1
|
Kim M, Park KH, Kim YB. Identifying Active Compounds and Targets of Fritillariae thunbergii against Influenza-Associated Inflammation by Network Pharmacology Analysis and Molecular Docking. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173853. [PMID: 32854331 PMCID: PMC7504253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications due to influenza are often associated with inflammation with excessive release of cytokines. The bulbs of Fritillariae thunbergii (FT) have been traditionally used to control airway inflammatory diseases, such as bronchitis and pneumonia. To elucidate active compounds, the targets, and underlying mechanisms of FT for the treatment of influenza-induced inflammation, systems biology was employed. Active compounds of FT were identified through the TCMSP database according to oral bioavailability (OB) and drug-likeness (DL) criteria. Other pharmacokinetic parameters, Caco-2 permeability (Caco-2), and drug half-life (HL) were also identified. Biological targets of FT were retrieved from DrugBank and STITCH databases, and target genes associated with influenza, lung, and spleen inflammation were collected from DisGeNET and NCBI databases. Compound-disease-target (C-D-T) networks were constructed and merged using Cytoscape. Target genes retrieved from the C-D-T network were further analyzed with GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis. In our network, GO and KEGG results yielded two compounds (beta-sitosterol (BS) and pelargonidin (PG)), targets (PTGS1 (COX-1) and PTGS2 (COX-2)), and pathways (nitric oxide, TNF) were involved in the inhibitory effects of FT on influenza-associated inflammation. We retrieved the binding affinity of each ligand-target, and found that PG and COX-1 showed the strongest binding affinity among four binding results using a molecular docking method. We identified the potential compounds and targets of FT against influenza and suggest that FT is an immunomodulatory therapy for influenza-associated inflammation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hornick EE, Zacharias ZR, Legge KL. Kinetics and Phenotype of the CD4 T Cell Response to Influenza Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2351. [PMID: 31632414 PMCID: PMC6783515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections, with increased risk of severe illness and death in the very young, aged, and immunocompromised individuals. In both mice and humans, IAV-specific T cell responses are protective during primary as well as homologous and heterologous challenge infections. Many mouse studies have focused on CD4 T cells specific for a single, known model or IAV antigen. However, studies have demonstrated that the IAV-specific CD4 T cell response comprises many epitopes spread across multiple viral proteins. Therefore, herein we track the antigen-experienced CD4 T cell response using the surrogate markers CD49d and CD11a. This novel surrogate marker method allows us to characterize the full IAV-specific CD4 T cell response without the potential bias that could occur when examining an individual Ag-specificity. Our findings demonstrate that the immunodominant I-Ab-binding NP311−325 epitope often used in studies of IAV-specific CD4 T cells represents only about 5% of the total IAV-specific CD4 T cell response. Further, we find that the kinetics of the full pulmonary CD4 T cell response is similar to that of NP311-specific T cells and that the full CD4 T cell response in the lungs is predominantly composed of cells expressing the Th1 transcription factor T-bet, with smaller but significant portions of the response expressing the Treg and Tfh associated transcription factors Foxp3 and Bcl-6, respectively. Interestingly, although Th1 cells are the most abundant Th subset in the lungs of both BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice following IAV, the relative abundance of Treg and Tfh is reversed in the different mouse strains. In BALB/c mice, Foxp3+ cells are more abundant than Bcl6+ cells, whereas in C57Bl/6 mice, there are more Bcl6+ cells. As a whole, these data highlight the diversity of the endogenous CD4 T cell response to a primary IAV infection, providing an important context for past and future studies of the IAV-specific CD4 T cell response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hornick
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Zeb R Zacharias
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cho Y, Kwon D, Kang SJ. The Cooperative Role of CD326 + and CD11b + Dendritic Cell Subsets for a Hapten-Induced Th2 Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3137-3146. [PMID: 28972093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in directing immune responses. Previous studies have identified a variety of DC subsets and elucidated their context-dependent functions that parallel those of effector Th cell subsets. However, little is known about the DC subsets responsible for differentiation of Th2 cells governing allergic contact dermatitis. In this study, we sought to determine the DC subset(s) that mediate Th2 priming in hapten-sensitized mice. We induced hapten-specific Th2 differentiation by sensitizing the mice with a single application of FITC dissolved in acetone:dibutyl phthalate, and traced the immune cells responsible for inducing the Th2 differentiation process at the primary stimulation, enabling us to track Th2 priming in vivo and to delete basophils and specific DC subsets. Our analysis revealed that IL-4 was produced in vivo as early as day 3 from CD4+ T cells with a single application of FITC. Basophils, despite producing IL-4 1 d earlier than T cells, were found to be dispensable for Th2 differentiation. Instead, we demonstrated that CD326+ dermal DCs and Langerhans cells were redundantly required for FITC-induced Th2 differentiation in vivo. Moreover, the cooperation of CD326+ Langerhans cells and CD11b+ DCs differentiated naive T cells into Th2 cells in vitro. Collectively, our findings highlight at least two DC subsets that play a critical role in polarizing naive CD4+ T cells to Th2 cells and support a two-hit model for Th2 differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lambrecht BN, Neyt K, van Helden MJ. The Mucosal Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
5
|
|
6
|
IL-21 promotes late activator APC-mediated T follicular helper cell differentiation in experimental pulmonary virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105872. [PMID: 25251568 PMCID: PMC4175070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-21 is a type-I cytokine that has pleiotropic immuno-modulatory effects. Primarily produced by activated T cells including NKT and TFH cells, IL-21 plays a pivotal role in promoting TFH differentiation through poorly understood cellular and molecular mechanisms. Here, employing a mouse model of influenza A virus (IAV) infection, we demonstrate that IL-21, initially produced by NKT cells, promotes TFH differentiation by promoting the migration of late activator antigen presenting cell (LAPC), a recently identified TFH inducer, from the infected lungs into the draining lymph nodes (dLN). LAPC migration from IAV-infected lung into the dLN is CXCR3-CXCL9 dependent. IL-21-induced TNF-α production by conventional T cells is critical to stimulate CXCL9 expression by DCs in the dLN, which supports LAPC migration into the dLN and ultimately facilitates TFH differentiation. Our results reveal a previously unappreciated mechanism for IL-21 modulation of TFH responses during respiratory virus infection.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The goal of the influenza vaccine is to prevent influenza virus infection and control the yearly seasonal epidemic and pandemic. However, the presently available parenteral influenza vaccine induces only systemic humoral immunity, which does not prevent influenza virus infection on the mucosal surface. Secretary IGA antibodies play an important role in preventing natural infection. Moreover, the IgA antibody response mediates cross-protection against variant viruses in animal models. Thus, a mucosal influenza vaccine that induces mucosal immunity would be a powerful tool to protect individuals from the influenza virus. Although the function of the mucosal immune system, especially in the respiratory tract, is not completely understood, there are several studies underway to develop mucosal influenza vaccines. Here, we will review current knowledge concerning the induction of IgA, the role of B-cell production of influenza virus specific IgA antibodies in anti-influenza immunity, and the role of humoral memory responses induced upon vaccination.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hawkshaw C, Scott JA, Chow CW, Fish EN. LAPCs contribute to the pathogenesis of allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Allergy 2014; 69:924-35. [PMID: 24836003 DOI: 10.1111/all.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory immune response associated with allergic airway inflammation in asthma involves T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity. Given the data that a newly described late activator antigen-presenting cell (LAPC) population promotes Th2 immunity in viral infections, we undertook studies to investigate whether LAPCs have a pathogenic role in allergic airway inflammation. METHODS We employed acute ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite (HDM) sensitization and challenge models to establish allergic airway inflammation in mice, followed by the analysis of lungs and draining lymph node (DLN) cell infiltrates, immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). We tested whether adoptive transfer of LAPCs isolated from mice with established allergic airway inflammation augments the development of sensitization in naïve mice. RESULTS We provide evidence that in both OVA and HDM mouse models of allergic inflammation, LAPCs accumulate in the lungs and draining lymph nodes (DLNs), concomitant with the onset of lung pathology, allergen-specific IgE production, eosinophilia, and Th2 cytokine production. Adoptive transfer experiments using OVA-activated LAPCs reveal exacerbation of disease pathology with an increase in lung inflammatory cells, eosinophilia, circulating IgE, Th2 cytokine production, and a worsening of AHR. OVA-activated LAPCs preferentially increased GATA-3 induction in naïve CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest an important role for LAPCs in polarizing the Th2 response in mouse models of allergic airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Hawkshaw
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. A. Scott
- Department of Health Sciences; Lakehead University; ON Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences; Northern Ontario School of Medicine; Thunder Bay ON Canada
| | - C.-W. Chow
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medicine and Multi-Organ Transplant Program; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - E. N. Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neyt K, Lambrecht BN. The role of lung dendritic cell subsets in immunity to respiratory viruses. Immunol Rev 2014; 255:57-67. [PMID: 23947347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of acute respiratory disease. The clinical course of infection and symptoms depend on the viral strain, the health status of the host, and the immunological status of the host. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in recognizing and presenting viral antigens and in inducing adaptive immune responses that clear the virus. Because the lung is continuously exposed to the air, the lung is equipped with an elaborate network of DCs to sense incoming foreign pathogens. Increasing knowledge on DC biology has informed us that DCs are not a single cell type. In the steady state lung, three DC subsets can be defined: CD11b(+) or CD103(+) conventional DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. Upon inflammation, inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs are recruited to the lung. It is only recently that tools became available to allow DC subsets to be clearly studied. This review focuses on the activation of DCs and the function of lung DCs in the context of respiratory virus infection and highlights some cautionary points for interpreting older experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Neyt
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumamoto Y, Linehan M, Weinstein JS, Laidlaw BJ, Craft JE, Iwasaki A. CD301b⁺ dermal dendritic cells drive T helper 2 cell-mediated immunity. Immunity 2013; 39:733-43. [PMID: 24076051 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other types of T helper (Th) responses, whether the development of Th2 cells requires instruction from particular subset of dendritic cells (DCs) remains unclear. By using an in vivo depletion approach, we have shown that DCs expressing CD301b were required for the generation of Th2 cells after subcutaneous immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) along with papain or alum. CD301b⁺ DCs are distinct from epidermal or CD207⁺ dermal DCs (DDCs) and were responsible for transporting antigen injected subcutaneously with Th2-type adjuvants. Transient depletion of CD301b⁺ DCs resulted in less effective accumulation and decreased expression of CD69 by polyclonal CD4⁺ T cells in the lymph node. Moreover, despite intact cell division and interferon-γ production, CD301b⁺ DC depletion led to blunted interleukin-4 production by OVA-specific OT-II transgenic CD4⁺ T cells and significantly impaired Th2 cell development upon infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. These results reveal CD301b⁺ DDCs as the key mediators of Th2 immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kumamoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yoo JK, Kim TS, Hufford MM, Braciale TJ. Viral infection of the lung: host response and sequelae. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1263-76; quiz 1277. [PMID: 23915713 PMCID: PMC3844062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of its essential role in gas exchange and oxygen delivery, the lung has evolved a variety of strategies to control inflammation and maintain homeostasis. Invasion of the lung by pathogens (and in some instances exposure to certain noninfectious particulates) disrupts this equilibrium and triggers a cascade of events aimed at preventing or limiting colonization (and more importantly infection) by pathogenic microorganisms. In this review we focus on viral infection of the lung and summarize recent advances in our understanding of the triggering of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral respiratory tract infection, mechanisms of viral clearance, and the well-recognized consequences of acute viral infection complicating underlying lung diseases, such as asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwang Yoo
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Taeg S. Kim
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Matthew M. Hufford
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Thomas J. Braciale
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
- Corresponding author: Thomas J. Braciale, MD, PhD, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun J, Braciale TJ. Role of T cell immunity in recovery from influenza virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:425-9. [PMID: 23721865 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection has the potential to induce excess pulmonary inflammation and massive tissue damage in the infected host. Conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) as well as nonconventional innate like T cells respond to infection and make an essential contribution to the clearance of virus infected cells and the resolution of pulmonary inflammation and injury. Emerging evidence in recent years has suggested a critical role of local interactions between lung effector T cells and antigen presenting cells in guiding the accumulation, differentiation and function of effector T cells beyond their initial activation in the draining lymph nodes during influenza infection. As such, lung effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells utilize multiple effector and regulatory mechanisms to eliminate virus infected cells as well as fine tune the control of pulmonary inflammation and injury. Elucidating the mechanisms by which conventional and nonconventional T cells orchestrate their response in the lung as well as defining the downstream events required for the resolution of influenza infection will be important areas of future basic research which in turn may result in new therapeutic strategies to control the severity of influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Splenic priming of virus-specific CD8 T cells following influenza virus infection. J Virol 2013; 87:4496-506. [PMID: 23388712 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03413-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, influenza virus (IAV) infection generally remains localized to the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. Previously, IAV-specific effector CD8 T cells found systemically during the course of IAV infection were thought to have been primed in lung-draining lymph nodes with subsequent migration to other tissues. However, little is known about whether other lymphoid sites participate in the generation of virus-specific CD8 T cells during localized IAV infection. Here, we present evidence of early CD8 T cell priming in the spleen following respiratory IAV infection independent of lung-draining lymph node priming of T cells. Although we found early indications of CD8 T cell activation in the lymph nodes draining the respiratory tract, we also saw evidence of virus-specific CD8 T cell activation in the spleen. Furthermore, CD8 T cells primed in the spleen differentiated into memory cells of equivalent longevity and with similar recall capacity as CD8 T cells primed in the draining lymph nodes. These data showed that the spleen contributes to the virus-specific effector and memory CD8 T cell populations that are generated in response to respiratory infection.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yoo JK, Fish EN, Braciale TJ. LAPCs promote follicular helper T cell differentiation of Ag-primed CD4+ T cells during respiratory virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1853-67. [PMID: 22987801 PMCID: PMC3457726 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Late activator antigen-presenting cells promote Tfh differentiation of antigen-primed CD4+ T cells and antibody responses in influenza A virus infection. The humoral immune response to most respiratory virus infections plays a prominent role in virus clearance and is essential for resistance to reinfection. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are believed to support the development both of a potent primary antibody response and of the germinal center response critical for memory B cell development. Using a model of primary murine influenza A virus (IAV) infection, we demonstrate that a novel late activator antigen-presenting cell (LAPC) promotes the Tfh response in the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) of the IAV-infected lungs. LAPCs migrate from the infected lungs to the dLN “late,” i.e., 6 d after infection, which is concomitant with Tfh differentiation. LAPC migration is CXCR3-dependent, and LAPC triggering of Tfh cell development requires ICOS–ICOSL–dependent signaling. LAPCs appear to play a pivotal role in driving Tfh differentiation of Ag-primed CD4+ T cells and antiviral antibody responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwang Yoo
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
van Riet E, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H. Mucosal IgA responses in influenza virus infections; thoughts for vaccine design. Vaccine 2012; 30:5893-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
16
|
Boyden AW, Legge KL, Waldschmidt TJ. Pulmonary infection with influenza A virus induces site-specific germinal center and T follicular helper cell responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40733. [PMID: 22792401 PMCID: PMC3394713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection from influenza A virus (IAV) challenge requires switched, high affinity Abs derived from long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells. These B cell subsets are generated in germinal centers (GCs), hallmark structures of T helper cell-driven B cell immunity. A full understanding of the GC reaction after respiratory IAV infection is lacking, as is the characterization of T follicular helper (TFH) cells that support GCs. Here, GC B cell and TFH cell responses were studied in mice following pulmonary challenge with IAV. Marked GC reactions were induced in draining lymph nodes (dLNs), lung, spleen and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), although the magnitude and kinetics of the response was site-specific. Examination of switching within GCs demonstrated IgG2+ cells to compose the largest fraction in dLNs, lung and spleen. IgA+ GC B cells were infrequent in these sites, but composed a significant subset of the switched GC population in NALT. Further experiments demonstrated splenectomized mice to withstand a lethal recall challenge, suggesting the spleen to be unnecessary for long-term protection in spite of strong GC responses in this organ. Final studies showed that TFH cell numbers were highest in dLNs and spleen, and peaked in all sites prior to the height of the GC reaction. TFH cells purified from dLNs generated IL-21 and IFNγ upon activation, although CD4+CXCR5− T effector cells produced higher levels of all cytokines. Collectively, these findings reveal respiratory IAV infection to induce strong T helper cell-driven B cell responses in various organs, with each site displaying unique attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Boyden
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Legge
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Waldschmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Franceschini D, Del Porto P, Piconese S, Trella E, Accapezzato D, Paroli M, Morrone S, Piccolella E, Spada E, Mele A, Sidney J, Sette A, Barnaba V. Polyfunctional type-1, -2, and -17 CD8⁺ T cell responses to apoptotic self-antigens correlate with the chronic evolution of hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002759. [PMID: 22737070 PMCID: PMC3380931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-dependent cleavage of antigens associated with apoptotic cells plays a prominent role in the generation of CD8⁺ T cell responses in various infectious diseases. We found that the emergence of a large population of autoreactive CD8⁺ T effector cells specific for apoptotic T cell-associated self-epitopes exceeds the antiviral responses in patients with acute hepatitis C virus infection. Importantly, they endow mixed polyfunctional type-1, type-2 and type-17 responses and correlate with the chronic progression of infection. This evolution is related to the selection of autoreactive CD8⁺ T cells with higher T cell receptor avidity, whereas those with lower avidity undergo prompt contraction in patients who clear infection. These findings demonstrate a previously undescribed strict link between the emergence of high frequencies of mixed autoreactive CD8⁺ T cells producing a broad array of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, IL-2…) and the progression toward chronic disease in a human model of acute infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Franceschini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Del Porto
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Trella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Accapezzato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marino Paroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Morrone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Enza Piccolella
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Enea Spada
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Mele
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Andrea Cesalpino, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sundararajan A, Huan L, Richards KA, Marcelin G, Alam S, Joo H, Yang H, Webby RJ, Topham DJ, Sant AJ, Sangster MY. Host differences in influenza-specific CD4 T cell and B cell responses are modulated by viral strain and route of immunization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34377. [PMID: 22457834 PMCID: PMC3311631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody response to influenza infection is largely dependent on CD4 T cell help for B cells. Cognate signals and secreted factors provided by CD4 T cells drive B cell activation and regulate antibody isotype switching for optimal antiviral activity. Recently, we analyzed HLA-DR1 transgenic (DR1) mice and C57BL/10 (B10) mice after infection with influenza virus A/New Caledonia/20/99 (NC) and defined epitopes recognized by virus-specific CD4 T cells. Using this information in the current study, we demonstrate that the pattern of secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-4 by CD4 T cells activated by NC infection is largely independent of epitope specificity and the magnitude of the epitope-specific response. Interestingly, however, the characteristics of the virus-specific CD4 T cell and the B cell response to NC infection differed in DR1 and B10 mice. The response in B10 mice featured predominantly IFN-γ-secreting CD4 T cells and strong IgG2b/IgG2c production. In contrast, in DR1 mice most CD4 T cells secreted IL-2 and IgG production was IgG1-biased. Infection of DR1 mice with influenza PR8 generated a response that was comparable to that in B10 mice, with predominantly IFN-γ-secreting CD4 T cells and greater numbers of IgG2c than IgG1 antibody-secreting cells. The response to intramuscular vaccination with inactivated NC was similar in DR1 and B10 mice; the majority of CD4 T cells secreted IL-2 and most IgG antibody-secreting cells produced IgG2b or IgG2c. Our findings identify inherent host influences on characteristics of the virus-specific CD4 T cell and B cell responses that are restricted to the lung environment. Furthermore, we show that these host influences are substantially modulated by the type of infecting virus via the early induction of innate factors. Our findings emphasize the importance of immunization strategy for demonstrating inherent host differences in CD4 T cell and B cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Sundararajan
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Lifang Huan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Glendie Marcelin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shabnam Alam
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - HyeMee Joo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Y. Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Braciale TJ, Sun J, Kim TS. Regulating the adaptive immune response to respiratory virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:295-305. [PMID: 22402670 PMCID: PMC3364025 DOI: 10.1038/nri3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is a major portal of entry for viruses into the body. Infection of the respiratory tract can, if severe, induce life-threatening damage to the lungs. Various strategies to control virus replication and to limit immune-mediated inflammation and tissue injury have evolved in the respiratory tract. Multiple innate immune cell types, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), within the pulmonary interstitium and between airway epithelial cells are strategically poised to recognize and sample airway particulates, such as viruses. In response to respiratory virus infection, several distinct DC subsets are stimulated to migrate from the site of infection in the lungs to the draining lymph nodes. Here, these migrant DCs have a crucial role in initiating the antivirus adaptive immune response to the invading viruses. After entering the infected lungs, effector T cells that were generated in the lymph nodes undergo further modifications that are shaped by the inflammatory milieu. Co-stimulatory receptor–ligand interactions between effector T cells and various cell types presenting viral antigens in the infected lungs modulate the host adaptive immune response in situ. Effector T cells that produce pro-inflammatory mediators are also the major producers of regulatory (anti-inflammatory) cytokines, providing a fine-tuning mechanism of self-control by effector T cells responding to viruses in the inflamed tissue. The immune mechanisms that control virus replication and/or excessive inflammation in the virus-infected lungs can also predispose the individual recovering from a virus infection to bacterial superinfection. Therapeutic strategies should consider balancing the need to inhibit virus replication and excessive inflammation with the need to optimize the antibacterial functions of innate immune phagocytes, which are crucial for clearing the bacteria from the lungs.
This article reviews the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells in the response to viral infection of the lower respiratory tract and describes the fine-tuning mechanisms that control antiviral T cells in the lungs but that can also predispose an individual to subsequent pulmonary bacterial infections. Recent years have seen several advances in our understanding of immunity to virus infection of the lower respiratory tract, including to influenza virus infection. Here, we review the cellular targets of viruses and the features of the host immune response that are unique to the lungs. We describe the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells in the induction, expression and control of antiviral immunity, and discuss the impact of the infected lung milieu on moulding the response of antiviral effector T cells. Recent findings on the mechanisms that underlie the increased frequency of severe pulmonary bacterial infections following respiratory virus infection are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Braciale
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Lung dendritic cells in respiratory viral infection and asthma: from protection to immunopathology. Annu Rev Immunol 2012; 30:243-70. [PMID: 22224777 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lung dendritic cells (DCs) bridge innate and adaptive immunity, and depending on context, they also induce a Th1, Th2, or Th17 response to optimally clear infectious threats. Conversely, lung DCs can also mount maladaptive Th2 immune responses to harmless allergens and, in this way, contribute to immunopathology. It is now clear that the various aspects of DC biology can be understood only if we take into account the functional specializations of different DC subsets that are present in the lung in homeostasis or are attracted to the lung as part of the inflammatory response to inhaled noxious stimuli. Lung DCs are heavily influenced by the nearby epithelial cells, and a model is emerging whereby direct communication between DCs and epithelial cells determines the outcome of the pulmonary immune response. Here, we have approached DC biology from the perspective of viral infection and allergy to illustrate these emerging concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
State-of-the-art review about basophil research in immunology and allergy: is the time right to treat these cells with the respect they deserve? BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2011; 10:148-64. [PMID: 22244003 DOI: 10.2450/2011.0020-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Zúñiga J, Torres M, Romo J, Torres D, Jiménez L, Ramírez G, Cruz A, Espinosa E, Herrera T, Buendía I, Ramírez-Venegas A, González Y, Bobadilla K, Hernández F, García J, Quiñones-Falconi F, Sada E, Manjarrez ME, Cabello C, Kawa S, Zlotnik A, Pardo A, Selman M. Inflammatory profiles in severe pneumonia associated with the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus isolated in Mexico City. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:562-70. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.592885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
23
|
Karasuyama H, Mukai K, Obata K, Tsujimura Y, Wada T. Nonredundant Roles of Basophils in Immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:45-69. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- JST, CREST, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan;
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kazushige Obata
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsujimura
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
New insights into the generation of Th2 immunity and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 11:39-45. [PMID: 21150435 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328342322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with unknown cause; however, allergic asthma is driven largely by Th2-type immune responses. The pathways that interact to induce Th1 and Th17-type immune responses are well understood; however, until recently the innate immune pathways involved in the induction of Th2-type immunity were unknown. In this review we sought to outline many of the recent advances in uncovering the cell and molecular mechanisms that generate Th2 responses. RECENT FINDINGS It is clear that the Th2 pathway can no longer be considered a 'default pathway' of the lung immune system as multiple cells and cytokines have now been identified that work to actively instruct Th2 differentiation. Basophils and dendritic cells have been investigated for their critical role in Th2 induction, and newly identified cell subsets have also been shown to play an important function in Th2 responses. The identification of the Th2-inducing cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin has also accelerated studies examining the development of Th2 responses in asthma. SUMMARY Studies of the role played by the innate immune system in the induction of Th2 responses have begun to unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms potentially underlying the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Further study in this area may lead to the discovery of new therapeutics for the treatment of allergic disease.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim TS, Sun J, Braciale TJ. T cell responses during influenza infection: getting and keeping control. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:225-31. [PMID: 21435950 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 2009 influenza pandemic highlighted the threat that type A influenza poses to human health. Thus, there is an urgency to understand the pathobiology of influenza infection and the contribution of the host immune response to virus elimination and the development of lung injury. This review focuses on the T cell arm of the adaptive host immune response to influenza. We assess recent developments in the understanding of how primary influenza virus-specific T cell responses are induced by antigen-presenting cells, the interaction of activated effector T cells with antigen-bearing cells in the infected lungs. Also examined is the contribution of influenza-specific effector T cells to the development and control of lung injury and inflammation during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeg S Kim
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yoo JK, Baker DP, Fish EN. Interferon-β modulates type 1 immunity during influenza virus infection. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|