of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived JMML-like hematopoietic progenitor cells also demonstrated sensitivity of SH2B3-mutated hematopoietic progenitor cells to JAK inhibition. Lastly, we describe two patients with JMML and SH2B3 mutations who were treated with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. This report expands the spectrum of initiating mutations in JMML and raises the possibility of targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in patients with SH2B3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Wintering
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospitals, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Anna Hecht
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München
| | - Julia Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospitals, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Eric B Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospitals, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Juwita Hübner
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospitals, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Sydney Abelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospitals, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kira Feldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospitals, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Vanessa E Kennedy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Cheryl A C Peretz
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Deborah L French
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jean Ann Maguire
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Chintan Jobaliya
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marta Rojas Vasquez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Sunil Desai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Robin Dulman
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pediatric Specialists of Virginia, Fairfax, VA 22031
| | - Eneida Nemecek
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Hilary Haines
- Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama Hospital, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Mahmoud Hammad
- National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa El Haddad
- National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Scott C Kogan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Farid F Chehab
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Sarah K Tasian
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Catherine C Smith
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, and the Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105.
| | - Elliot Stieglitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospitals, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158.
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Arfeuille C, Vial Y, Cadenet M, Caye-Eude A, Fenneteau O, Neven Q, Bonnard AA, Pizzi S, Carpentieri G, Capri Y, Girardi K, Pedace L, Macchiaiolo M, Boudhar K, Khaled MB, Chahla WA, Lutun A, Fahd M, Drunat S, Flex E, Dalle JH, Strullu M, Locatelli F, Tartaglia M, Cavé H. Germline bi-allelic SH2B3/LNK alteration predisposes to a neonatal juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia-like disorder. Haematologica 2024; 109:2542-2554. [PMID: 37981895 PMCID: PMC11290538 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.283917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare, generally aggressive myeloproliferative neoplasm affecting young children. It is characterized by granulomonocytic expansion, with monocytosis infiltrating peripheral tissues. JMML is initiated by mutations upregulating RAS signaling. Approximately 10% of cases remain without an identified driver event. Exome sequencing of two unrelated cases of familial JMML of unknown genetics and analysis of the French JMML cohort identified 11 patients with variants in SH2B3, encoding LNK, a negative regulator of the JAK-STAT pathway. All variants were absent from healthy population databases, and the mutation spectrum was consistent with a loss of function of the LNK protein. A stoploss variant was shown to affect both protein synthesis and stability. The other variants were either truncating or missense, the latter affecting the SH2 domain that interacts with activated JAK. Of the 11 patients, eight from five families inherited pathogenic bi-allelic SH2B3 germline variants from their unaffected heterozygous parents. These children represent half of the cases with no identified causal mutation in the French cohort. They displayed typical clinical and hematologic features of JMML with neonatal onset and marked thrombocytopenia. They had a hypomethylated DNA profile with fetal characteristics and did not have additional genetic alterations. All patients showed partial or complete spontaneous clinical resolution. However, progression to thrombocythemia and immunity-related pathologies may be of concern later in life. Bi-allelic SH2B3 germline mutations thus define a new condition predisposing to a JMML-like disorder, suggesting that JAK pathway deregulation is capable of initiating JMML, and opening new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Arfeuille
- Département de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université Paris-Cité, Paris
| | - Yoann Vial
- Département de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université Paris-Cité, Paris
| | - Margaux Cadenet
- Département de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université Paris-Cité, Paris
| | - Aurélie Caye-Eude
- Département de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université Paris-Cité, Paris
| | - Odile Fenneteau
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris
| | - Quentin Neven
- Service d'Onco-Hématologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris
| | - Adeline A Bonnard
- Département de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université Paris-Cité, Paris
| | - Simone Pizzi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, 00146 Rome
| | - Giovanna Carpentieri
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, 00146 Rome
| | - Yline Capri
- Département de Génétique, Unité de Génétique clinique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris
| | - Katia Girardi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, 00146 Rome
| | - Lucia Pedace
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, 00146 Rome
| | - Marina Macchiaiolo
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, 00146 Rome
| | - Kamel Boudhar
- Service de réanimation néonatale, Hôpital Central de l'Armée, Alger, Algérie
| | - Monia Ben Khaled
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1007, Tunisia. Pediatric Immuno- Hematology Unit, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wadih Abou Chahla
- Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille
| | - Anne Lutun
- Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Amiens
| | - Mony Fahd
- Service d'Onco-Hématologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris
| | - Séverine Drunat
- Département de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome
| | - Jean-Hugues Dalle
- Service d'Onco-Hématologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris
| | - Marion Strullu
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Service d'Onco-Hématologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth, 00168 Rome
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, 00146 Rome
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Département de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université Paris-Cité, Paris.
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Iseki M, Hidano S, Kudo F, Takaki S. Control of germinal center B cell survival and IgE production by an adaptor molecule containing PH and SH2 domains, Aps/Sh2b2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17767. [PMID: 39090233 PMCID: PMC11294469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The germinal centers (GCs) are structure found within secondary lymphoid organs and are important for the antibody-producing response against foreign antigens. In GCs, antigen-specific B cells proliferate intensely, inducing immunoglobulin class switching. Recent studies have shown that GCs are also an important site for class switching to IgE, which is implicated in allergy. However, the mechanisms by which IgE production is regulated in GCs remain unclear. Here, we found impairment in IgE-specific production and a reduction of GC B cells after immunization in mice deficient in the Aps/Sh2b2 gene encoding the Lnk/Sh2b family adaptor protein Aps. GC B cells express higher levels of the Aps gene than non-GC B cells, and cell death of Aps-/- GC B cells is enhanced compared to wild-type GC B cells. An in vitro culture system with purified Aps-/- B cells induced the same level of IgE production and frequencies of IgE+ B cells as wild-type B cells. We found that Aps deficiency in B cells resulted in augmented depletion of IgE+ blasts by B cell receptor crosslinking with anti-CD79b antibodies compared to wild-type IgE+ cells. These results suggest that Aps regulates IgE production by controlling the survival of GC B cells and IgE+ plasma cells and may serve as a potential therapeutic target to control IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Iseki
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan.
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Shinya Hidano
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fujimi Kudo
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Systems Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
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4
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Dou H, Wang R, Tavallaie M, Xiao T, Olszewska M, Papapetrou EP, Tall AR, Wang N. Hematopoietic and eosinophil-specific LNK(SH2B3) deficiency promotes eosinophilia and arterial thrombosis. Blood 2024; 143:1758-1772. [PMID: 38096361 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Increased eosinophil counts are associated with cardiovascular disease and may be an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events. However, the causality and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Genome-wide association studies have shown an association of a common LNK variant (R262W, T allele) with eosinophilia and atherothrombotic disorders. LNK(TT) reduces LNK function, and Lnk-deficient mice display accelerated atherosclerosis and thrombosis. This study was undertaken to assess the role of eosinophils in arterial thrombosis in mice with hematopoietic Lnk deficiency. Hematopoietic Lnk deficiency increased circulating and activated eosinophils, JAK/STAT signaling in eosinophils, and carotid arterial thrombosis with increased eosinophil abundance and extracellular trap formation (EETosis) in thrombi. Depletion of eosinophils by anti-Siglec-F antibody or by the ΔdbIGata1 mutation eliminated eosinophils in thrombi and markedly reduced thrombosis in mice with hematopoietic Lnk deficiency but not in control mice. Eosinophil depletion reduced neutrophil abundance and NETosis in thrombi without altering circulating neutrophil counts. To assess the role of Lnk specifically in eosinophils, we crossed Lnkf/f mice with eoCre mice. LnkΔeos mice displayed isolated eosinophilia, increased eosinophil activation, and accelerated arterial thrombosis associated with increased EETosis and NETosis in thrombi. DNase I infusion abolished EETs and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in thrombi and reversed the accelerated thrombosis. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived LNK(TT) eosinophils showed increased activation and EETosis relative to isogenic LNK(CC) eosinophils, demonstrating human relevance. These studies show a direct link between eosinophilia, EETosis, and atherothrombosis in hematopoietic Lnk deficiency and an essential role of eosinophil LNK in suppression of arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Dou
- Molecular Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ranran Wang
- Molecular Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mojdeh Tavallaie
- Molecular Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Tong Xiao
- Molecular Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Malgorzata Olszewska
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Center for Advancement of Blood Cancer Therapies, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Eirini P Papapetrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Center for Advancement of Blood Cancer Therapies, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alan R Tall
- Molecular Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Nan Wang
- Molecular Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Baig MS, Barmpoutsi S, Bharti S, Weigert A, Hirani N, Atre R, Khabiya R, Sharma R, Sarup S, Savai R. Adaptor molecules mediate negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory pathways: a closer look. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355012. [PMID: 38482001 PMCID: PMC10933033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in initiating, maintaining, and terminating inflammation. For that, macrophages respond to various external stimuli in changing environments through signaling pathways that are tightly regulated and interconnected. This process involves, among others, autoregulatory loops that activate and deactivate macrophages through various cytokines, stimulants, and other chemical mediators. Adaptor proteins play an indispensable role in facilitating various inflammatory signals. These proteins are dynamic and flexible modulators of immune cell signaling and act as molecular bridges between cell surface receptors and intracellular effector molecules. They are involved in regulating physiological inflammation and also contribute significantly to the development of chronic inflammatory processes. This is at least partly due to their involvement in the activation and deactivation of macrophages, leading to changes in the macrophages' activation/phenotype. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the 20 adaptor molecules and proteins that act as negative regulators of inflammation in macrophages and effectively suppress inflammatory signaling pathways. We emphasize the functional role of adaptors in signal transduction in macrophages and their influence on the phenotypic transition of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1-like states to anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotypes. This endeavor mainly aims at highlighting and orchestrating the intricate dynamics of adaptor molecules by elucidating the associated key roles along with respective domains and opening avenues for therapeutic and investigative purposes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza S. Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Spyridoula Barmpoutsi
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shreya Bharti
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nik Hirani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Atre
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rakhi Khabiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Shivmuni Sarup
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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6
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Allan-Blitz LT, Akbari O, Kojima N, Saavedra E, Chellamuthu P, Denny N, MacMullan MA, Hess V, Shacreaw M, Brobeck M, Turner F, Slepnev VI, Ibrayeva A, Klausner JD. Unique immune and inflammatory cytokine profiles may define long COVID syndrome. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2925-2930. [PMID: 37061998 PMCID: PMC10105906 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long COVID is estimated to occur in 5-10% of individuals after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the pathophysiology driving the disease process is poorly understood. METHODS We evaluated urine and plasma inflammatory and immune cytokine profiles in 33 individuals with long COVID compared to 33 who were asymptomatic and recovered, and 34 without prior infection. RESULTS Mean urinary leukotriene E4 was significantly elevated among individuals with long COVID compared to asymptomatic and recovered individuals (mean difference 774.2 pg/mL; SD 335.7) and individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean difference 503.1 pg/ml; SD 467.7). Plasma chemokine ligand 6 levels were elevated among individuals with long COVID compared to individuals with no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean difference 0.59 units; SD 0.42). We found no significant difference in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 antibody levels. Plasma tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) levels were reduced among individuals with long COVID compared to individuals who were asymptomatic and recovered (mean difference = 0.6 units, SD 0.46). Similarly, the mean level of Sarcoma Homology 2-B adapter protein 3 was 3.3 units (SD 1.24) among individuals with long COVID, lower than 4.2 units (SD 1.1) among individuals with recovered, asymptomatic COVID. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that further studies should be conducted to evaluate the role of leukotriene E4 as a potential biomarker for a diagnostic test. Furthermore, based on reductions in TRAF2, long COVID may be driven in part by impaired TRAF2-dependent immune-mediated inflammation and potentially immune exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lao-Tzu Allan-Blitz
- Division of Global Health Equity: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Noah Kojima
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Albina Ibrayeva
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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7
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López-Mejía JA, Mantilla-Ollarves JC, Rocha-Zavaleta L. Modulation of JAK-STAT Signaling by LNK: A Forgotten Oncogenic Pathway in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14777. [PMID: 37834225 PMCID: PMC10573125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Tumors that express hormone receptors account for 75% of all cases. Understanding alternative signaling cascades is important for finding new therapeutic targets for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients. JAK-STAT signaling is commonly activated in hormone receptor-positive breast tumors, inducing inflammation, proliferation, migration, and treatment resistance in cancer cells. In hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, the JAK-STAT cascade is stimulated by hormones and cytokines, such as prolactin and IL-6. In normal cells, JAK-STAT is inhibited by the action of the adaptor protein, LNK. However, the role of LNK in breast tumors is not fully understood. This review compiles published reports on the expression and activation of the JAK-STAT pathway by IL-6 and prolactin and potential inhibition of the cascade by LNK in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Additionally, it includes analyses of available datasets to determine the level of expression of LNK and various members of the JAK-STAT family for the purpose of establishing associations between expression and clinical outcomes. Together, experimental evidence and in silico studies provide a better understanding of the potential implications of the JAK-STAT-LNK loop in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. López-Mejía
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico; (J.A.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-O.)
| | - Jessica C. Mantilla-Ollarves
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico; (J.A.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-O.)
| | - Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico; (J.A.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-O.)
- Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico
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8
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Beghini A, Leuzzi L, Abazari N, Bossi LE, Guido V, Trojani A, Cairoli R. A novel start-loss mutation of the SH2B3 gene in a family with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:1109-1112. [PMID: 35570682 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing advances in high-throughput sequencing have broadened our understanding of the genetic pathogenesis of Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Convergent studies have shown that MPN driver mutations associate with additional mutations found in genes coding for negative regulators of the JAK/STAT signaling, including the SH2B3 (SH2B-adaptor protein 3, also known as LNK). Here, we describe a novel heterozygous start-loss mutation of the SH2B3 gene (c.3G>A, SH2B3M? ) in a consanguineous family characterized by recurrent early onset of JAK2V617F -positive MPNs. The model represented by this pedigree suggests that the SH2B3 could be a predisposing mutation that facilitates the acquisition of driver mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livia Leuzzi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Niguarda Cancer Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Nazanin Abazari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca E Bossi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Niguarda Cancer Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Guido
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Pathology Unit ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Trojani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Niguarda Cancer Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cairoli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Niguarda Cancer Center, Milan, Italy
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9
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Alexander MR, Hank S, Dale BL, Himmel L, Zhong X, Smart CD, Fehrenbach DJ, Chen Y, Prabakaran N, Tirado B, Centrella M, Ao M, Du L, Shyr Y, Levy D, Madhur MS. A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in SH2B3/LNK Promotes Hypertension Development and Renal Damage. Circ Res 2022; 131:731-747. [PMID: 36169218 PMCID: PMC9588739 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SH2B3 (SH2B adaptor protein 3) is an adaptor protein that negatively regulates cytokine signaling and cell proliferation. A common missense single nucleotide polymorphism in SH2B3 (rs3184504) results in substitution of tryptophan (Trp) for arginine (Arg) at amino acid 262 and is a top association signal for hypertension in human genome-wide association studies. Whether this variant is causal for hypertension, and if so, the mechanism by which it impacts pathogenesis is unknown. METHODS We used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to create mice homozygous for the major (Arg/Arg) and minor (Trp/Trp) alleles of this SH2B3 polymorphism. Mice underwent angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion to evaluate differences in blood pressure (BP) elevation and end-organ damage including albuminuria and renal fibrosis. Cytokine production and Stat4 phosphorylation was also assessed in Arg/Arg and Trp/Trp T cells. RESULTS Trp/Trp mice exhibit 10 mmHg higher systolic BP during chronic Ang II infusion compared to Arg/Arg controls. Renal injury and perivascular fibrosis are exacerbated in Trp/Trp mice compared to Arg/Arg controls following Ang II infusion. Renal and ex vivo stimulated splenic CD8+ T cells from Ang II-infused Trp/Trp mice produce significantly more interferon gamma (IFNg) compared to Arg/Arg controls. Interleukin-12 (IL-12)-induced IFNg production is greater in Trp/Trp compared to Arg/Arg CD8+ T cells. In addition, IL-12 enhances Stat4 phosphorylation to a greater degree in Trp/Trp compared to Arg/Arg CD8+ T cells, suggesting that Trp-encoding SH2B3 exhibits less negative regulation of IL-12 signaling to promote IFNg production. Finally, we demonstrated that a multi-SNP model genetically predicting increased SH2B3 expression in lymphocytes is inversely associated with hypertension and hypertensive chronic kidney disease in humans.. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that the Trp encoding allele of rs3184504 is causal for BP elevation and renal dysfunction, in part through loss of SH2B3-mediated repression of T cell IL-12 signaling leading to enhanced IFNg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Hank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bethany L. Dale
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren Himmel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles D. Smart
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel J. Fehrenbach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | - Megan Centrella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mingfang Ao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Liping Du
- Department of Biostatistics, VUMC, Nashville, TN
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, VUMC, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA and Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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10
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Genetic Background of Polycythemia Vera. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040637. [PMID: 35456443 PMCID: PMC9027017 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycythemia vera belongs to myeloproliferative neoplasms, essentially by affecting the erythroblastic lineage. JAK2 alterations have emerged as major driver mutations triggering PV-phenotype with the V617F mutation detected in nearly 98% of cases. That’s why JAK2 targeting therapeutic strategies have rapidly emerged to counter the aggravation of the disease. Over decades of research, to go further in the understanding of the disease and its evolution, a wide panel of genetic alterations affecting multiple genes has been highlighted. These are mainly involved in alternative splicing, epigenetic, miRNA regulation, intracellular signaling, and transcription factors expression. If JAK2 mutation, irrespective of the nature of the alteration, is known to be a crucial event for the disease to initiate, additional mutations seem to be markers of progression and poor prognosis. These discoveries have helped to characterize the complex genomic landscape of PV, resulting in potentially new adapted therapeutic strategies for patients concerning all the genetic interferences.
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11
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Jiao H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li WD. Pathway Association Studies Reveal Gene Loci and Pathway Networks that Associated With Plasma Cystatin C Levels. Front Genet 2021; 12:711155. [PMID: 34899825 PMCID: PMC8656399 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.711155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a marker for glomerular filtration, plasma cystatin C level is used to evaluate kidney function. To decipher genetic factors that control the plasma cystatin C level, we performed genome-wide association and pathway association studies using United Kingdom Biobank data. One hundred fifteen loci yielded p values less than 1 × 10−100, three genes (clusters) showed the most significant associations, including the CST8-CST9 cluster on chromosome 20, the SH2B3-ATXN2 gene region on chromosome 12, and the SHROOM3-CCDC158 gene region on chromosome 4. In pathway association studies, forty significant pathways had FDR (false discovery rate) and or FWER (family-wise error rate) ≤ 0.001: spermatogenesis, leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, cell adhesion, glycoprotein, membrane lipid, steroid metabolic process, and insulin signaling pathways were among the most significant pathways that associated with the plasma cystatin C levels. We also performed Genome-wide association studies for eGFR, top associated genes were largely overlapped with those for cystatin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiao Jiao
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,College of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaogang Wang
- College of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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12
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LNK (SH2B3) Inhibition Expands Healthy and Fanconi Anemia Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Blood Adv 2021; 6:731-745. [PMID: 34844262 PMCID: PMC8945310 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative treatment for a variety of hematological diseases. Allogenic HSCT requires hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from matched donors and comes with cytotoxicity and mortality. Recent advances in genome modification of HSCs have demonstrated the possibility of using autologous HSCT-based gene therapy to cure monogenic diseases, such as the inherited bone marrow failure (BMF) syndrome Fanconi Anemia (FA). However, for FA and other BMF syndromes insufficient HSC numbers with functional defects results in delayed hematopoietic recovery and increased risk of graft failure. We and others previously identified the adaptor protein Lnk (Sh2b3) as a critical negative regulator of murine HSC homeostasis. However, whether LNK (SH2B3) controls human HSCs has not been studied. Here, we demonstrate that depletion of LNK via lentiviral expression of miR30-based short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) resulted in robust expansion of transplantable human HSCs that provided balanced multilineage reconstitution in primary and secondary mouse recipients. Importantly, LNK depletion enhanced cytokine mediated JAK/STAT activation in CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Moreover, we demonstrate that LNK depletion expands primary HSPCs associated with FA. In xenotransplant, engraftment defects of FANCD2-depleted FA-like HSCs were markedly improved by LNK inhibition. Finally, targeting LNK in primary bone marrow HSPCs from FA patients enhanced their colony forming potential in vitro. Together, these results demonstrate the potential of targeting LNK to expand HSCs to improve HSCT and HSCT-based gene therapy.
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Salybekov AA, Wolfien M, Kobayashi S, Steinhoff G, Asahara T. Personalized Cell Therapy for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Diseases in the Context of Genetic Alterations: Artificial Intelligence-Based Responder and Non-Responder Prediction. Cells 2021; 10:3266. [PMID: 34943774 PMCID: PMC8699290 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cell transplantation is a potential novel therapeutic strategy to induce angiogenesis in ischemic tissue, which can prevent major amputation in patients with advanced peripheral artery disease (PAD). Thus, clinicians can use cell therapies worldwide to treat PAD. However, some cell therapy studies did not report beneficial outcomes. Clinical researchers have suggested that classical risk factors and comorbidities may adversely affect the efficacy of cell therapy. Some studies have indicated that the response to stem cell therapy varies among patients, even in those harboring limited risk factors. This suggests the role of undetermined risk factors, including genetic alterations, somatic mutations, and clonal hematopoiesis. Personalized stem cell-based therapy can be developed by analyzing individual risk factors. These approaches must consider several clinical biomarkers and perform studies (such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS)) on disease-related genetic traits and integrate the findings with those of transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and whole-genome sequencing in PAD. Additional unbiased analyses with state-of-the-art computational methods, such as machine learning-based patient stratification, are suited for predictions in clinical investigations. The integration of these complex approaches into a unified analysis procedure for the identification of responders and non-responders before stem cell therapy, which can decrease treatment expenditure, is a major challenge for increasing the efficacy of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amankeldi A. Salybekov
- Kidney Disease and Transplant Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1-1370 Okamoto, Kamakura 2478533, Japan;
- Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1-1370 Okamoto, Kamakura 2478533, Japan
| | - Markus Wolfien
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Ulmenstrasse 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Shuzo Kobayashi
- Kidney Disease and Transplant Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1-1370 Okamoto, Kamakura 2478533, Japan;
- Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1-1370 Okamoto, Kamakura 2478533, Japan
| | - Gustav Steinhoff
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
- Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1-1370 Okamoto, Kamakura 2478533, Japan
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14
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Guijarro-Hernández A, Vizmanos JL. A Broad Overview of Signaling in Ph-Negative Classic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050984. [PMID: 33652860 PMCID: PMC7956519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is growing evidence that Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms are disorders in which multiple signaling pathways are significantly disturbed. The heterogeneous phenotypes observed among patients have highlighted the importance of having a comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind these diseases. This review aims to show a broad overview of the signaling involved in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and other processes that can modify them, which could be helpful to better understand these diseases and develop more effective targeted treatments. Abstract Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF)) are infrequent blood cancers characterized by signaling aberrations. Shortly after the discovery of the somatic mutations in JAK2, MPL, and CALR that cause these diseases, researchers extensively studied the aberrant functions of their mutant products. In all three cases, the main pathogenic mechanism appears to be the constitutive activation of JAK2/STAT signaling and JAK2-related pathways (MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT). However, some other non-canonical aberrant mechanisms derived from mutant JAK2 and CALR have also been described. Moreover, additional somatic mutations have been identified in other genes that affect epigenetic regulation, tumor suppression, transcription regulation, splicing and other signaling pathways, leading to the modification of some disease features and adding a layer of complexity to their molecular pathogenesis. All of these factors have highlighted the wide variety of cellular processes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of MPNs. This review presents an overview of the complex signaling behind these diseases which could explain, at least in part, their phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guijarro-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - José Luis Vizmanos
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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15
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Competitive sgRNA Screen Identifies p38 MAPK as a Druggable Target to Improve HSPC Engraftment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102194. [PMID: 33003308 PMCID: PMC7600420 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous gene therapy trials for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) lacked long-term engraftment of corrected hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Chronic inflammation and high levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) might have caused aberrant cell cycling in X-CGD HSPCs with a concurrent loss of their long-term repopulating potential. Thus, we performed a targeted CRISPR-Cas9-based sgRNA screen to identify candidate genes that counteract the decreased repopulating capacity of HSPCs during gene therapy. The candidates were validated in a competitive transplantation assay and tested in a disease context using IL1B-challenged or X-CGD HSPCs. The sgRNA screen identified Mapk14 (p38) as a potential target to increase HSPC engraftment. Knockout of p38 prior to transplantation was sufficient to induce a selective advantage. Inhibition of p38 increased expression of the HSC homing factor CXCR4 and reduced apoptosis and proliferation in HSPCs. For potential clinical translation, treatment of IL1B-challenged or X-CGD HSPCs with a p38 inhibitor led to a 1.5-fold increase of donor cell engraftment. In summary, our findings demonstrate that p38 may serve as a potential druggable target to restore engraftment of HSPCs in the context of X-CGD gene therapy.
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16
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Wolfien M, Klatt D, Salybekov AA, Ii M, Komatsu-Horii M, Gaebel R, Philippou-Massier J, Schrinner E, Akimaru H, Akimaru E, David R, Garbade J, Gummert J, Haverich A, Hennig H, Iwasaki H, Kaminski A, Kawamoto A, Klopsch C, Kowallick JT, Krebs S, Nesteruk J, Reichenspurner H, Ritter C, Stamm C, Tani-Yokoyama A, Blum H, Wolkenhauer O, Schambach A, Asahara T, Steinhoff G. Hematopoietic stem-cell senescence and myocardial repair - Coronary artery disease genotype/phenotype analysis of post-MI myocardial regeneration response induced by CABG/CD133+ bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell treatment in RCT PERFECT Phase 3. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102862. [PMID: 32629392 PMCID: PMC7339012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow stem cell clonal dysfunction by somatic mutation is suspected to affect post-infarction myocardial regeneration after coronary bypass surgery (CABG). Methods Transcriptome and variant expression analysis was studied in the phase 3 PERFECT trial post myocardial infarction CABG and CD133+ bone marrow derived hematopoetic stem cells showing difference in left ventricular ejection fraction (∆LVEF) myocardial regeneration Responders (n=14; ∆LVEF +16% day 180/0) and Non-responders (n=9; ∆LVEF -1.1% day 180/0). Subsequently, the findings have been validated in an independent patient cohort (n=14) as well as in two preclinical mouse models investigating SH2B3/LNK antisense or knockout deficient conditions. Findings 1. Clinical: R differed from NR in a total of 161 genes in differential expression (n=23, q<0•05) and 872 genes in coexpression analysis (n=23, q<0•05). Machine Learning clustering analysis revealed distinct RvsNR preoperative gene-expression signatures in peripheral blood acorrelated to SH2B3 (p<0.05). Mutation analysis revealed increased specific variants in RvsNR. (R: 48 genes; NR: 224 genes). 2. Preclinical:SH2B3/LNK-silenced hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) clones displayed significant overgrowth of myeloid and immune cells in bone marrow, peripheral blood, and tissue at day 160 after competitive bone-marrow transplantation into mice. SH2B3/LNK−/− mice demonstrated enhanced cardiac repair through augmenting the kinetics of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells, increased capillary density in ischemic myocardium, and reduced left ventricular fibrosis with preserved cardiac function. 3. Validation: Evaluation analysis in 14 additional patients revealed 85% RvsNR (12/14 patients) prediction accuracy for the identified biomarker signature. Interpretation Myocardial repair is affected by HSC gene response and somatic mutation. Machine Learning can be utilized to identify and predict pathological HSC response. Funding German Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF): Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy - FKZ0312138A and FKZ031L0106C, German Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF): Collaborative research center - DFG:SFB738 and Center of Excellence - DFG:EC-REBIRTH), European Social Fonds: ESF/IV-WM-B34-0011/08, ESF/IV-WM-B34-0030/10, and Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany. Japanese Ministry of Health : Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant (H14-trans-001, H17-trans-002) Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00950274
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wolfien
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University Rostock, Institute of Computer Science, Ulmenstrasse 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Denise Klatt
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Amankeldi A Salybekov
- Department of Advanced Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ii
- Nanobridge, LLC. 1-3-5-202, Sawaragi-Nishi Ibaraki Osaka 567-0868, Japan.
| | - Miki Komatsu-Horii
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Ralf Gaebel
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department Life, Light and Matter and Department of cardiac surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Julia Philippou-Massier
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LAFUGA Genomics, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Muenchen, Germany.
| | - Eric Schrinner
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hiroshi Akimaru
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Erika Akimaru
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Robert David
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department Life, Light and Matter and Department of cardiac surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jens Garbade
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center University Medicine Leipzig, Strümpellstrasse 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jan Gummert
- Heart and diabetes center North Rhine Westfalia, University hospital of the Ruhr university Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Axel Haverich
- Medical school Hannover, Department of heart-, thoracic- and vascular surgery, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holger Hennig
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University Rostock, Institute of Computer Science, Ulmenstrasse 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Hiroto Iwasaki
- Department of cardiothoracic surgery, Osaka city university, 1-4-3, Asahimachi, Abeno. Osaka, 545-8585. Japan.
| | - Alexander Kaminski
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department Life, Light and Matter and Department of cardiac surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Atsuhiko Kawamoto
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Christian Klopsch
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department Life, Light and Matter and Department of cardiac surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Johannes T Kowallick
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LAFUGA Genomics, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Muenchen, Germany.
| | - Julia Nesteruk
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department Life, Light and Matter and Department of cardiac surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Hermann Reichenspurner
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University heart center Hamburg, Martinistraße. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Ritter
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christof Stamm
- German Heart Center Berlin, Department of Heart-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ayumi Tani-Yokoyama
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Helmut Blum
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LAFUGA Genomics, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Muenchen, Germany.
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University Rostock, Institute of Computer Science, Ulmenstrasse 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Axel Schambach
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Department of Advanced Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan.
| | - Gustav Steinhoff
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department Life, Light and Matter and Department of cardiac surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
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Pham DDM, Guhan S, Tsao H. KIT and Melanoma: Biological Insights and Clinical Implications. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:562-571. [PMID: 32608199 PMCID: PMC7329741 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.7.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, originating from epidermal melanocytes, is a heterogeneous disease that has the highest mortality rate among all types of skin cancers. Numerous studies have revealed the cause of this cancer as related to various somatic driver mutations, including alterations in KIT-a proto-oncogene encoding for a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Although accounting for only 3% of all melanomas, mutations in c-KIT are mostly derived from acral, mucosal, and chronically sun-damaged melanomas. As an important factor for cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival, inhibition of c-KIT has been exploited for clinical trials in advanced melanoma. Here, apart from the molecular background of c-KIT and its cellular functions, we will review the wide distribution of alterations in KIT with a catalogue of more than 40 mutations reported in various articles and case studies. Additionally, we will summarize the association of KIT mutations with clinicopathologic features (age, sex, melanoma subtypes, anatomic location, etc.), and the differences of mutation rate among subgroups. Finally, several therapeutic trials of c-KIT inhibitors, including imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, and sunitinib, will be analyzed for their success rates and limitations in advanced melanoma treatment. These not only emphasize c-KIT as an attractive target for personalized melanoma therapy but also propose the requirement for additional investigational studies to develop novel therapeutic trials co-targeting c-KIT and other cytokines such as members of signaling pathways and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Daniel M Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Hensin Tsao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lee J, Godfrey AL, Nangalia J. Genomic heterogeneity in myeloproliferative neoplasms and applications to clinical practice. Blood Rev 2020; 42:100708. [PMID: 32571583 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and primary myelofibrosis are chronic myeloid disorders associated most often with mutations in JAK2, MPL and CALR, and in some patients with additional acquired genomic lesions. Whilst the molecular mechanisms downstream of these mutations are now clearer, it is apparent that clinical phenotype in MPN is a product of complex interactions, acting between individual mutations, between disease subclones, and between the tumour and background host factors. In this review we first discuss MPN phenotypic driver mutations and the factors that interact with them to influence phenotype. We consider the importance of ongoing studies of clonal haematopoiesis, which may inform a better understanding of why MPN develop in specific individuals. We then consider how best to deploy genomic testing in a clinical environment and the challenges as well as opportunities that may arise from more routine, comprehensive genomic analysis of patients with MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK; Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna L Godfrey
- Haematopathology and Oncology Diagnostics Service/ Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jyoti Nangalia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK; Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Haematopathology and Oncology Diagnostics Service/ Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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19
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LNK promotes the growth and metastasis of triple negative breast cancer via activating JAK/STAT3 and ERK1/2 pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:124. [PMID: 32322171 PMCID: PMC7160949 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LNK adaptor protein is a crucial regulator of normal hematopoiesis, which down-regulates activated tyrosine kinases at the cell surface resulting in an antitumor effect. To date, little studies have examined activities of LNK in solid tumors except ovarian cancer. Methods Clinical tissue chips were obtained from 16 clinical patients after surgery. Western blotting assay and quantitative real time PCR was performed to measure the expression of LNK. We investigate the in vivo and vitro effect of LNK in Triple Negative Breast Cancer by using cell proliferation、migration assays and an in vivo murine xenograft model. Western blotting assay was performed to investigate the mechanism of LNK in triple negative breast cancer. Results We found that the levels of LNK expression were elevated in high grade triple-negative breast cancer through Clinical tissue chips. Remarkably, overexpression of LNK can promote breast cancer cell proliferation and migration in vivo and vitro, while silencing of LNK show the opposite phenomenon. We also found that LNK can promote breast cancer cell to proliferate and migrate via activating JAK/STAT3 and ERK1/2 pathway. Conclusions Our results suggest that the adaptor protein LNK acts as a positive signal transduction modulator in TNBC.
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Marneth AE, Mullally A. The Molecular Genetics of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a034876. [PMID: 31548225 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activated JAK-STAT signaling is central to the pathogenesis of BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and occurs as a result of MPN phenotypic driver mutations in JAK2, CALR, or MPL The spectrum of concomitant somatic mutations in other genes has now largely been defined in MPNs. With the integration of targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels into clinical practice, the clinical significance of concomitant mutations in MPNs has become clearer. In this review, we describe the consequences of concomitant mutations in the most frequently mutated classes of genes in MPNs: (1) DNA methylation pathways, (2) chromatin modification, (3) RNA splicing, (4) signaling pathways, (5) transcription factors, and (6) DNA damage response/stress signaling. The increased use of molecular genetics for early risk stratification of patients brings the possibility of earlier intervention to prevent disease progression in MPNs. However, additional studies are required to decipher underlying molecular mechanisms and effectively target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Marneth
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ann Mullally
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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21
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Lnk/Sh2b3 Regulates Adipose Inflammation and Glucose Tolerance through Group 1 ILCs. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1830-1841. [PMID: 30110639 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lnk/Sh2b3 is an adaptor protein that negatively regulates cytokine signaling in lymphohematopoiesis. A missense variant within the LNK/SH2B3 gene has been reported to be a risk variant for several autoimmune diseases, including diabetes. We found that glucose tolerance and insulin responses were impaired in Lnk-/- mice. Moreover, immune cells such as group 1 innate lymphoid cells (G1-ILCs), CD8+ T cells, and M1 macrophages accumulated in adipose tissue. When Lnk-/- mice were crossed with Il15-/- mice or depleted of G1-ILCs but not CD8+ T cells, glucose intolerance and adipose inflammation were ameliorated. Lnk-/- G1-ILCs showed activated phenotypes as well as enhanced reactivity for IL-15, and administration of a JAK inhibitor improved glucose tolerance. Accordingly, a high-fat diet greatly worsened glucose intolerance in Lnk-/- mice. Thus, Lnk/Sh2b3 controls homeostasis in adipose tissue and reduces the risk of onset of diabetes by regulating the expansion and activation of IL-15-dependent adipose G1-ILCs.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Work in the past decade has revealed key functions of the evolutionary conserved transcription factors Forkhead box O (FOXO) in the maintenance of homeostatic hematopoiesis. Here the diverse array of FOXO functions in normal and diseased hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is reviewed and the main findings in the past decade are highlighted. Future work should reveal FOXO-regulated networks whose alterations contribute to hematological disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have identified unanticipated FOXO functions in hematopoiesis including in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), erythroid cells, and immune cells. These findings suggest FOXO3 is critical for the regulation of mitochondrial and metabolic processes in hematopoietic stem cells, the balanced lineage determination, the T and B homeostasis, and terminal erythroblast maturation and red blood cell production. In aggregate these findings highlight the context-dependent function of FOXO in hematopoietic cells. Recent findings also question the nature of FOXO's contribution to heme malignancies as well as the mechanisms underlying FOXO's regulation in HSPC. SUMMARY FOXO are safeguards of homeostatic hematopoiesis. FOXO networks and their regulators and coactivators in HSPC are greatly complex and less well described. Identifications and characterizations of these FOXO networks in disease are likely to uncover disease-promoting mechanisms.
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Abstract
KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase that after binding to its ligand stem cell factor activates signaling cascades linked to biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell survival. Based on studies performed on SCF and/or KIT mutant animals that presented anemia, sterility, and/or pigmentation disorders, KIT signaling was mainly considered to be involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis, gametogenesis, and melanogenesis. More recently, novel animal models and ameliorated cellular and molecular techniques have led to the discovery of a widen repertoire of tissue compartments and functions that are being modulated by KIT. This is the case for the lung, heart, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, kidney, liver, and bone. For this reason, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors that were originally developed for the treatment of hemato-oncological diseases are being currently investigated for the treatment of non-oncological disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and alzheimer's disease, among others. The beneficial effects of some of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proven to depend on KIT inhibition. This review will focus on KIT expression and regulation in healthy and pathologic conditions other than cancer. Moreover, advances in the development of anti-KIT therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and their application will be discussed.
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Abstract
Stem cells self-renew and differentiate to generate all tissues and cells in the body. Stem cell health promotes adaptive responses to tissue damage or loss and is essential for tissue regeneration with age. In the past decade, the evolutionarily conserved transcription factors FOXO with known functions in promoting healthy aging have emerged as key regulators of stem cell homeostasis in various tissues, including blood, neural, and muscle stem cells. Aberrant FOXO functions have been implicated in a variety of disorders including neurodegenerative, blood, cancer, and diabetes some of which are fostered by abnormal stem cell function. As discussed in this chapter, at least in some stem cells FOXO regulatory mechanisms and applied functions follow a complex set of rules distinct from that operating in progenitor cell populations and in cultured cell lines. Elucidating the exact nature of FOXO properties in stem cells will be critical for identifying and targeting aberrant FOXO-mediated mechanisms that promote stem cell-derived disease specifically with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Liang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Multidisciplinary Training Area, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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Naudin C, Chevalier C, Roche S. The role of small adaptor proteins in the control of oncogenic signalingr driven by tyrosine kinases in human cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11033-55. [PMID: 26788993 PMCID: PMC4905456 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation on tyrosine (Tyr) residues has evolved as an important mechanism to coordinate cell communication in multicellular organisms. The importance of this process has been revealed by the discovery of the prominent oncogenic properties of tyrosine kinases (TK) upon deregulation of their physiological activities, often due to protein overexpression and/or somatic mutation. Recent reports suggest that TK oncogenic signaling is also under the control of small adaptor proteins. These cytosolic proteins lack intrinsic catalytic activity and signal by linking two functional members of a catalytic pathway. While most adaptors display positive regulatory functions, a small group of this family exerts negative regulatory functions by targeting several components of the TK signaling cascade. Here, we review how these less studied adaptor proteins negatively control TK activities and how their loss of function induces abnormal TK signaling, promoting tumor formation. We also discuss the therapeutic consequences of this novel regulatory mechanism in human oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Naudin
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier, CRBM, Montpellier, France.,Present address: INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Clément Chevalier
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier, CRBM, Montpellier, France.,Present address: SFR Biosit (UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018), MRic Photonics Platform, University Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Serge Roche
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier, CRBM, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2014, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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Steinhoff G, Nesteruk J, Wolfien M, Große J, Ruch U, Vasudevan P, Müller P. Stem cells and heart disease - Brake or accelerator? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:2-24. [PMID: 29054357 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After two decades of intensive research and attempts of clinical translation, stem cell based therapies for cardiac diseases are not getting closer to clinical success. This review tries to unravel the obstacles and focuses on underlying mechanisms as the target for regenerative therapies. At present, the principal outcome in clinical therapy does not reflect experimental evidence. It seems that the scientific obstacle is a lack of integration of knowledge from tissue repair and disease mechanisms. Recent insights from clinical trials delineate mechanisms of stem cell dysfunction and gene defects in repair mechanisms as cause of atherosclerosis and heart disease. These findings require a redirection of current practice of stem cell therapy and a reset using more detailed analysis of stem cell function interfering with disease mechanisms. To accelerate scientific development the authors suggest intensifying unified computational data analysis and shared data knowledge by using open-access data platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Steinhoff
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Julia Nesteruk
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Markus Wolfien
- University Rostock, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Ulmenstraße 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jana Große
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Ruch
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Praveen Vasudevan
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Paula Müller
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
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Maslah N, Cassinat B, Verger E, Kiladjian JJ, Velazquez L. The role of LNK/SH2B3 genetic alterations in myeloproliferative neoplasms and other hematological disorders. Leukemia 2017; 31:1661-1670. [PMID: 28484264 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant hematological diseases are mainly because of the occurrence of molecular abnormalities leading to the deregulation of signaling pathways essential for precise cell behavior. High-resolution genome analysis using microarray and large-scale sequencing have helped identify several important acquired gene mutations that are responsible for such signaling deregulations across different hematological malignancies. In particular, the genetic landscape of classical myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) has been in large part completed with the identification of driver mutations (targeting the cytokine receptor/Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) pathway) that determine MPN phenotype, as well as additional mutations mainly affecting the regulation of gene expression (epigenetics or splicing regulators) and signaling. At present, most efforts concentrate in understanding how all these genetic alterations intertwine together to influence disease evolution and/or dictate clinical phenotype in order to use them to personalize diagnostic and clinical care. However, it is now evident that factors other than somatic mutations also play an important role in MPN disease initiation and progression, among which germline predisposition (single-nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes) may strongly influence the occurrence of MPNs. In this context, the LNK inhibitory adaptor protein encoded by the LNK/SH2B adaptor protein 3 (SH2B3) gene is the target of several genetic variations, acquired or inherited in MPNs, lymphoid leukemia and nonmalignant hematological diseases, underlying its importance in these pathological processes. As LNK adaptor is a key regulator of normal hematopoiesis, understanding the consequences of LNK variants on its protein functions and on driver or other mutations could be helpful to correlate genotype and phenotype of patients and to develop therapeutic strategies to target this molecule. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of LNK function in normal hematopoiesis, the different SH2B3 mutations reported to date and discuss how these genetic variations may influence the development of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maslah
- APHP, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS 1131, IUH, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - B Cassinat
- APHP, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS 1131, IUH, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - E Verger
- APHP, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS 1131, IUH, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - J-J Kiladjian
- Inserm UMRS 1131, IUH, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,APHP, Centre d'investigations Cliniques, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - L Velazquez
- INSERM UMRS-MD1197, Institut André Lwoff/Université Paris XI, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
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The Use of Endothelial Progenitor Cells for the Regeneration of Musculoskeletal and Neural Tissues. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1960804. [PMID: 28458693 PMCID: PMC5387841 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1960804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from bone marrow and blood can differentiate into endothelial cells and promote neovascularization. In addition, EPCs are a promising cell source for the repair of various types of vascularized tissues and have been used in animal experiments and clinical trials for tissue repair. In this review, we focused on the kinetics of endogenous EPCs during tissue repair and the application of EPCs or stem cell populations containing EPCs for tissue regeneration in musculoskeletal and neural tissues including the bone, skeletal muscle, ligaments, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. EPCs can be mobilized from bone marrow and recruited to injured tissue to contribute to neovascularization and tissue repair. In addition, EPCs or stem cell populations containing EPCs promote neovascularization and tissue repair through their differentiation to endothelial cells or tissue-specific cells, the upregulation of growth factors, and the induction and activation of endogenous stem cells. Human peripheral blood CD34(+) cells containing EPCs have been used in clinical trials of bone repair. Thus, EPCs are a promising cell source for the treatment of musculoskeletal and neural tissue injury.
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Wang W, Tang Y, Wang Y, Tascau L, Balcerek J, Tong W, Levine RL, Welch C, Tall AR, Wang N. LNK/SH2B3 Loss of Function Promotes Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. Circ Res 2016; 119:e91-e103. [PMID: 27430239 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human genome-wide association studies have revealed novel genetic loci that are associated with coronary heart disease. One such locus resides in LNK/SH2B3, which in mice is expressed in hematopoietic cells and suppresses thrombopoietin signaling via its receptor myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene. However, the mechanisms underlying the association of LNK single-nucleotide polymorphisms with coronary heart disease are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To understand the functional effects of LNK single-nucleotide polymorphisms and explore the mechanisms whereby LNK loss of function impacts atherosclerosis and thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using human cord blood, we show that the common TT risk genotype (R262W) of LNK is associated with expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and enhanced megakaryopoiesis, demonstrating reduced LNK function and increased myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene signaling. In mice, hematopoietic Lnk deficiency leads to accelerated arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis, but only in the setting of hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia acts synergistically with LNK deficiency to increase interleukin 3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor signaling in bone marrow myeloid progenitors, whereas in platelets cholesterol loading combines with Lnk deficiency to increase activation. Platelet LNK deficiency increases myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene signaling and AKT activation, whereas cholesterol loading decreases SHIP-1 phosphorylation, acting convergently to increase AKT and platelet activation. Together with increased myelopoiesis, platelet activation promotes prothrombotic and proatherogenic platelet/leukocyte aggregate formation. CONCLUSIONS LNK (R262W) is a loss-of-function variant that promotes thrombopoietin/myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene signaling and platelet and leukocyte production. In mice, LNK deficiency is associated with both increased platelet production and activation. Hypercholesterolemia acts in platelets and hematopoietic progenitors to exacerbate thrombosis and atherosclerosis associated with LNK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Yang Tang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ying Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Liana Tascau
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Joanna Balcerek
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Wei Tong
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ross L Levine
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Carrie Welch
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan R Tall
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nan Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
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Borné Y, Smith JG, Nilsson PM, Melander O, Hedblad B, Engström G. Total and Differential Leukocyte Counts in Relation to Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148963. [PMID: 26891449 PMCID: PMC4758613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective High concentrations of leukocytes in blood have been associated with diabetes mellitus. This prospective study aimed to explore whether total and differential leukocyte counts are associated with incidence of diabetes. A missense variant R262W in the SH2B3 (SH2B adaptor protein 3) gene, coding for a protein that negatively regulates hematopoietic cell proliferation, was also studied in relation to incidence of diabetes. Methods and Results Leukocyte count and its subtypes (neutrophils, lymphocytes and mixed cells) were analyzed in 26,667 men and women, 45–73 years old, from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer study. Information about the R262W polymorphism (rs3184504) in SH2B3 was genotyped in 24,489 subjects. Incidence of diabetes was studied during a mean follow-up of 14 years. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine incidence of diabetes by total and differential leukocyte counts. Mendelian randomization analysis using R262W as an instrumental variable was performed with two-stage least squares regression. A total of 2,946 subjects developed diabetes during the follow-up period. After taking several possible confounders into account, concentrations of total leukocyte count, neutrophils and lymphocytes were all significantly associated with incidence of diabetes. The adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval; quartile 4 vs quartile 1) were 1.37 (1.22–1.53) for total leukocytes, 1.33 (1.19–1.49) for neutrophils and 1.29 (1.15–1.44) for lymphocytes. The R262W polymorphism was strongly associated with leukocytes (0.11x109 cells/l per T allele, p = 1.14 x10-12), lymphocytes (p = 4.3 x10-16), neutrophils (p = 8.0 x10-6) and mixed cells (p = 3.0 x10-6). However, there was no significant association between R262W and fasting glucose, HbA1c or incidence of diabetes. Conclusions Concentrations of total leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes are associated with incidence of diabetes. However, the lack of association with the R262W polymorphism suggests that the associations may not be causal, although limitations in statistical power and balancing pleiotropic effects cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Borné
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - J. Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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McMullin MF, Cario H. LNK mutations and myeloproliferative disorders. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:248-51. [PMID: 26660394 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lymphocyte adaptor protein (LNK) is one of a family of adaptor proteins involved cell signaling and control of B cell populations. It has a critical role in regulation of signaling in hematopoiesis. Lnk negatively regulates cytokine initiated cell signaling and it functions as a negative regulator of the mutant protein in myeloproliferative neoplasms JAK2V617F. A number of mutations in LNK have been described in a variety of myeloproliferative neoplasms some of which have been demonstrated to cause increased cellular proliferation. The majority of mutations occur in exon 2. In a small number of cases idiopathic erythrocytosis with subnormal erythropoietin levels LNK mutations have been found which may account for the clinical phenotype. Thus investigation for LNK mutations should be considered in the investigation of idiopathic erythrocytosis and perhaps other myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Frances McMullin
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University; Belfast Northern Ireland
| | - Holger Cario
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; University Medical Center Ulm; Ulm Germany
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Barr T, Girke T, Sureshchandra S, Nguyen C, Grant K, Messaoudi I. Alcohol Consumption Modulates Host Defense in Rhesus Macaques by Altering Gene Expression in Circulating Leukocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:182-95. [PMID: 26621857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that chronic alcohol use disorder leads to increased susceptibility to several viral and bacterial infections, whereas moderate alcohol consumption decreases the incidence of colds and improves immune responses to some pathogens. In line with these observations, we recently showed that heavy ethanol intake (average blood ethanol concentrations > 80 mg/dl) suppressed, whereas moderate alcohol consumption (blood ethanol concentrations < 50 mg/dl) enhanced, T and B cell responses to modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination in a nonhuman primate model of voluntary ethanol consumption. To uncover the molecular basis for impaired immunity with heavy alcohol consumption and enhanced immune response with moderate alcohol consumption, we performed a transcriptome analysis using PBMCs isolated on day 7 post-modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination, the earliest time point at which we detected differences in T cell and Ab responses. Overall, chronic heavy alcohol consumption reduced the expression of immune genes involved in response to infection and wound healing and increased the expression of genes associated with the development of lung inflammatory disease and cancer. In contrast, chronic moderate alcohol consumption upregulated the expression of genes involved in immune response and reduced the expression of genes involved in cancer. To uncover mechanisms underlying the alterations in PBMC transcriptomes, we profiled the expression of microRNAs within the same samples. Chronic heavy ethanol consumption altered the levels of several microRNAs involved in cancer and immunity and known to regulate the expression of mRNAs differentially expressed in our data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Barr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Thomas Girke
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521; and
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Christina Nguyen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Kathleen Grant
- Division of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521;
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Saeidi K. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: Current molecular biology and genetics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:375-89. [PMID: 26697989 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal disorders characterized by increased production of mature blood cells. Philadelphia chromosome-negative MPNs (Ph-MPNs) consist of polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). A number of stem cell derived mutations have been identified in the past 10 years. These findings showed that JAK2V617F, as a diagnostic marker involving JAK2 exon 14 with a high frequency, is the best molecular characterization of Ph-MPNs. Somatic mutations in an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, named calreticulin (CALR), is the second most common mutation in patients with ET and PMF after JAK2 V617F mutation. Discovery of CALR mutations led to the increased molecular diagnostic of ET and PMF up to 90%. It has been shown that JAK2V617F is not the unique event in disease pathogenesis. Some other genes' location such as TET oncogene family member 2 (TET2), additional sex combs-like 1 (ASXL1), casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene (CBL), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/IDH2), IKAROS family zinc finger 1 (IKZF1), DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A), suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), tumor protein p53 (TP53), runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) and high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) have also identified to be involved in MPNs phenotypes. Here, current molecular biology and genetic mechanisms involved in MNPs with a focus on the aforementioned factors is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolsoum Saeidi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Daniel MG, Pereira CF, Lemischka IR, Moore KA. Making a Hematopoietic Stem Cell. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:202-214. [PMID: 26526106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous attempts to either generate or expand hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro have involved either ex vivo expansion of pre-existing patient or donor HSCs or de novo generation from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), comprising both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs alleviated ESC ethical issues but attempts to generate functional mature hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have been largely unsuccessful. New efforts focus on directly reprogramming somatic cells into definitive HSCs and HSPCs. To meet clinical needs and to advance drug discovery and stem cell therapy, alternative approaches are necessary. In this review, we synthesize the strategies used and the key findings made in recent years by those trying to make an HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Daniel
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ihor R Lemischka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kateri A Moore
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Lee SH, Lee KB, Lee JH, Kang S, Kim HG, Asahara T, Kwon SM. Selective Interference Targeting of Lnk in Umbilical Cord-Derived Late Endothelial Progenitor Cells Improves Vascular Repair, Following Hind Limb Ischemic Injury, via Regulation of JAK2/STAT3 Signaling. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1490-500. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry; School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University; Cheonan South Korea
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology; Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongnam South Korea
| | - Kyeung Bin Lee
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology; Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongnam South Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology; Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongnam South Korea
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project; Pusan National University, Yangsan Gyeongnam South Korea
| | - Songhwa Kang
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology; Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongnam South Korea
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project; Pusan National University, Yangsan Gyeongnam South Korea
| | - Hwi Gon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Pusan National University, School of Medicine; Busan South Korea
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Science; Tokai University School of Medicine; Shimokasuya Isehara Kanagawa Japan
| | - Sang Mo Kwon
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology; Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongnam South Korea
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project; Pusan National University, Yangsan Gyeongnam South Korea
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Malara A, Abbonante V, Di Buduo CA, Tozzi L, Currao M, Balduini A. The secret life of a megakaryocyte: emerging roles in bone marrow homeostasis control. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1517-36. [PMID: 25572292 PMCID: PMC4369169 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Megakaryocytes are rare cells found in the bone marrow, responsible for the everyday production and release of millions of platelets into the bloodstream. Since the discovery and cloning, in 1994, of their principal humoral factor, thrombopoietin, and its receptor c-Mpl, many efforts have been directed to define the mechanisms underlying an efficient platelet production. However, more recently different studies have pointed out new roles for megakaryocytes as regulators of bone marrow homeostasis and physiology. In this review we discuss the interaction and the reciprocal regulation of megakaryocytes with the different cellular and extracellular components of the bone marrow environment. Finally, we provide evidence that these processes may concur to the reconstitution of the bone marrow environment after injury and their deregulation may lead to the development of a series of inherited or acquired pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Malara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Abbonante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian A. Di Buduo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
| | - Manuela Currao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
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Mori T, Iwasaki Y, Seki Y, Iseki M, Katayama H, Yamamoto K, Takatsu K, Takaki S. Lnk/Sh2b3 controls the production and function of dendritic cells and regulates the induction of IFN-γ-producing T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1728-36. [PMID: 25024389 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are proficient APCs that play crucial roles in the immune responses to various Ags and pathogens and polarize Th cell immune responses. Lnk/SH2B adaptor protein 3 (Sh2b3) is an intracellular adaptor protein that regulates B lymphopoiesis, megakaryopoiesis, and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells by constraining cytokine signals. Recent genome-wide association studies have revealed a link between polymorphism in this adaptor protein and autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. We found that Lnk/Sh2b3 was also expressed in DCs and investigated its role in the production and function of DC lineage cells. In Lnk(-/-) mice, DC numbers were increased in the spleen and lymph nodes, and growth responses of bone marrow-derived DCs to GM-CSF were augmented. Mature DCs from Lnk(-/-) mice were hypersensitive and showed enhanced responses to IL-15 and GM-CSF. Compared to normal DCs, Lnk(-/-) DCs had enhanced abilities to support the differentiation of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells from naive CD4(+) T cells. This was due to their elevated expression of IL-12Rβ1 and increased production of IFN-γ. Lnk(-/-) DCs supported the appearance of IFN-γ-producing T cells even under conditions in which normal DCs supported induction of regulatory T cells. These results indicated that Lnk/Sh2b3 plays a regulatory role in the expansion of DCs and might influence inflammatory immune responses in peripheral lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Mori
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Yukiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan; Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoichi Seki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Masanori Iseki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Hiroko Katayama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan;
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Katayama H, Mori T, Seki Y, Anraku M, Iseki M, Ikutani M, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida N, Takatsu K, Takaki S. Lnk prevents inflammatory CD8⁺ T-cell proliferation and contributes to intestinal homeostasis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1622-32. [PMID: 24536025 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular adaptor Lnk (also known as SH2B3) regulates cytokine signals that control lymphohematopoiesis, and Lnk(-/-) mice have expanded B-cell, megakaryocyte, and hematopoietic stem-cell populations. Moreover, mutations in the LNK gene are found in patients with myeloproliferative disease, whereas LNK polymorphisms have recently been associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including celiac disease. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized function of Lnk in the control of inflammatory CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and in intestinal homeostasis. Mature T cells from newly generated Lnk-Venus reporter mice had low but substantial expression of Lnk, whereas Lnk expression was downregulated during homeostatic T-cell proliferation under lymphopenic conditions. The numbers of CD44(hi) IFN-γ(+) CD8(+) effector or memory T cells were found to be increased in Lnk(-/-) mice, which also exhibited shortening of villi in the small intestine. Lnk(-/-) CD8(+) T cells survived longer in response to stimulation with IL-15 and proliferated even in nonlymphopenic hosts. Transfer of Lnk(-/-) CD8(+) T cells together with WT CD4(+) T cells into Rag2-deficient mice recapitulated a sign of villous abnormality. Our results reveal a link between Lnk and immune cell-mediated intestinal tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Katayama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Functional stem cell decline has been postulated to result in loss of maintenance of tissue homeostasis leading to organismal decline and diseases of aging. RECENT ADVANCES Recent findings implicate redox metabolism in the control of stem cell pool and stem cell aging. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are better known for their damaging properties to DNA, proteins and lipids, recent findings suggest that ROS may also be an integral physiological mediator of cellular signaling in primary cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Here we review recent published work on major signaling pathways and transcription factors that are regulated by ROS and mediate ROS regulation of stem cell fate. We will specifically focus on how alterations in this regulation may be implicated in disease and particularly in diseases of stem cell aging. In general, based on the work described here we propose a model in which ROS function as stem cell rheostat. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future work in elucidating how ROS control stem cell cycling, apoptotic machinery, and lineage determination should shed light on mechanisms whereby ROS may control stem cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Liang
- 1 Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
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40
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Abstract
LNK (SH2B3) is an adaptor protein studied extensively in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. In these cells, it downregulates activated tyrosine kinases at the cell surface resulting in an antiproliferative effect. To date, no studies have examined activities of LNK in solid tumors. In this study, we found by in silico analysis and staining tissue arrays that the levels of LNK expression were elevated in high-grade ovarian cancer. To test the functional importance of this observation, LNK was either overexpressed or silenced in several ovarian cancer cell lines. Remarkably, overexpression of LNK rendered the cells resistant to death induced by either serum starvation or nutrient deprivation, and generated larger tumors using a murine xenograft model. In contrast, silencing of LNK decreased ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Western blot studies indicated that overexpression of LNK upregulated and extended the transduction of the mitogenic signal, whereas silencing of LNK produced the opposite effects. Furthermore, forced expression of LNK reduced cell size, inhibited cell migration and markedly enhanced cell adhesion. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy identified 14-3-3 as one of the LNK-binding partners. Our results suggest that in contrast to the findings in hematologic malignancies, the adaptor protein LNK acts as a positive signal transduction modulator in ovarian cancers.
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Iida R, Welner RS, Zhao W, Alberola-lla J, Medina KL, Zhao ZJ, Kincade PW. Stem and progenitor cell subsets are affected by JAK2 signaling and can be monitored by flow cytometry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93643. [PMID: 24699465 PMCID: PMC3974768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extremely rare, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are divisible into subsets that differ with respect to differentiation potential and cell surface marker expression. For example, we recently found that CD86(-) CD150(+) CD48(-) HSCs have limited potential for lymphocyte production. This could be an important new tool for studying hematological abnormalities. Here, we analyzed HSC subsets with a series of stem cell markers in JAK2V617F transgenic (Tg) mice, where the mutation is sufficient to cause myeloproliferative neoplasia with lymphocyte deficiency. Total numbers of HSC were elevated 3 to 20 fold in bone marrow of JAK2V617F mice. Careful analysis suggested the accumulation involved multiple HSC subsets, but particularly those characterized as CD150(HI) CD86(-) CD18(L)°CD41(+) and excluding Hoechst dye. Real-Time PCR analysis of their HSC revealed that the erythropoiesis associated gene transcripts Gata1, Klf1 and Epor were particularly high. Flow cytometry analyses based on two differentiation schemes for multipotent progenitors (MPP) also suggested alteration by JAK2 signals. The low CD86 on HSC and multipotent progenitors paralleled the large reductions we found in lymphoid progenitors, but the few that were produced functioned normally when sorted and placed in culture. Either of two HSC subsets conferred disease when transplanted. Thus, flow cytometry can be used to observe the influence of abnormal JAK2 signaling on stem and progenitor subsets. Markers that similarly distinguish categories of human HSCs might be very valuable for monitoring such conditions. They could also serve as indicators of HSC fitness and suitability for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Iida
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Welner
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wanke Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - José Alberola-lla
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kay L. Medina
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zhizhuang Joe Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Kincade
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kuroda R, Matsumoto T, Kawakami Y, Fukui T, Mifune Y, Kurosaka M. Clinical impact of circulating CD34-positive cells on bone regeneration and healing. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:190-9. [PMID: 24372338 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Failures in fracture healing after conventional autologous and allogenic bone grafting are mainly due to poor vascularization. To meet the clinical demand, recent attentions in the regeneration and repair of bone have been focused on the use of stem cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and circulating skeletal stem cells. Circulating stem cells are currently paid a lot of attention due to their ease of clinical setting and high potential for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In this report, we focus on the first proof-of-principle experiments demonstrating the collaborative characteristics of circulating CD34(+) cells, known as endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cell-rich population, which are capable to differentiate into both endothelial cells and osteoblasts. Transplantation of circulating CD34(+) cells provides a favorable environment for fracture healing via angiogenesis/vasculogenesis and osteogenesis, finally leading to functional recovery from fracture. Based on a series of basic studies, we performed a phase 1/2 clinical trial of autologous CD34(+) cell transplantation in patients with tibial or femoral nonunions and reported the safety and efficacy of this novel therapy. In this review, the current concepts and strategies in circulating CD34(+) cell-based therapy and its potential applications for bone repair will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe, Japan
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Chou BK, Ye Z, Cheng L. Generation and homing of iPSC-derived hematopoietic cells in vivo. Mol Ther 2014; 21:1292-3. [PMID: 23812546 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Kuan Chou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Varricchio L, Mancini A, Migliaccio AR. Pathological interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and their niche revealed by mouse models of primary myelofibrosis. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 2:315-334. [PMID: 20352017 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) belongs to the Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms and is a hematological disorder caused by abnormal function of the hematopoietic stem cells. The disease manifests itself with a plethora of alterations, including anemia, splenomegaly and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Its hallmarks are progressive marrow fibrosis and atypical megakaryocytic hyperplasia, two distinctive features used to clinically monitor disease progression. In an attempt to investigate the role of abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis in the pathogenesis of PMF, several transgenic mouse models have been generated. These models are based either on mutations that interfere with the extrinsic (thrombopoietin and its receptor, MPL) and intrinsic (the GATA1 transcription factor) control of normal megakaryocytopoiesis, or on known genetic lesions associated with the human disease. Here we provide an up-to-date review on the insights into the pathobiology of human PMF achieved by studying these animal models, with particular emphasis on results obtained with Gata1(low) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Varricchio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1079, New York, NY 10029, USA Tel.: +1 212 241 6974
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Kidney and eye diseases: common risk factors, etiological mechanisms, and pathways. Kidney Int 2013; 85:1290-302. [PMID: 24336029 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is an emerging health problem worldwide. The eye shares striking structural, developmental, and genetic pathways with the kidney, suggesting that kidney disease and ocular disease may be closely linked. A growing number of studies have found associations of chronic kidney disease with age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataract. In addition, retinal microvascular parameters have been shown to be predictive of chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease shares common vascular risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and obesity, and pathogenetic mechanisms including inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and microvascular dysfunction, with ocular diseases supporting the 'Common Soil Hypothesis.' In this review, we present major epidemiological evidence for these associations and explore underlying pathogenic mechanisms and common risk factors for kidney and ocular disease. Understanding the link between kidney and ocular disease can lead to the development of new treatment and screening strategies for both diseases.
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Kawakami Y, Ii M, Matsumoto T, Kawamoto A, Kuroda R, Akimaru H, Mifune Y, Shoji T, Fukui T, Asahi M, Kurosaka M, Asahara T. A small interfering RNA targeting Lnk accelerates bone fracture healing with early neovascularization. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1036-53. [PMID: 23897412 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lnk, an intracellular adapter protein, is expressed in hematopoietic cell lineages, which has recently been proved as an essential inhibitory signaling molecule for stem cell self-renewal in the stem cell factor-c-Kit signaling pathway with enhanced hematopoietic and osteogenic reconstitution in Lnk-deficient mice. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of hematopoietic stem/endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) for fracture healing has been demonstrated with mechanistic insight into vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and osteogenesis enhancement in the fracture sites. We report here, Lnk siRNA-transfected endothelial commitment of c-kit+/Sca-1+/lineage- subpopulations of bone marrow cells have high EPC colony-forming capacity exhibiting endothelial markers, VE-Cad, VEGF and Ang-1. Lnk siRNA-transfected osteoblasts also show highly osteoblastic capacity. In vivo, locally transfected Lnk siRNA could successfully downregulate the expression of Lnk at the fracture site up to 1 week, and radiological and histological examination showed extremely accelerated fracture healing in Lnk siRNA-transfected mice. Moreover, Lnk siRNA-transfected mice exhibited sufficient therapeutic outcomes with intrinstic enhancement of angiogenesis and osteogenesis, specifically, the mice demonstrated better blood flow recovery in the sites of fracture. In our series of experiments, we clarified that a negatively regulated Lnk system contributed to a favorable circumstance for fracture healing by enhancing vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and osteogenesis. These findings suggest that downregulation of Lnk system may have the clinical potential for faster fracture healing, which contributes to the reduction of delayed unions or non-unions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kawakami
- Group of Vascular Regeneration, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
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Abstract
The SH2B adaptor protein 3 (SH2B3) gene encodes a negative regulator of cytokine signaling with a critical role in the homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells and lymphoid progenitors. Here, we report the identification of germline homozygous SH2B3 mutations in 2 siblings affected with developmental delay and autoimmunity, one in whom B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) developed. Mechanistically, loss of SH2B3 increases Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling, promotes lymphoid cell proliferation, and accelerates leukemia development in a mouse model of NOTCH1-induced ALL. Moreover, extended mutation analysis showed homozygous somatic mutations in SH2B3 in 2 of 167 ALLs analyzed. Overall, these results demonstrate a Knudson tumor suppressor role for SH2B3 in the pathogenesis of ALL and highlight a possible link between genetic predisposition factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and leukemogenesis.
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Ochoa E, Iriondo M, Bielsa A, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Estonba A, Zubiaga AM. Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome shows strong haplotypic association with SH2B3-ATXN2 locus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67897. [PMID: 23844121 PMCID: PMC3701057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome is defined as a complex form of thrombophilia that is developed by a fraction of antiphospholipid antibody (aPLA) carriers. Little is known about the genetic risk factors involved in thrombosis development among aPLA carriers. Methods To identify new loci conferring susceptibility to thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome, a two-stage genotyping strategy was performed. In stage one, 19,000 CNV loci were genotyped in 14 thrombotic aPLA+ patients and 14 healthy controls by array-CGH. In stage two, significant CNV loci were fine-mapped in a larger cohort (85 thrombotic aPLA+, 100 non-thrombotic aPLA+ and 569 healthy controls). Results Array-CGH and fine-mapping analysis led to the identification of 12q24.12 locus as a new susceptibility locus for thrombotic APS. Within this region, a TAC risk haplotype comprising one SNP in SH2B3 gene (rs3184504) and two SNPs in ATXN2 gene (rs10774625 and rs653178) exhibited the strongest association with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome (p-value = 5,9 × 10−4 OR 95% CI 1.84 (1.32–2.55)). Conclusion The presence of a TAC risk haplotype in ATXN2-SH2B3 locus may contribute to increased thrombotic risk in aPLA carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eguzkine Ochoa
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology. School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mikel Iriondo
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology. School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Bielsa
- Autoimmune Disease Research Unit, Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Cruces, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza
- Autoimmune Disease Research Unit, Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Cruces, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Andone Estonba
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology. School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana M. Zubiaga
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology. School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Generation of engraftable hematopoietic stem cells from induced pluripotent stem cells by way of teratoma formation. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1424-31. [PMID: 23670574 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has the potential to provide novel therapeutic approaches for replacing bone marrow (BM) transplantation without rejection or graft versus host disease. Hitherto, however, it has proved difficult to generate truly functional HSCs transplantable to adult host mice. Here, we demonstrate a unique in vivo differentiation system yielding engraftable HSCs from mouse and human iPSCs in teratoma-bearing animals in combination with a maneuver to facilitate hematopoiesis. In mice, we found that iPSC-derived HSCs migrate from teratomas into the BM and their intravenous injection into irradiated recipients resulted in multilineage and long-term reconstitution of the hematolymphopoietic system in serial transfers. Using this in vivo generation system, we could demonstrate that X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) mice can be treated by HSCs derived from gene-corrected clonal iPSCs. It should also be noted that neither leukemia nor tumors were observed in recipients after transplantation of iPSC-derived HSCs. Taken our findings together, our system presented in this report should provide a useful tool not only for the study of HSCs, but also for practical application of iPSCs in the treatment of hematologic and immunologic diseases.
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Sonbol MB, Firwana B, Zarzour A, Morad M, Rana V, Tiu RV. Comprehensive review of JAK inhibitors in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 4:15-35. [PMID: 23610611 DOI: 10.1177/2040620712461047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic stem-cell disorders, characterized phenotypically by the abnormal accumulation of mature-appearing myeloid cells. Polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis (also known as 'BCR-ABL1-negative' MPNs), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are the primary types of MPNs. After the discovery of the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein in CML, several oncogenic tyrosine kinases have been identified in 'BCR-ABL1-negative' MPNs, most importantly, JAK2V617F mutation. The similarity in the clinical characteristics of the BCR-ABL1-negative MPN patients along with the prevalence of the Janus kinase mutation in this patient population provided a strong rationale for the development of a new class of pharmacologic inhibitors that target this pathway. The first of its class, ruxolitinib, has now been approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) for the management of patients with intermediate- to high-risk myelofibrosis. Ruxolitinib provides significant and sustained improvements in spleen related and constitutional symptoms secondary to the disease. Although noncurative, ruxolitinib represents a milestone in the treatment of myelofibrosis patients. Other types of JAK2 inhibitors are being tested in various clinical trials at this point and may provide better efficacy data and safety profile than its predecessor. In this article, we comprehensively reviewed and summarized the available preclinical and clinical trials pertaining to JAK inhibitors.
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