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Adhikari A, Chauhan K, Adhikari M, Tiwari AK. Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor: An emerging target for neuroinflammation PET imaging and AD therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 100:117628. [PMID: 38330850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Although neuroinflammation is a significant pathogenic feature of many neurologic disorders, its precise function in-vivo is still not completely known. PET imaging enables the longitudinal examination, quantification, and tracking of different neuroinflammation biomarkers in living subjects. Particularly, PET imaging of Microglia, specialised dynamic immune cells crucial for maintaining brain homeostasis in central nervous system (CNS), is crucial for staging the neuroinflammation. Colony Stimulating Factor- 1 Receptor (CSF-1R) PET imaging is a novel method for the quantification of neuroinflammation. CSF-1R is mainly expressed on microglia, and neurodegenerative disorders greatly up-regulate its expression. The present review primarily focuses on the development, pros and cons of all the CSF-1R PET tracers reported for neuroinflammation imaging. Apart from neuroinflammation imaging, CSF-1R inhibitors are also reported for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a prevalent, advancing, and fatal neurodegenerative condition that have the characteristic feature of persistent neuroinflammation and primarily affects the elderly. The aetiology of AD is profoundly influenced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and microglial dysfunction. Increasing evidence suggests that CSF-1R inhibitors (CSF-1Ri) can be helpful in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases. This review article also summarises the most recent developments of CSF-1Ri-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era Hill University, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kanchan Chauhan
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Manish Adhikari
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Anjani K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb, Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Hillam K, Suarez D, Nielson C, Traxler A, Sommer E, Winslow A, Holley A, Huang E, Hughes M, Firpo MA, Rower J, Park AH. Hearing Following Prolonged and Delayed Ganciclovir Treatment in a Murine Cytomegalovirus Model. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:433-438. [PMID: 37421238 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare hearing outcomes utilizing standard, prolonged and delayed ganciclovir (GCV) therapy in a murine model of cytomegalovirus (CMV). METHODS BALB/c mice were inoculated with mouse cytomegalovirus (mCMV) or saline via intracerebral injection on postnatal day 3 (p3). Intraperitoneal GCV or saline was administered at 12 h intervals for the duration of the standard (p3-p17), delayed (p30-p44), or prolonged treatment windows (p3-p31). Auditory thresholds were assessed using distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing at 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. Blood and tissue samples were harvested from mice on p17 and p37 one hour after GCV administration, and their concentrations were assessed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS A delayed course of GCV improved ABR but not DPOAE thresholds in mCMV-infected mice. A prolonged course of GCV did not provide better hearing thresholds than those administered standard treatment. The average GCV concentration in all 17-day-old mice tissue was significantly higher than those in older 37-day-old mice. CONCLUSION Delayed GCV treatment provided a hearing benefit on ABR over untreated mCMV infected mice. Prolonged CGV administration showed no benefit compared to a shorter duration GCV treatment. GCV drug concentrations both systemically and in the cochlea are much lower in older mice. These results have potential implications for the clinical management of cCMV infected children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:433-438, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Hillam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Daniel Suarez
- Department of Otolaryngology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Nielson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Abigail Traxler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth Sommer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Anna Winslow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Anna Holley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Emily Huang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Maura Hughes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Matthew A Firpo
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Rower
- University of Utah Center for Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Albert H Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
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3
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Raghib MF, Bernitsas E. From Animal Models to Clinical Trials: The Potential of Antimicrobials in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3069. [PMID: 38002068 PMCID: PMC10668955 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Microbes, including bacteria and certain viruses, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been linked to the pathogenesis of MS. While there is currently no cure for MS, antibiotics and antivirals have been studied as potential treatment options due to their immunomodulatory ability that results in the regulation of the immune process. The current issue addressed in this systematic review is the effect of antimicrobials, including antibiotics, antivirals, and antiparasitic agents in animals and humans. We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus for articles on antimicrobials in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal models of MS, as well as in people with MS (pwMS). In animal models, antibiotics tested included beta-lactams, minocycline, rapamycin, macrolides, and doxycycline. Antivirals included acyclovir, valacyclovir, and ganciclovir. Hydroxychloroquine was the only antiparasitic that was tested. In pwMS, we identified a total of 24 studies, 17 of them relevant to antibiotics, 6 to antivirals, and 1 relevant to antiparasitic hydroxychloroquine. While the effect of antimicrobials in animal models was promising, only minocycline and hydroxychloroquine improved outcome measures in pwMS. No favorable effect of the antivirals in humans has been observed yet. The number and size of clinical trials testing antimicrobials have been limited. Large, multicenter, well-designed studies are needed to further evaluate the effect of antimicrobials in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faraz Raghib
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Evanthia Bernitsas
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Sastry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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4
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El Baba R, Pasquereau S, Haidar Ahmad S, Monnien F, Abad M, Bibeau F, Herbein G. EZH2-Myc driven glioblastoma elicited by cytomegalovirus infection of human astrocytes. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02709-3. [PMID: 37147437 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence is identifying human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as a potential oncogenic virus. HCMV has been detected in malignant gliomas. EZH2 and Myc play a potential oncogenic role, correlating with the glioma grade. Herewith, we present the first experimental evidence for HCMV as a reprogramming vector, straight through the dedifferentiation of mature human astrocytes, and generation of CMV-Elicited Glioblastoma Cells (CEGBCs) possessing glioblastoma-like traits. HCMV counterparts the progression of the perceived cellular and molecular mechanisms succeeding the transformation and invasion processes with CEGBCs involved in spheroid formation and invasiveness. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) biopsies were characterized by an elevated EZH2 and Myc expression, possessing a strong positive correlation between the aforementioned markers in the presence of HCMV. From GBM tissues, we isolated HCMV clinical strains that transformed HAs toward CEGBCs exhibiting upregulated EZH2 and Myc. Spheroids generated from CEGBCs possessed invasion potential and were sensitive to EZH2 inhibitor, ganciclovir, and temozolomide triple therapy. HCMV clinical strains transform HAs and fit with an HCMV-induced glioblastoma model of oncogenesis, and supports the tumorigenic properties of Myc and EZH2 which might be highly pertinent in the pathophysiology of astrocytic brain tumors and thereby paving the way for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranim El Baba
- Department of Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB Laboratory EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Sébastien Pasquereau
- Department of Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB Laboratory EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Sandy Haidar Ahmad
- Department of Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB Laboratory EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | - Marine Abad
- Department of Pathology, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB Laboratory EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
- Department of Virology, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France.
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5
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Cruz-Mendoza F, Luquin S, García-Estrada J, Fernández-Quezada D, Jauregui-Huerta F. Acoustic Stress Induces Opposite Proliferative/Transformative Effects in Hippocampal Glia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065520. [PMID: 36982594 PMCID: PMC10058072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain region crucially involved in regulating stress responses and highly sensitive to environmental changes, with elevated proliferative and adaptive activity of neurons and glial cells. Despite the prevalence of environmental noise as a stressor, its effects on hippocampal cytoarchitecture remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of acoustic stress on hippocampal proliferation and glial cytoarchitecture in adult male rats, using environmental noise as a stress model. After 21 days of noise exposure, our results showed abnormal cellular proliferation in the hippocampus, with an inverse effect on the proliferation ratios of astrocytes and microglia. Both cell lineages also displayed atrophic morphologies with fewer processes and lower densities in the noise-stressed animals. Our findings suggest that, stress not only affects neurogenesis and neuronal death in the hippocampus, but also the proliferation ratio, cell density, and morphology of glial cells, potentially triggering an inflammatory-like response that compromises their homeostatic and repair functions.
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6
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Gong LK, Yang X, Yang J, Wu S, Chen Y, Zhang JT, Wang ZH, Chen LH, Xing C, Liu T. Low-dose ganciclovir ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis through inhibiting macrophage STING activation in mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1020670. [PMID: 36467059 PMCID: PMC9714675 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1020670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganciclovir (GCV) is a prodrug nucleoside analogue and is clinically used as antiviral drug for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and other infections. Based on the potential anti-inflammatory activity of GCV, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ganciclovir on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC), which may involve cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways. Our results demonstrated that incubation of GCV (50 μM) inhibited cGAS-STING pathway in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Then, it was found that intestinal cGAS-STING pathways were upregulated in UC patients, Crohn's disease colitis (CD) patients, and DSS-induced colitis mice. Intraperitoneal injection of low-dose GCV (10 mg/kg/day) attenuated DSS-induced colitis and abdominal pain in mice. GCV treatment significantly inhibited the upregulation of cGAS-STING pathway in DSS-induced colitis mice. Moreover, DSS-induced colitis and gut dysbiosis was markedly attenuated in STING deficient mice compared with that of wild-type (WT) mice. Finally, there was lacking therapeutic effect of GCV on DSS-induced colitis in STING deficient mice. Together, our results indicated that low-dose GCV ameliorated DSS-induced UC in mice, possibly through inhibiting STING signaling in colonic macrophages, indicating that GCV may be useful for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Kong Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Zhang
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chungen Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yanan University, Yanan, China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medicine and Equipment, Suzhou, China
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7
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Ganciclovir attenuates the onset and progression of experimental autoimmune uveitis by inhibiting infiltration of Th17 and inflammatory cells into the retina. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114917. [PMID: 35041813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Noninfectious (autoimmune and immune-mediated) uveitis is one of the primary diseases leading to blindness in the world. Due to the limitation of current first-line drugs for clinical uveitis, novel drugs and targets against uveitis are urgently needed. Ganciclovir (GCV), an FDA-approved antiviral drug, is often used to treat cytomegalovirus-induced retinitis in clinical patients. Recently, GCV was found to suppress neuroinflammation via targeting STING signaling because the STING pathway plays a pivotal role in autoimmune diseases. However, until now, the effect of GCV on non-infectious uveitis has never been explored. In this work, using the rat experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model, we first found STING to be highly expressed in infiltrating cells (CD68+, CD45+, and CD4+) and retinal glial cells (Iba1+ and GFAP+) of the immunized retina. More importantly, GCV treatment can significantly suppress the initiation and progression of EAU by inhibiting infiltration of Th17 and inflammatory cells into the retina. Mechanistically, we found that GCV could reverse the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (such as IL-1β) and chemokine-related factors (such as Cxcr3), possibly via targeting the STING pathway. The present results suggest that GCV may be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy against human uveitis.
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8
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Zhang Y, Cui D. Evolving Models and Tools for Microglial Studies in the Central Nervous System. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1218-1233. [PMID: 34106404 PMCID: PMC8353053 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play multiple roles in such processes as brain development, homeostasis, and pathology. Due to their diverse mechanisms of functions, the complex sub-classifications, and the large differences between different species, especially compared with humans, very different or even opposite conclusions can be drawn from studies with different research models. The choice of appropriate research models and the associated tools are thus key ingredients of studies on microglia. Mice are the most commonly used animal models. In this review, we summarize in vitro and in vivo models of mouse and human-derived microglial research models, including microglial cell lines, primary microglia, induced microglia-like cells, transgenic mice, human-mouse chimeric models, and microglial replacement models. We also summarize recent developments in novel single-cell and in vivo imaging technologies. We hope our review can serve as an efficient reference for the future study of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China.
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9
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Hammond BP, Manek R, Kerr BJ, Macauley MS, Plemel JR. Regulation of microglia population dynamics throughout development, health, and disease. Glia 2021; 69:2771-2797. [PMID: 34115410 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic expansions and contractions of the microglia population in the central nervous system (CNS) to achieve homeostasis are likely vital for their function. Microglia respond to injury or disease but also help guide neurodevelopment, modulate neural circuitry throughout life, and direct regeneration. Throughout these processes, microglia density changes, as does the volume of area that each microglia surveys. Given that microglia are responsible for sensing subtle alterations to their environment, a change in their density could affect their capacity to mobilize rapidly. In this review, we attempt to synthesize the current literature on the ligands and conditions that promote microglial proliferation across development, adulthood, and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia display an impressive proliferative capacity during development and in neurodegenerative diseases that is almost completely absent at homeostasis. However, the appropriate function of microglia in each state is critically dependent on density fluctuations that are primarily induced by proliferation. Proliferation is a natural microglial response to insult and often serves neuroprotective functions. In contrast, inappropriate microglial proliferation, whether too much or too little, often precipitates undesirable consequences for nervous system health. Thus, fluctuations in the microglia population are tightly regulated to ensure these immune cells can execute their diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady P Hammond
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupali Manek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Sawdon AJ, Zhang J, Peng S, Alyami EM, Peng CA. Polymeric Nanovectors Incorporated with Ganciclovir and HSV- tk Encoding Plasmid for Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061759. [PMID: 33801024 PMCID: PMC8003905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the area of gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT), using herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) paired with prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) for cancer treatment has been extensively studied. It is a process involved with two steps whereby the gene (HSV-tk) is first delivered to malignant cells. Afterward, non-toxic GCV is administered to that site and activated to cytotoxic ganciclovir triphosphate by HSV-tk enzyme expressed exogenously. In this study, we presented a one-step approach that both gene and prodrug were delivered at the same time by incorporating them with polymeric micellar nanovectors. GCV was employed as an initiator in the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) to synthesize hydrophobic GCV-poly(caprolactone) (GCV-PCL), which was furthered grafted with hydrophilic chitosan to obtain amphiphilic polymer (GCV-PCL-chitosan) for the fabrication of self-assembled micellar nanoparticles. The synthesized amphiphilic polymer was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Micellar prodrug nanoparticles were analyzed by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, critical micelle concentration, and transmission electron microscopy. Polymeric prodrug micelles with optimal features incorporated with HSV-tk encoding plasmids were cultivated with HT29 colorectal cancer cells and anticancer effectiveness was determined. Our results showed that prodrug GCV and HSV-tk cDNA encoded plasmid incorporated in GCV-PCL-chitosan polymeric nanocarriers could be delivered in a one-step manner to HT-29 cells and triggered high cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J. Sawdon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.Z.); (S.P.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Sarah Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.Z.); (S.P.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Esmael M. Alyami
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.Z.); (S.P.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Ching-An Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.Z.); (S.P.); (E.M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-208-885-7461
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11
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Doroshenko ER, Drohomyrecky PC, Gower A, Whetstone H, Cahill LS, Ganguly M, Spring S, Yi TJ, Sled JG, Dunn SE. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-δ Deficiency in Microglia Results in Exacerbated Axonal Injury and Tissue Loss in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:570425. [PMID: 33732230 PMCID: PMC7959796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.570425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ is a nuclear receptor that functions to maintain metabolic homeostasis, regulate cell growth, and limit the development of excessive inflammation during immune responses. Previously, we reported that PPAR-δ-deficient mice develop a more severe clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); however, it was difficult to delineate the role that microglia played in this disease phenotype since PPAR-δ-deficient mice exhibited a number of immune defects that enhanced CNS inflammation upstream of microglia activation. Here, we specifically investigated the role of PPAR-δ in microglia during EAE by using mice where excision of a floxed Ppard allele was driven by expression of a tamoxifen (TAM)-inducible CX3C chemokine receptor 1 promoter-Cre recombinase transgene (Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl). We observed that by 30 days of TAM treatment, Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl mice exhibited Cre-mediated deletion primarily in microglia and this was accompanied by efficient knockdown of Ppard expression in these cells. Upon induction of EAE, TAM-treated Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl mice presented with an exacerbated course of disease compared to TAM-treated Ppardfl/fl controls. Histopathological and magnetic resonance (MR) studies on the spinal cord and brains of EAE mice revealed increased Iba-1 immunoreactivity, axonal injury and CNS tissue loss in the TAM-treated Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl group compared to controls. In early EAE, a time when clinical scores and the infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes was equivalent between Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl and Ppardfl/fl mice, Ppard-deficient microglia exhibited a more reactive phenotype as evidenced by a shorter maximum process length and lower expression of genes associated with a homeostatic microglia gene signature. In addition, Ppard-deficient microglia exhibited increased expression of genes associated with reactive oxygen species generation, phagocytosis and lipid clearance, M2-activation, and promotion of inflammation. Our results therefore suggest that PPAR-δ has an important role in microglia in limiting bystander tissue damage during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annette Gower
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Whetstone
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milan Ganguly
- Histology Core, The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shoshana Spring
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tae Joon Yi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Zhang X, Mei Y, He Y, Wang D, Wang J, Wei X, Yang E, Zhou D, Shen H, Peng G, Shu Q, Li X, Luo B, Zhou Y, Sun B. Ablating Adult Neural Stem Cells Improves Synaptic and Cognitive Functions in Alzheimer Models. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 16:89-105. [PMID: 33382977 PMCID: PMC7897582 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is impaired in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) as well as AD models. However, it is far from clear how modulating adult neurogenesis affects AD neuropathology. We confirm that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in two AD models. Surprisingly, however, cognitive functions are improved in AD models after ablating adult neural stem cells (aNSCs). Ablation of aNSCs does not affect the levels of amyloid β but restores the normal synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells of AD models. Furthermore, calbindin depletion in the DG of AD mice is ameliorated after aNSC ablation, and knocking down calbindin abolishes the effects of aNSC ablation on synaptic and cognitive functions of AD mice. Together, our data suggest that cognitive functions of AD mice are improved after aNSC ablation, which is associated with the restoration of synaptic transmission in the DG granule cells with calbindin as an important mediator. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was impaired in two AD models Cognitive functions were improved in AD models after ablation of aNSCs Ablating aNSCs restored the normal synaptic transmission in the DG granule cells of AD models Altered expression of calbindin mediated the effects of ablating aNSCs on synaptic and cognitive functions in AD mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, China
| | - Yufei Mei
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Dongpi Wang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310052, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Enlu Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310052, China
| | - Haowei Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310052, China
| | - Xuekun Li
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310052, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
| | - Binggui Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
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13
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Vezzani B, Carinci M, Patergnani S, Pasquin MP, Guarino A, Aziz N, Pinton P, Simonato M, Giorgi C. The Dichotomous Role of Inflammation in the CNS: A Mitochondrial Point of View. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1437. [PMID: 33066071 PMCID: PMC7600410 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune response is one of our primary defenses against pathogens infection, although, if dysregulated, it represents the leading cause of chronic tissue inflammation. This dualism is even more present in the central nervous system, where neuroinflammation is both important for the activation of reparatory mechanisms and, at the same time, leads to the release of detrimental factors that induce neurons loss. Key players in modulating the neuroinflammatory response are mitochondria. Indeed, they are responsible for a variety of cell mechanisms that control tissue homeostasis, such as autophagy, apoptosis, energy production, and also inflammation. Accordingly, it is widely recognized that mitochondria exert a pivotal role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as in acute brain damage, such in ischemic stroke and epileptic seizures. In this review, we will describe the role of mitochondria molecular signaling in regulating neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, by focusing on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitophagy, giving a hint on the possible therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial pathways involved in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Vezzani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Marianna Carinci
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Matteo P. Pasquin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Annunziata Guarino
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of BioMedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nimra Aziz
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of BioMedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola (RA), Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of BioMedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
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14
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Green KN, Crapser JD, Hohsfield LA. To Kill a Microglia: A Case for CSF1R Inhibitors. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:771-784. [PMID: 32792173 PMCID: PMC7484341 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's immune sentinels, have garnered much attention in recent years. Researchers have begun to identify the manifold roles that these cells play in the central nervous system (CNS), and this work has been greatly facilitated by microglial depletion paradigms. The varying degrees of spatiotemporal manipulation afforded by such techniques allow microglial ablation before, during, and/or following insult, injury, or disease. We review the major methods of microglial depletion, including toxin-based, genetic, and pharmacological approaches, which differ in key factors including depletion onset, duration, and off-target effects. We conclude that pharmacological CSF1R inhibitors afford the most extensive versatility in manipulating microglia, making them ideal candidates for future studies investigating microglial function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Joshua D Crapser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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15
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Plastini MJ, Desu HL, Brambilla R. Dynamic Responses of Microglia in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:269. [PMID: 32973458 PMCID: PMC7468479 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an essential role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, as well as responding to injury and disease. Most neurological disorders feature microglial activation, a process whereby microglia undergo profound morphological and transcriptional changes aimed at containing CNS damage and promoting repair, but often resulting in overt inflammation that sustains and propagates the neurodegenerative process. This is especially evident in multiple sclerosis (MS), were microglial activation and microglia-driven neuroinflammation are considered key events in the onset, progression, and resolution of the disease. Our understanding of microglial functions in MS has widened exponentially in the last decade by way of new tools and markers to discriminate microglia from other myeloid populations. Consequently, the complex functional and phenotypical diversity of microglia can now be appreciated. This, in combination with a variety of animal models that mimic specific features and processes of MS, has contributed to filling the gap of knowledge in the cascade of events underlying MS pathophysiology. The purpose of this review is to present the most up to date knowledge of the dynamic responses of microglia in the commonly used animal models of MS, specifically the immune-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, and the chemically-induced cuprizone and lysolecithin models. Elucidating the spectrum of microglial functions in these models, from detrimental to protective, is essential to identify emerging targets for therapy and guide drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Plastini
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Haritha L Desu
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Hui Z, Zhijun Y, Yushan Y, Liping C, Yiying Z, Difan Z, Chunglit CT, Wei C. The combination of acyclovir and dexamethasone protects against Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairments in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1851-1860. [PMID: 32221697 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. However, effective drugs for this disease have not yet been developed. The analysis of big data indicated that childhood herpes virus infection may be associated with the incidence of AD, suggesting that anti-herpetic drugs, such as acyclovir, may have preventive and suppressive effects in AD therapy. Moreover, short-term use of dexamethasone (DXMT), a clinical used synthetic corticosteroid, could effectively inhibit AD-related neuroinflammation. In this study, we have found that the combination of acyclovir and DXMT, but not acyclovir or DXMT alone, could protect against AD causing β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomer-induced spatial cognitive impairments. Moreover, acyclovir and DXMT could prevent Aβ oligomer-induced over-activation of microglia and astrocytes, and over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that anti-AD effects of drug combination might be at least partially via neuroinflammation inhibition and immunomodulation. Furthermore, Aβ oligomer-induced decrease of PSD-95 and increase of pTau expression was prevented by the combination of acyclovir and DXMT, suggesting the involvement of synaptic protective effects of the drug combination. Taken together, our studies indicated that the combination of acyclovir and DXMT might be an alternative therapy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Hui
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuan Zhijun
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yan Yushan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chen Liping
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhou Yiying
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhang Difan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | | | - Cui Wei
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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17
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Ganciclovir reduces irinotecan-induced intestinal toxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 activation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 85:195-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Katsouri L, Birch AM, Renziehausen AWJ, Zach C, Aman Y, Steeds H, Bonsu A, Palmer EOC, Mirzaei N, Ries M, Sastre M. Ablation of reactive astrocytes exacerbates disease pathology in a model of Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2019; 68:1017-1030. [PMID: 31799735 PMCID: PMC7383629 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains poorly understood. We assessed the consequences of ablating astrocytic proliferation in 9 months old double transgenic APP23/GFAP-TK mice. Treatment of these mice with the antiviral agent ganciclovir conditionally ablates proliferating reactive astrocytes. The loss of proliferating astrocytes resulted in significantly increased levels of monomeric amyloid-β (Aβ) in brain homogenates, associated with reduced enzymatic degradation and clearance mechanisms. In addition, our data revealed exacerbated memory deficits in mice lacking proliferating astrocytes concomitant with decreased levels of synaptic markers and higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our data suggest that loss of reactive astrocytes in AD aggravates amyloid pathology and memory loss, possibly via disruption of amyloid clearance and enhanced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Katsouri
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Amy M Birch
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Carolin Zach
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Yahyah Aman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hannah Steeds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Angela Bonsu
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Emily O C Palmer
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Miriam Ries
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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19
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Lassmann H. Pathology of inflammatory diseases of the nervous system: Human disease versus animal models. Glia 2019; 68:830-844. [PMID: 31605512 PMCID: PMC7065008 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous recent studies have been performed to elucidate the function of microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Regarding myeloid cells a core pattern of activation has been identified, starting with the activation of resident homeostatic microglia followed by recruitment of blood borne myeloid cells. An initial state of proinflammatory activation is at later stages followed by a shift toward an‐anti‐inflammatory and repair promoting phenotype. Although this core pattern is similar between experimental models and inflammatory conditions in the human brain, there are important differences. Even in the normal human brain a preactivated microglia phenotype is evident, and there are disease specific and lesion stage specific differences in the contribution between resident and recruited myeloid cells and their lesion state specific activation profiles. Reasons for these findings reside in species related differences and in differential exposure to different environmental cues. Most importantly, however, experimental rodent studies on brain inflammation are mainly focused on autoimmune encephalomyelitis, while there is a very broad spectrum of human inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, triggered and propagated by a variety of different immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lassmann
- Institut fur Hirnforschung, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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20
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Liu Z, Qiu AW, Huang Y, Yang Y, Chen JN, Gu TT, Cao BB, Qiu YH, Peng YP. IL-17A exacerbates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by activating microglia in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:630-645. [PMID: 31351185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been involved in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized neuropathologically by progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN). We recently have shown that helper T (Th)17 cells facilitate dopaminergic neuronal loss in vitro. Herein, we demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-17A, a proinflammatory cytokine produced mainly by Th17 cells, contributed to PD pathogenesis depending on microglia. Mouse and rat models for PD were prepared by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or striatal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), respectively. Both in MPTP-treated mice and MPP+-treated rats, blood-brain barrier (BBB) was disrupted and IL-17A level increased in the SN but not in cortex. Effector T (Teff) cells that were adoptively transferred via tail veins infiltrated into the brain of PD mice but not into that of normal mice. The Teff cell transfer aggravated nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration, microglial activation and motor impairment. Contrarily, IL-17A deficiency alleviated BBB disruption, dopaminergic neurodegeneration, microglial activation and motor impairment. Anti-IL-17A-neutralizing antibody that was injected into lateral cerebral ventricle in PD rats ameliorated the manifestations mentioned above. IL-17A activated microglia but did not directly affect dopaminergic neuronal survival in vitro. IL-17A exacerbated dopaminergic neuronal loss only in the presence of microglia, and silencing IL-17A receptor gene in microglia abolished the IL-17A effect. IL-17A-treated microglial medium that contained higher concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α facilitated dopaminergic neuronal death. Further, TNF-α-neutralizing antibody attenuated MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. The findings suggest that IL-17A accelerates neurodegeneration in PD depending on microglial activation and at least partly TNF-α release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ao-Wang Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Jin-Na Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Bei-Bei Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
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21
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Wilski NA, Snyder CM. From Vaccine Vector to Oncomodulation: Understanding the Complex Interplay between CMV and Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E62. [PMID: 31323930 PMCID: PMC6789822 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that establishes a persistent, but generally asymptomatic, infection in most people in the world. However, CMV drives and sustains extremely large numbers of antigen-specific T cells and is, therefore, emerging as an exciting platform for vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Indeed, pre-clinical data strongly suggest that CMV-based vaccines can sustain protective CD8+ T cell and antibody responses. In the context of vaccines for infectious diseases, substantial pre-clinical studies have elucidated the efficacy and protective mechanisms of CMV-based vaccines, including in non-human primate models of various infections. In the context of cancer vaccines, however, much less is known and only very early studies in mice have been conducted. To develop CMV-based cancer vaccines further, it will be critical to better understand the complex interaction of CMV and cancer. An array of evidence suggests that naturally-acquired human (H)CMV can be detected in cancers, and it has been proposed that HCMV may promote tumor growth. This would obviously be a concern for any therapeutic cancer vaccines. In experimental models, CMV has been shown to play both positive and negative roles in tumor progression, depending on the model studied. However, the mechanisms are still largely unknown. Thus, more studies assessing the interaction of CMV with the tumor microenvironment are needed. This review will summarize the existing literature and major open questions about CMV-based vaccines for cancer, and discuss our hypothesis that the balance between pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects driven by CMV depends on the location and the activity of the virus in the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Wilski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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22
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Activation of the STING-Dependent Type I Interferon Response Reduces Microglial Reactivity and Neuroinflammation. Neuron 2019; 96:1290-1302.e6. [PMID: 29268096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain aging and neurodegeneration are associated with prominent microglial reactivity and activation of innate immune response pathways, commonly referred to as neuroinflammation. One such pathway, the type I interferon response, recognizes viral or mitochondrial DNA in the cytoplasm via activation of the recently discovered cyclic dinucleotide synthetase cGAS and the cyclic dinucleotide receptor STING. Here we show that the FDA-approved antiviral drug ganciclovir (GCV) induces a type I interferon response independent of its canonical thymidine kinase target. Inhibition of components of the STING pathway, including STING, IRF3, Tbk1, extracellular IFNβ, and the Jak-Stat pathway resulted in reduced activity of GCV and its derivatives. Importantly, functional STING was necessary for GCV to inhibit inflammation in cultured myeloid cells and in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Collectively, our findings uncover an unexpected new activity of GCV and identify the STING pathway as a regulator of microglial reactivity and neuroinflammation.
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature of aging and neurodegeneration. In this issue of Neuron, Mathur et al. (2017) report that the antiviral drug Ganciclovir induces an interferon type I response in microglia through activation of the STING pathway, inhibiting inflammation and leading to protection in a model of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Tejera
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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24
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Lin FL, Yen JL, Kuo YC, Kang JJ, Cheng YW, Huang WJ, Hsiao G. HADC8 Inhibitor WK2-16 Therapeutically Targets Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mouse Model of Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020410. [PMID: 30669368 PMCID: PMC6359084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial activation and neuroinflammatory processes play important roles in the pathogenesis of brain abscess and neurodegenerative diseases. Activated glial cells can secrete various proinflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators, which contribute to the exacerbation of neuronal cell death. The inhibition of glial activation has been shown to alleviate neurodegenerative conditions. The present study was to investigate the specific HDAC8 inhibitor WK2-16, especially its effects on the neuroinflammatory responses through glial inactivation. WK2-16 significantly reduced the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9, and expression of COX-2/iNOS proteins in striatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in C57BL/6 mice. The treatment of WK2-16 markedly improved neurobehavioral deficits. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that WK2-16 reduced LPS-stimulated astrogliosis and microglial activation in situ. Consistently, cellular studies revealed that WK2-16 significantly suppressed LPS-induced mouse microglia BV-2 cell proliferation. WK2-16 was proven to concentration-dependently induce the levels of acetylated SMC3 in microglial BV-2 cells. It also reduced the expression of COX-2/iNOS proteins and TNF-α production in LPS-activated microglial BV-2 cells. The signaling studies demonstrated that WK2-16 markedly inhibited LPS-activated STAT-1/-3 and Akt activation, but not NF-κB or MAPK signaling. In summary, the HDAC8 inhibitor WK2-16 exhibited neuroprotective effects through its anti-neuroinflammation and glial inactivation properties, especially in microglia in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112-21, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Lun Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Cheng Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Jaw-Jou Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112-21, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
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25
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Shan Y, Gao Y, Zhang L, Ma L, Shi Y, Liu X. H4 Receptor Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB Activation by Interacting with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 6. Neuroscience 2018; 398:113-125. [PMID: 30528857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are activated at the beginning of the inflammatory response and induce detrimental neuroinflammation by producing excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling facilitates the onset of microglia activation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the negative regulation of NF-κB remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, our results indicated that H4R expression increased in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CNS inflammation. Knockdown of H4R in microglia HAPI cells enhanced the production of cytokines following LPS stimulation. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments further revealed an interaction between H4R and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in microglia, which was verified both in vivo and in vitro. Our experimental results support our hypothesis that H4R interacts with TRAF6 to inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced microglia cells by decreasing TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination of K63. These findings provide theoretical and experimental evidence regarding the role of H4R in the microglia inflammatory response, which may aid in the development of novel treatments for inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Shan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Street, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Street, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yining Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Street, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Street, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Street, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Street, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Street, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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26
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Brockmann C, Kociok N, Dege S, Davids AM, Brockmann T, Miller KR, Joussen AM. Local partial depletion of CD11b + cells and their influence on choroidal neovascularization using the CD11b-HSVTK mouse model. Acta Ophthalmol 2018. [PMID: 29536657 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the influence of retinal macrophages and microglia on the formation of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Therefore, we used a transgenic mouse (CD11b-HSVTK) in which the application of ganciclovir (GCV) results in a depletion of CD11b+ cells. METHODS We first investigated if a local depletion of CD11b+ macrophages and microglia in the retina is feasible. In a second step, the influence of CD11b+ cell depletion on CNV formation was analysed. One eye of each CD11b-HSVTK mouse was injected with GCV, and the fellow eye received sodium chloride solution (NaCl). Cell counting was performed at day 3 and 7 (one injection) or at day 14 and 21 (two injections). Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was induced by argon laser and analysed at day 14. RESULTS The most effective CD11b+ cell depletion was achieved 7 days after a single injection and 14 days after two injections of GCV. After two injections of GCV, we found a significant reduction of CD11b+ cells in central (52 ± 23.9 cells/mm2 ) and peripheral retina (53 ± 20.6 cells/mm2 ); compared to eyes received NaCl (216 ± 49.0 and 210 ± 50.5 cells/mm2 , p < 0.001, respectively). Regarding CNV areas, no statistical significance was found between the groups. CONCLUSION The CD11b-HSVTK mouse is a feasible model for a local depletion of CD11b+ cells in the retina. Nevertheless, only a partial depletion of CD11b+ cells could be achieved compared to baseline data without any intravitreal injections. Our results did not reveal a significant reduction in CNV areas. In the light of previous knowledge, the potential influence of systemic immune cells on CNV formation might be more relevant than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Brockmann
- Department of Ophthalmology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Berlin Germany
| | - Norbert Kociok
- Department of Ophthalmology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
| | - Sabrina Dege
- Department of Ophthalmology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
| | - Anja-Maria Davids
- Department of Ophthalmology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
| | - Tobias Brockmann
- Department of Ophthalmology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Berlin Germany
| | - Kelly R. Miller
- Department of Neuropathology; Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin; Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
| | - Antonia M. Joussen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
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27
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Rubino SJ, Mayo L, Wimmer I, Siedler V, Brunner F, Hametner S, Madi A, Lanser A, Moreira T, Donnelly D, Cox L, Rezende RM, Butovsky O, Lassmann H, Weiner HL. Acute microglia ablation induces neurodegeneration in the somatosensory system. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4578. [PMID: 30385785 PMCID: PMC6212411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that microglia depletion leads to impairment of synapse formation and these cells rapidly repopulate from CNS progenitors. However, the impact of microglia depletion and repopulation in the long-term state of the CNS environment has not been characterized. Here, we report that acute and synchronous microglia depletion and subsequent repopulation induces gray matter microgliosis, neuronal death in the somatosensory cortex and ataxia-like behavior. We find a type 1 interferon inflammatory signature in degenerating somatosensory cortex from microglia-depleted mice. Transcriptomic and mass cytometry analysis of repopulated microglia demonstrates an interferon regulatory factor 7-driven activation state. Minocycline and anti-IFNAR1 antibody treatment attenuate the CNS type 1 interferon-driven inflammation, restore microglia homeostasis and reduce ataxic behavior. Neither microglia depletion nor repopulation impact neuropathology or T-cell responses during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Together, we found that acute microglia ablation induces a type 1 interferon activation state of gray matter microglia associated with acute neurodegeneration. Previous studies have shown that depletion of microglia at early developmental stages leads to neuronal death. Here the authors use an inducible system to ablate microglia in adulthood, showing that such depletion leads to ataxia-like behavior and neuronal loss, and identifying the inflammatory components that may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Lior Mayo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Victoria Siedler
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Florian Brunner
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Asaf Madi
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amanda Lanser
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Thais Moreira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Dustin Donnelly
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Laura Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA. .,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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28
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Zhang CJ, Jiang M, Zhou H, Liu W, Wang C, Kang Z, Han B, Zhang Q, Chen X, Xiao J, Fisher A, Kaiser WJ, Murayama MA, Iwakura Y, Gao J, Carman J, Dongre A, Dubyak G, Abbott DW, Shi FD, Ransohoff RM, Li X. TLR-stimulated IRAKM activates caspase-8 inflammasome in microglia and promotes neuroinflammation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5399-5412. [PMID: 30372424 DOI: 10.1172/jci121901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical spatiotemporal role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This study reports a mechanistic insight into noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia for the effector stage of EAE. Microglia-specific deficiency of ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase-activation and recruitment [CARD] domain) attenuated T cell expansion and neutrophil recruitment during EAE pathogenesis. Mechanistically, TLR stimulation led to IRAKM-caspase-8-ASC complex formation, resulting in the activation of caspase-8 and IL-1β release in microglia. Noncanonical inflammasome-derived IL-1β produced by microglia in the CNS helped to expand the microglia population in an autocrine manner and amplified the production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Furthermore, active caspase-8 was markedly increased in the microglia in the brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis. Taken together, our study suggests that microglia-derived IL-1β via noncanonical caspase-8-dependent inflammasome is necessary for microglia to exert their pathogenic role during CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Jin Zhang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Meiling Jiang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chenhui Wang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zizhen Kang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Quanri Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Masanori A Murayama
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Japan
| | - Ji Gao
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julie Carman
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ashok Dongre
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - George Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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29
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Abstract
Ganciclovir is synthetic nucleoside analog of guanine closely related to acyclovir but has greater activity against cytomegalovirus. This comprehensive profile on ganciclovir starts with a description of the drug: nomenclature, formulae, chemical structure, elemental composition, and appearance. The uses and application of the drug are explained. The methods that were used for the preparation of ganciclovir are described and their respective schemes are outlined. The methods which were used for the physical characterization of the dug are: ionization constant, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, crystal structure, melting point, and differential scanning calorimetry. The chapter contains the spectra of the drug: ultraviolet spectrum, vibrational spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and the mass spectrum. The compendial methods of analysis of ganciclovir include the United States Pharmacopeia methods. Other methods of analysis that were reported in the literature include: high-performance liquid chromatography alone or with mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, voltammetry, chemiluminescence, and radioimmunoassay. Biological investigation on the drug includes: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, bioavailability, and biological analysis. Reviews on the methods used for preparation or for analysis of the drug are provided. The stability of the drug in various media and storage conditions is reported. More than 240 references are listed at the end of the chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq D S Ajarim
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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30
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Ingwersen J, De Santi L, Wingerath B, Graf J, Koop B, Schneider R, Hecker C, Schröter F, Bayer M, Engelke AD, Dietrich M, Albrecht P, Hartung HP, Annunziata P, Aktas O, Prozorovski T. Nimodipine confers clinical improvement in two models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 2018; 146:86-98. [PMID: 29473171 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterised by inflammatory neurodegeneration, with axonal injury and neuronal cell death occurring in parallel to demyelination. Regarding the molecular mechanisms responsible for demyelination and axonopathy, energy failure, aberrant expression of ion channels and excitotoxicity have been suggested to lead to Ca2+ overload and subsequent activation of calcium-dependent damage pathways. Thus, the inhibition of Ca2+ influx by pharmacological modulation of Ca2+ channels may represent a novel neuroprotective strategy in the treatment of secondary axonopathy. We therefore investigated the effects of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker nimodipine in two different models of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established experimental paradigm for multiple sclerosis. We show that preventive application of nimodipine (10 mg/kg per day) starting on the day of induction had ameliorating effects on EAE in SJL/J mice immunised with encephalitic myelin peptide PLP139-151 , specifically in late-stage disease. Furthermore, supporting these data, administration of nimodipine to MOG35-55 -immunised C57BL/6 mice starting at the peak of pre-established disease, also led to a significant decrease in disease score, indicating a protective effect on secondary CNS damage. Histological analysis confirmed that nimodipine attenuated demyelination, axonal loss and pathological axonal β-amyloid precursor protein accumulation in the cerebellum and spinal cord in the chronic phase of disease. Of note, we observed no effects of nimodipine on the peripheral immune response in EAE mice with regard to distribution, antigen-specific proliferation or activation patterns of lymphocytes. Taken together, our data suggest a CNS-specific effect of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blockade to inflammation-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Ingwersen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lorenzo De Santi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Britta Wingerath
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Graf
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Koop
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Reiner Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Hecker
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friederike Schröter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mary Bayer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Dorothee Engelke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pasquale Annunziata
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Prozorovski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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31
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Effects of Acyclovir and IVIG on Behavioral Outcomes after HSV1 CNS Infection. Behav Neurol 2017; 2017:5238402. [PMID: 29358844 PMCID: PMC5735307 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5238402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV) encephalitis (HSE) has serious neurological complications, involving behavioral and cognitive impairments that cause significant morbidity and a reduced quality of life. We showed that HSE results from dysregulated central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that CNS inflammation is casually involved in behavioral abnormalities after HSE and that treatment with ACV and pooled human immunoglobulin (IVIG), an immunomodulatory drug, would improve outcomes compared to mice treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or ACV alone. Anxiety levels were high in HSV-infected PBS and ACV-treated mice compared to mice treated with ACV + IVIG, consistent with reports implicating inflammation in anxiety induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or stress. Female, but not male, PBS-treated mice were cognitively impaired, and unexpectedly, ACV was protective, while the inclusion of IVIG surprisingly antagonized ACV's beneficial effects. Distinct serum proteomic profiles were observed for male and female mice, and the antagonistic effects of ACV and IVIG on behavior were paralleled by similar changes in the serum proteome of ACV- and ACV + IVIG-treated mice. We conclude that inflammation and other factors mediate HSV-induced behavioral impairments and that the effects of ACV and IVIG on behavior involve novel mechanisms.
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32
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Chemokine CCL2-CCR2 Signaling Induces Neuronal Cell Death via STAT3 Activation and IL-1β Production after Status Epilepticus. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7878-7892. [PMID: 28716963 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0315-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) and its receptor CCR2 have been reported in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in experimental seizures. However, the functional significance and molecular mechanism underlying CCL2-CCR2 signaling in epileptic brain remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the upregulated CCL2 was mainly expressed in hippocampal neurons and activated microglia from mice 1 d after kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. Taking advantage of CX3CR1GFP/+:CCR2RFP/+ double-transgenic mice, we demonstrated that CCL2-CCR2 signaling has a role in resident microglial activation and blood-derived monocyte infiltration. Moreover, seizure-induced degeneration of neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region was attenuated in mice lacking CCL2 or CCR2. We further showed that CCR2 activation induced STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) phosphorylation and IL-1β production, which are critical for promoting neuronal cell death after status epilepticus. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 by WP1066 reduced seizure-induced IL-1β production and subsequent neuronal death. Two weeks after KA-induced seizures, CCR2 deficiency not only reduced neuronal loss, but also attenuated seizure-induced behavioral impairments, including anxiety, memory decline, and recurrent seizure severity. Together, we demonstrated that CCL2-CCR2 signaling contributes to neurodegeneration via STAT3 activation and IL-1β production after status epilepticus, providing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of epilepsy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Epilepsy is a global concern and epileptic seizures occur in many neurological conditions. Neuroinflammation associated with microglial activation and monocyte infiltration are characteristic of epileptic brains. However, molecular mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation in neuronal death following epilepsy remain to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that CCL2-CCR2 signaling is required for monocyte infiltration, which in turn contributes to kainic acid (KA)-induced neuronal cell death. The downstream of CCR2 activation involves STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) phosphorylation and IL-1β production. Two weeks after KA-induced seizures, CCR2 deficiency not only reduced neuronal loss, but also attenuated seizure-induced behavioral impairments, including anxiety, memory decline, and recurrent seizure severity. The current study provides a novel insight on the function and mechanisms of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in KA-induced neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits.
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Obst J, Simon E, Mancuso R, Gomez-Nicola D. The Role of Microglia in Prion Diseases: A Paradigm of Functional Diversity. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:207. [PMID: 28690540 PMCID: PMC5481309 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major component of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are the innate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In the healthy brain, microglia contribute to tissue homeostasis and regulation of synaptic plasticity. Under disease conditions, they play a key role in the development and maintenance of the neuroinflammatory response, by showing enhanced proliferation and activation. Prion diseases are progressive chronic neurodegenerative disorders associated with the accumulation of the scrapie prion protein PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of the cellular prion protein PrPC. This review article provides the current knowledge on the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of prion disease. A large body of evidence shows that microglia can trigger neurotoxic pathways contributing to progressive degeneration. Yet, microglia are also crucial for controlling inflammatory, repair and regenerative processes. This dual role of microglia is regulated by multiple pathways and evidences the ability of these cells to polarize into distinct phenotypes with characteristic functions. The awareness that the neuroinflammatory response is inextricably involved in producing tissue damage as well as repair in neurodegenerative disorders, opens new perspectives for the modulation of the immune system. A better understanding of this complex process will be essential for developing effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, in order to improve the quality of life of patients and mitigating the personal, economic and social consequences derived from these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Obst
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Simon
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
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Wang X, Wang J, Yu Y, Ma T, Chen P, Zhou B, Tao R. Decitabine inhibits T cell proliferation via a novel TET2-dependent mechanism and exerts potent protective effect in mouse auto- and allo-immunity models. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56802-56815. [PMID: 28915632 PMCID: PMC5593603 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the dysregulated immune response including innate and adaptive immune responses. Increasing evidence has proven the importance of epigenetic modification in the progression of MS. Recent studies revealed that low-dose decitabine (Dec, 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine), which incorporates into replicating DNA and inhibits DNA methylation, could prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development by increasing the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we showed that higher-dose decitabine relative to previous studies could also distinctly protect mice from EAE and allogeneic cardiac transplantation. Mechanistic studies revealed decitabine suppressed innate responses in EAE mice through inhibiting the activation of microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages that contributed to reduce the severity of EAE. Furthermore, differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th17 cells was significantly suppressed by decitabine in vivo and in vitro. Though in vitro studies showed decitabine could induce Treg differentiation, there was no obvious change in the percentage of Tregs in Dec-treated EAE mice. Most importantly, we found that T cell proliferation was potently inhibited in vivo and in vitro by higher-dose decitabine through increased gene expression of the DNA dioxygenase TET2 which facilitated the expression of several cell cycle inhibitors. Collectively, our study provides novel mechanistic insights of using the epigenetic modifying agents in the management of both allo- and auto-immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hangzhou Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yong Yu
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tonghui Ma
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Transplantation, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (ZJPPH), Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Transplantation, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (ZJPPH), Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shaoxing Second Municipal Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Transplantation, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (ZJPPH), Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (ZJPPH), Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ran Tao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Transplantation, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (ZJPPH), Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic & Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (ZJPPH), Hangzhou, PR China
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35
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Hollingsworth E, Khouri J, Imitola J. Endogenous repair and development inspired therapy of neurodegeneration in progressive multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:611-629. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1287564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Hollingsworth
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The Ohio State, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jamil Khouri
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The Ohio State, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The Ohio State, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
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Capuccini B, Lin J, Talavera-López C, Khan SM, Sodenkamp J, Spaccapelo R, Langhorne J. Transcriptomic profiling of microglia reveals signatures of cell activation and immune response, during experimental cerebral malaria. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39258. [PMID: 27991544 PMCID: PMC5171943 DOI: 10.1038/srep39258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a pathology involving inflammation in the brain. There are many immune cell types activated during this process, but there is little information on the response of microglia, in this severe complication. We examined microglia by genome wide transcriptomic analysis in a model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), in which C57BL/6 mice are infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Thousands of transcripts were differentially expressed in microglia at two different time points during infection. Proliferation of microglia was a dominant feature before the onset of ECM, and supporting this, we observed an increase in numbers of these cells in the brain. When cerebral malaria symptoms were manifest, genes involved in immune responses and chemokine production were upregulated, which were possibly driven by Type I Interferon. Consistent with this hypothesis, in vitro culture of a microglial cell line with Interferon-β, but not infected red blood cells, resulted in production of several of the chemokines shown to be upregulated in the gene expression analysis. It appears that these responses are associated with ECM, as microglia from mice infected with a mutant P. berghei parasite (ΔDPAP3), which does not cause ECM, did not show the same level of activation or proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingwen Lin
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Shahid M. Khan
- Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Zhang S, Mu Z, He C, Zhou M, Liu D, Zhao XF, Goldman D, Xu H. Antiviral Drug Ganciclovir Is a Potent Inhibitor of the Proliferation of Müller Glia-Derived Progenitors During Zebrafish Retinal Regeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1991-2000. [PMID: 27096757 PMCID: PMC4849886 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the antiviral drug ganciclovir (GCV) on Müller glia dedifferentiation and proliferation and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms in adult zebrafish. Methods A Tg(1016tuba1a:GFP) transgenic line was generated to identify injury-induced dedifferentiation of Müller glia. Mechanical retinal damage was induced by a needle-poke injury on the back of the eyes in adult zebrafish. Phosphate-buffered saline or GCV was injected into the vitreous of the eye at the time of injury or through the cornea. The GCV clearance rate from the eye was determined by a reversed-phase HPLC method. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunofluorescence were used to determine the effect of GCV on retinal regeneration. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining. Microglia were labeled by vitreous injection of isolectin IB4 conjugates. Quantitative (q)PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine gene expression in the retina. Results Ganciclovir treatment significantly reduced the number of BrdU+ Müller glia–derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) at 4 days post injury. Further analysis showed that GCV had no impact on Müller glia dedifferentiation and the initial formation of MGPCs. Our data indicate that GCV irreversibly inhibited MGPC proliferation likely through a p53-p21cip1–dependent pathway. Interestingly, unlike control cells, GCV-treated Müller glia cells were “locked” in a prolonged dedifferentiated state. Conclusions Our study uncovered a novel inhibitory effect of GCV on MGPC proliferation and suggests its potential use as a tool to uncover molecular mechanisms underlying retinal regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Neuroregeneration Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhaoxia Mu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunjiao He
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Neuroregeneration Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minmin Zhou
- College of Biological Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Neuroregeneration Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Hui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Neuroregeneration Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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38
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In vivo assessment of behavioral recovery and circulatory exchange in the peritoneal parabiosis model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29015. [PMID: 27364522 PMCID: PMC4929497 DOI: 10.1038/srep29015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sharing of circulation between two animals using a surgical procedure known as parabiosis has created a wealth of information towards our understanding of physiology, most recently in the neuroscience arena. The systemic milieu is a complex reservoir of tissues, immune cells, and circulating molecules that is surprisingly not well understood in terms of its communication across organ systems. While the model has been used to probe complex physiological questions for many years, critical parameters of recovery and exchange kinetics remain incompletely characterized, limiting the ability to design experiments and interpret results for complex questions. Here we provide evidence that mice joined by parabiosis gradually recover much physiology relevant to the study of brain function. Specifically, we describe the timecourse for a variety of recovery parameters, including those for general health and metabolism, motor coordination, activity, and sleep behavior. Finally, we describe the kinetics of chimerism for several lymphocyte populations as well as the uptake of small molecules into the brains of mice following parabiosis. Our characterization provides an important resource to those attempting to understand the complex interplay between the immune system and the brain as well as other organ systems.
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39
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Healy LM, Perron G, Won SY, Rao VTS, Guiot MC, Moore C, Bar-Or A, Antel JP. Differential transcriptional response profiles in human myeloid cell populations. Clin Immunol 2016; 189:63-74. [PMID: 27094466 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the transcriptional profiles of human adult brain-derived microglia in response to in vitro activating conditions previously used to polarize systemic myeloid cells into M1 and M2 phenotypes. A comparative study is done with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), a myeloid cell type that also participates in disease relevant tissue injury and repair processes in the CNS. Current markers used to distinguish microglia and MDMs have been defined under homeostatic conditions. We observe that gene expression profiles of M1 microglia and MDMs overlap with an overrepresentation of immune-related pathways. M2 microglia and MDMs have distinct transcriptional signatures. Upregulated genes in M2 microglia favor neural-related pathways whereas upregulated genes in M2 MDMs are mostly involved in antigen presentation. Our microarray screen identifies candidate molecules that can potentially distinguish microglia and MDMs under all activation conditions. To be determined is how our observations made using conventional in vitro polarization translate into cellular responses to the complex combination of signals encountered in neurologic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Gabrielle Perron
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vijayaraghava T S Rao
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Neuropathology, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig Moore
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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40
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Olmos-Alonso A, Schetters STT, Sri S, Askew K, Mancuso R, Vargas-Caballero M, Holscher C, Perry VH, Gomez-Nicola D. Pharmacological targeting of CSF1R inhibits microglial proliferation and prevents the progression of Alzheimer's-like pathology. Brain 2016; 139:891-907. [PMID: 26747862 PMCID: PMC4766375 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and activation of microglial cells is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative conditions. This mechanism is regulated by the activation of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), thus providing a target that may prevent the progression of conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, the study of microglial proliferation in Alzheimer’s disease and validation of the efficacy of CSF1R-inhibiting strategies have not yet been reported. In this study we found increased proliferation of microglial cells in human Alzheimer’s disease, in line with an increased upregulation of the CSF1R-dependent pro-mitogenic cascade, correlating with disease severity. Using a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s-like pathology (APPswe, PSEN1dE9; APP/PS1 mice) we define a CSF1R-dependent progressive increase in microglial proliferation, in the proximity of amyloid-β plaques. Prolonged inhibition of CSF1R in APP/PS1 mice by an orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitor (GW2580) resulted in the blockade of microglial proliferation and the shifting of the microglial inflammatory profile to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Pharmacological targeting of CSF1R in APP/PS1 mice resulted in an improved performance in memory and behavioural tasks and a prevention of synaptic degeneration, although these changes were not correlated with a change in the number of amyloid-β plaques. Our results provide the first proof of the efficacy of CSF1R inhibition in models of Alzheimer’s disease, and validate the application of a therapeutic strategy aimed at modifying CSF1R activation as a promising approach to tackle microglial activation and the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Olmos-Alonso
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Sarmi Sri
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Katharine Askew
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mariana Vargas-Caballero
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 2 Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian Holscher
- 3 Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - V Hugh Perry
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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41
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Lorea-Hernández JJ, Morales T, Rivera-Angulo AJ, Alcantara-Gonzalez D, Peña-Ortega F. Microglia modulate respiratory rhythm generation and autoresuscitation. Glia 2015; 64:603-19. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan-Julio Lorea-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología; Instituto De Neurobiología, UNAM Campus Juriquilla; Querétaro México
| | - Teresa Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología; Instituto De Neurobiología, UNAM Campus Juriquilla; Querétaro México
| | - Ana-Julia Rivera-Angulo
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología; Instituto De Neurobiología, UNAM Campus Juriquilla; Querétaro México
| | - David Alcantara-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología; Instituto De Neurobiología, UNAM Campus Juriquilla; Querétaro México
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología; Instituto De Neurobiología, UNAM Campus Juriquilla; Querétaro México
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42
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Wieghofer P, Prinz M. Genetic manipulation of microglia during brain development and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:299-309. [PMID: 26432479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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43
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Skripuletz T, Salinas Tejedor L, Prajeeth CK, Hansmann F, Chhatbar C, Kucman V, Zhang N, Raddatz BB, Detje CN, Sühs KW, Pul R, Gudi V, Kalinke U, Baumgärtner W, Stangel M. The antiviral drug ganciclovir does not inhibit microglial proliferation and activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14935. [PMID: 26447351 PMCID: PMC4597339 DOI: 10.1038/srep14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganciclovir is effective in the treatment of human infections with viruses of the Herpesviridae family. Beside antiviral properties, recently ganciclovir was described to inhibit microglial proliferation and disease severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis. Microglial activation and proliferation are main characteristics of neuroinflammatory CNS diseases and inhibition of microglial functions might be beneficial in autoimmune diseases, or detrimental in infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to determine potential inhibitory effects of ganciclovir in three different murine animal models of CNS neuroinflammation in which microglia play an important role: Theiler´s murine encephalomyelitis, the cuprizone model of de- and remyelination, and the vesicular stomatitis virus encephalitis model. In addition, in vitro experiments with microglial cultures were performed to test the hypothesis that ganciclovir inhibits microglial proliferation. In all three animal models, neither microglial proliferation or recruitment nor disease activity was changed by ganciclovir. In vitro experiments confirmed that microglial proliferation was not affected by ganciclovir. In conclusion, our results show that the antiviral drug ganciclovir does not inhibit microglial activation and proliferation in the murine CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Florian Hansmann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valeria Kucman
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ning Zhang
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara B Raddatz
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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44
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Do not judge a cell by its cover--diversity of CNS resident, adjoining and infiltrating myeloid cells in inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:591-605. [PMID: 26251238 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Specialized populations of tissue-resident myeloid cells inhabit every organ of the body. While many of these populations appear similar morphologically and phenotypically, they exhibit great functional diversity. The central nervous system (CNS), as an immune privileged organ, possesses a unique tissue-resident macrophage population, the microglia, as well as numerous myeloid cell subsets at its boarders and barriers in CNS-adjoining tissues, namely the meninges, the perivascular space, and the choroid plexus. Recent research has added much to our knowledge about microglia, whereas the populations of CNS-surrounding phagocytes are just starting to be appreciated. As guardians of CNS homeostasis, these myeloid cells perform immune surveillance and immune modulatory tasks in health and disease. As such, microglia and CNS-surrounding antigen-presenting cells have been shown to be crucially involved not only in the initiation and progression but also resolution of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS and its rodent model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating CNS pathologies. While some crucial aspects of the disease pathogenesis have been solved, much of the complex involvement and interplay of the innate immune compartment remains yet to be clarified. Here, we will discuss the current understanding of the scope of phenotypes and functions of myeloid cells involved in CNS neuroinflammation.
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45
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Michell-Robinson MA, Touil H, Healy LM, Owen DR, Durafourt BA, Bar-Or A, Antel JP, Moore CS. Roles of microglia in brain development, tissue maintenance and repair. Brain 2015; 138:1138-59. [PMID: 25823474 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging roles of microglia are currently being investigated in the healthy and diseased brain with a growing interest in their diverse functions. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that microglia are not only immunocentric, but also neurobiological and can impact neural development and the maintenance of neuronal cell function in both healthy and pathological contexts. In the disease context, there is widespread consensus that microglia are dynamic cells with a potential to contribute to both central nervous system damage and repair. Indeed, a number of studies have found that microenvironmental conditions can selectively modify unique microglia phenotypes and functions. One novel mechanism that has garnered interest involves the regulation of microglial function by microRNAs, which has therapeutic implications such as enhancing microglia-mediated suppression of brain injury and promoting repair following inflammatory injury. Furthermore, recently published articles have identified molecular signatures of myeloid cells, suggesting that microglia are a distinct cell population compared to other cells of myeloid lineage that access the central nervous system under pathological conditions. Thus, new opportunities exist to help distinguish microglia in the brain and permit the study of their unique functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie A Michell-Robinson
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hanane Touil
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David R Owen
- 2 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bryce A Durafourt
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- 3 Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Repulsive Guidance Molecule-a Is Involved in Th17-Cell-Induced Neurodegeneration in Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1459-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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47
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Hippocampal proliferation is increased in presymptomatic Parkinson's disease and due to microglia. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:959154. [PMID: 25197578 PMCID: PMC4147270 DOI: 10.1155/2014/959154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides dopamine-deficiency related motor symptoms, nonmotor symptoms, including cognitive changes occur in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, that may relate to accumulation of α-synuclein in the hippocampus (HC). This brain region also contains stem cells that can proliferate. This is a well-regulated process that can, for example, be altered by neurodegenerative conditions. In contrast to proliferation in the substantia nigra and subventricular zone, little is known about the HC in PD. In addition, glial cells contribute to neurodegenerative processes and may proliferate in response to PD pathology. In the present study, we questioned whether microglial cells proliferate in the HC of established PD patients versus control subjects or incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD) cases as a prodromal state of PD. To this end, proliferation was assessed using the immunocytochemical marker minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2). Colocalization with Iba1 was performed to determine microglial proliferation. MCM2-positive cells were present in the HC of controls and were significantly increased in the presymptomatic iLBD cases, but not in established PD patients. Microglia represented the majority of the proliferating cells in the HC. This suggests an early microglial response to developing PD pathology in the HC and further indicates that neuroinflammatory processes play an important role in the development of PD pathology.
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48
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Wieghofer P, Knobeloch KP, Prinz M. Genetic targeting of microglia. Glia 2014; 63:1-22. [PMID: 25132502 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic targeting of microglia and other myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS) is highly desirable as they are critical effectors and regulators of changes in CNS homeostasis during development as well as in health and disease. Therefore, genetic reprogramming of microglia could constitute a central approach for potentially reducing disease burden. Previous attempts to target only microglia in vivo failed because of the similarities to their hematopoietic relatives in the circulation. However, this concept has been challenged by recent results of developmental and gene expression profiling studies which used novel molecular biological tools to unravel the origin of microglia and to define their role as specialized tissue macrophages clearly distinct from monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages. The aim of this review is to recapitulate the history of microglia targeting approaches and finally highlight recent achievements in the field. We will discuss the pros and cons of the newly available genetic tools, their potential for future microglia research and genetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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49
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De I, Nikodemova M, Steffen MD, Sokn E, Maklakova VI, Watters JJ, Collier LS. CSF1 overexpression has pleiotropic effects on microglia in vivo. Glia 2014; 62:1955-67. [PMID: 25042473 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF1) is a cytokine that is upregulated in several diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). To examine the effects of CSF1 overexpression on microglia, transgenic mice that overexpress CSF1 in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compartment were generated. CSF1 overexpressing mice have increased microglial proliferation and increased microglial numbers compared with controls. Treatment with PLX3397, a small molecule inhibitor of the CSF1 receptor CSF1R and related kinases, decreases microglial numbers by promoting microglial apoptosis in both CSF1 overexpressing and control mice. Microglia in CSF1 overexpressing mice exhibit gene expression profiles indicating that they are not basally M1 or M2 polarized, but they do have defects in inducing expression of certain genes in response to the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide. These results indicate that the CSF1 overexpression observed in CNS pathologies likely has pleiotropic influences on microglia. Furthermore, small molecule inhibition of CSF1R has the potential to reverse CSF1-driven microglial accumulation that is frequently observed in CNS pathologies, but can also promote apoptosis of normal microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani De
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
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50
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Steger R, Kamal A, Lutchman S, Intrabartolo L, Sohail R, Brumberg JC. Chronic caffeine ingestion causes microglia activation, but not proliferation in the healthy brain. Brain Res Bull 2014; 106:39-46. [PMID: 24881873 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most popular psychoactive drug in the world which contributes to behavioral and metabolic changes when ingested. Within the central nervous system (CNS), caffeine has a high affinity for A1 and A2a adenosine receptors. Serving as an antagonist, caffeine affects the ability of adenosine to bind to these receptors. Caffeine has been shown to alter neuronal functioning through increasing spontaneous firing. However, the effects of caffeine on non-neuronal cells in the CNS have not been studied extensively. Microglia are one phenotype of non-neuronal glia within the CNS. Acting as phagocytes, they contribute to the immune defense system of the brain and express A1 and A2a adenosine receptors. Caffeine, therefore, may affect microglia. In order to test this hypothesis, CD-1 mice were randomly placed into one of three groups: control, low caffeine (0.3 g/L water) and high caffeine (1.0 g/L water) and were allowed to drink freely for 30 days. Following 30 days, brain sections were stained to reveal microglia. Morphological reconstructions and density measurements were examined in cortical and subcortical areas including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex and striatum. Results indicate that microglial density throughout the brain is decreased in the caffeine groups as compared to the control. Caffeine also impacted microglia morphology shortening process length and decreasing branching. These results suggest that chronic caffeine ingestion has a systemic impact on microglia density and their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Steger
- The Neuropsychology Doctoral Subprogram (Psychology), The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), United States
| | - Arifa Kamal
- Neuroscience Major, Queens College, CUNY, United States
| | - Sara Lutchman
- Neuroscience Major, Queens College, CUNY, United States
| | | | - Rabia Sohail
- Psychology Department, Queens College, CUNY, United States
| | - Joshua C Brumberg
- The Neuropsychology Doctoral Subprogram (Psychology), The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), United States; Neuroscience Major, Queens College, CUNY, United States; Psychology Department, Queens College, CUNY, United States; Neuroscience PhD Subprogram (Biology), The Graduate Center, CUNY, United States.
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