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Rossi IV, de Souza DAS, Ramirez MI. The End Justifies the Means: Chagas Disease from a Perspective of the Host- Trypanosoma cruzi Interaction. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:488. [PMID: 38672758 PMCID: PMC11050810 DOI: 10.3390/life14040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The neglected Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite CD dispersion throughout the world, it prevails in tropical areas affecting mainly poor communities, causing devastating health, social and economic consequences. Clinically, CD is marked by a mildly symptomatic acute phase, and a chronic phase characterized by cardiac and/or digestive complications. Current treatment for CD relies on medications with strong side effects and reduced effectiveness. The complex interaction between the parasite and the host outlines the etiology and progression of CD. The unique characteristics and high adaptability of T. cruzi, its mechanisms of persistence, and evasion of the immune system seem to influence the course of the disease. Despite the efforts to uncover the pathology of CD, there are many gaps in understanding how it is established and reaches chronicity. Also, the lack of effective treatments and protective vaccines constitute challenges for public health. Here, we explain the background in which CD is established, from the peculiarities of T. cruzi molecular biology to the development of the host's immune response leading to the pathophysiology of CD. We also discuss the state of the art of treatments for CD and current challenges in basic and applied science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izadora Volpato Rossi
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil;
| | - Denise Andréa Silva de Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil;
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2
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Costa TFR, Catta-Preta CMC, Goundry A, Carvalho DB, Rodrigues NS, Vivarini AC, de Abreu MF, Reis FCG, Lima APCA. The ecotin-like peptidase inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi prevents TMPRSS2-PAR2-TLR4 crosstalk downmodulating infection and inflammation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23566. [PMID: 38526868 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302091rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a chronic pathology that affects the heart and/or digestive system. This parasite invades and multiplies in virtually all nucleated cells, using a variety of host cell receptors for infection. T. cruzi has a gene that encodes an ecotin-like inhibitor of serine peptidases, ISP2. We generated ISP2-null mutants (Δisp2) in T. cruzi Dm28c using CRISPR/Cas9. Epimastigotes of Δisp2 grew normally in vitro but were more susceptible to lysis by human serum compared to parental and ISP2 add-back lines. Tissue culture trypomastigotes of Δisp2 were more infective to human muscle cells in vitro, which was reverted by the serine peptidase inhibitors aprotinin and camostat, suggesting that host cell epitheliasin/TMPRSS2 is the target of ISP2. Pretreatment of host cells with an antagonist to the protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) or an inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) selectively counteracted the increased cell invasion by Δisp2, but did not affect invasion by parental and add-back lines. The same was observed following targeted gene silencing of PAR2, TLR4 or TMPRSS2 in host cells by siRNA. Furthermore, Δisp2 caused increased tissue edema in a BALB/c mouse footpad infection model after 3 h differently to that observed following infection with parental and add-back lines. We propose that ISP2 contributes to protect T. cruzi from the anti-microbial effects of human serum and to prevent triggering of PAR2 and TLR4 in host cells, resulting in the modulation of host cell invasion and contributing to decrease inflammation during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana F R Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina M C Catta-Preta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amy Goundry
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle B Carvalho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aislan C Vivarini
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Insituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Mayra Fonseca de Abreu
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia C G Reis
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C A Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Shtuhin-Rahav R, Olender A, Zlotkin-Rivkin E, Bouman EA, Danieli T, Nir-Keren Y, Weiss AM, Nandi I, Aroeti B. Enteropathogenic E. coli infection co-elicits lysosomal exocytosis and lytic host cell death. mBio 2023; 14:e0197923. [PMID: 38038448 PMCID: PMC10746156 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01979-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection is a significant cause of gastroenteritis, mainly in children. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of EPEC infection is an important research theme. EPEC modulates its host cell life by injecting via a type III secretion machinery cell death modulating effector proteins. For instance, while EspF and Map promote mitochondrial cell death, EspZ antagonizes cell death. We show that these effectors also control lysosomal exocytosis, i.e., the trafficking of lysosomes to the host cell plasma membrane. Interestingly, the capacity of these effectors to induce or protect against cell death correlates completely with their ability to induce LE, suggesting that the two processes are interconnected. Modulating host cell death is critical for establishing bacterial attachment to the host and subsequent dissemination. Therefore, exploring the modes of LE involvement in host cell death is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying EPEC infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Shtuhin-Rahav
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aaron Olender
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Alexander Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Etan Amse Bouman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tsafi Danieli
- The Protein Production Facility, Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Nir-Keren
- The Protein Production Facility, Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aryeh M. Weiss
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ipsita Nandi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Aroeti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
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4
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Alves AA, Bastin P. The hows and whys of amastigote flagellum motility in Trypanosoma cruzi. mBio 2023; 14:e0053123. [PMID: 37278521 PMCID: PMC10470501 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00531-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The protist Trypanosoma cruzi exhibits several extracellular stages characterized by the presence of a long and motile flagellum and one intracellular life cycle stage termed amastigote, which possesses a tiny flagellum barely exiting the flagellar pocket. This stage was so far described as replicative but immotile cells. Unexpectedly, the recent work of M. M. Won, T. Krüger, M. Engstler, and B. A. Burleigh (mBio 14:e03556-22, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03556-22) revealed that this short flagellum actually displays beating activity. This commentary explores how such a short flagellum could be constructed and why it could affect the parasite's survival inside the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Araujo Alves
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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5
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Chaiamarit T, Verhelle A, Chassefeyre R, Shukla N, Novak SW, Andrade LR, Manor U, Encalada SE. Mutant Prion Protein Endoggresomes are Hubs for Local Axonal Organelle-Cytoskeletal Remodeling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.19.533383. [PMID: 36993610 PMCID: PMC10055262 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.19.533383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophic axons comprising misfolded mutant prion protein (PrP) aggregates are a characteristic pathological feature in the prionopathies. These aggregates form inside endolysosomes -called endoggresomes-, within swellings that line up the length of axons of degenerating neurons. The pathways impaired by endoggresomes that result in failed axonal and consequently neuronal health, remain undefined. Here, we dissect the local subcellular impairments that occur within individual mutant PrP endoggresome swelling sites in axons. Quantitative high-resolution light and electron microscopy revealed the selective impairment of the acetylated vs tyrosinated microtubule cytoskeleton, while micro-domain image analysis of live organelle dynamics within swelling sites revealed deficits uniquely to the MT-based active transport system that translocates mitochondria and endosomes toward the synapse. Cytoskeletal and defective transport results in the retention of mitochondria, endosomes, and molecular motors at swelling sites, enhancing mitochondria-Rab7 late endosome contacts that induce mitochondrial fission via the activity of Rab7, and render mitochondria dysfunctional. Our findings point to mutant Pr Pendoggresome swelling sites as selective hubs of cytoskeletal deficits and organelle retention that drive the remodeling of organelles along axons. We propose that the dysfunction imparted locally within these axonal micro-domains spreads throughout the axon over time, leading to axonal dysfunction in prionopathies.
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6
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Ferri G, Musikant D, Edreira MM. Host Cell Rap1b mediates cAMP-dependent invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011191. [PMID: 36897926 PMCID: PMC10032529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi cAMP-mediated invasion has long been described, however, the detailed mechanism of action of the pathway activated by this cyclic nucleotide still remains unknown. We have recently demonstrated a crucial role for Epac in the cAMP-mediated invasion of the host cell. In this work, we gathered evidence indicating that the cAMP/Epac pathway is activated in different cells lines. In accordance, data collected from pull-down experiments designed to identify only the active form of Rap1b (Rap1b-GTP), and infection assays using cells transfected with a constitutively active mutant of Rap1b (Rap1b-G12V), strongly suggest the participation of Rap1b as mediator of the pathway. In addition to the activation of this small GTPase, fluorescence microscopy allowed us to demonstrate the relocalization of Rap1b to the entry site of the parasite. Moreover, phospho-mimetic and non-phosphorylable mutants of Rap1b were used to demonstrate a PKA-dependent antagonistic effect on the pathway, by phosphorylation of Rap1b, and potentially of Epac. Finally, Western Blot analysis was used to determine the involvement of the MEK/ERK signalling downstream of cAMP/Epac/Rap1b-mediated invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ferri
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Trypanosomas, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Musikant
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Trypanosomas, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin M Edreira
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Trypanosomas, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Ayyar BV, Ettayebi K, Salmen W, Karandikar UC, Neill FH, Tenge VR, Crawford SE, Bieberich E, Prasad BVV, Atmar RL, Estes MK. CLIC and membrane wound repair pathways enable pandemic norovirus entry and infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1148. [PMID: 36854760 PMCID: PMC9974061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, most cases of gastroenteritis are caused by pandemic GII.4 human norovirus (HuNoV) strains with no approved therapies or vaccines available. The cellular pathways that these strains exploit for cell entry and internalization are unknown. Here, using nontransformed human jejunal enteroids (HIEs) that recapitulate the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, we show that infectious GII.4 virions and virus-like particles are endocytosed using a unique combination of endosomal acidification-dependent clathrin-independent carriers (CLIC), acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-mediated lysosomal exocytosis, and membrane wound repair pathways. We found that besides the known interaction of the viral capsid Protruding (P) domain with host glycans, the Shell (S) domain interacts with both galectin-3 (gal-3) and apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X (ALIX), to orchestrate GII.4 cell entry. Recognition of the viral and cellular determinants regulating HuNoV entry provides insight into the infection process of a non-enveloped virus highlighting unique pathways and targets for developing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 and VAMC, Lexington, KY, 40502, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Barisch C, Holthuis JCM, Cosentino K. Membrane damage and repair: a thin line between life and death. Biol Chem 2023; 404:467-490. [PMID: 36810295 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Bilayered membranes separate cells from their surroundings and form boundaries between intracellular organelles and the cytosol. Gated transport of solutes across membranes enables cells to establish vital ion gradients and a sophisticated metabolic network. However, an advanced compartmentalization of biochemical reactions makes cells also particularly vulnerable to membrane damage inflicted by pathogens, chemicals, inflammatory responses or mechanical stress. To avoid potentially lethal consequences of membrane injuries, cells continuously monitor the structural integrity of their membranes and readily activate appropriate pathways to plug, patch, engulf or shed the damaged membrane area. Here, we review recent insights into the cellular mechanisms that underly an effective maintenance of membrane integrity. We discuss how cells respond to membrane lesions caused by bacterial toxins and endogenous pore-forming proteins, with a primary focus on the intimate crosstalk between membrane proteins and lipids during wound formation, detection and elimination. We also discuss how a delicate balance between membrane damage and repair determines cell fate upon bacterial infection or activation of pro-inflammatory cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Barisch
- Molecular Infection Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katia Cosentino
- Molecular Cell Biophysics Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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9
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Valigurová A, Kolářová I. Unrevealing the Mystery of Latent Leishmaniasis: What Cells Can Host Leishmania? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020246. [PMID: 36839518 PMCID: PMC9967396 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. (Kinetoplastida) are unicellular parasites causing leishmaniases, neglected tropical diseases of medical and veterinary importance. In the vertebrate host, Leishmania parasites multiply intracellularly in professional phagocytes, such as monocytes and macrophages. However, their close relative with intracellular development-Trypanosoma cruzi-can unlock even non-professional phagocytes. Since Leishmania and T. cruzi have similar organelle equipment, is it possible that Leishmania can invade and even proliferate in cells other than the professional phagocytes? Additionally, could these cells play a role in the long-term persistence of Leishmania in the host, even in cured individuals? In this review, we provide (i) an overview of non-canonical Leishmania host cells and (ii) an insight into the strategies that Leishmania may use to enter them. Many studies point to fibroblasts as already established host cells that are important in latent leishmaniasis and disease epidemiology, as they support Leishmania transformation into amastigotes and even their multiplication. To invade them, Leishmania causes damage to their plasma membrane and exploits the subsequent repair mechanism via lysosome-triggered endocytosis. Unrevealing the interactions between Leishmania and its non-canonical host cells may shed light on the persistence of these parasites in vertebrate hosts, a way to control latent leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Valigurová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (I.K.)
| | - Iva Kolářová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (I.K.)
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10
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Spirandelli da Costa M, Borges BC, Marques IT, de Oliveira RC, Teixeira TL, de Gouveia Santos J, Silva CVD. Pentachloropseudilin treatment impairs host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200349. [PMID: 35839379 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pentachloropseudilin (PClP) is a reversible and allosteric inhibitor of type 1 myosin. Here, we addressed the impact of PClP treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi and mammalian host cell on the parasite migration, cell adhesion and invasion. We observed that PClP was not toxic to either T. cruzi or host cell. Moreover, treatment of T. cruzi with PClP inhbited parasite motility, host cell adhesion and invasion. Treatment of host cell with PClP also impaired parasite invasion probably by decreasing lysosome migration to the entry site of the parasite. Therefore, PClP treatment impaired fundamental processes necessary for a successful T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Imunologia, Rua Piauí, Bloco 2B sala 200, 38400096, Uberlândia, BRAZIL
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11
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Vasconcelos-Cardoso M, Batista-Almeida D, Rios-Barros LV, Castro-Gomes T, Girao H. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying plasma membrane functionality and integrity. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275922. [PMID: 35801807 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane not only protects the cell from the extracellular environment, acting as a selective barrier, but also regulates cellular events that originate at the cell surface, playing a key role in various biological processes that are essential for the preservation of cell homeostasis. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and functionality is of utmost importance. Cells have developed mechanisms to ensure the quality of proteins that inhabit the cell surface, as well as strategies to cope with injuries inflicted to the plasma membrane. Defects in these mechanisms can lead to the development or onset of several diseases. Despite the importance of these processes, a comprehensive and holistic perspective of plasma membrane quality control is still lacking. To tackle this gap, in this Review, we provide a thorough overview of the mechanisms underlying the identification and targeting of membrane proteins that are to be removed from the cell surface, as well as the membrane repair mechanisms triggered in both physiological and pathological conditions. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying protein quality control at the plasma membrane can reveal promising and unanticipated targets for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vasconcelos-Cardoso
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Batista-Almeida
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Valeria Rios-Barros
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Henrique Girao
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Bonifácio BS, Bonfim-Melo A, Mortara RA, Ferreira ÉR. Successful invasion of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes is dependent of host cell actin cytoskeleton. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12903. [PMID: 35279903 PMCID: PMC9314811 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes (MTs) or tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCTs) is a complex process involving host-parasite cellular and molecular interactions. Particularly, the involvement of host cell actin cytoskeleton during trypomastigote invasion is poorly investigated and still, the results controversial. In the present work we compare side by side both trypomastigote forms and employing state of art live cell imaging we show for the first time the dynamic mobilization of host cell actin cytoskeleton to MT and TCT invasion sites. Moreover, cytochalasin D, latrunculin B, and jasplakinolide-pretreated cells inhibited MT and TCT invasion. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that TCT invasion decreased in RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc-42 GTPase-depleted cells, whereas MT invasion decreased only in Cdc42-and RhoA-depleted cells. Interestingly, depletion of the three studied GTPases induced a scattered lysosomal distribution throughout the cytosol. These observations indicate that GTPase depletion is sufficient to impair parasite invasion despite the importance of lysosome spread in trypomastigote invasion. Together, our results demonstrate that the host cell actin cytoskeleton plays a direct role during TCT and MT invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Souza Bonifácio
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexis Bonfim-Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Éden Ramalho Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,The University of York, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, Wentworth Way, Heslington
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Oliveira ACS, Rezende L, Gorshkov V, Melo-Braga MN, Verano-Braga T, Fernandes-Braga W, Guadalupe JLDM, de Menezes GB, Kjeldsen F, de Andrade HM, Andrade LDO. Biological and Molecular Effects of Trypanosoma cruzi Residence in a LAMP-Deficient Intracellular Environment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:788482. [PMID: 35071040 PMCID: PMC8770540 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.788482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi invades non-professional phagocytic cells by subverting their membrane repair process, which is dependent on membrane injury and cell signaling, intracellular calcium increase, and lysosome recruitment. Cells lacking lysosome-associated membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LAMP1 and LAMP2) are less permissive to parasite invasion but more prone to parasite intracellular multiplication. Several passages through a different intracellular environment can significantly change T. cruzi's gene expression profile. Here, we evaluated whether one single passage through LAMP-deficient (KO) or wild-type (WT) fibroblasts, thus different intracellular environments, could influence T. cruzi Y strain trypomastigotes' ability to invade L6 myoblasts and WT fibroblasts host cells. Parasites released from LAMP2 KO cells (TcY-L2-/-) showed higher invasion, calcium signaling, and membrane injury rates, for the assays in L6 myoblasts, when compared to those released from WT (TcY-WT) or LAMP1/2 KO cells (TcY-L1/2-/-). On the other hand, TcY-L1/2-/- showed higher invasion, calcium signaling, and cell membrane injury rates, for the assays in WT fibroblasts, compared to TcY-WT and TcY-L1/2-/-. Albeit TcY-WT presented an intermediary invasion and calcium signaling rates, compared to the others, in WT fibroblasts, they induced lower levels of injury, which reinforces that signals mediated by surface membrane protein interactions also have a significant contribution to trigger host cell calcium signals. These results clearly show that parasites released from WT or LAMP KO cells are distinct from each other. Additionally, these parasites' ability to invade the cell may be distinct depending on which cell type they interact with. Since these alterations most likely would reflect differences among parasite surface molecules, we also evaluated their proteome. We identified few protein complexes, membrane, and secreted proteins regulated in our dataset. Among those are some members of MASP, mucins, trans-sialidases, and gp63 proteins family, which are known to play an important role during parasite infection and could correlate to TcY-WT, TcY-L1/2-/-, and TcY-L2-/- biological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Carolline Silva Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute—ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luisa Rezende
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute—ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marcella Nunes Melo-Braga
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute—ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Verano-Braga
- Hypertension Lab/Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute—ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute—ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jorge Luís de Melo Guadalupe
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute—ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista de Menezes
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute—ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frank Kjeldsen
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hélida Monteiro de Andrade
- Laboratory of Leishmanioses, Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute—ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute—ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Peters S, Fohmann I, Rudel T, Schubert-Unkmeir A. A Comprehensive Review on the Interplay between Neisseria spp. and Host Sphingolipid Metabolites. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113201. [PMID: 34831424 PMCID: PMC8623382 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids represent a class of structural related lipids involved in membrane biology and various cellular processes including cell growth, apoptosis, inflammation and migration. Over the past decade, sphingolipids have become the focus of intensive studies regarding their involvement in infectious diseases. Pathogens can manipulate the sphingolipid metabolism resulting in cell membrane reorganization and receptor recruitment to facilitate their entry. They may recruit specific host sphingolipid metabolites to establish a favorable niche for intracellular survival and proliferation. In contrast, some sphingolipid metabolites can also act as a first line defense against bacteria based on their antimicrobial activity. In this review, we will focus on the strategies employed by pathogenic Neisseria spp. to modulate the sphingolipid metabolism and hijack the sphingolipid balance in the host to promote cellular colonization, invasion and intracellular survival. Novel techniques and innovative approaches will be highlighted that allow imaging of sphingolipid derivatives in the host cell as well as in the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Peters
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (S.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Ingo Fohmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (S.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (S.P.); (I.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-31-46721; Fax: +49-931-31-46445
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Loch L, Onofre TS, Rodrigues JPF, Yoshida N. Shedding of Trypanosoma cruzi Surface Molecules That Regulate Host Cell Invasion Involves Phospholipase C and Increases Upon Sterol Depletion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:769722. [PMID: 34737979 PMCID: PMC8560688 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.769722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacyclic trypomastigote (MT) forms of Trypanosoma cruzi have been shown to release into medium gp82 and gp90, the stage-specific surface molecules that regulate host cell invasion, either in vesicles or in soluble form. Here, we found that during interaction of poorly invasive G strain with the host cell, gp82 and gp90 were released in vesicle-like forms, whereas no such release by highly invasive CL strain was observed. Shedding of vesicles of varying sizes by CL and G strains was visualized by scanning electron microscopy, and the protein profile of conditioned medium (CM) of the two strains was similar, but the content of gp82 and gp90 differed, with both molecules being detected in G strain as bands of high intensity in Western blotting, whereas in CL strain, they were barely detectable. Confocal images revealed a distinct distribution of gp82 and gp90 on MT surface of CL and G strains. In cell invasion assays, addition of G strain CM resulted in decreased CL strain internalization. Depletion of gp82 in G strain CM, by treatment with specific mAb-coupled magnetic beads, increased its inhibitory effect on CL strain invasion, in contrast to CM depleted in gp90. The effect of cholesterol-depleting drug methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) on gp82 and gp90 release by MTs was also examined. G strain MTs, untreated or treated with MβCD, were incubated in serum-containing medium or in nutrient-depleted PBS++, and the CM generated under these conditions was analyzed by Western blotting. In PBS++, gp82 and gp90 were released at lower levels by untreated MTs, as compared with MβCD-treated parasites. CM from untreated and MβCD-treated G strain, generated in PBS++, inhibited CL strain internalization. Treatment of CL strain MTs with MβCD resulted in increased gp82 and gp90 shedding and in decreased host cell invasion. The involvement of phospholipase C (PLC) on gp82 and gp90 shedding was also investigated. The CM from G strain MTs pretreated with specific PLC inhibitor contained lower levels of gp82 and gp90, as compared with untreated parasites. Our results contribute to shed light on the mechanism by which T. cruzi releases surface molecules implicated in host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Loch
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Souza Onofre
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Ferreira Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Parasite-Mediated Remodeling of the Host Microfilament Cytoskeleton Enables Rapid Egress of Trypanosoma cruzi following Membrane Rupture. mBio 2021; 12:e0098821. [PMID: 34154418 PMCID: PMC8262949 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00988-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas’ disease arises as a direct consequence of the lytic cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the mammalian host. While invasion is well studied for this pathogen, study of egress has been largely neglected. Here, we provide the first description of T. cruzi egress documenting a coordinated mechanism by which T. cruzi engineers its escape from host cells in which it has proliferated and which is essential for maintenance of infection and pathogenesis. Our results indicate that this parasite egress is a sudden event involving coordinated remodeling of host cell cytoskeleton and subsequent rupture of host cell plasma membrane. We document that host cells maintain plasma membrane integrity until immediately prior to parasite release and report the sequential transformation of the host cell’s actin cytoskeleton from normal meshwork in noninfected cells to spheroidal cages—a process initiated shortly after amastigogenesis. Quantification revealed gradual reduction in F-actin over the course of infection, and using cytoskeletal preparations and electron microscopy, we were able to observe disruption of the F-actin proximal to intracellular trypomastigotes. Finally, Western blotting experiments suggest actin degradation driven by parasite proteases, suggesting that degradation of cytoskeleton is a principal component controlling the initiation of egress. Our results provide the first description of the cellular mechanism that regulates the lytic component of the T. cruzi lytic cycle. We show graphically how it is possible to preserve the envelope of host cell plasma membrane during intracellular proliferation of the parasite and how, in cells packed with amastigotes, differentiation into trypomastigotes may trigger sudden egress.
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Rodríguez-Bejarano OH, Avendaño C, Patarroyo MA. Mechanisms Associated with Trypanosoma cruzi Host Target Cell Adhesion, Recognition and Internalization. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:534. [PMID: 34207491 PMCID: PMC8227291 DOI: 10.3390/life11060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mainly transmitted by hematophagous insect bites. The parasite's lifecycle has an obligate intracellular phase (amastigotes), while metacyclic and bloodstream-trypomastigotes are its infective forms. Mammalian host cell recognition of the parasite involves the interaction of numerous parasite and host cell plasma membrane molecules and domains (known as lipid rafts), thereby ensuring internalization by activating endocytosis mechanisms triggered by various signaling cascades in both host cells and the parasite. This increases cytoplasmatic Ca2+ and cAMP levels; cytoskeleton remodeling and endosome and lysosome intracellular system association are triggered, leading to parasitophorous vacuole formation. Its membrane becomes modified by containing the parasite's infectious form within it. Once it has become internalized, the parasite seeks parasitophorous vacuole lysis for continuing its intracellular lifecycle, fragmenting such a vacuole's membrane. This review covers the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in T. cruzi adhesion to, recognition of and internalization in host target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernán Rodríguez-Bejarano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| | - Catalina Avendaño
- Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Universidad Santo Tomás, Carrera 9#51-11, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
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18
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Onofre TS, Rodrigues JPF, Shio MT, Macedo S, Juliano MA, Yoshida N. Interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi Gp82 With Host Cell LAMP2 Induces Protein Kinase C Activation and Promotes Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:627888. [PMID: 33777840 PMCID: PMC7996063 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.627888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface molecule gp82 of metacyclic trypomastigote (MT) forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, mediates the host cell invasion, a process critical for the establishment of infection. Gp82 is known to bind to the target cell in a receptor-dependent manner, triggering Ca2+ signal, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and lysosome spreading. The host cell receptor for gp82 was recently identified as LAMP2, the major lysosome membrane-associated protein. To further clarify the mechanisms of MT invasion, we aimed in this study at identifying the LAMP2 domain that interacts with gp82 and investigated whether target cell PKC and ERK1/2, previously suggested to be implicated in MT invasion, are activated by gp82. Interaction of MT, or the recombinant gp82 (r-gp82), with human epithelial HeLa cells induced the activation of Ca2+-dependent PKC and ERK1/2. The LAMP2 sequence predicted to bind gp82 was mapped and the synthetic peptide based on that sequence inhibited MT invasion, impaired the binding of r-gp82 to HeLa cells, and blocked the PKC and ERK1/2 activation induced by r-gp82. Treatment of HeLa cells with specific inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase resulted in inhibition of r-gp82-induced PKC and ERK1/2 activation, as well as in alteration of the actin cytoskeleton architecture. PKC activation by r-gp82 was also impaired by treatment of HeLa cells with inhibitor of phospholipase C, which mediates the production of diacylglycerol, which activates PKC, and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate that releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Taken together, our results indicate that recognition of MT gp82 by LAMP2 induces in the host cell the activation of phosholipase C, with generation of products that contribute for PKC activation and the downstream ERK1/2. This chain of events leads to the actin cytoskeleton disruption and lysosome spreading, promoting MT internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Souza Onofre
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Ferreira Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Tiemi Shio
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silene Macedo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Ferri G, Edreira MM. All Roads Lead to Cytosol: Trypanosoma cruzi Multi-Strategic Approach to Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:634793. [PMID: 33747982 PMCID: PMC7973469 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.634793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T. cruzi has a complex life cycle involving four developmental stages namely, epimastigotes, metacyclic trypomastigotes, amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes. Although trypomastigotes are the infective forms, extracellular amastigotes have also shown the ability to invade host cells. Both stages can invade a broad spectrum of host tissues, in fact, almost any nucleated cell can be the target of infection. To add complexity, the parasite presents high genetic variability with differential characteristics such as infectivity. In this review, we address the several strategies T. cruzi has developed to subvert the host cell signaling machinery in order to gain access to the host cell cytoplasm. Special attention is made to the numerous parasite/host protein interactions and to the set of signaling cascades activated during the formation of a parasite-containing vesicle, the parasitophorous vacuole, from which the parasite escapes to the cytosol, where differentiation and replication take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ferri
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin M Edreira
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Trypanosoma, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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20
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Zhen Y, Radulovic M, Vietri M, Stenmark H. Sealing holes in cellular membranes. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106922. [PMID: 33644904 PMCID: PMC8013788 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells, which is essential for their viability and functions, is ensured by single or double bilayer membranes that separate the cell from the exterior and form boundaries between the cell’s organelles and the cytosol. Nascent nuclear envelopes and autophagosomes, which both are enveloped by double membranes, need to be sealed during the late stage of their biogenesis. On the other hand, the integrity of cellular membranes such as the plasma membrane, lysosomes and the nuclear envelope can be compromised by pathogens, chemicals, radiation, inflammatory responses and mechanical stress. There are cellular programmes that restore membrane integrity after injury. Here, we review cellular mechanisms that have evolved to maintain membrane integrity during organelle biogenesis and after injury, including membrane scission mediated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), vesicle patching and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhen
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marina Vietri
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Torrecilhas AC, Soares RP, Schenkman S, Fernández-Prada C, Olivier M. Extracellular Vesicles in Trypanosomatids: Host Cell Communication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:602502. [PMID: 33381465 PMCID: PMC7767885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.602502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida) are parasitic protozoan causing Chagas disease, African Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniases worldwide. They are vector borne diseases transmitted by triatomine bugs, Tsetse fly, and sand flies, respectively. Those diseases cause enormous economic losses and morbidity affecting not only rural and poverty areas but are also spreading to urban areas. During the parasite-host interaction, those organisms release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are crucial for the immunomodulatory events triggered by the parasites. EVs are involved in cell-cell communication and can act as important pro-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, interface between EVs and host immune responses are crucial for the immunopathological events that those diseases exhibit. Additionally, EVs from these organisms have a role in the invertebrate hosts digestive tracts prior to parasite transmission. This review summarizes the available data on how EVs from those medically important trypanosomatids affect their interaction with vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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22
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Corrotte M, Cerasoli M, Maeda FY, Andrews NW. Endophilin-A2-dependent tubular endocytosis promotes plasma membrane repair and parasite invasion. J Cell Sci 2020; 134:jcs249524. [PMID: 33093240 PMCID: PMC7725609 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of caveolae has previously been implicated in the repair of plasma membrane wounds. Here, we show that caveolin-1-deficient fibroblasts lacking caveolae upregulate a tubular endocytic pathway and have a reduced capacity to reseal after permeabilization with pore-forming toxins compared with wild-type cells. Silencing endophilin-A2 expression inhibited fission of endocytic tubules and further reduced plasma membrane repair in cells lacking caveolin-1, supporting a role for tubular endocytosis as an alternative pathway for the removal of membrane lesions. Endophilin-A2 was visualized in association with cholera toxin B-containing endosomes and was recruited to recently formed intracellular vacuoles containing Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite that utilizes the plasma membrane wounding repair pathway to invade host cells. Endophilin-A2 deficiency inhibited T. cruzi invasion, and fibroblasts deficient in both caveolin-1 and endophilin-A2 did not survive prolonged exposure to the parasites. These findings reveal a novel crosstalk between caveolin-1 and endophilin-A2 in the regulation of clathrin-independent endocytosis and plasma membrane repair, a process that is subverted by T. cruzi parasites for cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Corrotte
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mark Cerasoli
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Fernando Y Maeda
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Mello-Vieira J, Enguita FJ, de Koning-Ward TF, Zuzarte-Luís V, Mota MM. Plasmodium translocon component EXP2 facilitates hepatocyte invasion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5654. [PMID: 33159090 PMCID: PMC7648069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites possess a translocon that exports parasite proteins into the infected erythrocyte. Although the translocon components are also expressed during the mosquito and liver stage of infection, their function remains unexplored. Here, using a combination of genetic and chemical assays, we show that the translocon component Exported Protein 2 (EXP2) is critical for invasion of hepatocytes. EXP2 is a pore-forming protein that is secreted from the sporozoite upon contact with the host cell milieu. EXP2-deficient sporozoites are impaired in invasion, which can be rescued by the exogenous administration of recombinant EXP2 and alpha-hemolysin (an S. aureus pore-forming protein), as well as by acid sphingomyelinase. The latter, together with the negative impact of chemical and genetic inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase on invasion, reveals that EXP2 pore-forming activity induces hepatocyte membrane repair, which plays a key role in parasite invasion. Overall, our findings establish a novel and critical function for EXP2 that leads to an active participation of the host cell in Plasmodium sporozoite invasion, challenging the current view of the establishment of liver stage infection. While the role of Plasmodium EXP2 protein as translocon component of blood stage parasites is established, its functional role in liver stage parasites remains unclear. Here, Mello-Vieira et al. reveal that EXP2 pore-forming activity induces hepatocyte membrane repair and hence is critical for hepatocyte invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Mello-Vieira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Vanessa Zuzarte-Luís
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maria M Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
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24
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O'Neal AJ, Butler LR, Rolandelli A, Gilk SD, Pedra JH. Lipid hijacking: a unifying theme in vector-borne diseases. eLife 2020; 9:61675. [PMID: 33118933 PMCID: PMC7595734 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne illnesses comprise a significant portion of human maladies, representing 17% of global infections. Transmission of vector-borne pathogens to mammals primarily occurs by hematophagous arthropods. It is speculated that blood may provide a unique environment that aids in the replication and pathogenesis of these microbes. Lipids and their derivatives are one component enriched in blood and are essential for microbial survival. For instance, the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, among others, have been shown to scavenge and manipulate host lipids for structural support, metabolism, replication, immune evasion, and disease severity. In this Review, we will explore the importance of lipid hijacking for the growth and persistence of these microbes in both mammalian hosts and arthropod vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya J O'Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - L Rainer Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Agustin Rolandelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Stacey D Gilk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Joao Hf Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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25
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Salassa BN, Cueto JA, Gambarte Tudela J, Romano PS. Endocytic Rabs Are Recruited to the Trypanosoma cruzi Parasitophorous Vacuole and Contribute to the Process of Infection in Non-professional Phagocytic Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:536985. [PMID: 33194787 PMCID: PMC7658340 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.536985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the parasite causative of Chagas disease, a highly disseminated illness endemic in Latin-American countries. T. cruzi has a complex life cycle that involves mammalian hosts and insect vectors both of which exhibits different parasitic forms. Trypomastigotes are the infective forms capable to invade several types of host cells from mammals. T. cruzi infection process comprises two sequential steps, the formation and the maturation of the Trypanosoma cruzi parasitophorous vacuole. Host Rab GTPases are proteins that control the intracellular vesicular traffic by regulating budding, transport, docking, and tethering of vesicles. From over 70 Rab GTPases identified in mammalian cells only two, Rab5 and Rab7 have been found in the T. cruzi vacuole to date. In this work, we have characterized the role of the endocytic, recycling, and secretory routes in the T. cruzi infection process in CHO cells, by studying the most representative Rabs of these pathways. We found that endocytic Rabs are selectively recruited to the vacuole of T. cruzi, among them Rab22a, Rab5, and Rab21 right away after the infection followed by Rab7 and Rab39a at later times. However, neither recycling nor secretory Rabs were present in the vacuole membrane at the times studied. Interestingly loss of function of endocytic Rabs by the use of their dominant-negative mutant forms significantly decreases T. cruzi infection. These data highlight the contribution of these proteins and the endosomal route in the process of T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betiana Nebaí Salassa
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi la célula hospedadora, Instituto de Histología y Embriologìa, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IHEM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Juan Agustín Cueto
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi la célula hospedadora, Instituto de Histología y Embriologìa, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IHEM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Julián Gambarte Tudela
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Patricia Silvia Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi la célula hospedadora, Instituto de Histología y Embriologìa, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IHEM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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26
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Batista MF, Nájera CA, Meneghelli I, Bahia D. The Parasitic Intracellular Lifestyle of Trypanosomatids: Parasitophorous Vacuole Development and Survival. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:396. [PMID: 32587854 PMCID: PMC7297907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The trypanosomatid (protozoan) parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are causative agents of Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis, respectively. They display high morphological plasticity, are capable of developing in both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, and are the only trypanosomatids that can survive and multiply inside mammalian host cells. During internalization by host cells, these parasites are lodged in "parasitophorous vacuoles" (PVs) comprised of host cell endolysosomal system components. PVs effectively shelter parasites within the host cell. PV development and maturation (acidification, acquisition of membrane markers, and/or volumetric expansion) precede parasite escape from the vacuole and ultimately from the host cell, which are key determinants of infective burden and persistence. PV biogenesis varies, depending on trypanosomatid species, in terms of morphology (e.g., size), biochemical composition, and parasite-mediated processes that coopt host cell machinery. PVs play essential roles in the intracellular development (i.e., morphological differentiation and/or multiplication) of T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. They are of great research interest as potential gateways for drug delivery systems and other therapeutic strategies for suppression of parasite multiplication and control of the large spectrum of diseases caused by these trypanosomatids. This mini-review focuses on mechanisms of PV biogenesis, and processes whereby PVs of T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. promote parasite persistence within and dissemination among mammalian host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Ghartey-Kwansah G, Aboagye B, Adu-Nti F, Opoku YK, Abu EK. Clearing or subverting the enemy: Role of autophagy in protozoan infections. Life Sci 2020; 247:117453. [PMID: 32088215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites are evolutionarily divergent, unicellular eukaryotic pathogens representing one of the essential sources of parasitic diseases. These parasites significantly affect the economy and cause public health burdens globally. Protozoan parasites share many cellular features and pathways with their respective host cells. This includes autophagy, a process responsible for self-degradation of the cell's components. There is conservation of the central structural and functional machinery for autophagy in most of the eukaryotic phyla, however, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma possess a decreased number of recognizable autophagy-related proteins (ATG). Plasmodium noticeably lacks clear orthologs of the initiating kinase ATG1/ULK1/2, and both Plasmodium and Toxoplasma lack proteins involved in the nucleation of autophagosomes. These organisms have essential apicoplast, a plastid-like non-photosynthetic organelle, which is an adaptation that is used in penetrating the host cell. Furthermore, available evidence suggests that Leishmania, an intracellular protozoan parasite, induces autophagy in macrophages. The autophagic pathway in Trypanosoma cruzi is activated during metacyclogenesis, a process responsible for the infective forms of parasites. Therefore, numerous pathogens have developed strategies to impair the autophagic mechanism in phagocytes. Regulating autophagy is essential to maintain cellular health as adjustments in the autophagy pathway have been linked to the progression of several physiological and pathological conditions in humans. In this review, we report current advances in autophagy in parasites and their host cells, focusing on the ramifications of these studies in the design of potential anti-protozoan therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Benjamin Aboagye
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Frank Adu-Nti
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yeboah Kwaku Opoku
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Science, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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28
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Horta MF, Andrade LO, Martins-Duarte ÉS, Castro-Gomes T. Cell invasion by intracellular parasites - the many roads to infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/4/jcs232488. [PMID: 32079731 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasites from the genera Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania and from the phylum Microsporidia are, respectively, the causative agents of toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and microsporidiosis, illnesses that kill millions of people around the globe. Crossing the host cell plasma membrane (PM) is an obstacle these parasites must overcome to establish themselves intracellularly and so cause diseases. The mechanisms of cell invasion are quite diverse and include (1) formation of moving junctions that drive parasites into host cells, as for the protozoans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., (2) subversion of endocytic pathways used by the host cell to repair PM, as for Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania, (3) induction of phagocytosis as for Leishmania or (4) endocytosis of parasites induced by specialized structures, such as the polar tubes present in microsporidian species. Understanding the early steps of cell entry is essential for the development of vaccines and drugs for the prevention or treatment of these diseases, and thus enormous research efforts have been made to unveil their underlying biological mechanisms. This Review will focus on these mechanisms and the factors involved, with an emphasis on the recent insights into the cell biology of invasion by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fátima Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana Oliveira Andrade
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Érica Santos Martins-Duarte
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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29
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Trypanosoma cruzi extracellular amastigotes selectively trigger the PI3K/Akt and Erk pathways during HeLa cell invasion. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:485-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Andrade LO. Plasma membrane repair involvement in parasitic and other pathogen infections. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 84:217-238. [PMID: 31610864 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens depend on specific mechanisms to be able to gain entry and survive into their host cells. For this, they subvert pathways involved in physiological cellular processes. Here we are going to focus on how two protozoan parasites, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania sp, which may cause severe diseases in humans, use plasma membrane repair (PMR) mechanisms to gain entry in host intracellular environment. T. cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a disease originally endemic of central and South America, but that has become widespread around the globe. T. cruzi is able to invade any nucleated cell, but muscle cells are usually the main targets during chronic disease. During host cell contact, the parasite interacts with proteins at the host cell surface and may cause damage to their membrane, which has been shown to be responsible for inducing intracellular calcium increase and PMR-related events that culminate with parasite internalization. The same was recently observed for Leishmania sp, when infecting nonprofessional phagocytic cells, such as fibroblasts. Other pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria may also use PMR-related events for invasion and vacuole escape/maturation. In some cases, PMR may also be responsible to modulate pathogen intracellular development. These other PMR roles in pathogen infections will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana O Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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31
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Ramírez-Montiel F, Mendoza-Macías C, Andrade-Guillén S, Rangel-Serrano Á, Páramo-Pérez I, Rivera-Cuéllar PE, España-Sánchez BL, Luna-Bárcenas G, Anaya-Velázquez F, Franco B, Padilla-Vaca F. Plasma membrane damage repair is mediated by an acid sphingomyelinase in Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008016. [PMID: 31461501 PMCID: PMC6713333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogen that during its infective process confronts the host defenses, which damages the amoebic plasma membrane (PM), resulting in the loss of viability. However, it is unknown whether amoebic trophozoites are able to repair their PM when it is damaged. Acid sphingomyelinases (aSMases) have been reported in mammalian cells to promote endocytosis and removal of PM lesions. In this work, six predicted amoebic genes encoding for aSMases were found to be transcribed in the HM1:IMSS strain, finding that the EhaSM6 gene is the most transcribed in basal growth conditions and rendered a functional protein. The secreted aSMase activity detected was stimulated by Mg+2 and inhibited by Co+2. Trophozoites that overexpress the EhaSM6 gene (HM1-SM6HA) exhibit an increase of 2-fold in the secreted aSMase activity. This transfectant trophozoites exposed to pore-forming molecules (SLO, Magainin, β-Defensin 2 and human complement) exhibited an increase from 6 to 25-fold in the secreted aSMase activity which correlated with higher amoebic viability in a Ca+2 dependent process. However, other agents that affect the PM such as hydrogen peroxide also induced an increase of secreted aSMase, but to a lesser extent. The aSMase6 enzyme is N- and C-terminal processed. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy showed that trophozoites treated with SLO presented a migration of lysosomes containing the aSMase towards the PM, inducing the formation of membrane patches and endosomes in the control strain. These cellular structures were increased in the overexpressing strain, indicating the involvement of the aSMase6 in the PM injury repair. The pore-forming molecules induced an increase in the expression of EhaSM1, 2, 5 and 6 genes, meanwhile, hydrogen peroxide induced an increase in all of them. In all the conditions evaluated, the EhaSM6 gene exhibited the highest levels of induction. Overall, these novel findings show that the aSMase6 enzyme from E. histolytica promotes the repair of the PM damaged with pore-forming molecules to prevent losing cell integrity. This novel system could act when encountered with the lytic defense systems of the host. The host-amoeba relationship is based on a series of interplays between host defense mechanisms and parasite survival strategies. While host cells elaborate diverse mechanisms for pathogen elimination, Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites have also developed complex strategies to counteract host immune response and facilitate its own survival while confronting host defenses. E. histolytica exposed to pore-forming proteins such as β-Defensin 2, human complement and Streptolysin O (SLO), increases the activity of secreted aSMase, which is related to greater amoebic viability. Other agents that affect plasma membrane (PM) may also increase secreted aSMase but to a lesser extent. SLO form pores in the PM of E. histolytica trophozoites that initiates the uncontrolled entry of Ca2+, recognized as the primary trigger for cell responses which favors the migration of the lysosomes to the periphery of the cell, fuses with the PM and release their content, including aSMase to the external side of the cell. The secreted aSMase favoring the internalization of the lesion for its degradation in phagolysosomes. During the early stages of PM damage, the pores are rapidly blocked by patch-like structures that prevent the lysis of the trophozoite and immediately begin internalizing the lesion. The aSMase6 overexpression favors the repair of the lesion and the survival of E. histolytica trophozoites. Pore-forming proteins induced an increase in the expression of EhaSM1, 2, 5 and 6 genes, meanwhile oxidative stress induced an increase in all of them. Here we report, for the first time, that E. histolytica possess a mechanism for PM damage repair mediated by aSMase similar to the system described in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Ramírez-Montiel
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Claudia Mendoza-Macías
- Departmento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Sairy Andrade-Guillén
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ángeles Rangel-Serrano
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Itzel Páramo-Pérez
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Paris E. Rivera-Cuéllar
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - B. Liliana España-Sánchez
- CONACYT_Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ) S.C. Parque Tecnológico, San Fandila, Querétaro, México
| | - Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV) Unidad Querétaro, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Fernando Anaya-Velázquez
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- * E-mail: (BF); (FPV)
| | - Felipe Padilla-Vaca
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- * E-mail: (BF); (FPV)
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Intracellular protozoan parasites: living probes of the host cell surface molecular repertoire. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:116-123. [PMID: 31349210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular protozoans co-evolved with their mammalian host cells a range of strategies to cope with the composite and dynamic cell surface features they encounter during migration and infection. Therefore, these single-celled eukaryotic parasites represent a fascinating source of living probes for precisely capturing the dynamic coupling between the membrane and contractile cortex components of the cell surface. Such biomechanical changes drive a constant re-sculpting of the host cell surface, enabling rapid adjustments that contribute to cellular homeostasis. As emphasized in this review, through the design of specific molecular devices and stratagems to interfere with the biomechanics of the mammalian cell surface these parasitic microbes escape from dangerous or unfavourable microenvironments by breaching host cell membranes, directing the membrane repair machinery to wounded membrane areas, or minimizing membrane assault using discretion and speed when invading host cells for sustained residence.
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Neisseria meningitidis Type IV Pili Trigger Ca 2+-Dependent Lysosomal Trafficking of the Acid Sphingomyelinase To Enhance Surface Ceramide Levels. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00410-19. [PMID: 31160362 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00410-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a lipid hydrolase that converts sphingomyelin to ceramide and that can be activated by various cellular stress mechanisms, including bacterial pathogens. Vesicle transportation or trafficking of ASM from the lysosomal compartment to the cell membrane is a prerequisite for its activation in response to bacterial infections; however, the effectors and mechanisms of ASM translocation and activation are poorly defined. Our recent work documented the key importance of ASM for Neisseria meningitidis uptake into human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). We clearly identified OpcA to be one bacterial effector promoting ASM translocation and activity, though it became clear that additional bacterial components were involved, as up to 80% of ASM activity and ceramide generation was retained in cells infected with an opcA-deficient mutant. We hypothesized that N. meningitidis might use pilus components to promote the translocation of ASM into HBMEC. Indeed, we found that both live, piliated N. meningitidis and pilus-enriched fractions trigger transient ASM surface display, followed by the formation of ceramide-rich platforms (CRPs). By using indirect immunocytochemistry and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, we show that the overall number of CRPs with a size of ∼80 nm in the plasma membrane is significantly increased after exposure to pilus-enriched fractions. Infection with live bacteria as well as exposure to pilus-enriched fractions transiently increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels in HBMEC, and this was found to be important for ASM surface display mediated by lysosomal exocytosis, as depletion of cytosolic Ca2+ resulted in a significant decrease in ASM surface levels, ASM activity, and CRP formation.
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Andrews NW. Solving the secretory acid sphingomyelinase puzzle: Insights from lysosome-mediated parasite invasion and plasma membrane repair. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13065. [PMID: 31155842 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a lysosomal enzyme that cleaves the phosphorylcholine head group of sphingomyelin, generating ceramide. Recessive mutations in SMPD1, the gene encoding ASM, cause Niemann-Pick Disease Types A and B. These disorders are attributed not only to lipid accumulation inside lysosomes but also to changes on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, highlighting an extracellular role for ASM. Secretion of ASM occurs under physiological conditions, and earlier studies proposed two forms of the enzyme, one resident in lysosomes and another form that would be diverted to the secretory pathway. Such differential intracellular trafficking has been difficult to explain because there is only one SMPD1 transcript that generates an active enzyme, found primarily inside lysosomes. Unexpectedly, studies of cell invasion by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi revealed that conventional lysosomes can fuse with the plasma membrane in response to elevations in intracellular Ca2+ , releasing their contents extracellularly. ASM exocytosed from lysosomes remodels the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, promoting parasite invasion and wound repair. Here, we discuss the possibility that ASM release during lysosomal exocytosis, in response to various forms of stress, may represent a major source of the secretory form of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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35
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Rodrigues JPF, Souza Onofre T, Barbosa BC, Ferreira ÉR, Bonfim‐Melo A, Yoshida N. Host cell protein LAMP-2 is the receptor for Trypanosoma cruzi surface molecule gp82 that mediates invasion. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13003. [PMID: 30609224 PMCID: PMC6590364 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote (MT) is mediated by MT-specific surface molecule gp82, which binds to a still unidentified receptor, inducing lysosome spreading and exocytosis required for the parasitophorous vacuole formation. We examined the involvement of the major lysosome membrane-associated LAMP proteins in MT invasion. First, human epithelial HeLa cells were incubated with MT in the presence of antibody to LAMP-1 or LAMP-2. Antibody to LAMP-2, but not to LAMP-1, significantly reduced MT invasion. Next, HeLa cells depleted in LAMP-1 or LAMP-2 were generated. Cells deficient in LAMP-2, but not in LAMP-1, were significantly more resistant to MT invasion than wild-type controls. The possibility that LAMP-2 might be the receptor for gp82 was examined by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Protein A/G magnetic beads cross-linked with antibody directed to LAMP-1 or LAMP-2 were incubated with HeLa cell and MT detergent extracts. Gp82 bound to LAMP-2 but not to LAMP-1. Binding of the recombinant gp82 protein to wild-type and LAMP-1-deficient cells, which was dose dependent and saturable, had a similar profile and was much higher as compared with LAMP-2-depleted cells. These data indicate that MT invasion is accomplished through recognition of gp82 by its receptor LAMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Ferreira Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Thiago Souza Onofre
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Bruno Couto Barbosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Éden Ramalho Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Alexis Bonfim‐Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Brito C, Cabanes D, Sarmento Mesquita F, Sousa S. Mechanisms protecting host cells against bacterial pore-forming toxins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1319-1339. [PMID: 30591958 PMCID: PMC6420883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are key virulence determinants produced and secreted by a variety of human bacterial pathogens. They disrupt the plasma membrane (PM) by generating stable protein pores, which allow uncontrolled exchanges between the extracellular and intracellular milieus, dramatically disturbing cellular homeostasis. In recent years, many advances were made regarding the characterization of conserved repair mechanisms that allow eukaryotic cells to recover from mechanical disruption of the PM membrane. However, the specificities of the cell recovery pathways that protect host cells against PFT-induced damage remain remarkably elusive. During bacterial infections, the coordinated action of such cell recovery processes defines the outcome of infected cells and is, thus, critical for our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis. Here, we review the cellular pathways reported to be involved in the response to bacterial PFTs and discuss their impact in single-cell recovery and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Brito
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Sarmento Mesquita
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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Soares Cavalcante-Costa V, Costa-Reginaldo M, Queiroz-Oliveira T, Silva Oliveira AC, Couto NF, dos Anjos DO, Lima-Santos J, Andrade LDO, Horta MF, Castro-Gomes T. Leishmania amazonensis hijacks host cell lysosomes involved in plasma membrane repair to induce invasion in fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.226183. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of leishmaniasis. The disease is transmitted by the bite of a sand fly vector which inoculates the parasite into the skin of mammalian hosts, including humans. During chronic infection the parasite lives and replicates inside phagocytic cells, notably the macrophages. An interesting but overlooked finding is that other cell types and even non-phagocytic cells have been found infected by Leishmania spp. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which Leishmania invades such cells were not studied to date. Here we show that L. amazonensis can actively induce their own entry into fibroblasts independently of actin cytoskeleton activity, thus by a mechanism that is distinct from phagocytosis. Invasion involves subversion of host cell functions such as calcium signaling and recruitment and exocytosis of host cell lysosomes involved in plasma membrane repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Soares Cavalcante-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mariana Costa-Reginaldo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Thamires Queiroz-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Anny Carolline Silva Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Natália Fernanda Couto
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Jane Lima-Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Luciana de Oliveira Andrade
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria Fátima Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Abstract
Autophagy is a well-conserved process of self-digestion of intracellular components. T. cruzi is a protozoan parasite with a complex life-cycle that involves insect vectors and mammalian hosts. Like other eukaryotic organisms, T. cruzi possesses an autophagic pathway that is activated during metacyclogenesis, the process that generates the infective forms of parasites. In addition, it has been demonstrated that mammalian autophagy has a role during host cell invasion by T. cruzi, and that T. cruzi can modulate this process to its own benefit. This review describes the latest findings concerning the participation of autophagy in both the T. cruzi differentiation processes and during the interaction of parasites within the host cells. Data to date suggest parasite autophagy is important for parasite survival and differentiation, which offers interesting prospects for therapeutic strategies. Additionally, the interruption of mammalian autophagy reduces the parasite infectivity, interfering with the intracellular cycle of T. cruzi inside the host. However, the impact on other stages of development, such as the intracellular replication of parasites is still not clearly understood. Further studies in this matter are necessaries to define the integral effect of autophagy on T. cruzi infection with both in vitro and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betiana Nebaí Salassa
- a Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM) "Dr. Mario H. Burgos" CONICET , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina.,b Facultad de Odontología , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Patricia Silvia Romano
- a Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM) "Dr. Mario H. Burgos" CONICET , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina.,c Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina
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Kühbacher A, Novy K, Quereda JJ, Sachse M, Moya-Nilges M, Wollscheid B, Cossart P, Pizarro-Cerdá J. Listeriolysin O-dependent host surfaceome remodeling modulates Listeria monocytogenes invasion. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5184460. [PMID: 30445439 PMCID: PMC6282100 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic bacterium that invades epithelial cells by activating host signaling cascades, which promote bacterial engulfment within a phagosome. The pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO), which is required for bacteria phagosomal escape, has also been associated with the activation of several signaling pathways when secreted by extracellular bacteria, including Ca2+ influx and promotion of L. monocytogenes entry. Quantitative host surfaceome analysis revealed significant quantitative remodeling of a defined set of cell surface glycoproteins upon LLO treatment, including a subset previously identified to play a role in the L. monocytogenes infection process. Our data further shows that the lysosomal-associated membrane proteins LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 are translocated to the cellular surface and those LLO-induced Ca2+ fluxes are required to trigger the surface relocalization of LAMP-1. Finally, we identify late endosomes/lysosomes as the major donor compartments of LAMP-1 upon LLO treatment and by perturbing their function, we suggest that these organelles participate in L. monocytogenes invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kühbacher
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France.,INSERM, U604, Paris F-75015, France.,INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Karel Novy
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan J Quereda
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France.,INSERM, U604, Paris F-75015, France.,INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Martin Sachse
- Institut Pasteur, UTechS Ultrastructural BioImaging, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Maryse Moya-Nilges
- Institut Pasteur, UTechS Ultrastructural BioImaging, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France.,INSERM, U604, Paris F-75015, France.,INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Javier Pizarro-Cerdá
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries Cellules, Paris F-75015, France.,INSERM, U604, Paris F-75015, France.,INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France.,Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris F-75015, France
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40
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Relative Roles of Listeriolysin O, InlA, and InlB in Listeria monocytogenes Uptake by Host Cells. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00555-18. [PMID: 30061379 PMCID: PMC6204736 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00555-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that infects a wide variety of cells, causing the life-threatening disease listeriosis. L. monocytogenes virulence factors include two surface invasins, InlA and InlB, known to promote bacterial uptake by host cells, and the secreted pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO), which disrupts the phagosome to allow bacterial proliferation in the cytosol. Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that infects a wide variety of cells, causing the life-threatening disease listeriosis. L. monocytogenes virulence factors include two surface invasins, InlA and InlB, known to promote bacterial uptake by host cells, and the secreted pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO), which disrupts the phagosome to allow bacterial proliferation in the cytosol. In addition, plasma membrane perforation by LLO has been shown to facilitate L. monocytogenes internalization into epithelial cells. In this work, we tested the host cell range and importance of LLO-mediated L. monocytogenes internalization relative to the canonical invasins, InlA and InlB. We measured the efficiencies of L. monocytogenes association with and internalization into several human cell types (hepatocytes, cytotrophoblasts, and endothelial cells) using wild-type bacteria and isogenic single, double, and triple deletion mutants for the genes encoding InlA, InlB and LLO. No role for InlB was detected in any tested cells unless the InlB expression level was substantially enhanced, which was achieved by introducing a mutation (prfA*) in the gene encoding the transcription factor PrfA. In contrast, InlA and LLO were the most critical invasion factors, although they act in a different manner and in a cell-type-dependent fashion. As expected, InlA facilitates both bacterial attachment and internalization in cells that express its receptor, E-cadherin. LLO promotes L. monocytogenes internalization into hepatocytes, but not into cytotrophoblasts and endothelial cells. Finally, LLO and InlA cooperate to increase the efficiency of host cell invasion by L. monocytogenes.
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Cooper C, Andrew Thompson RC, Rigby P, Buckley A, Peacock C, Clode PL. The marsupial trypanosome Trypanosoma copemani is not an obligate intracellular parasite, although it adversely affects cell health. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:521. [PMID: 30236162 PMCID: PMC6148770 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi invades and replicates inside mammalian cells, which can lead to chronic Chagas disease in humans. Trypanosoma copemani infects Australian marsupials and recent investigations indicate it may be able to invade mammalian cells in vitro, similar to T. cruzi. Here, T. cruzi 10R26 strain (TcIIa) and two strains of T. copemani [genotype 1 (G1) and genotype 2 (G2)] were incubated with marsupial cells in vitro. Live-cell time-lapse and fluorescent microscopy, combined with high-resolution microscopy (transmission and scanning electron microscopy) were used to investigate surface interactions between parasites and mammalian cells. RESULTS The number of parasites invading cells was significantly higher in T. cruzi compared to either genotype of T. copemani, between which there was no significant difference. While capable of cellular invasion, T. copemani did not multiply in host cells in vitro as there was no increase in intracellular amastigotes over time and no release of new trypomastigotes from host cells, as observed in T. cruzi. Exposure of host cells to G2 trypomastigotes resulted in increased host cell membrane permeability within 24 h of infection, and host cell death/blebbing was also observed. G2 parasites also became embedded in the host cell membrane. CONCLUSIONS Trypanosoma copemani is unlikely to have an obligate intracellular life-cycle like T. cruzi. However, T. copemani adversely affects cell health in vitro and should be investigated in vivo in infected host tissues to better understand this host-parasite relationship. Future research should focus on increasing understanding of the T. copemani life history and the genetic, physiological and ecological differences between different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Cooper
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia. .,Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia.
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Paul Rigby
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Alysia Buckley
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher Peacock
- Marshall Centre, School of Pathology and Laboratory and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.,UWA School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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42
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Ireton K, Van Ngo H, Bhalla M. Interaction of microbial pathogens with host exocytic pathways. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12861. [PMID: 29797532 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many microbial pathogens co-opt or perturb host membrane trafficking pathways. This review covers recent examples in which microbes interact with host exocytosis, the fusion of intracellular vesicles with the plasma membrane. The bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus subvert recycling endosomal pathways of exocytosis in order to induce their entry into human cells. By contrast, entry of the protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi or the virus adenovirus into host cells involves exploitation of lysosomal exocytosis. Toxins produced by Bacillus anthracis or Vibrio cholerae interfere with exocytosis pathways mediated by the GTPase Rab11 and the exocyst complex. By doing so, anthrax or cholera toxins impair recycling of cadherins to cell-cell junctions and disrupt the barrier properties of endothelial cells or intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is expelled from bladder epithelial cells through two different exocytic routes that involve sensing of bacteria in vacuoles by host Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or monitoring of the pH of lysosomes harbouring UPEC. The TLR4 pathway is mediated by multiple Rab GTPases and the exocyst, whereas the other pathway involves exocytosis of lysosomes. Expulsion of UPEC through these pathways is thought to benefit the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Ireton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hoan Van Ngo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Manmeet Bhalla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Wyllie MP, Ramirez MI. Microvesicles released during the interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi TcI and TcII strains and host blood cells inhibit complement system and increase the infectivity of metacyclic forms of host cells in a strain-independent process. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3943644. [PMID: 28859399 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, whether microvesicles (MVs) or exosomes, shed by pathogens transfer virulence factors and biomolecules to host cells, thereby altering the host's susceptibility to infection. We have previously demonstrated that MV release is increased during the interaction between the infective forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and host cells. MVs confer parasite resistance to complement-mediated lysis and enhance parasite invasion. In this study, we show that differences exist in the levels of MVs released during the interaction between metacyclic trypomastigotes of different T. cruzi strains (with varied sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis, namely sensitive G strain TcI and resistant Y strain TcII) and host cells. MVs produced during the interaction between TcII parasites and host cells increased parasite resistance to complement lysis from 50% to 80% and parasite invasion was increased to over 50%. MVs purified during the interaction between TcI parasites and host cells have a stronger effect, doubling complement resistance and parasite invasion. The complement-mediated lysis assays showed that all MVs inhibit mainly the lectin pathway. Interestingly, MVs derived from parasites of one class did not alter complement resistance and the invasion process of parasites from the other class. This is the first description of MVs from T. cruzi with strain-dependent phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wyllie
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - M I Ramirez
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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44
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Crispim M, Damasceno FS, Hernández A, Barisón MJ, Pretto Sauter I, Souza Pavani R, Santos Moura A, Pral EMF, Cortez M, Elias MC, Silber AM. The glutamine synthetase of Trypanosoma cruzi is required for its resistance to ammonium accumulation and evasion of the parasitophorous vacuole during host-cell infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006170. [PMID: 29320490 PMCID: PMC5779702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, consumes glucose and amino acids depending on the environmental availability of each nutrient during its complex life cycle. For example, amino acids are the major energy and carbon sources in the intracellular stages of the T. cruzi parasite, but their consumption produces an accumulation of NH4+ in the environment, which is toxic. These parasites do not have a functional urea cycle to secrete excess nitrogen as low-toxicity waste. Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in regulating the carbon/nitrogen balance in the metabolism of most living organisms. We show here that the gene TcGS from T. cruzi encodes a functional glutamine synthetase; it can complement a defect in the GLN1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and utilizes ATP, glutamate and ammonium to yield glutamine in vitro. Overall, its kinetic characteristics are similar to other eukaryotic enzymes, and it is dependent on divalent cations. Its cytosolic/mitochondrial localization was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Inhibition by Methionine sulfoximine revealed that GS activity is indispensable under excess ammonium conditions. Coincidently, its expression levels are maximal in the amastigote stage of the life cycle, when amino acids are preferably consumed, and NH4+ production is predictable. During host-cell invasion, TcGS is required for the parasite to escape from the parasitophorous vacuole, a process sine qua non for the parasite to replicate and establish infection in host cells. These results are the first to establish a link between the activity of a metabolic enzyme and the ability of a parasite to reach its intracellular niche to replicate and establish host-cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Crispim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Silva Damasceno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agustín Hernández
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - María Julia Barisón
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ismael Pretto Sauter
- Immunobiology of Leishmania-Macrophage Interaction Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael Souza Pavani
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immunology and Cell Signalling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Santos Moura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Mieko Furusho Pral
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Cortez
- Immunobiology of Leishmania-Macrophage Interaction Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Elias
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immunology and Cell Signalling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariel Mariano Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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45
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Lam JGT, Vadia S, Pathak-Sharma S, McLaughlin E, Zhang X, Swanson J, Seveau S. Host cell perforation by listeriolysin O (LLO) activates a Ca 2+-dependent cPKC/Rac1/Arp2/3 signaling pathway that promotes Listeria monocytogenes internalization independently of membrane resealing. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:270-284. [PMID: 29187576 PMCID: PMC5996962 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-09-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cell invasion is an indispensable step for a successful infection by intracellular pathogens. Recent studies identified pathogen-induced host cell plasma membrane perforation as a novel mechanism used by diverse pathogens (Trypanosoma cruzi, Listeria monocytogenes, and adenovirus) to promote their internalization into target cells. It was concluded that T. cruzi and adenovirus damage the host cell plasma membrane to hijack the endocytic-dependent membrane resealing machinery, thereby invading the host cell. We studied L. monocytogenes and its secreted pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) to identify key signaling events activated upon plasma membrane perforation that lead to bacterial internalization. Using various approaches, including fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging, we found that the influx of extracellular Ca2+ subsequent to LLO-mediated plasma membrane perforation is required for the activation of a conventional protein kinase C (cPKC). cPKC is positioned upstream of Rac1 and the Arp2/3 complex, which activation leads to F-actin--dependent bacterial internalization. Inhibition of this pathway did not prevent membrane resealing, revealing that perforation-dependent L. monocytogenes endocytosis is distinct from the resealing machinery. These studies identified the LLO-dependent endocytic pathway of L. monocytogenes and support a novel model for pathogen uptake promoted by plasma membrane injury that is independent of membrane resealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G T Lam
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Stephen Vadia
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sarika Pathak-Sharma
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Eric McLaughlin
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Joel Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5624
| | - Stephanie Seveau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 .,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Trypanosoma cruzi modulates gene expression of plasma membrane repair-related proteins. Acta Trop 2017; 174:153-157. [PMID: 27288707 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane injury and repair is particularly prevalent in muscle cells. Here, we aimed to verify dysferlin, acid sphingomyelinase and transcriptional factor EB gene expression during Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that the parasite modulates gene expression of these proteins in a way dependent on the number of plasma membrane interacting parasites and in a rapamycin-sensitive manner.
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Couto NF, Pedersane D, Rezende L, Dias PP, Corbani TL, Bentini LC, Oliveira ACS, Kelles LF, Castro-Gomes T, Andrade LO. LAMP-2 absence interferes with plasma membrane repair and decreases T. cruzi host cell invasion. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005657. [PMID: 28586379 PMCID: PMC5473579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi enters host cells by subverting the mechanism of cell membrane repair. In this process, the parasite induces small injuries in the host cell membrane leading to calcium entry and lysosomal exocytosis, which are followed by compensatory endocytosis events that drive parasites into host cells. We have previously shown that absence of both LAMP-1 and 2, major components of lysosomal membranes, decreases invasion of T. cruzi into host cells, but the mechanism by which they interfere with parasite invasion has not been described. Here we investigated the role of these proteins in parasitophorous vacuole morphology, host cell lysosomal exocytosis, and membrane repair ability. First, we showed that cells lacking only LAMP-2 present the same invasion phenotype as LAMP1/2-/- cells, indicating that LAMP-2 is an important player during T. cruzi invasion process. Second, neither vacuole morphology nor lysosomal exocytosis was altered in LAMP-2 lacking cells (LAMP2-/- and LAMP1/2-/- cells). We then investigated the ability of LAMP-2 deficient cells to perform compensatory endocytosis upon lysosomal secretion, the mechanism by which cells repair their membrane and T. cruzi ultimately enters cells. We observed that these cells perform less endocytosis upon injury when compared to WT cells. This was a consequence of impaired cholesterol traffic in cells lacking LAMP-2 and its influence in the distribution of caveolin-1 at the cell plasma membrane, which is crucial for plasma membrane repair. The results presented here show the major role of LAMP-2 in caveolin traffic and membrane repair and consequently in T. cruzi invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Pedersane
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luisa Rezende
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P. Dias
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tayanne L. Corbani
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. Bentini
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anny C. S. Oliveira
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludmila F. Kelles
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana O. Andrade
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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48
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Burgert A, Schlegel J, Bécam J, Doose S, Bieberich E, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Sauer M. Characterization of Plasma Membrane Ceramides by Super-Resolution Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6131-6135. [PMID: 28379629 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sphingolipid ceramide regulates cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. Ceramide-rich membrane areas promote structural changes within the plasma membrane that segregate membrane receptors and affect membrane curvature and vesicle formation, fusion, and trafficking. Ceramides were labeled by immunocytochemistry to visualize their distribution on the plasma membrane of different cells with virtually molecular resolution by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Super-resolution images show that independent of labeling conditions and cell type 50-60 % of all membrane ceramides are located in ceramide-rich platforms (CRPs) with a size of about 75 nm that are composed of at least about 20 ceramides. Treatment of cells with Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (bSMase) increases the overall ceramide concentration in the plasma membrane, the quantity of CRPs, and their size. Simultaneously, the ceramide concentration in CRPs increases approximately twofold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burgert
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jérôme Bécam
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sören Doose
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | | | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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49
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Burgert A, Schlegel J, Bécam J, Doose S, Bieberich E, Schubert‐Unkmeir A, Sauer M. Characterization of Plasma Membrane Ceramides by Super‐Resolution Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burgert
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics Julius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics Julius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jérôme Bécam
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology Julius Maximilian University Würzburg 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Sören Doose
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics Julius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Medical College of Georgia Augusta University Augusta GA 30912 USA
| | | | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics Julius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Cellular Uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin Requires Acid Sphingomyelinase Activity. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00966-16. [PMID: 28138018 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00966-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin consists of an enzyme component (C2I) and a binding component (C2II). Activated C2II (C2IIa) binds to a cell receptor, giving rise to lipid raft-dependent oligomerization, and it then assembles with C2I. The whole toxin complex is then endocytosed into the cytosol, resulting in the destruction of the actin cytoskeleton and cell rounding. Here, we showed that C2 toxin requires acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity during internalization. In this study, inhibitors of ASMase and lysosomal exocytosis blocked C2 toxin-induced cell rounding. C2IIa induced Ca2+ influx from the extracellular medium to cells. C2 toxin-induced cell rounding was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+ ASMase was released extracellularly when cells were incubated with C2IIa in the presence of Ca2+ Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of ASMase reduced C2 toxin-induced cell rounding. ASMase hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide on the outer leaflet of the membrane at acidic pH. Ceramide was detected in cytoplasmic vesicles containing C2IIa. These results indicated that ASMase activity is necessary for the efficient internalization of C2 toxin into cells. Inhibitors of ASMase may confer protection against infection.
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