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Liu X, Li X, Li C, Lu M, Xu L, Yan R, Song X, Li X. Toxoplasma gondii eIF-5A Modulates the Immune Response of Murine Macrophages In Vitro. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:101. [PMID: 38276673 PMCID: PMC10819733 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can elicit a robust immune response during infection. Macrophage cells have been shown to play an important role in the immune response against T. gondii. In our previous study, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) gene of T. gondii was found to influence the invasion and replication of tachyzoites. In this study, the recombinant protein of T. gondii eIF-5A (rTgeIF-5A) was incubated with murine macrophages, and the regulatory effect of TgeIF-5A on macrophages was characterized. Immunofluorescence assay showed that TgeIF-5A was able to bind to macrophages and partially be internalized. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) level and chemotaxis of macrophages stimulated with TgeIF-5A were reduced. However, the phagocytosis and apoptosis of macrophages were amplified by TgeIF-5A. Meanwhile, the cell viability experiment indicated that TgeIF-5A can promote the viability of macrophages, and in the secretion assays, TgeIF-5A can induce the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) from macrophages. These findings demonstrate that eIF-5A of T. gondii can modulate the immune response of murine macrophages in vitro, which may provide a reference for further research on developing T. gondii vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China;
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (R.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (R.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Chunjing Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (R.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (R.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (R.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (R.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (R.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (R.Y.); (X.S.)
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2
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Korchagina AA, Koroleva E, Tumanov AV. Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Mucosal Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:461. [PMID: 36838426 PMCID: PMC9967737 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissue homeostasis is a dynamic process that involves multiple mechanisms including regulation of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are mostly tissue-resident cells which are critical for tissue homeostasis and immune response against pathogens. ILCs can sense environmental changes and rapidly respond by producing effector cytokines to limit pathogen spread and initiate tissue recovery. However, dysregulation of ILCs can also lead to immunopathology. Accumulating evidence suggests that ILCs are dynamic population that can change their phenotype and functions under rapidly changing tissue microenvironment. However, the significance of ILC plasticity in response to pathogens remains poorly understood. Therefore, in this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating ILC plasticity in response to intestinal, respiratory and genital tract pathogens. Key transcription factors and lineage-guiding cytokines regulate this plasticity. Additionally, we discuss the emerging data on the role of tissue microenvironment, gut microbiota, and hypoxia in ILC plasticity in response to mucosal pathogens. The identification of new pathways and molecular mechanisms that control functions and plasticity of ILCs could uncover more specific and effective therapeutic targets for infectious and autoimmune diseases where ILCs become dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexei V. Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Sana M, Rashid M, Rashid I, Akbar H, Gomez-Marin JE, Dimier-Poisson I. Immune response against toxoplasmosis-some recent updates RH: Toxoplasma gondii immune response. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221078436. [PMID: 35227108 PMCID: PMC8891885 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221078436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cytokines, soluble mediators of immunity, are key factors of the innate and adaptive immune system. They are secreted from and interact with various types of immune cells to manipulate host body's immune cell physiology for a counter-attack on the foreign body. A study was designed to explore the mechanism of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) resistance from host immune response. METHODS AND RESULTS The published data on aspect of host (murine and human) immune response against T. gondii was taken from Google scholar and PubMed. Most relevant literature was included in this study. The basic mechanism of immune response starts from the interactions of antigens with host immune cells to trigger the production of cytokines (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) which then act by forming a cytokinome (network of cytokine). Their secretory equilibrium is essential for endowing resistance to the host against infectious diseases, particularly toxoplasmosis. A narrow balance lying between Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines (as demonstrated until now) is essential for the development of resistance against T. gondii as well as for the survival of host. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to tissue damage resulting in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines which enhances the proliferation of Toxoplasma. Stress and other infectious diseases (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)) that weaken the host immunity particularly the cellular component, make the host susceptible to toxoplasmosis especially in pregnant women. CONCLUSION The current review findings state that in vitro harvesting of IL12 from DCs, Np and MΦ upon exposure with T. gondii might be a source for therapeutic use in toxoplasmosis. Current review also suggests that therapeutic interventions leading to up-regulation/supplementation of SOCS-3, IL12, and IFNγ to the infected host could be a solution to sterile immunity against T. gondii infection. This would be of interest particularly in patients passing through immunosuppression owing to any reason like the ones receiving anti-cancer therapy, the ones undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for graft/transplantation, the ones suffering from immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or having AIDS. Another imortant suggestion is to launch the efforts for a vaccine based on GRA6Nt or other similar antigens of T. gondii as a probable tool to destroy tissue cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Sana
- Department of Parasitology, 66920University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 66920The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, 66920University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Akbar
- Department of Parasitology, 66920University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jorge E Gomez-Marin
- Grupo Gepamol, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, CO, South America
| | - Isabelle Dimier-Poisson
- Université de Tours, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Unité mixte de recherche 1282 (UMR1282), Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), Tours, France
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Korchagina AA, Koroleva E, Tumanov AV. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Response to Intracellular Pathogens: Protection Versus Immunopathology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:775554. [PMID: 34938670 PMCID: PMC8685334 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.775554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a heterogeneous group of cytokine-producing lymphocytes which are predominantly located at mucosal barrier surfaces, such as skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. ILCs contribute to tissue homeostasis, regulate microbiota-derived signals, and protect against mucosal pathogens. ILCs are classified into five major groups by their developmental origin and distinct cytokine production. A recently emerged intriguing feature of ILCs is their ability to alter their phenotype and function in response to changing local environmental cues such as pathogen invasion. Once the pathogen crosses host barriers, ILCs quickly activate cytokine production to limit the spread of the pathogen. However, the dysregulated ILC responses can lead to tissue inflammation and damage. Furthermore, the interplay between ILCs and other immune cell types shapes the outcome of the immune response. Recent studies highlighted the important role of ILCs for host defense against intracellular pathogens. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the mechanisms controlling protective and pathogenic ILC responses to intracellular pathogens. This knowledge can help develop new ILC-targeted strategies to control infectious diseases and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Korchagina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ekaterina Koroleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alexei V Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Shmeleva EV, Colucci F. Maternal natural killer cells at the intersection between reproduction and mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:991-1005. [PMID: 33903735 PMCID: PMC8071844 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many maternal immune cells populate the decidua, which is the mucosal lining of the uterus transformed during pregnancy. Here, abundant natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages help the uterine vasculature adapt to fetal demands for gas and nutrients, thereby supporting fetal growth. Fetal trophoblast cells budding off the forming placenta and invading deep into maternal tissues come into contact with these and other immune cells. Besides their homeostatic functions, decidual NK cells can respond to pathogens during infection, but in doing so, they may become conflicted between destroying the invader and sustaining fetoplacental growth. We review how maternal NK cells balance their double duty both in the local microenvironment of the uterus and systemically, during toxoplasmosis, influenza, cytomegalovirus, malaria and other infections that threat pregnancy. We also discuss recent developments in the understanding of NK-cell responses to SARS-Cov-2 infection and the possible dangers of COVID-19 during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Shmeleva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Colucci
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Dizaji Asl K, Velaei K, Rafat A, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Movassaghpour AA, Mahdavi M, Nozad Charoudeh H. The role of KIR positive NK cells in diseases and its importance in clinical intervention. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 92:107361. [PMID: 33429335 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are essential for the elimination of the transformed and cancerous cells. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) which expressed by T and NK cells, are key regulator of NK cell function. The KIR and their ligands, MHC class I (HLA-A, B and C) molecules, are highly polymorphic and their related genes are located on 19 q13.4 and 6 q21.3 chromosomes, respectively. It is clear that particular interaction between the KIRs and their related ligands can influence on the prevalence, progression and outcome of several diseases, like complications of pregnancy, viral infection, autoimmune diseases, and hematological malignancies. The mechanisms of immune signaling in particular NK cells involvement in causing pathological conditions are not completely understood yet. Therefore, better understanding of the molecular mechanism of KIR-MHC class I interaction could facilitate the treatment strategy of diseases. The present review focused on the main characteristics and functional details of various KIR and their combination with related ligands in diseases and also highlights ongoing efforts to manipulate the key checkpoints in NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Dizaji Asl
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kobra Velaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rafat
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Li S, He B, Yang C, Yang J, Wang L, Duan X, Deng X, Zhao J, Fang R. Comparative transcriptome analysis of normal and CD44-deleted mouse brain under chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105589. [PMID: 32544399 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a globally-distributed intracellular parasitic protozoon with wide host range. Chronic infection is the most prevalent form of T. gondii infection, which can lead to significant damage. CD44 plays an important role in body's immune response, however, little is known about the function and mechanism of CD44 in T. gondii infection until now. In the present study, total RNA isolated from four groups including C57BL/6 mouse (C57), C57BL/6△CD44 mouse(C57△CD44), C57BL/6 mouse infected with T. gondii (C57-TG) and C57BL/6△CD44 infected with T. gondii (C57△CD44-TG)were subjected to comparative transcriptome analyses using RNA-seq techniques to explore the possible function of CD44 in mouse brain during chronic Toxoplasma infection. The results indicated a total of 35,908, 54,428, 51,473 and 22,387 unigenes were annotated in KOG, Swissprot, GO and KEGG databases by transcriptome analysis, respectively, and all the databases shared 9,833 unigenes. Subsequently, differentially expressed GO terms and enriched KEGG Pathways showed 20,303 unigenes were annotated belonging to three main GO categories (namely biological process, cellular component and molecular function) and six main KEGG categories (cellular processes, environmental information processing, genetic information processing, human diseases, metabolism and organismal systems) between normal C57 and C57△CD44 mice, as well as for C57-TG and C57△CD44-TG mice. For up-regulated genes, Mid1, Ttr and Cd4 were significantly up-regulated in the C57△CD44 mouse compared with the C57 mouse, and Pcp2, Ppp1r17 and Nrk were significantly up-regulated in the C57△CD44-TG mouse compared with the C57-TG mouse. As to down-regulated genes, AC114588.1, Cbln3 and Pmch were significantly down-regulated in the C57△CD44 the mouse compared with the C57 mouse, and down-regulated genes were enriched for immunoglobulins, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens, chemokines ligands and interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPase families in the C57△CD44-TG mouse compared with the C57-TG mouse. The present study is the first trial for exploring the function of CD44 in the mouse brain during chronic infection with T. gondii at the transcriptional level, which can provide a basis for the study of the host immune defense mechanism against T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China
| | - Bin He
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China
| | - Chenghang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China.
| | - Lixia Wang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China.
| | - Xiaokun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China.
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China.
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China.
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Ivanova DL, Krempels R, Denton SL, Fettel KD, Saltz GM, Rach D, Fatima R, Mundhenke T, Materi J, Dunay IR, Gigley JP. NK Cells Negatively Regulate CD8 T Cells to Promote Immune Exhaustion and Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:313. [PMID: 32733814 PMCID: PMC7360721 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells regulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in acute viral infection, vaccination, and the tumor microenvironment. NK cells also become exhausted in chronic activation settings. The mechanisms causing these ILC responses and their impact on adaptive immunity are unclear. CD8+ T cell exhaustion develops during chronic Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection resulting in parasite reactivation and death. How chronic T. gondii infection impacts the NK cell compartment is not known. We demonstrate that NK cells do not exhibit hallmarks of exhaustion. Their numbers are stable and they do not express high PD1 or LAG3. NK cell depletion with anti-NK1.1 is therapeutic and rescues chronic T. gondii infected mice from CD8+ T cell exhaustion dependent death, increases survival after lethal secondary challenge and alters cyst burdens in brain. Anti-NK1.1 treatment increased polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses in spleen and brain and reduced CD8+ T cell apoptosis in spleen. Chronic T. gondii infection promotes the development of a modified NK cell compartment, which does not exhibit normal NK cell characteristics. NK cells are Ly49 and TRAIL negative and are enriched for expression of CD94/NKG2A and KLRG1. These NK cells are found in both spleen and brain. They do not produce IFNγ, are IL-10 negative, do not increase PDL1 expression, but do increase CD107a on their surface. Based on the NK cell receptor phenotype we observed NKp46 and CD94-NKG2A cognate ligands were measured. Activating NKp46 (NCR1-ligand) ligand increased and NKG2A ligand Qa-1b expression was reduced on CD8+ T cells. Blockade of NKp46 rescued the chronically infected mice from death and reduced the number of NKG2A+ cells. Immunization with a single dose non-persistent 100% protective T. gondii vaccination did not induce this cell population in the spleen, suggesting persistent infection is essential for their development. We hypothesize chronic T. gondii infection induces an NKp46 dependent modified NK cell population that reduces functional CD8+ T cells to promote persistent parasite infection in the brain. NK cell targeted therapies could enhance immunity in people with chronic infections, chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ryan Krempels
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Stephen L Denton
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Kevin D Fettel
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Giandor M Saltz
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - David Rach
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Rida Fatima
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Tiffany Mundhenke
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joshua Materi
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jason P Gigley
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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9
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Kumar V. Innate lymphoid cell and adaptive immune cell cross-talk: A talk meant not to forget. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:397-417. [PMID: 32557732 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mir0420-500rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a relatively new class of innate immune cells with phenotypical characters of lymphocytes but genotypically or functionally behave as typical innate immune cells. They have been classically divided into 3 groups (group 1 ILCs or ILC1s, group 2 ILCs or ILC2s, and group 3 ILCs or ILC3s). They serve as the first line of defense against invading pathogens and allergens at mucosal surfaces. The adaptive immune response works effectively in association with innate immunity as innate immune cells serve as APCs to directly stimulate the adaptive immune cells (various sets of T and B cells). Additionally, innate immune cells also secrete various effector molecules, including cytokines or chemokines impacting the function, differentiation, proliferation, and reprogramming among adaptive immune cells to maintain immune homeostasis. Only superantigens do not require their processing by innate immune cells as they are recognized directly by T cells and B cells. Thus, a major emphasis of the current article is to describe the cross-talk between different ILCs and adaptive immune cells during different conditions varying from normal physiological situations to different infectious diseases to allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Ramaseri Sunder S, Suryadevara NC, Pydi SS, Neela VSK, Valluri VL. Defective Antigen Presentation Leads to Upregulation of PD1 and IL-10 in HIV-TB Co-Infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2020; 40:310-319. [PMID: 32456524 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-tuberculosis (HIV-TB) co-infection poses a challenge to the immunologists in developing new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Mechanisms behind the breakdown of the immune defense of the co-infected individual are poorly known. Numerous studies in HIV alone have revealed the role of PD1, TAP, and IL-10, but not in co-infection. The interaction of the 2 distinct bugs, which is resulting in domination over the host immune system, is still a lacuna. Hence, we aimed to portray functions of IL-10, TAP, and PD1 molecules in HIV-TB co-infection. Co-culture cells challenged with γ-irradiated M.Tb under various conditions resulted in high interleukin (IL)-10 secretion and high percentage of PD1 expression on CD8 T cells, which might be due to defective antigen presentation of TAP on dendritic cells and macrophages. Herein our observations provide an insight into the escape mechanisms by M.Tb in HIV-infected individuals from the host immune responses leading to TB co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveen Chandra Suryadevara
- LEPRA India, BPHRC, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.,Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahaveer Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
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11
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He JJ, Ma J, Wang JL, Zhang FK, Li JX, Zhai BT, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. iTRAQ-based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Identifies Host Pathways Modulated during Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Swine. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040518. [PMID: 32260483 PMCID: PMC7232346 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a leading cause of foodborne illness and consumption of undercooked pig meat is a major risk factor for acquiring toxoplasmosis, which causes a substantial burden on society. Here, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labelling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify cellular proteins and pathways altered during T. gondii infection in pigs. We also used parallel reaction monitoring-based LC-MS/MS to verify the levels of protein expression of infected spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). At 6 days post-infection (dpi), 156, 391, 170, 292, and 200 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected in the brain, liver, lung, MLNs and spleen, respectively. At 18 dpi, 339, 351, 483, 388, and 303 DEPs were detected in the brain, liver, lung, MLNs and spleen, respectively. Although proteins involved in immune responses were upregulated in all infected tissues, protein expression signature in infected livers was dominated by downregulation of the metabolic processes. By weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we could further show that all proteins were clustered into 25 co-expression modules and that the pink module significantly correlated with the infection status. We also identified 163 potential anti-T. gondii proteins (PATPs) and provided evidence that two PATPs (HSP70.2 and PDIA3) can reduce T. gondii burden in porcine macrophages in vitro. This comprehensive proteomics analysis reveals new facets in the pathogenesis of T. gondii infection and identifies key proteins that may contribute to the pig’s defense against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.-J.H.); (J.M.); (J.-L.W.); (F.-K.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (B.-T.Z.)
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.-J.H.); (J.M.); (J.-L.W.); (F.-K.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (B.-T.Z.)
| | - Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.-J.H.); (J.M.); (J.-L.W.); (F.-K.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (B.-T.Z.)
| | - Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.-J.H.); (J.M.); (J.-L.W.); (F.-K.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (B.-T.Z.)
| | - Jie-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.-J.H.); (J.M.); (J.-L.W.); (F.-K.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (B.-T.Z.)
| | - Bin-Tao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.-J.H.); (J.M.); (J.-L.W.); (F.-K.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (B.-T.Z.)
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (H.M.E.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.-J.H.); (J.M.); (J.-L.W.); (F.-K.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (B.-T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.M.E.); (X.-Q.Z.)
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12
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Ivanova DL, Mundhenke TM, Gigley JP. The IL-12- and IL-23-Dependent NK Cell Response Is Essential for Protective Immunity against Secondary Toxoplasma gondii Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2944-2958. [PMID: 31604804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NK cells can develop cell-intrinsic memory-like characteristics. Whether they develop these characteristics during Toxoplasma gondii infection is unknown. We addressed this question and dissected the mechanisms involved in secondary NK cell responses using a vaccine-challenge mouse model of T. gondii infection. NK cells were required for control of and survival after secondary T. gondii infection. NK cells increased in number at the reinfection site and produced IFN-γ. To test if these T. gondii experienced NK cells were intrinsically different from naive NK cells, we performed NK cell adoptive transfer into RAG2/cγ-chain-/- mice, NK cell fate mapping, and RAG1-/- mice vaccine-challenge experiments. Although NK cells contributed to immunity after reinfection, they did not develop cell-intrinsic memory-like characteristics after T. gondii vaccination. The mechanisms required for generating these secondary NK cell responses were investigated. Secondary NK cell responses were CD4+ or CD8+ T cell independent. Although IL-12 alone is required for NK cell IFN-γ production during primary T. gondii infection, in the absence of IL-12 using IL-12p35-/- mice or anti-IL-12p70, secondary NK cell responses were only partially reduced after reinfection. IL-23 depletion with anti-IL-23p19 in vivo also significantly reduced the secondary NK cell response. IL-12 and IL-23 blockade with anti-IL-12p40 treatment completely eliminated secondary NK cell responses. Importantly, blockade of IL-12, IL-23, or both significantly reduced control of parasite reinfection and increased parasite burden. Our results define a previously unknown protective role for NK cells during secondary T. gondii infection that is dependent on IL-12 and IL-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | | | - Jason P Gigley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
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13
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Park E, Patel S, Wang Q, Andhey P, Zaitsev K, Porter S, Hershey M, Bern M, Plougastel-Douglas B, Collins P, Colonna M, Murphy KM, Oltz E, Artyomov M, Sibley LD, Yokoyama WM. Toxoplasma gondii infection drives conversion of NK cells into ILC1-like cells. eLife 2019; 8:47605. [PMID: 31393266 PMCID: PMC6703900 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were originally classified based on their cytokine profiles, placing natural killer (NK) cells and ILC1s together, but recent studies support their separation into different lineages at steady-state. However, tumors may induce NK cell conversion into ILC1-like cells that are limited to the tumor microenvironment and whether this conversion occurs beyond this environment remains unknown. Here, we describe Toxoplasma gondii infection converts NK cells into ILC1-like cells that are distinct from both steady-state NK cells and ILC1s in uninfected mice. These cells were Eomes-dependent, indicating that NK cells can give rise to Eomes- Tbet-dependent ILC1-like cells that circulate widely and persist independent of ongoing infection. Moreover, these changes appear permanent, as supported by epigenetic analyses. Thus, these studies markedly expand current concepts of NK cells, ILCs, and their potential conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Swapneel Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Prabhakar Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sophia Porter
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Maxwell Hershey
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Michael Bern
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Beatrice Plougastel-Douglas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Patrick Collins
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Eugene Oltz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Wexner School of Medicine, Columbus, United States
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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14
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Functional interactions between innate lymphoid cells and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:599-613. [PMID: 31350531 PMCID: PMC6982279 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are enriched at barrier surfaces of the mammalian body where they rapidly respond to host, microbial or environmental stimuli to promote immunity or tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, ILCs are dysregulated in multiple human diseases. Over the past decade, substantial advances have been made in identifying the heterogeneity and functional diversity of ILCs, which have revealed striking similarities to T cell subsets. However, emerging evidence indicates that ILCs also have a complex role in directly influencing the adaptive immune response in the context of development, homeostasis, infection or inflammation. In turn, adaptive immunity reciprocally regulates ILCs, which indicates that these interactions are a crucial determinant of immune responses within tissues. Here, we summarize our current understanding of functional interactions between ILCs and the adaptive immune system, discuss limitations and future areas of investigation, and consider the potential for these interactions to be therapeutically harnessed to benefit human health.
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15
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He JJ, Ma J, Wang JL, Zhang FK, Li JX, Zhai BT, Wang ZX, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. Global Transcriptome Profiling of Multiple Porcine Organs Reveals Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Transcriptional Landscapes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1531. [PMID: 31333663 PMCID: PMC6618905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the porcine tissue transcriptional landscapes that follow Toxoplasma gondii infection. RNAs were isolated from liver, spleen, cerebral cortex, lung, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of T. gondii-infected and uninfected (control) pigs at days 6 and 18 postinfection, and were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq). T. gondii altered the expression of 178, 476, 199, 201, and 362 transcripts at 6 dpi and 217, 223, 347, 119, and 161 at 18 dpi in the infected brain, liver, lung, MLNs and spleen, respectively. The differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were grouped into five expression patterns and 10 sub-clusters. Gene Ontology enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that immune-related genes dominated the overall transcriptomic signature and that metabolic processes, such as steroid biosynthesis, and metabolism of lipid and carboxylic acid, were downregulated in infected tissues. Co-expression network analysis identified transcriptional modules associated with host immune response to infection. These findings not only show how T. gondii infection alters porcine transcriptome in a tissue-specific manner, but also offer a gateway for testing new hypotheses regarding human response to T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin-Tao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ze-Xiang Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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16
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Ivanova DL, Denton SL, Fettel KD, Sondgeroth KS, Munoz Gutierrez J, Bangoura B, Dunay IR, Gigley JP. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Protection, Pathology, and Adaptive Immunity During Apicomplexan Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:196. [PMID: 30873151 PMCID: PMC6403415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexans are a diverse and complex group of protozoan pathogens including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and Babesia spp. They infect a wide variety of hosts and are a major health threat to humans and other animals. Innate immunity provides early control and also regulates the development of adaptive immune responses important for controlling these pathogens. Innate immune responses also contribute to immunopathology associated with these infections. Natural killer (NK) cells have been for a long time known to be potent first line effector cells in helping control protozoan infection. They provide control by producing IL-12 dependent IFNγ and killing infected cells and parasites via their cytotoxic response. Results from more recent studies indicate that NK cells could provide additional effector functions such as IL-10 and IL-17 and might have diverse roles in immunity to these pathogens. These early studies based their conclusions on the identification of NK cells to be CD3–, CD49b+, NK1.1+, and/or NKp46+ and the common accepted paradigm at that time that NK cells were one of the only lymphoid derived innate immune cells present. New discoveries have lead to major advances in understanding that NK cells are only one of several populations of innate immune cells of lymphoid origin. Common lymphoid progenitor derived innate immune cells are now known as innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and comprise three different groups, group 1, group 2, and group 3 ILC. They are a functionally heterogeneous and plastic cell population and are important effector cells in disease and tissue homeostasis. Very little is known about each of these different types of ILCs in parasitic infection. Therefore, we will review what is known about NK cells in innate immune responses during different protozoan infections. We will discuss what immune responses attributed to NK cells might be reconsidered as ILC1, 2, or 3 population responses. We will then discuss how different ILCs may impact immunopathology and adaptive immune responses to these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Stephen L Denton
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Kevin D Fettel
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | | | - Juan Munoz Gutierrez
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jason P Gigley
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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17
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Karanovic D, Michelow IC, Hayward AR, DeRavin SS, Delmonte OM, Grigg ME, Dobbs AK, Niemela JE, Stoddard J, Alhinai Z, Rybak N, Hernandez N, Pittaluga S, Rosenzweig SD, Uzel G, Notarangelo LD. Disseminated and Congenital Toxoplasmosis in a Mother and Child With Activated PI3-Kinase δ Syndrome Type 2 (APDS2): Case Report and a Literature Review of Toxoplasma Infections in Primary Immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:77. [PMID: 30891027 PMCID: PMC6413717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays an integral role in lymphocyte function. Mutations in PIK3CD and PIK3R1, encoding the PI3K p110δ and p85α subunits, respectively, cause increased PI3K activity and result in immunodeficiency with immune dysregulation. We describe here the first cases of disseminated and congenital toxoplasmosis in a mother and child who share a pathogenic mutation in PIK3R1 and review the mechanisms underlying susceptibility to severe Toxoplasma gondii infection in activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS) and in other forms of primary immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Karanovic
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Anthony R Hayward
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Suk See DeRavin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ottavia M Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael E Grigg
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adam Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Julie E Niemela
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer Stoddard
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zaid Alhinai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Natasha Rybak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brown University and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Nancy Hernandez
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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18
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Both Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II Molecules Are Required, while MHC-I Appears To Play a Critical Role in Host Defense against Primary Coxiella burnetii Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00602-17. [PMID: 29311245 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00602-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) and class II MHC (MHC-II) antigen presentation pathways in host defense against Coxiella burnetii infection, we examined whether MHC-I or MHC-II deficiency in mice would significantly influence their susceptibility to virulent C. burnetii Nine Mile phase I (NMI) infection. The results indicate that NMI infection induced more severe disease in both MHC-I-deficient and MHC-II-deficient mice than in wild-type (WT) mice, while only MHC-I-deficient mice developed a severe persistent infection and were unable to control bacterial replication. These results suggest that both MHC-I-restricted CD8+ T cells and MHC-II-restricted CD4+ T cells contribute to host defense against primary C. burnetii infection, while MHC-I-restricted CD8+ T cells appear to play a more critical role in controlling bacterial replication. Additionally, although NMI infection induced more severe disease in TAP1-deficient mice than in their WT counterparts, TAP1 deficiency in mice did not significantly influence their ability to eliminate C. burnetii This suggests that C. burnetii antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells by the MHC-I classical pathway may depend only partially on TAP1. Furthermore, granzyme B deficiency in mice did not significantly alter their susceptibility to C. burnetii infection, but perforin-deficient mice were unable to control host inflammatory responses during primary C. burnetii infection. These results suggest that perforin, but not granzyme B, is required for C. burnetii antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to control primary C. burnetii infection.
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19
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Cruz-Adalia A, Ramirez-Santiago G, Osuna-Pérez J, Torres-Torresano M, Zorita V, Martínez-Riaño A, Boccasavia V, Borroto A, Martínez Del Hoyo G, González-Granado JM, Alarcón B, Sánchez-Madrid F, Veiga E. Conventional CD4 + T cells present bacterial antigens to induce cytotoxic and memory CD8 + T cell responses. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1591. [PMID: 29147022 PMCID: PMC5691066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phagocytosis and antigen cross-presentation to activate CD8+ T cells are principal functions of professional antigen presenting cells. However, conventional CD4+ T cells also capture and kill bacteria from infected dendritic cells in a process termed transphagocytosis (also known as transinfection). Here, we show that transphagocytic T cells present bacterial antigens to naive CD8+ T cells, which proliferate and become cytotoxic in response. CD4+ T-cell-mediated antigen presentation also occurs in vivo in the course of infection, and induces the generation of central memory CD8+ T cells with low PD-1 expression. Moreover, transphagocytic CD4+ T cells induce protective anti-tumour immune responses by priming CD8+ T cells, highlighting the potential of CD4+ T cells as a tool for cancer immunotherapy. Antigen presentation is generally considered the domain of innate immune cells, but CD4+ T cells can transphagocytose bacteria from infected dendritic cells. Here the authors show CD4+ T cells can transphagocytose bacterial and tumour antigens and present them to CD8+ T cells to activate memory and cytotoxic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Ramirez-Santiago
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital de Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Osuna-Pérez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Torres-Torresano
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virgina Zorita
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez-Riaño
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO); Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viola Boccasavia
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO); Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aldo Borroto
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO); Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Martínez Del Hoyo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María González-Granado
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO); Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Zare-Bidaki M, Assar S, Hakimi H, Abdollahi SH, Nosratabadi R, Kennedy D, Arababadi MK. TGF-β in Toxoplasmosis: Friend or foe? Cytokine 2016; 86:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ivanova DL, Fatima R, Gigley JP. Comparative Analysis of Conventional Natural Killer Cell Responses to Acute Infection with Toxoplasma gondii Strains of Different Virulence. Front Immunol 2016; 7:347. [PMID: 27721814 PMCID: PMC5033988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional natural killer (cNK) cells, members of group 1 innate lymphoid cells, are a diverse cell subpopulation based on surface receptor expression, maturation, and functional potential. cNK cells are critical for early immunity to Toxoplasma gondii via IFNγ production. Acute cNK cell responses to infection with different strains of T. gondii have not yet been characterized in detail. Here, we comprehensively performed this analysis with Type I virulent RH, Type II avirulent ME49, and fully attenuated Type I cps1-1 strains. In response to these three parasite strains, murine cNK cells produce IFNγ and become cytotoxic and polyfunctional (IFNγ+CD107a+) at the site of infection. In contrast to virulent RH and avirulent ME49 T. gondii strains, attenuated cps1-1 induced only local cNK cell responses. Infections with RH and ME49 parasites significantly decreased cNK cell frequency and numbers in spleen 5 days post infection compared with cps1-1 parasites. cNK cell subsets expressing activating receptors Ly49H, Ly49D, and NKG2D and inhibitory receptors Ly49I and CD94/NKG2A were similar when compared between the strains and at 5 days post infection. cNK cells were not proliferating (Ki67−) 5 days post infection with any of the strains. cNK cell maturation as measured by CD27, CD11b, and KLRG1 was affected after infection with different parasite strains. RH and ME49 infection significantly reduced mature cNK cell frequency and increased immature cNK cell populations compared with cps1-1 infection. Interestingly, KLRG1 was highly expressed on immature cNK cells after RH infection. After RH and ME49 infections, CD69+ cNK cells in spleen were present at higher frequency than after cps1-1 infection, which may correlate with loss of the mature cNK cell population. Cytokine multiplex analysis indicated cNK cell responses correlated with peritoneal exudate cell, spleen, and serum proinflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-12. qPCR analysis of parasite-specific B1 gene revealed that parasite burdens may affect cNK cell responses. This study demonstrates infection with RH and ME49 parasites impacts cNK cell maturation during acute T. gondii infection. Different cNK cell responses could impact early immunity and susceptibility to these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY , USA
| | - Rida Fatima
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY , USA
| | - Jason P Gigley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY , USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Gigley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
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Correia A, Ferreirinha P, Botelho S, Belinha A, Leitão C, Caramalho Í, Teixeira L, González-Fernandéz Á, Appelberg R, Vilanova M. Predominant role of interferon-γ in the host protective effect of CD8(+) T cells against Neospora caninum infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14913. [PMID: 26449650 PMCID: PMC4598874 DOI: 10.1038/srep14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that CD8+ T cells play an important role in
protective immunity against protozoan infections. However, their role in the course
of Neospora caninum infection has not been fully elucidated. Here we report
that CD8-deficient mice infected with N. caninum presented higher parasitic
loads in the brain and lungs and lower spleen and brain immunity-related GTPases
than their wild-type counterparts. Moreover, adoptive transfer of splenic
CD8+ T cells sorted from N. caninum-primed
immunosufficient C57BL/10 ScSn mice prolonged the survival of infected
IL-12-unresponsive C57BL/10 ScCr recipients. In both C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 ScSn mice
CD8+ T cells are activated and produce interferon-γ
(IFN-γ) upon challenged with N. caninum. The host protective role
of IFN-γ produced by CD8+ T cells was confirmed in N.
caninum-infected RAG2-deficient mice reconstituted with CD8+
T cells obtained from either IFN-γ-deficient or wild-type donors. Mice
receiving IFN-γ-expressing CD8+ T cells presented lower
parasitic burdens than counterparts having IFN-γ-deficient
CD8+ T cells. Moreover, we observed that N.
caninum-infected perforin-deficient mice presented parasitic burdens similar to
those of infected wild-type controls. Altogether these results demonstrate that
production of IFN-γ is a predominant protective mechanism conferred by
CD8+ T cells in the course of neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Correia
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreirinha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Botelho
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Belinha
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Leitão
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Íris Caramalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luzia Teixeira
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto
| | - África González-Fernandéz
- Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, E-36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Lee Y, Sasai M, Ma JS, Sakaguchi N, Ohshima J, Bando H, Saitoh T, Akira S, Yamamoto M. p62 Plays a Specific Role in Interferon-γ-Induced Presentation of a Toxoplasma Vacuolar Antigen. Cell Rep 2015; 13:223-33. [PMID: 26440898 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Also known as Sqstm1, p62 is a selective autophagy adaptor with a ubiquitin-binding domain. However, the role of p62 in the host defense against Toxoplasma gondii infection is unclear. Here, we show that interferon γ (IFN-γ) stimulates ubiquitin and p62 recruitment to T. gondii parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). Some essential autophagy-related proteins, but not all, are required for this recruitment. Regardless of normal IFN-γ-induced T. gondii clearance activity and ubiquitination, p62 deficiency in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and mice diminishes the robust IFN-γ-primed activation of CD8(+) T cells that recognize the T. gondii-derived antigen secreted into PVs. Because the expression of Atg3 and Irgm1/m3 in APCs is essential for PV disruption, ubiquitin and p62 recruitment, and vacuolar-antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell activation, IFN-γ-mediated ubiquitination and the subsequent recruitment of p62 to T. gondii are specifically required for the acquired immune response after PV disruption by IFN-γ-inducible GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngae Lee
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ji Su Ma
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakaguchi
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Ohshima
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hironori Bando
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saitoh
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Tassi I, Claudio E, Wang H, Tang W, Ha HL, Saret S, Sher A, Jankovic D, Siebenlist U. Adaptive immune-mediated host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii is governed by the NF-κB regulator Bcl-3 in dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1972-9. [PMID: 25884683 PMCID: PMC11042791 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The atypical IκB family member Bcl-3 associates with p50/NF-κB1 or p52/NF-κB2 homodimers in nuclei, thereby either positively or negatively modulating transcription in a context-dependent manner. Previously we reported that Bcl-3 was critical for host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. Bcl-3-deficient mice succumbed within 3-5 weeks after infection, correlating with an apparently impaired Th1-type adaptive immune response. However in which cell type(s) Bcl-3 functioned to assure resistance remained unknown. We now show that Bcl-3 expression in dendritic cells is required to generate a protective Th1-type immune response and confer resistance to T. gondii. Surprisingly, mice lacking Bcl-3 in dendritic cells were as susceptible as mice globally deficient for Bcl-3. Furthermore, early innate defenses were not compromised by the absence of Bcl-3, as initial production of IL-12 by dendritic cells and IFN-γ by NK cells were preserved. However, subsequent production of IFN-γ by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells was compromised when dendritic cells lacked Bcl-3, and these mice succumbed at a time when T-cell-mediated IFN-γ production was essential for host resistance. These findings demonstrate that Bcl-3 is required in dendritic cells to prime protective T-cell-mediated immunity to T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Tassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Estefania Claudio
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wanhu Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hye-lin Ha
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sun Saret
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Liu X, Zhao M, Yang X, Han M, Xu X, Jiang Y, Hu X. Toxoplasma gondii infection of decidual CD1c(+) dendritic cells enhances cytotoxicity of decidual natural killer cells. Inflammation 2015; 37:1261-70. [PMID: 24573986 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is crosstalk between decidual natural killer (dNK) cells and decidual dendritic cells (dDCs) that promotes tolerance of trophoblast cells carrying paternally derived antigens. In the present study, we report that infection of CD1c(+) dDCs with Toxoplasma gondii enhanced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by dNK cells in co-culture. The enhancement of IFN-γ production was induced by cytokine IL-12 which increased obviously in co-culture of dDCs with dNK cells following T. gondii infection, and this enhancement largely abrogated when cells were cultured in the presence of an anti-IL-12 antibody. The expression of KIR2DL4 and NKG2D on dNK cells was increased after T. gondii infection, and higher expression of NKG2D was induced by co-cultured dDCs. Neutralization of IL-12 decreased NKG2D expression on dNK cells. Furthermore, dDCs with T. gondii infection increased the cytotoxicity of co-cultured dNK cells against K562 target cells, which was mediated by activating receptor of NKG2D. Thus, T. gondii infection of dDCs enhanced dNK cell IFN-γ production and NKG2D expression, and then led to increased cytotoxicity of dNK cells. The up-regulated dNK cell cytotoxicity at the maternal-fetal interface may contribute to abnormal pregnancy outcomes caused by T. gondii infection in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbing Liu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, No.346 Guanhai Road, Laishan, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
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The contribution of immune and glial cell types in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2014; 2014:285245. [PMID: 25374694 PMCID: PMC4211315 DOI: 10.1155/2014/285245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by widespread areas of focal demyelination. Its aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear despite substantial insights gained through studies of animal models, most notably experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is widely believed to be immune-mediated and pathologically attributable to myelin-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In recent years, MS research has expanded beyond its focus on CD4+ T cells to recognise the contributions of multiple immune and glial cell types to the development, progression, and amelioration of the disease. This review summarises evidence of T and B lymphocyte, natural killer cell, macrophage/microglial, astrocytic, and oligodendroglial involvement in both EAE and MS and the intercommunication and influence of each cell subset in the inflammatory process. Despite important advances in the understanding of the involvement of these cell types in MS, many questions still remain regarding the various subsets within each cell population and their exact contribution to different stages of the disease.
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28
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Ge Y, Chen J, Qiu X, Zhang J, Cui L, Qi Y, Liu X, Qiu J, Shi Z, Lun Z, Shen J, Wang Y. Natural killer cell intrinsic toll-like receptor MyD88 signaling contributes to IL-12-dependent IFN-γ production by mice during infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:475-84. [PMID: 24727091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent IL-12 secretion by dendritic cells is critical for natural killer cell-mediated IFN-γ production and innate resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. Although MyD88(-/-) mice challenged with T. gondii have defective IL-12 responses and succumb to infection, administration of IL-12 to MyD88(-/-) mice fails to prevent acute mortality, suggesting that MyD88 may mediate signals within natural killer cells important for IL-12-dependent IFN-γ production and innate resistance to this parasite. In this study, we found that T. gondii antigens and IL-12 could synergistically trigger IFN-γ secretion by natural killer cells, which was dependent on toll-like receptor-MyD88 signaling. Further analysis showed that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and NF-κB multiple pathways downstream of MyD88 contributed to IFN-γ production by natural killer cells. Moreover, the well-established toll-like receptor agonists, T. gondii profilin (Tgprofilin) and T. gondii heat shock protein 70 (TgHSP70) could evoke a similar IFN-γ secretory response in natural killer cells to that evoked by T. gondii antigens. In vivo adoptive transfer experiments showed that, upon challenge with T. gondii, NOD/SCID-β2 microglobulin null (NOD/SCID-β2m(-/-)) mice injected i.v. with MyD88(-/-) natural killer cells had reduced serum IFN-γ levels and increased splenic tachyzoite burdens compared with those injected i.v. with wild-type natural killer cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for natural killer cell intrinsic toll-like receptor-MyD88 signaling in IL-12-dependent early IFN-γ production and innate resistance to T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyue Ge
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Qi
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjian Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingfan Qiu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyang Shi
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaorong Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jilong Shen
- Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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29
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CD8+ T cell help is required for efficient induction of EAE in Lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vieira ÉLM, Keesen TSL, Machado PR, Guimarães LH, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ. Immunoregulatory profile of monocytes from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and association with lesion size. Parasite Immunol 2013; 35:65-72. [PMID: 23050581 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an important tropical disease composed of several clinical forms that adversely affect millions of people globally. Critical cells involved in the host-Leishmania interaction are monocytes and macrophages, which act to protect against infections due to their ability to both control intracellular infections and regulate the subsequent adaptive immune response. Both soluble factors and cell surface receptors are keys in directing the immune response following interaction with pathogens such as Leishmania. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have an essential role in immune responses against infections, but little is known about their role in human infection with Leishmania braziliensis. In this work, we evaluated peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes for the expression of immunoregulatory cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules and TLR9 from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients infected with L. braziliensis and noninfected individuals. Our results showed that patients present decreased expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 following culture with media alone or after stimulus with soluble Leishmania antigen. Interestingly, TLR9 expression was higher after culture with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA), suggesting a role of this molecule in immunoregulation of active disease. Lastly, higher frequencies of TLR9+ monocytes were correlated with greater lesion size. These findings demonstrate a peripheral monocytes profile compatible with important immunoregulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- É L M Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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31
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Spencer CT, Dragovic SM, Conant SB, Gray JJ, Zheng M, Samir P, Niu X, Moutaftsi M, Van Kaer L, Sette A, Link AJ, Joyce S. Sculpting MHC class II-restricted self and non-self peptidome by the class I Ag-processing machinery and its impact on Th-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1162-72. [PMID: 23386199 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that the MHC class I antigen (Ag)-processing (CAP) machinery - which supplies peptides for presentation by class I molecules - plays no role in class II-restricted presentation of cytoplasmic Ags. In striking contrast to this assumption, we previously reported that proteasome inhibition, TAP deficiency or ERAAP deficiency led to dramatically altered T helper (Th)-cell responses to allograft (HY) and microbial (Listeria monocytogenes) Ags. Herein, we tested whether altered Ag processing and presentation, altered CD4(+) T-cell repertoire, or both underlay the above finding. We found that TAP deficiency and ERAAP deficiency dramatically altered the quality of class II-associated self peptides suggesting that the CAP machinery impacts class II-restricted Ag processing and presentation. Consistent with altered self peptidomes, the CD4(+) T-cell receptor repertoire of mice deficient in the CAP machinery substantially differed from that of WT animals resulting in altered CD4(+) T-cell Ag recognition patterns. These data suggest that TAP and ERAAP sculpt the class II-restricted peptidome, impacting the CD4(+) T-cell repertoire, and ultimately altering Th-cell responses. Together with our previous findings, these data suggest multiple CAP machinery components sequester or degrade MHC class II-restricted epitopes that would otherwise be capable of eliciting functional Th-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Spencer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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32
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33
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Immune response and immunopathology during toxoplasmosis. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:793-813. [PMID: 22955326 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance that is able to infect any warm-blooded vertebrate host. In addition to its importance to public health, several inherent features of the biology of T. gondii have made it an important model organism to study host-pathogen interactions. One factor is the genetic tractability of the parasite, which allows studies on the microbial factors that affect virulence and allows the development of tools that facilitate immune studies. Additionally, mice are natural hosts for T. gondii, and the availability of numerous reagents to study the murine immune system makes this an ideal experimental system to understand the functions of cytokines and effector mechanisms involved in immunity to intracellular microorganisms. In this article, we will review current knowledge of the innate and adaptive immune responses required for resistance to toxoplasmosis, the events that lead to the development of immunopathology, and the natural regulatory mechanisms that limit excessive inflammation during this infection.
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Coombes JL, Han SJ, van Rooijen N, Raulet DH, Robey EA. Infection-induced regulation of natural killer cells by macrophages and collagen at the lymph node subcapsular sinus. Cell Rep 2012; 2:124-35. [PMID: 22840403 PMCID: PMC3442246 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection leads to heightened activation of natural killer (NK) cells, a process that likely involves direct cell-to-cell contact, but how this occurs in vivo is poorly understood. We have used two-photon laser-scanning microscopy in conjunction with Toxoplasma gondii mouse infection models to address this question. We found that after infection, NK cells accumulated in the subcapsular region of the lymph node, where they formed low-motility contacts with collagen fibers and CD169(+) macrophages. We provide evidence that interactions with collagen regulate NK cell migration, whereas CD169(+) macrophages increase the activation state of NK cells. Interestingly, a subset of CD169(+) macrophages that coexpress the inflammatory monocyte marker Ly6C had the most potent ability to activate NK cells. Our data reveal pathways through which NK cell migration and function are regulated after infection and identify an important accessory cell population for activation of NK cell responses in lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine L. Coombes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Vrije Universiteit, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David H. Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ellen A. Robey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Goldszmid RS, Caspar P, Rivollier A, White S, Dzutsev A, Hieny S, Kelsall B, Trinchieri G, Sher A. NK cell-derived interferon-γ orchestrates cellular dynamics and the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells at the site of infection. Immunity 2012; 36:1047-59. [PMID: 22749354 PMCID: PMC3412151 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and/or macrophages initiate host-protective immune responses to intracellular pathogens in part through interleukin-12 (IL-12) production, although the relative contribution of tissue resident versus recruited cells has been unclear. Here, we showed that after intraperitoneal infection with Toxoplasma gondii cysts, resident mononuclear phagocytes are replaced by circulating monocytes that differentiate in situ into inflammatory DCs (moDCs) and F4/80(+) macrophages. Importantly, NK cell-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was required for both the loss of resident mononuclear phagocytes and the local differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and moDCs. This newly generated moDC population and not the resident DCs (or macrophages) served as the major source of IL-12 at the site of infection. Thus, NK cell-derived IFN-γ is important in both regulating inflammatory cell dynamics and in driving the local differentiation of monocytes into the cells required for initiating the immune response to an important intracellular pathogen.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/analysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Genes, Reporter
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monocytes/chemistry
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Monocytes/transplantation
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/physiology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/parasitology
- Phagocytes/classification
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/pathology
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina S. Goldszmid
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pat Caspar
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aymeric Rivollier
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sandy White
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Sara Hieny
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian Kelsall
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Shrestha D, Szöllosi J, Jenei A. Bare lymphocyte syndrome: an opportunity to discover our immune system. Immunol Lett 2011; 141:147-57. [PMID: 22027563 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) is a rare immunodeficiency disorder manifested by the partial or complete disappearance of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins from the surface of the cells. Based on this specific feature, it is categorized into three different types depending on which type of MHC protein is affected. These proteins are mainly involved in generating the effective immune responses by differentiating 'self' from 'non-self' antigens through a process referred to as antigen presentation. Investigations on BLS have immensely contributed to our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of these molecules and have led to the discovery of several important proteins of the antigen presentation pathway. Reviews on this subject consistently project type II BLS, MHC II deficiency as BLS syndrome, although literatures' document cases of other types of BLS too. Therefore, in this article, we have assembled information on the BLS syndrome to produce a systematic narration while emphasizing the importance of BLS system in studying various aspects of immune biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Shrestha
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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Dragovic SM, Hill T, Christianson GJ, Kim S, Elliott T, Scott D, Roopenian DC, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Proteasomes, TAP, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing control CD4+ Th cell responses by regulating indirect presentation of MHC class II-restricted cytoplasmic antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6683-92. [PMID: 21572029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic Ags derived from viruses, cytosolic bacteria, tumors, and allografts are presented to T cells by MHC class I or class II molecules. In the case of class II-restricted Ags, professional APCs acquire them during uptake of dead class II-negative cells and present them via a process called indirect presentation. It is generally assumed that the cytosolic Ag-processing machinery, which supplies peptides for presentation by class I molecules, plays very little role in indirect presentation of class II-restricted cytoplasmic Ags. Remarkably, upon testing this assumption, we found that proteasomes, TAP, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated aminopeptidase associated with Ag processing, but not tapasin, partially destroyed or removed cytoplasmic class II-restricted Ags, such that their inhibition or deficiency led to dramatically increased Th cell responses to allograft (HY) and microbial (Listeria monocytogenes) Ags, both of which are indirectly presented. This effect was neither due to enhanced endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation nor competition for Ag between class I and class II molecules. From these findings, a novel model emerged in which the cytosolic Ag-processing machinery regulates the quantity of cytoplasmic peptides available for presentation by class II molecules and, hence, modulates Th cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan M Dragovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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38
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Interferon-γ links ultraviolet radiation to melanomagenesis in mice. Nature 2011; 469:548-53. [PMID: 21248750 PMCID: PMC3140101 DOI: 10.1038/nature09666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive and frequently chemoresistant cancer, whose incidence continues to rise. Epidemiological studies reveal that the major etiological melanoma risk factor is ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation, with the highest risk associated with intermittent burning doses, especially during childhood1,2. We have experimentally validated these epidemiological findings using the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) transgenic mouse model, which develops lesions in stages highly reminiscent of human melanoma with respect to biological, genetic and etiologic criteria, but only when irradiated as neonatal pups with UVB, not UVA3,4. However, mechanisms underlying UVB-initiated, neonatal-specific melanomagenesis remain largely unknown. Here we introduce a mouse model permitting fluorescence-aided melanocyte imaging and isolation following in vivo UV irradiation. We use expression profiling to show that activated neonatal skin melanocytes isolated following a melanomagenic UVB dose bear a distinct, persistent interferon response signature, including genes associated with immunoevasion. UVB-induced melanocyte activation, characterized by aberrant growth and migration, was abolished by antibody-mediated systemic blockade of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), but not type-I interferons. IFN-γ was produced by macrophages recruited to neonatal skin by UVB-induced ligands to the chemokine receptor Ccr2. Admixed recruited skin macrophages enhanced transplanted melanoma growth by inhibiting apoptosis; notably, IFN-γ blockade abolished macrophage-enhanced melanoma growth and survival. IFN-γ-producing macrophages were also identified in 70% of human melanomas examined. Our data reveal an unanticipated role for IFN-γ in promoting melanocytic cell survival/immunoevasion, and suggest that IFN-γ-R signaling represents a novel therapeutic melanoma target.
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39
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Critical coordination of innate immune defense against Toxoplasma gondii by dendritic cells responding via their Toll-like receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:278-83. [PMID: 21173242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011549108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in host defense against a variety of microbial pathogens. We addressed the mechanism by which TLRs contribute to host defense against the lethal parasite Toxoplasma gondii by using mice with targeted inactivation of the TLR adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) in different innate cell types. Lack of MyD88 in dendritic cells (DCs), but not in macrophages or neutrophils, resulted in high susceptibility to the T. gondii infection. In the mice deficient in MyD88 in DCs, the early IL-12 response by DCs was ablated, the IFN-γ response by natural killer cells was delayed, and the recruited inflammatory monocytes were incapable of killing the T. gondii parasites. The T-cell response, although attenuated in these mice, was sufficient to eradicate the parasite during the chronic stage, provided that defects in DC activation were compensated by IL-12 treatment early after infection. These results demonstrate a central role of DCs in orchestrating the innate immune response to an intracellular pathogen and establish that defects in pathogen recognition by DCs can predetermine sensitivity to infection.
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40
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Melo MB, Kasperkovitz P, Cerny A, Könen-Waisman S, Kurt-Jones EA, Lien E, Beutler B, Howard JC, Golenbock DT, Gazzinelli RT. UNC93B1 mediates host resistance to infection with Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001071. [PMID: 20865117 PMCID: PMC2928809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNC93B1 associates with Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 3, TLR7 and TLR9, mediating their translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endolysosome, hence allowing proper activation by nucleic acid ligands. We found that the triple deficient ‘3d’ mice, which lack functional UNC93B1, are hyper-susceptible to infection with Toxoplasma gondii. We established that while mounting a normal systemic pro-inflammatory response, i.e. producing abundant MCP-1, IL-6, TNFα and IFNγ, the 3d mice were unable to control parasite replication. Nevertheless, infection of reciprocal bone marrow chimeras between wild-type and 3d mice with T. gondii demonstrated a primary role of hemopoietic cell lineages in the enhanced susceptibility of UNC93B1 mutant mice. The protective role mediated by UNC93B1 to T. gondii infection was associated with impaired IL-12 responses and delayed IFNγ by spleen cells. Notably, in macrophages infected with T. gondii, UNC93B1 accumulates on the parasitophorous vacuole. Furthermore, upon in vitro infection the rate of tachyzoite replication was enhanced in non-activated macrophages carrying mutant UNC93B1 as compared to wild type gene. Strikingly, the role of UNC93B1 on intracellular parasite growth appears to be independent of TLR function. Altogether, our results reveal a critical role for UNC93B1 on induction of IL-12/IFNγ production as well as autonomous control of Toxoplasma replication by macrophages. One third of the human population in the world is chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. While the majority of infected individuals are asymptomatic, toxoplasmosis is a major cause of congenital disease, abortion, and a life-threatening opportunistic disease in immunocompromised individuals. Early activation of the innate immune system and cytokine production by myeloid cells is required for establishment of protective immunity to T. gondii infection. In mice, a mutation in the UNC93B1 gene abolishes signaling via the intracellular innate immune receptors, namely Toll-like receptors (TLR) 3, 7 and 9, thus, named triple-deficiency (3d) mice. Our results demonstrate that the hyper-susceptibility of 3d mice to T. gondii infection is associated with impaired IL-12 production, delayed IFNγ production, and uncontrolled parasite replication in macrophages. Overall, our study reveals a critical role for UNC93B1 in the immunological control of T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane B. Melo
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pia Kasperkovitz
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Cerny
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Evelyn A. Kurt-Jones
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Egil Lien
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce Beutler
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Réne Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Réne Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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41
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Tu L, Moriya C, Imai T, Ishida H, Tetsutani K, Duan X, Murata S, Tanaka K, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H, Himeno K. Critical role for the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 in the resistance of mice to Toxoplasma gondii
infection. Eur J Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Wilson MS, Feng CG, Barber DL, Yarovinsky F, Cheever AW, Sher A, Grigg M, Collins M, Fouser L, Wynn TA. Redundant and pathogenic roles for IL-22 in mycobacterial, protozoan, and helminth infections. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:4378-90. [PMID: 20220096 PMCID: PMC3170015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-22 is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family and signals through a heterodimeric receptor composed of the common IL-10R2 subunit and the IL-22R subunit. IL-10 and IL-22 both activate the STAT3 signaling pathway; however, in contrast to IL-10, relatively little is known about IL-22 in the host response to infection. In this study, using IL-22(-/-) mice, neutralizing Abs to IL-22, or both, we show that IL-22 is dispensable for the development of immunity to the opportunistic pathogens Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium avium when administered via the i.p. or i.v. route, respectively. IL-22 also played little to no role in aerosol infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in granuloma formation and hepatic fibrosis following chronic percutaneous infections with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. A marked pathogenic role for IL-22 was, however, identified in toxoplasmosis when infections were established by the natural oral route. Anti-IL-22 Ab-treated mice developed significantly less intestinal pathology than control Ab-treated mice even though both groups displayed similar parasite burdens. The decreased gut pathology was associated with reduced IL-17A, IL-17F, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma expression. In contrast to the prior observations of IL-22 protective effects in the gut, these distinct findings with oral T. gondii infection demonstrate that IL-22 also has the potential to contribute to pathogenic inflammation in the intestine. The IL-22 pathway has emerged as a possible target for control of inflammation in certain autoimmune diseases. Our findings suggest that few if any infectious complications would be expected with the suppression of IL-22 signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Interleukins/deficiency
- Interleukins/physiology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Meningitis/genetics
- Meningitis/immunology
- Meningitis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/genetics
- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/immunology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/genetics
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/genetics
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Tuberculosis/genetics
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Wilson
- Immunopathogensis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Felix Yarovinsky
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mary Collins
- Wyeth Research-Inflammation, Cambridge, MA 02140
| | | | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Immunopathogensis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Goldszmid RS, Sher A. Processing and presentation of antigens derived from intracellular protozoan parasites. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:118-23. [PMID: 20153156 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Control of parasitic protozoan infections requires the generation of efficient innate and adaptive immune responses, and in most cases both CD8 and CD4 T cells are necessary for host survival. Since intracellular protozoa remodel the vacuolar compartments in which they reside, it is not obvious how their antigens enter the MHC class I and class II pathways. Studies using genetically engineered parasites have shown that host cell targeting, intracellular compartmentalization, subcellular localization of antigen within the parasite, and mechanism of invasion are important factors determining the presentation pathway utilized. The recent identification of endogenous parasite-derived CD8 T cell epitopes have helped confirm these concepts as well as provided new information on the processing pathways and the impact of parasite-stage specific antigen expression on the repertoire of responding T cells stimulated by infection. Elucidating the mechanisms governing antigen processing and presentation of intracellular protozoa may provide important insights needed for the rational design of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina S Goldszmid
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Perona-Wright G, Mohrs K, Szaba FM, Kummer LW, Madan R, Karp CL, Johnson LL, Smiley ST, Mohrs M. Systemic but not local infections elicit immunosuppressive IL-10 production by natural killer cells. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 6:503-12. [PMID: 20006839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Surviving infection represents a balance between the proinflammatory responses needed to eliminate the pathogen, and anti-inflammatory signals limiting damage to the host. IL-10 is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine whose impact is determined by the timing and localization of release. We show that NK cells rapidly express IL-10 during acute infection with diverse rapidly disseminating pathogens. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 was necessary and sufficient for NK cell induction of IL-10. NK cells from mice with systemic parasitic infection inhibited dendritic cell release of IL-12 in an IL-10-dependent manner, and NK cell depletion resulted in elevated serum IL-12. These data suggest an innate, negative feedback loop in which IL-12 limits its own production by eliciting IL-10 from NK cells. In contrast to disseminating pathogens, locally restricted infections did not elicit NK cell IL-10. Thus systemic infections uniquely engage NK cells in an IL-10-mediated immunoregulatory circuit that functions to alleviate inflammation.
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45
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Tu L, Moriya C, Imai T, Ishida H, Tetsutani K, Duan X, Murata S, Tanaka K, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H, Himeno K. Critical role for the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 in the resistance of mice to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3385-94. [PMID: 19830724 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome-mediated proteolysis is responsible for the generation of immunogenic epitopes presented by MHC class I molecules, which activate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Immunoproteasomes, defined by the presence of the three catalytic subunits LMP2, MECL-1, and LMP7, have been hypothesized to optimize MHC class I antigen processing. In this study, we demonstrate that the infection of mice with a protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, induced the expression of LMP7 mRNA in APC and increased the capacity of APC to induce the production of IFN-gamma by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. In vitro infection of a DC cell line with T. gondii also induced the expression of LMP7 and resulted in enhanced proteasome proteolytic activity. Finally, mice lacking LMP7 were highly susceptible to infection with T. gondii and showed a reduced number of functional CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that proteasomes containing LMP7 play an indispensable role in the survival of mice infected with T. gondii, presumably due to the efficient generation of CTL epitopes required for the functional development of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Tu
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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46
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, a prominent component of the innate immune system, are large granular lymphocytes that respond rapidly to a variety of insults via cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity. Recently, there has been growing insight into the biological functions of NK cells, in particular into their roles in infection, tumorurveillance and autoimmunity. Under these pathophysiological circumstances, NK cells readily home to the central nervous system (CNS) tissues to combat infection and presumably to curb progression of tumor. Bystander neuronal and/or glial cell damage can occur in this setting. Paradoxically, NK cells appear to have an inhibitory role for autoimmune responses within the CNS. As in the periphery, NK cells act in concert with T cells and other lymphocytes responsible for CNS pathology and immune regulation. Insights into the molecular signals and pathways governing the diverse biological effects of NK cells are keys for designing NK cell-based therapy for CNS infections, tumor and autoimmune diseases.NK cells readily accumulate in homing to CNS tissues under the pathophysiological situations. This process is tightly controlled by a number of chemokines and chemokine receptors. There is ample of evidence that NK cells within the CNS contribute to the control of infections and might limit progression of certain tumor. Bystander neuronal and/or glial cell damage can occur. In certain autoimmune conditions of the CNS, NK cells appear to have an inhibitory role. Disassociation of disease-inhibiting versus disease-promoting effects of NK cells is a key to harnessing NK cells for therapeutic purposes. To achieve this goal, a generation of genetic models with selective NK cell deficiency, and development of reagents (antibodies) for visualizing subsets of NK cells in situ will be necessary.
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47
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Crozat K, Vivier E, Dalod M. Crosstalk between components of the innate immune system: promoting anti-microbial defenses and avoiding immunopathologies. Immunol Rev 2009; 227:129-49. [PMID: 19120481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Because it reaches full functional efficacy rapidly upon encounter with a pathogen, the innate immune system is considered as the first line of defense against infections. The sensing of microbes or of transformed or infected cells, through innate immune recognition receptors (referred to as activating I2R2), initiates pro-inflammatory responses and innate immune effector functions. Other I2R2 with inhibitory properties bind self-ligands constitutively expressed in host. However, this dichotomy in the recognition of foreign or induced self versus constitutive self by I2R2 is not always respected in certain non-infectious conditions reminiscent of immunopathologies. In this review, we discuss that immune mechanisms have evolved to avoid inappropriate inflammatory disorders in individuals. Molecular crossregulation exists between components of I2R2 signaling pathways, and intricate interactions between cells from both innate and adaptive immune systems set the bases of controlled immune responses. We also pinpoint that, like T or B cells, some cells of the innate immune system must go through education processes to prevent autoreactivity. In addition, we illustrate how gene expression profiling of immune cell types is a useful tool to find functional homologies between cell subsets of different species and to speculate about unidentified functions of these cells in the responses to pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Crozat
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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48
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Kalkunte SS, Mselle TF, Norris WE, Wira CR, Sentman CL, Sharma S. Vascular endothelial growth factor C facilitates immune tolerance and endovascular activity of human uterine NK cells at the maternal-fetal interface. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:4085-92. [PMID: 19299706 PMCID: PMC3616376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although replete with cytotoxic machinery, uterine NK (uNK) cells remain tolerant at the maternal-fetal interface. The mechanisms that facilitate the uNK cell tolerance are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) C, a proangiogenic factor produced by uNK cells, is responsible for their noncytotoxic activity. VEGF C-producing uNK cells support endovascular processes as demonstrated in a three-dimensional coculture model of capillary tube formation on Matrigel. Peripheral blood NK cells fail to produce VEGF C and remain cytotoxic. This response can be reversed by exogenous VEGF C. We show that cytoprotection by VEGF C can be related to induction of the TAP-1 expression and MHC class I assembly in target cells. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of TAP-1 expression abolished the VEGF C-imparted protection. Overall, these results demonstrate that empowerment of uNK cells with angiogenic factors keeps them noncytotoxic. This phenotype is critical to their pregnancy-compatible immunovascular role during placentation and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyan S. Kalkunte
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Teddy F. Mselle
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Wendy E. Norris
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Charles R. Wira
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Charles L. Sentman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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49
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Zucchini N, Crozat K, Baranek T, Robbins SH, Altfeld M, Dalod M. Natural killer cells in immunodefense against infective agents. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 6:867-85. [PMID: 19053900 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.6.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Following the discovery of innate immune receptors, the topics of innate immunity and its role in defense against infective agents have recently blossomed into very active research fields, after several decades of neglect. Among innate immune cells, natural killer (NK) cells are endowed with the unique ability to recognize and kill cells infected with a variety of pathogens, irrespective of prior sensitization to these microbes. NK cells have a number of other functions, including cytokine production and immunoregulatory activities. Major advances have recently been made in the understanding of the role of NK cells in the physiopathology of infectious diseases. The cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the acquisition of effector functions by NK cells and their triggering upon pathogenic encounters are being unraveled. The possibility that the power of NK cells could be harnessed for the design of innovative treatments against infections is a major incentive for biologists to further explore NK cell subset complexity and to identify the ligands that activate NK cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Zucchini
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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50
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Oncostatin M enhances the antiviral effects of type I interferon and activates immunostimulatory functions in liver epithelial cells. J Virol 2009; 83:3298-311. [PMID: 19158240 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02167-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) is released together with type I interferon (IFN) by activated dendritic cells, suggesting a concerted action of these cytokines in the biological response against infection. We found that OSM increases the antiviral effect of IFN-alpha in Huh7 hepatoma cells infected with hepatitis A or hepatitis C virus and synergizes with IFN-alpha in the induction of antiviral genes. The combination of OSM and IFN-alpha led to upregulation of both STAT1 and STAT3 together with intense and prolonged activation of STAT1, STAT3, and Jak1. OSM with or without IFN-alpha also activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is known to enhance transcription of IFN-alpha-inducible genes. Interestingly, OSM combined with IFN-alpha strongly induced immunoproteasome genes and other genes involved in antigen processing and presentation. Moreover, OSM, alone or in combination with IFN-alpha, upregulated relevant innate immunity molecules and increased the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha) in liver cells. Hepatoma cells transfected with a plasmid encoding a viral antigen were able to activate effector T cells when pretreated with IFN-alpha plus OSM but not with each cytokine separately. Also, OSM, more than IFN-alpha, augmented the ability of Huh7 cells to transpresent IL-15 to responding lymphocytes and increased the immunostimulatory activity of liver epithelial cells by presenting a short viral peptide to sensitized cytotoxic T cells. In conclusion, OSM enhances the antiviral effects of type I interferon and cooperates with it in the induction of adaptive immune responses to pathogens. These findings may have therapeutic implications.
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