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Maciag K, Plumlee CR, Cohen SB, Gern BH, Urdahl KB. Reappraising the Role of T Cell-Derived IFN-γ in Restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Murine Lung. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:339-346. [PMID: 38912839 PMCID: PMC11249196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
T cells producing IFN-γ have long been considered a stalwart for immune protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but their relative importance to pulmonary immunity has been challenged by murine studies that achieved protection by adoptively transferred Mtb-specific IFN-γ-/- T cells. Using IFN-γ-/- T cell chimeric mice and adoptive transfer of IFN-γ-/- T cells into TCRβ-/-δ-/- mice, we demonstrate that control of lung Mtb burden is in fact dependent on T cell-derived IFN-γ, and, furthermore, mice selectively deficient in T cell-derived IFN-γ develop exacerbated disease compared with T cell-deficient control animals, despite equivalent lung bacterial burdens. Deficiency in T cell-derived IFN-γ skews infected and bystander monocyte-derived macrophages to an alternative M2 phenotype and promotes neutrophil and eosinophil influx. Our studies support an important role for T cell-derived IFN-γ in pulmonary immunity against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciag
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Benjamin H. Gern
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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2
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Khanna H, Gupta S, Sheikh Y. Cell-Mediated Immune Response Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Potential Therapeutic Impact. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2024; 44:244-259. [PMID: 38607324 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2024.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immune response is critical for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) control. Understanding of pathophysiology and role played by different cell mediators is essential for vaccine development and better management of patients with M.tb. A complex array of cytokines and chemokines are involved in the immune response against M.tb; however, their relative contribution in protection remains to be further explored. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current understanding regarding the cytokine and chemokine profiles in M.tb infection in order to assist research in the field to pursue new direction in prevention and control. We have also summarized recent findings on vaccine trials that have been developed and or are under trials that are targeting these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshika Khanna
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Yasmeen Sheikh
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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3
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Maciag K, Plumlee C, Cohen S, Gern B, Urdahl K. Re-appraising the role of T-cell derived interferon gamma in restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the murine lung: T-cell derived IFNγ is required to restrict pulmonary Mtb. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588086. [PMID: 38617280 PMCID: PMC11014638 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
T cells producing interferon gamma (IFNγ) have long been considered a stalwart for immune protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but their relative importance to pulmonary immunity has been challenged by murine studies which achieved protection by adoptively transferred Mtb-specific IFNγ-/- T cells. Using IFNγ-/- T cell chimeric mice and adoptive transfer of IFNγ-/- T cells into TCRβ-/-δ-/- mice, we demonstrate that control of lung Mtb burden is in fact dependent on T cell-derived IFNγ, and furthermore, mice selectively deficient in T cell-derived IFNγ develop exacerbated disease compared to T cell-deficient controls despite equivalent lung bacterial burdens. Deficiency in T cell-derived IFNγ skews infected and bystander monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to an alternative M2 phenotype, and promotes neutrophil and eosinophil influx. Our studies support an important role for T cell-derived IFNγ in pulmonary immunity against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciag
- Seattle Children's Research Institute
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington
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4
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Venkatasubramanian S, Plumlee CR, Dill-McFarland KA, Cohen SB, Gern BH, Rane DA, Meyer MK, Saha A, Hinderstein SA, Pearson GL, Lietzke AC, Pacheco A, Chow YH, Hung CF, Soleimanpour SA, Altman M, Urdahl KB, Shah JA. TOLLIP inhibits lipid accumulation and the integrated stress response in alveolar macrophages to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:949-963. [PMID: 38528148 PMCID: PMC11034867 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
A polymorphism causing deficiencies in Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP), an inhibitory adaptor protein affecting endosomal trafficking, is associated with increased tuberculosis (TB) risk. It is, however, unclear how TOLLIP affects TB pathogenesis. Here we show that TB severity is increased in Tollip-/- mice, characterized by macrophage- and T cell-driven inflammation, foam cell formation and lipid accumulation. Tollip-/- alveolar macrophages (AM) specifically accumulated lipid and underwent necrosis. Transcriptional and protein analyses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected, Tollip-/- AM revealed increased EIF2 signalling and downstream upregulation of the integrated stress response (ISR). These phenotypes were linked, as incubation of the Mtb lipid mycolic acid with Mtb-infected Tollip-/- AM activated the ISR and increased Mtb replication. Correspondingly, the ISR inhibitor, ISRIB, reduced Mtb numbers in AM and improved Mtb control, overcoming the inflammatory phenotype. In conclusion, targeting the ISR offers a promising target for host-directed anti-TB therapy towards improved Mtb control and reduced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara B Cohen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin H Gern
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Divya A Rane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Aparajita Saha
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gemma L Pearson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne C Lietzke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amanda Pacheco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Chow
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chi F Hung
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott A Soleimanpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew Altman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Javeed A Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Foreman TW, Nelson CE, Sallin MA, Kauffman KD, Sakai S, Otaizo-Carrasquero F, Myers TG, Barber DL. CD30 co-stimulation drives differentiation of protective T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20222090. [PMID: 37097292 PMCID: PMC10130742 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20222090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires generation of T cells that migrate to granulomas, complex immune structures surrounding sites of bacterial replication. Here we compared the gene expression profiles of T cells in pulmonary granulomas, bronchoalveolar lavage, and blood of Mtb-infected rhesus macaques to identify granuloma-enriched T cell genes. TNFRSF8/CD30 was among the top genes upregulated in both CD4 and CD8 T cells from granulomas. In mice, CD30 expression on CD4 T cells is required for survival of Mtb infection, and there is no major role for CD30 in protection by other cell types. Transcriptomic comparison of WT and CD30-/- CD4 T cells from the lungs of Mtb-infected mixed bone marrow chimeric mice showed that CD30 directly promotes CD4 T cell differentiation and the expression of multiple effector molecules. These results demonstrate that the CD30 co-stimulatory axis is highly upregulated on granuloma T cells and is critical for protective T cell responses against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Foreman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine E. Nelson
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Otaizo-Carrasquero
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Gress AR, Bold TD. TB granuloma: CD30 co-stimulation for CD4+ T cell co-operation. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230547. [PMID: 37158981 PMCID: PMC10174186 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis granuloma T cells express an array of mediators including the CD30 co-stimulatory receptor and its ligand, CD153. CD4 T effector cells require signals through CD30, potentially provided co-operatively by other T cells, to completely differentiate and protect against disease (Foreman et al., 2023. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20222090).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Gress
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tyler D. Bold
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Abstract
Specialized subpopulations of CD4+ T cells survey major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide complexes to control phagosomal infections, help B cells, regulate tissue homeostasis and repair or perform immune regulation. Memory CD4+ T cells are positioned throughout the body and not only protect the tissues from reinfection and cancer, but also participate in allergy, autoimmunity, graft rejection and chronic inflammation. Here we provide updates on our understanding of the longevity, functional heterogeneity, differentiation, plasticity, migration and human immunodeficiency virus reservoirs as well as key technological advances that are facilitating the characterization of memory CD4+ T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Künzli
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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8
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Morrison HM, Craft J, Rivera-Lugo R, Johnson JR, Golovkine GR, Bell SL, Dodd CE, Van Dis E, Beatty WL, Margolis SR, Repasy T, Shaker I, Lee AY, Vance RE, Stanley SA, Watson RO, Krogan NJ, Portnoy DA, Penn BH, Cox JS. Deficiency in Galectin-3, -8, and -9 impairs immunity to chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but not acute infection with multiple intracellular pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011088. [PMID: 37352334 PMCID: PMC10325092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages employ an array of pattern recognition receptors to detect and eliminate intracellular pathogens that access the cytosol. The cytosolic carbohydrate sensors Galectin-3, -8, and -9 (Gal-3, Gal-8, and Gal-9) recognize damaged pathogen-containing phagosomes, and Gal-3 and Gal-8 are reported to restrict bacterial growth via autophagy in cultured cells. However, the contribution of these galectins to host resistance during bacterial infection in vivo remains unclear. We found that Gal-9 binds directly to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Stm) and localizes to Mtb in macrophages. To determine the combined contribution of membrane damage-sensing galectins to immunity, we generated Gal-3, -8, and -9 triple knockout (TKO) mice. Mtb infection of primary macrophages from TKO mice resulted in defective autophagic flux but normal bacterial replication. Surprisingly, these mice had no discernable defect in resistance to acute infection with Mtb, Stm or Listeria monocytogenes, and had only modest impairments in bacterial growth restriction and CD4 T cell activation during chronic Mtb infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that while Gal-3, -8, and -9 respond to an array of intracellular pathogens, together these membrane damage-sensing galectins play a limited role in host resistance to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntly M. Morrison
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Julia Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rafael Rivera-Lugo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffery R. Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guillaume R. Golovkine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Dodd
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Erik Van Dis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shally R. Margolis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Teresa Repasy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Isaac Shaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Angus Y. Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Russell E. Vance
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Stanley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Robert O. Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Bennett H. Penn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffery S. Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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9
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Fraser R, Orta-Resendiz A, Mazein A, Dockrell DH. Upper respiratory tract mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:255-267. [PMID: 36764906 PMCID: PMC9868365 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly reduces morbidity and mortality, but has less impact on viral transmission rates, thus aiding viral evolution, and the longevity of vaccine-induced immunity rapidly declines. Immune responses in respiratory tract mucosal tissues are crucial for early control of infection, and can generate long-term antigen-specific protection with prompt recall responses. However, currently approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are not amenable to adequate respiratory mucosal delivery, particularly in the upper airways, which could account for the high vaccine breakthrough infection rates and limited duration of vaccine-mediated protection. In view of these drawbacks, we outline a strategy that has the potential to enhance both the efficacy and durability of existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, by inducing robust memory responses in the upper respiratory tract (URT) mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupsha Fraser
- The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Aurelio Orta-Resendiz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Mazein
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - David H Dockrell
- The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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10
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T-cell-B-cell collaboration in the lung. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102284. [PMID: 36753826 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Collaboration between T and B cells in secondary lymphoid organs is a crucial component of adaptive immunity, but lymphocytes also persist in other tissues. Recent studies have examined T-cell-B-cell interactions in nonlymphoid tissues such as the lung. CD4+ T- resident helper cells (TRH) remain in the lung after influenza infection and support both resident CD8 T cells and B cells. Multiple lung-resident B-cell subsets (B-resident memory (BRM)) that exhibit spatial and phenotypic diversity have also been described. Though not generated by all types of infection, inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue offers a logical place for T and B cells to interact. Perturbations to BRM and TRH cells elicit effects specific to Immunoglobulin A (IgA) production, an antibody isotype with privileged access to mucosa. Understanding the interplay of lymphocytes in mucosal tissues, which can be insulated from systemic immune responses, may improve the design of future vaccines and therapies.
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11
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Osum KC, Jenkins MK. Toward a general model of CD4 + T cell subset specification and memory cell formation. Immunity 2023; 56:475-484. [PMID: 36921574 PMCID: PMC10084496 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, a number of transformative discoveries have been made regarding memory CD8+ T cell biology; meanwhile, the CD4+ T cell field has lagged behind this progress. This perspective focuses on CD4+ helper T (Th) cell subset specification and memory cell formation. Here, we argue that the sheer number of Th effector and memory cell subsets and a focus on their differences have been a barrier to a general model of CD4+ memory T cell formation that applies to all immune responses. We highlight a bifurcation model that relies on an IL-2 signal-dependent switch as an explanation for the balanced production of diverse Th memory cells that participate in cell-mediated or humoral immunity in most contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Osum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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12
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B cells promote granulomatous inflammation during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011187. [PMID: 36888692 PMCID: PMC9994760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study reveals that in chronic TB, the B cell-deficient μMT strain, relative to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, displays in the lungs lower levels of inflammation that are associated with decreased CD4+ T cell proliferation, diminished Th1 response, and enhanced levels of interleukin (IL)-10. The latter result raises the possibility that B cells may restrict lung expression of IL-10 in chronic TB. These observations are recapitulated in WT mice depleted for B cells using anti-CD20 antibodies. IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) blockade reverses the phenotypes of decreased inflammation and attenuated CD4+ T cell responses in B cell-depleted mice. Together, these results suggest that in chronic murine TB, B cells, by virtue of their capacity to restrict expression of the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive IL-10 in the lungs, promote the development of a robust protective Th1 response, thereby optimizing anti-TB immunity. This vigorous Th1 immunity and restricted IL-10 expression may, however, allow the development of inflammation to a level that can be detrimental to the host. Indeed, decreased lung inflammation observed in chronically infected B cell-deficient mice, which exhibit augmented lung IL-10 levels, is associated with a survival advantage relative to WT animals. Collectively, the results reveal that in chronic murine TB, B cells play a role in modulating the protective Th1 immunity and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 response, which results in augmentation of lung inflammation that can be host-detrimental. Intriguingly, in tuberculous human lungs, conspicuous B cell aggregates are present in close proximity to tissue-damaging lesions manifesting necrosis and cavitation, suggesting the possibility that in human TB, B cells may contribute to the development of exacerbated pathology that is known to promote transmission. Since transmission is a major hindrance to TB control, investigating into whether B cells can shape the development of severe pulmonic pathological responses in tuberculous individuals is warranted.
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13
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Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Benson B, Kuan R, Dill-McFarland KA, Peterson GJ, Paul S, Nguyen FK, Gilman RH, Saito M, Taplitz R, Arentz M, Goss CH, Aitken ML, Horne DJ, Shah JA, Sette A, Hawn TR. T-cell deficiency and hyperinflammatory monocyte responses associate with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016038. [PMID: 36263044 PMCID: PMC9574438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological mechanisms of susceptibility to nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease are poorly understood. To understand NTM pathogenesis, we evaluated innate and antigen-specific adaptive immune responses to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in asymptomatic individuals with a previous history of MAC lung disease (MACDZ). We hypothesized that Mav-specific immune responses are associated with susceptibility to MAC lung disease. We measured MAC-, NTM-, or MAC/Mtb-specific T-cell responses by cytokine production, expression of surface markers, and analysis of global gene expression in 27 MACDZ individuals and 32 healthy controls. We also analyzed global gene expression in Mycobacterium avium-infected and uninfected peripheral blood monocytes from 17 MACDZ and 17 healthy controls. We were unable to detect increased T-cell responses against MAC-specific reagents in MACDZ compared to controls, while the responses to non-mycobacteria derived antigens were preserved. MACDZ individuals had a lower frequency of Th1 and Th1* T-cell populations. In addition, MACDZ subjects had lower transcriptional responses in PBMCs stimulated with a mycobacterial peptide pool (MTB300). By contrast, global gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of proinflammatory pathways in uninfected and M. avium-infected monocytes, i.e. a hyperinflammatory in vitro response, derived from MACDZ subjects compared to controls. Together, these data suggest a novel immunologic defect which underlies MAC pathogenesis and includes concurrent innate and adaptive dysregulation which persists years after completion of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia S. Lindestam Arlehamn
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cecilia S. Lindestam Arlehamn,
| | - Basilin Benson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rebecca Kuan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Glenna J. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sinu Paul
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Felicia K. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Randy Taplitz
- Department of Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Arentz
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- FIND, the global alliance for diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christopher H. Goss
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Moira L. Aitken
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David J. Horne
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Javeed A. Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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HIF-1 stabilization in T cells hampers the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5093. [PMID: 36064840 PMCID: PMC9445005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) regulate the main transcriptional pathway of response to hypoxia in T cells and are negatively regulated by von Hippel-Lindau factor (VHL). But the role of HIFs in the regulation of CD4 T cell responses during infection with M. tuberculosis isn’t well understood. Here we show that mice lacking VHL in T cells (Vhl cKO) are highly susceptible to infection with M. tuberculosis, which is associated with a low accumulation of mycobacteria-specific T cells in the lungs that display reduced proliferation, altered differentiation and enhanced expression of inhibitory receptors. In contrast, HIF-1 deficiency in T cells is redundant for M. tuberculosis control. Vhl cKO mice also show reduced responses to vaccination. Further, VHL promotes proper MYC-activation, cell-growth responses, DNA synthesis, proliferation and survival of CD4 T cells after TCR activation. The VHL-deficient T cell responses are rescued by the loss of HIF-1α, indicating that the increased susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection and the impaired responses of Vhl-deficient T cells are HIF-1-dependent. The role of hypoxia inducible factors in infection and immune response is unclear. Here, the authors study their impact on the regulation of T cells responses during Mycobacteria tuberculosis infection using transcriptomics, flow cytometry and in vivo infection.
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15
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Venkatasubramanian S, Pryor R, Plumlee C, Cohen SB, Simmons JD, Warr AJ, Graustein AD, Saha A, Hawn TR, Urdahl KB, Shah JA. TOLLIP Optimizes Dendritic Cell Maturation to Lipopolysaccharide and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:435-445. [PMID: 35803695 PMCID: PMC9339496 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
TOLLIP is a central regulator of multiple innate immune signaling pathways, including TLR2, TLR4, IL-1R, and STING. Human TOLLIP deficiency, regulated by single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5743854, is associated with increased tuberculosis risk and diminished frequency of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells in infants. How TOLLIP influences adaptive immune responses remains poorly understood. To understand the mechanistic relationship between TOLLIP and adaptive immune responses, we used human genetic and murine models to evaluate the role of TOLLIP in dendritic cell (DC) function. In healthy volunteers, TOLLIP single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5743854 G allele was associated with decreased TOLLIP mRNA and protein expression in DCs, along with LPS-induced IL-12 secretion in peripheral blood DCs. As in human cells, LPS-stimulated Tollip -/- bone marrow-derived murine DCs secreted less IL-12 and expressed less CD40. Tollip was required in lung and lymph node-resident DCs for optimal induction of MHC class II and CD40 expression during the first 28 d of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mixed bone marrow chimeric mice. Tollip -/- mice developed fewer M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells after 28 d of infection and diminished responses to bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination. Furthermore, Tollip -/- DCs were unable to optimally induce T cell proliferation. Taken together, these data support a model where TOLLIP-deficient DCs undergo suboptimal maturation after M. tuberculosis infection, impairing T cell activation and contributing to tuberculosis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander J Warr
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Baylor School of Medicine, Houston, TX; and
| | - Andrew D Graustein
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Javeed A Shah
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA;
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA
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16
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Xia Y, Sandor K, Pai JA, Daniel B, Raju S, Wu R, Hsiung S, Qi Y, Yangdon T, Okamoto M, Chou C, Hiam-Galvez KJ, Schreiber RD, Murphy KM, Satpathy AT, Egawa T. BCL6-dependent TCF-1 + progenitor cells maintain effector and helper CD4 + T cell responses to persistent antigen. Immunity 2022; 55:1200-1215.e6. [PMID: 35637103 PMCID: PMC10034764 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soon after activation, CD4+ T cells are segregated into BCL6+ follicular helper (Tfh) and BCL6- effector (Teff) T cells. Here, we explored how these subsets are maintained during chronic antigen stimulation using the mouse chronic LCMV infection model. Using single cell-transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses, we identified a population of PD-1+ TCF-1+ CD4+ T cells with memory-like features. TCR clonal tracing and adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that these cells have self-renewal capacity and continue to give rise to both Teff and Tfh cells, thus functioning as progenitor cells. Conditional deletion experiments showed Bcl6-dependent development of these progenitors, which were essential for sustaining antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses to chronic infection. An analogous CD4+ T cell population developed in draining lymph nodes in response to tumors. Our study reveals the heterogeneity and plasticity of CD4+ T cells during persistent antigen exposure and highlights their population dynamics through a stable, bipotent intermediate state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joy A Pai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunnie Hsiung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tenzin Yangdon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chun Chou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Magoulopoulou A, Qian X, Pediatama Setiabudiawan T, Marco Salas S, Yokota C, Rottenberg ME, Nilsson M, Carow B. Spatial Resolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacteria and Their Surrounding Immune Environments Based on Selected Key Transcripts in Mouse Lungs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876321. [PMID: 35663950 PMCID: PMC9157500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacilli are the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a major killer of mankind. Although it is widely accepted that local interactions between Mtb and the immune system in the tuberculous granuloma determine whether the outcome of infection is controlled or disseminated, these have been poorly studied due to methodological constraints. We have recently used a spatial transcriptomic technique, in situ sequencing (ISS), to define the spatial distribution of immune transcripts in TB mouse lungs. To further contribute to the understanding of the immune microenvironments of Mtb and their local diversity, we here present two complementary automated bacteria-guided analysis pipelines. These position 33 ISS-identified immune transcripts in relation to single bacteria and bacteria clusters. The analysis was applied on new ISS data from lung sections of Mtb-infected C57BL/6 and C3HeB/FeJ mice. In lungs from C57BL/6 mice early and late post infection, transcripts that define inflammatory macrophages were enriched at subcellular distances to bacteria, indicating the activation of infected macrophages. In contrast, expression patterns associated to antigen presentation were enriched in non-infected cells at 12 weeks post infection. T-cell transcripts were evenly distributed in the tissue. In Mtb-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice, transcripts characterizing activated macrophages localized in apposition to small bacteria clusters, but not in organized granulomas. Despite differences in the susceptibility to Mtb, the transcript patterns found around small bacteria clusters of C3HeB/FeJ and C57BL/6 mice were similar. Altogether, the presented tools allow us to characterize in depth the immune cell populations and their activation that interact with Mtb in the infected lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Magoulopoulou
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyan Qian
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Todia Pediatama Setiabudiawan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sergio Marco Salas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Chika Yokota
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin E Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Berit Carow
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
Pulmonary granulomas are widely considered the epicenters of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Recent animal studies have revealed factors that either promote or restrict TB immunity within granulomas. These models, however, typically ignore the impact of preexisting immunity on cellular organization and function, an important consideration because most TB probably occurs through reinfection of previously exposed individuals. Human postmortem research from the pre-antibiotic era showed that infections in Mtb-naïve individuals (primary TB) versus those with prior Mtb exposure (postprimary TB) have distinct pathologic features. We review recent animal findings in TB granuloma biology, which largely reflect primary TB. We also discuss our current understanding of postprimary TB lesions, about which much less is known. Many knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding how preexisting immunity shapes granuloma structure and local immune responses at Mtb infection sites. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Cohen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Gern
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Joslyn LR, Linderman JJ, Kirschner DE. A virtual host model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection identifies early immune events as predictive of infection outcomes. J Theor Biol 2022; 539:111042. [PMID: 35114195 PMCID: PMC9169921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the world's deadliest infectious diseases and remains a significant global health burden. TB disease and pathology can present clinically across a spectrum of outcomes, ranging from total sterilization of infection to active disease. Much remains unknown about the biology that drives an individual towards various clinical outcomes as it is challenging to experimentally address specific mechanisms driving clinical outcomes. Furthermore, it is unknown whether numbers of immune cells in the blood accurately reflect ongoing events during infection within human lungs. Herein, we utilize a systems biology approach by developing a whole-host model of the immune response to Mtb across multiple physiologic and time scales. This model, called HostSim, tracks events at the cellular, granuloma, organ, and host scale and represents the first whole-host, multi-scale model of the immune response following Mtb infection. We show that this model can capture various aspects of human and non-human primate TB disease and predict that biomarkers in the blood may only faithfully represent events in the lung at early time points after infection. We posit that HostSim, as a first step toward personalized digital twins in TB research, offers a powerful computational tool that can be used in concert with experimental approaches to understand and predict events about various aspects of TB disease and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis R Joslyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, 5641 Medical Science II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, G045W NCRC B28, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, G045W NCRC B28, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136.
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, 5641 Medical Science II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620.
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20
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Whitesell JC, Lindsay RS, Olivas-Corral JG, Yannacone SF, Schoenbach MH, Lucas ED, Friedman RS. Islet Lymphocytes Maintain a Stable Regulatory Phenotype Under Homeostatic Conditions and Metabolic Stress. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814203. [PMID: 35145521 PMCID: PMC8821107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells and B cells have been identified in human and murine islets, but the phenotype and role of islet lymphocytes is unknown. Resident immune populations set the stage for responses to inflammation in the islets during homeostasis and diabetes. Thus, we sought to identify the phenotype and effector function of islet lymphocytes to better understand their role in normal islets and in islets under metabolic stress. Lymphocytes were located in the islet parenchyma, and were comprised of a mix of naïve, activated, and memory T cell and B cell subsets, with an enrichment for regulatory B cell subsets. Use of a Nur77 reporter indicated that CD8 T cells and B cells both received local antigen stimulus, indicating that they responded to antigens present in the islets. Analysis of effector function showed that islet T cells and B cells produced the regulatory cytokine IL-10. The regulatory phenotype of islet T cells and B cells and their response to local antigenic stimuli remained stable under conditions of metabolic stress in the diet induced obesity (DIO) model. T cells present in human islets retained a similar activated and memory phenotype in non-diabetic and T2D donors. Under steady-state conditions, islet T cells and B cells have a regulatory phenotype, and thus may play a protective role in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Whitesell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Robin S. Lindsay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jessica G. Olivas-Corral
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Seth F. Yannacone
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Mary H. Schoenbach
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Erin D. Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel S. Friedman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Rachel S. Friedman,
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21
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Ritter K, Rousseau J, Hölscher C. Interleukin-27 in Tuberculosis: A Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing? Front Immunol 2022; 12:810602. [PMID: 35116036 PMCID: PMC8803639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In tuberculosis (TB), protective inflammatory immune responses and the pathological sequelae of chronic inflammation significantly depend on a timely balance of cytokine expression. In contrast to other anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-27 has fundamental effects in experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection: the absence of IL-27-mediated signalling promotes a better control of mycobacterial growth on the one hand side but also leads to a chronic hyperinflammation and immunopathology later during infection. Hence, in the context of novel host-directed therapeutic approaches and vaccination strategies for the management of TB, the timely restricted blockade of IL-27 signalling may represent an advanced treatment option. In contrast, administration of IL-27 itself may allow to treat the immunopathological consequences of chronic TB. In both cases, a better knowledge of the cell type-specific and kinetic effects of IL-27 after Mtb infection is essential. This review summarizes IL-27-mediated mechanisms affecting protection and immunopathology in TB and discusses possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jasmin Rousseau
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Borstel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph Hölscher,
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22
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Ferreira CM, Barbosa AM, Barreira-Silva P, Silvestre R, Cunha C, Carvalho A, Rodrigues F, Correia-Neves M, Castro AG, Torrado E. Early IL-10 promotes vasculature-associated CD4+ T cells unable to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150060. [PMID: 34554927 PMCID: PMC8663558 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; however, there is a delayed appearance of effector T cells in the lungs following aerosol infection. The immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 antagonizes control of M. tuberculosis infection through mechanisms associated with reduced CD4+ T cell responses. Here, we show that IL-10 overexpression only before the onset of the T cell response impaired control of M. tuberculosis growth; during chronic infection, IL-10 overexpression reduced the CD4+ T cell response without affecting the outcome of infection. IL-10 overexpression early during infection did not, we found, significantly impair the kinetics of CD4+ T cell priming and effector differentiation. However, CD4+ T cells primed and differentiated in an IL-10–enriched environment displayed reduced expression of CXCR3 and, because they did not migrate into the lung parenchyma, their ability to control infection was limited. Importantly, these CD4+ T cells maintained their vasculature phenotype and were unable to control infection, even after adoptive transfer into low IL-10 settings. Together our data support a model wherein, during M. tuberculosis infection, IL-10 acts intrinsically on T cells, impairing their parenchymal migratory capacity and ability to engage with infected phagocytic cells, thereby impeding control of infection.
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23
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Bauer L, Müller LJ, Volkers SM, Heinrich F, Mashreghi MF, Ruppert C, Sander LE, Hutloff A. Follicular Helper-like T Cells in the Lung Highlight a Novel Role of B Cells in Sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:1403-1417. [PMID: 34534436 PMCID: PMC8865704 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202012-4423oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Pulmonary sarcoidosis is generally presumed to be a T-helper cell type 1– and macrophage-driven disease. However, mouse models have recently revealed that chronically inflamed lung tissue can also comprise T follicular helper (Tfh)-like cells and represents a site of active T-cell/B-cell cooperation. Objectives To assess the role of pulmonary Tfh- and germinal center–like lymphocytes in sarcoidosis. Methods BAL fluid, lung tissue, and peripheral blood samples from patients with sarcoidosis were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunohistology, RNA sequencing, and in vitro T-cell/B-cell cooperation assays for phenotypic and functional characterization of germinal center–like reactions in inflamed tissue. Measurements and Main Results We identified a novel population of Tfh-like cells characterized by high expression of the B helper molecules CD40L and IL-21 in BAL of patients with sarcoidosis. Transcriptome analysis further confirmed a phenotype that was both Tfh-like and tissue resident. BAL T cells provided potent help for B cells to differentiate into antibody-producing cells. In lung tissue, we observed large peribronchial infiltrates with T and B cells in close contact, and many IgA+ plasmablasts. Most clusters were nonectopic; that is, they did not contain follicular dendritic cells. Patients with sarcoidosis also showed elevated levels of PD-1high CXCR5− CD40Lhigh ICOShigh Tfh-like cells, but not classical CXCR5+ Tfh cells, in the blood. Conclusions Active T-cell/B-cell cooperation and local production of potentially pathogenic antibodies in the inflamed lung represents a novel pathomechanism in sarcoidosis and should be considered from both diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bauer
- University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, 54186, Institute of Immunology, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sarah M Volkers
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Clemens Ruppert
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Internal Medicine, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, 14903, Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, 54186, Institute of Immunology, Kiel, Germany;
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24
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Hermann C, King CG. TB or not to be: what specificities and impact do antibodies have during tuberculosis? OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab015. [PMID: 36845566 PMCID: PMC9914581 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. The primary barrier to the development of an effective tuberculosis vaccine is our failure to fully understand the fundamental characteristics of a protective immune response. There is an increasing evidence that mobilization of antibody and B cell responses during natural Mtb infection and vaccination play a role in host protection. Several studies have assessed the levels of Mtb-specific antibodies induced during active disease as well as the potential of monoclonal antibodies to modulate bacterial growth in vitro and in vivo. A major limitation of these studies, however, is that the specific antigens capable of eliciting humoral responses are largely unknown. As a result, information about antibody dynamics and function, which might fundamentally transform our understanding of host Mtb immunity, is missing. Importantly, Mtb infection also induces the recruitment, accumulation and colocalization of B and T cells in the lung, which are positively correlated with protection in humans and animal models of disease. These ectopic lymphoid tissues generally support local germinal center reactions for the proliferation and ongoing selection of effector and memory B cells in the mucosa. Efforts to leverage such responses for human health, however, require a more complete understanding of how antibodies and B cells contribute to the local and systemic host Mtb immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Hermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G King
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland,Correspondence address. Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland. Tel: +41 61 265 3874; E-mail:
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25
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A Small Protein but with Diverse Roles: A Review of EsxA in Mycobacterium-Host Interaction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071645. [PMID: 34209120 PMCID: PMC8305481 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major effector of the ESX-1 secretion system, EsxA is essential for the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium marinum (Mm). EsxA possesses an acidic pH-dependent membrane permeabilizing activity and plays an essential role by mediating mycobacterial escape from the phagosome and translocation to the cytosol for intracellular replication. Moreover, EsxA regulates host immune responses as a potent T-cell antigen and a strong immunoregulator. EsxA interacts with multiple cellular proteins and stimulates several signal pathways, such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, and antigen presentation. Interestingly, there is a co-dependency in the expression and secretion of EsxA and other mycobacterial factors, which greatly increases the complexity of dissecting the precise roles of EsxA and other factors in mycobacterium-host interaction. In this review, we summarize the current understandings of the roles and functions of EsxA in mycobacterial infection and discuss the challenges and future directions.
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26
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Pruner KB, Pepper M. Local memory CD4 T cell niches in respiratory viral infection. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212432. [PMID: 34160551 PMCID: PMC8225681 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections present a major threat to global health and prosperity. Over the past century, several have developed into crippling pandemics, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Although the generation of neutralizing serum antibodies in response to natural immunity and vaccination are considered to be hallmarks of viral immune protection, antibodies from long-lived plasma cells are subject to immune escape from heterologous clades of zoonotic, recombined, or mutated viruses. Local immunity in the lung can be generated through resident memory immune subsets that rapidly respond to secondary infection and protect from heterologous infection. Although many immune cells are required to achieve the phenomenon of resident memory, herein we highlight the pleiotropic functions of CD4 tissue resident memory T cells in the lung and discuss the implications of resident memory for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt B Pruner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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27
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Grau-Expósito J, Sánchez-Gaona N, Massana N, Suppi M, Astorga-Gamaza A, Perea D, Rosado J, Falcó A, Kirkegaard C, Torrella A, Planas B, Navarro J, Suanzes P, Álvarez-Sierra D, Ayora A, Sansano I, Esperalba J, Andrés C, Antón A, Ramón Y Cajal S, Almirante B, Pujol-Borrell R, Falcó V, Burgos J, Buzón MJ, Genescà M. Peripheral and lung resident memory T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3010. [PMID: 34021148 PMCID: PMC8140108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRM) positioned within the respiratory tract are probably required to limit SARS-CoV-2 spread and COVID-19. Importantly, TRM are mostly non-recirculating, which reduces the window of opportunity to examine these cells in the blood as they move to the lung parenchyma. Here, we identify circulating virus-specific T cell responses during acute infection with functional, migratory and apoptotic patterns modulated by viral proteins and associated with clinical outcome. Disease severity is associated predominantly with IFNγ and IL-4 responses, increased responses against S peptides and apoptosis, whereas non-hospitalized patients have increased IL-12p70 levels, degranulation in response to N peptides and SARS-CoV-2-specific CCR7+ T cells secreting IL-10. In convalescent patients, lung-TRM are frequently detected even 10 months after initial infection, in which contemporaneous blood does not reflect tissue-resident profiles. Our study highlights a balanced anti-inflammatory antiviral response associated with a better outcome and persisting TRM cells as important for future protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Sánchez-Gaona
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Massana
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Suppi
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Rosado
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Kirkegaard
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torrella
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Álvarez-Sierra
- Diagnostic Immunology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ayora
- Occupational Risk Prevention Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Sansano
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències morfològiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Antón
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències morfològiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Benito Almirante
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pujol-Borrell
- Diagnostic Immunology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,FOCIS Center of Excellence, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Sulman S, Savidge BO, Alqaseer K, Das MK, Nezam Abadi N, Pearl JE, Turapov O, Mukamolova GV, Akhtar MW, Cooper AM. Balance between Protection and Pathogenic Response to Aerosol Challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in Mice Vaccinated with TriFu64, a Fusion Consisting of Three Mtb Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050519. [PMID: 34070048 PMCID: PMC8158147 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis vaccines capable of reducing disease worldwide have proven difficult to develop. BCG is effective in limiting childhood disease, but adult TB is still a major public health issue. Development of new vaccines requires identification of antigens that are both spatially and temporally available throughout infection, and immune responses to which reduce bacterial burden without increasing pathologic outcomes. Subunit vaccines containing antigen require adjuvants to drive appropriate long-lived responses. We generated a triple-antigen fusion containing the virulence-associated EsxN (Rv1793), the PPE42 (Rv2608), and the latency associated Rv2628 to investigate the balance between bacterial reduction and weight loss in an animal model of aerosol infection. We found that in both a low pattern recognition receptor (PRR) engaging adjuvant and a high PRR-engaging adjuvant (MPL/TDM/DDA) the triple-antigen fusion could reduce the bacterial burden, but also induced weight loss in the mice upon aerosol infection. The weight loss was associated with an imbalance between TNFα and IL-17 transcription in the lung upon challenge. These data indicate the need to assess both protective and pathogenic responses when investigating subunit vaccine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Sulman
- Department Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (B.O.S.); (K.A.); (M.K.D.); (N.N.A.); (J.E.P.); (O.T.); (G.V.M.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Benjamin O. Savidge
- Department Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (B.O.S.); (K.A.); (M.K.D.); (N.N.A.); (J.E.P.); (O.T.); (G.V.M.)
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group—LTBRG, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kawther Alqaseer
- Department Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (B.O.S.); (K.A.); (M.K.D.); (N.N.A.); (J.E.P.); (O.T.); (G.V.M.)
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group—LTBRG, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Nursing, University of Kufa, P.O. Box 21, Kufa, Najaf Governorate, Najaf 540011, Iraq
| | - Mrinal K. Das
- Department Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (B.O.S.); (K.A.); (M.K.D.); (N.N.A.); (J.E.P.); (O.T.); (G.V.M.)
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group—LTBRG, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Neda Nezam Abadi
- Department Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (B.O.S.); (K.A.); (M.K.D.); (N.N.A.); (J.E.P.); (O.T.); (G.V.M.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - John E. Pearl
- Department Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (B.O.S.); (K.A.); (M.K.D.); (N.N.A.); (J.E.P.); (O.T.); (G.V.M.)
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group—LTBRG, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Obolbek Turapov
- Department Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (B.O.S.); (K.A.); (M.K.D.); (N.N.A.); (J.E.P.); (O.T.); (G.V.M.)
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group—LTBRG, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Galina V. Mukamolova
- Department Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (B.O.S.); (K.A.); (M.K.D.); (N.N.A.); (J.E.P.); (O.T.); (G.V.M.)
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group—LTBRG, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - M. Waheed Akhtar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Andrea May Cooper
- Department Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (B.O.S.); (K.A.); (M.K.D.); (N.N.A.); (J.E.P.); (O.T.); (G.V.M.)
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group—LTBRG, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)116-252-2957; Fax: +44-(0)116-252-5030
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29
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In Vivo Antigen Expression Regulates CD4 T Cell Differentiation and Vaccine Efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00226-21. [PMID: 33879592 PMCID: PMC8092222 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00226-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mtb, constitutes a global health crisis of massive proportions, and the impact of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is expected to cause a rise in tuberculosis-related deaths. Improved vaccines are therefore needed more than ever, but a lack of knowledge on protective immunity hampers their development. New vaccines are urgently needed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills more than 1.4 million people each year. CD4 T cell differentiation is a key determinant of protective immunity against Mtb, but it is not fully understood how host-pathogen interactions shape individual antigen-specific T cell populations and their protective capacity. Here, we investigated the immunodominant Mtb antigen, MPT70, which is upregulated in response to gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or nutrient/oxygen deprivation of in vitro-infected macrophages. Using a murine aerosol infection model, we compared the in vivo expression kinetics of MPT70 to a constitutively expressed antigen, ESAT-6, and analyzed their corresponding CD4 T cell phenotype and vaccine protection. For wild-type Mtb, we found that in vivo expression of MPT70 was delayed compared to ESAT-6. This delayed expression was associated with induction of less differentiated MPT70-specific CD4 T cells but, compared to ESAT-6, also reduced protection after vaccination. In contrast, infection with an MPT70-overexpressing Mtb strain promoted highly differentiated KLRG1+CX3CR1+ CD4 T cells with limited lung-homing capacity. Importantly, this differentiated phenotype could be prevented by vaccination, and against the overexpressing strain, vaccination with MPT70 conferred protection similar to vaccination with ESAT-6. Together, our data indicate that high in vivo antigen expression drives T cells toward terminal differentiation and that targeted vaccination with adjuvanted protein can counteract this phenomenon by maintaining T cells in a protective less differentiated state. These observations shed new light on host-pathogen interactions and provide guidance on how future Mtb vaccines can be designed to tip the immune balance in favor of the host.
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30
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Gern BH, Adams KN, Plumlee CR, Stoltzfus CR, Shehata L, Moguche AO, Busman-Sahay K, Hansen SG, Axthelm MK, Picker LJ, Estes JD, Urdahl KB, Gerner MY. TGFβ restricts expansion, survival, and function of T cells within the tuberculous granuloma. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:594-606.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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31
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Park JY, Park SB, Park H, Kim J, Kim YN, Kim S. Cytokine and Chemokine mRNA Expressions after Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Antigen Stimulation in Whole Blood from Hemodialysis Patients with Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040595. [PMID: 33810426 PMCID: PMC8066642 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been few reports on the kinetics of hemodialyzed (HD) patients’ immune responses in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Therefore, in the present study, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels of nine immune markers were analyzed to discriminate between HD patients with LTBI and healthy individuals. Nine cytokines and chemokines were screened through relative mRNA expression levels in whole blood samples after stimulation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific antigens from HD patients with LTBI (HD/LTBI), HD patients without LTBI, and healthy individuals, and results were compared with the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test. We confirmed that the C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11) mRNA expression level of the HD/LTBI group was significantly higher than the other two groups. Especially, the CCL11 mRNA expression level of the >0.7 IU/mL group in the QFT-GIT test was significantly higher than the <0.2 IU/mL group in the QFT-GIT test and the 0.2–0.7 IU/mL group in the QFT-GIT test (p = 0.0043). The present study reveals that the relative mRNA expression of CCL11 was statistically different in LTBI based on the current cut-off value (i.e., ≥0.35 IU/mL) and in the >0.7 IU/mL group. These results suggest that CCL11 mRNA expression might be an alternative biomarker for LTBI diagnosis in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Park Clinic, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Sung-Bae Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea; (S.-B.P.); (H.P.); (J.K.)
- Clinical Trial Specialist Program for In Vitro Diagnostics, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Heechul Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea; (S.-B.P.); (H.P.); (J.K.)
- Clinical Trial Specialist Program for In Vitro Diagnostics, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea; (S.-B.P.); (H.P.); (J.K.)
- Clinical Trial Specialist Program for In Vitro Diagnostics, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Ye Na Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 49267, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.N.K.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-51-990-6108 (Y.N.K.); +82-51-510-0560 (S.K.); Fax: +82-51-990-3005 (Y.N.K.); +82-51-510-0568 (S.K.)
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea; (S.-B.P.); (H.P.); (J.K.)
- Clinical Trial Specialist Program for In Vitro Diagnostics, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 49267, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.N.K.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-51-990-6108 (Y.N.K.); +82-51-510-0560 (S.K.); Fax: +82-51-990-3005 (Y.N.K.); +82-51-510-0568 (S.K.)
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32
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Dijkman K, Aguilo N, Boot C, Hofman SO, Sombroek CC, Vervenne RA, Kocken CH, Marinova D, Thole J, Rodríguez E, Vierboom MP, Haanstra KG, Puentes E, Martin C, Verreck FA. Pulmonary MTBVAC vaccination induces immune signatures previously correlated with prevention of tuberculosis infection. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100187. [PMID: 33521701 PMCID: PMC7817873 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To fight tuberculosis, better vaccination strategies are needed. Live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived vaccine, MTBVAC, is a promising candidate in the pipeline, proven to be safe and immunogenic in humans so far. Independent studies have shown that pulmonary mucosal delivery of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only tuberculosis (TB) vaccine available today, confers superior protection over standard intradermal immunization. Here we demonstrate that mucosal MTBVAC is well tolerated, eliciting polyfunctional T helper type 17 cells, interleukin-10, and immunoglobulins in the airway and yielding a broader antigenic profile than BCG in rhesus macaques. Beyond our previous work, we show that local immunoglobulins, induced by MTBVAC and BCG, bind to M. tuberculosis and enhance pathogen uptake. Furthermore, after pulmonary vaccination, but not M. tuberculosis infection, local T cells expressed high levels of mucosal homing and tissue residency markers. Our data show that pulmonary MTBVAC administration has the potential to enhance its efficacy and justifies further exploration of mucosal vaccination strategies in preclinical efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Nacho Aguilo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charelle Boot
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Sam O. Hofman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Dessislava Marinova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jelle Thole
- TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Swarnalekha N, Schreiner D, Litzler LC, Iftikhar S, Kirchmeier D, Künzli M, Son YM, Sun J, Moreira EA, King CG. T resident helper cells promote humoral responses in the lung. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/55/eabb6808. [PMID: 33419790 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb6808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a deadly and costly infectious disease, even during flu seasons when an effective vaccine has been developed. To improve vaccines against respiratory viruses, a better understanding of the immune response at the site of infection is crucial. After influenza infection, clonally expanded T cells take up permanent residence in the lung, poised to rapidly respond to subsequent infection. Here, we characterized the dynamics and transcriptional regulation of lung-resident CD4+ T cells during influenza infection and identified a long-lived, Bcl6-dependent population that we have termed T resident helper (TRH) cells. TRH cells arise in the lung independently of lymph node T follicular helper cells but are dependent on B cells, with which they tightly colocalize in inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT). Deletion of Bcl6 in CD4+ T cells before heterotypic challenge infection resulted in redistribution of CD4+ T cells outside of iBALT areas and impaired local antibody production. These results highlight iBALT as a homeostatic niche for TRH cells and advocate for vaccination strategies that induce TRH cells in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedya Swarnalekha
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Schreiner
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludivine C Litzler
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saadia Iftikhar
- Personalised Health Basel- Oncology Cluster Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kirchmeier
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Künzli
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Carolyn G King
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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34
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Künzli M, Schreiner D, Pereboom TC, Swarnalekha N, Litzler LC, Lötscher J, Ertuna YI, Roux J, Geier F, Jakob RP, Maier T, Hess C, Taylor JJ, King CG. Long-lived T follicular helper cells retain plasticity and help sustain humoral immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/45/eaay5552. [PMID: 32144185 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ memory T cells play an important role in protective immunity and are a key target in vaccine development. Many studies have focused on T central memory (Tcm) cells, whereas the existence and functional significance of long-lived T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are controversial. Here, we show that Tfh cells are highly susceptible to NAD-induced cell death (NICD) during isolation from tissues, leading to their underrepresentation in prior studies. NICD blockade reveals the persistence of abundant Tfh cells with high expression of hallmark Tfh markers to at least 400 days after infection, by which time Tcm cells are no longer found. Using single-cell RNA-seq, we demonstrate that long-lived Tfh cells are transcriptionally distinct from Tcm cells, maintain stemness and self-renewal gene expression, and, in contrast to Tcm cells, are multipotent after recall. At the protein level, we show that folate receptor 4 (FR4) robustly discriminates long-lived Tfh cells from Tcm cells. Unexpectedly, long-lived Tfh cells concurrently express a distinct glycolytic signature similar to trained immune cells, including elevated expression of mTOR-, HIF-1-, and cAMP-regulated genes. Late disruption of glycolysis/ICOS signaling leads to Tfh cell depletion concomitant with decreased splenic plasma cells and circulating antibody titers, demonstrating both unique homeostatic regulation of Tfh and their sustained function during the memory phase of the immune response. These results highlight the metabolic heterogeneity underlying distinct long-lived T cell subsets and establish Tfh cells as an attractive target for the induction of durable adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Künzli
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Schreiner
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamara C Pereboom
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nivedya Swarnalekha
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludivine C Litzler
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Lötscher
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yusuf I Ertuna
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Timm Maier
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hess
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, CITIID, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carolyn G King
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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35
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Basile JI, Liu R, Mou W, Gao Y, Carow B, Rottenberg ME. Mycobacteria-Specific T Cells Are Generated in the Lung During Mucosal BCG Immunization or Infection With Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:566319. [PMID: 33193338 PMCID: PMC7643023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.566319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific T cell responses are central for protection against infection with M. tuberculosis. Here we show that mycobacteria-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells accumulated in the lung but not in the mediastinal lymph node (MLN) at different time points after M. tuberculosis infection or BCG immunization. Proliferating specific T cells were found in the lung after infection and immunization. Pulmonary, but not MLN-derived CD4 and CD8 T cells, from M. tuberculosis-infected mice secreted IFN-γ after stimulation with different mycobacterial peptides. Mycobacteria-specific resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells (TRM) expressing PD-1 accumulated in the lung after aerosol infection and intratracheal (i.t.) -but not subcutaneous (s.c.)- BCG immunization. Chemical inhibition of recirculation indicated that TRM were generated in the lung after BCG i.t. immunization. In summary, mycobacteria specific-TRM accumulate in the lung during i.t. but not s.c. immunization or M. tuberculosis infection. Collectively our data suggests that priming, accumulation and/or expansion of specific T cells during BCG immunization and M. tuberculosis infection occurs in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Basile
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruining Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenjun Mou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berit Carow
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin E Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Clemmensen HS, Knudsen NPH, Billeskov R, Rosenkrands I, Jungersen G, Aagaard C, Andersen P, Mortensen R. Rescuing ESAT-6 Specific CD4 T Cells From Terminal Differentiation Is Critical for Long-Term Control of Murine Mtb Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585359. [PMID: 33240275 PMCID: PMC7677256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In most cases, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes life-long chronic infections, which poses unique challenges for the immune system. Most of the current tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccines incorporate immunodominant antigens and at this point, it is poorly understood how the CD4 T cell subsets recognizing these antigens are affected during long-term infection. Very little is known about the requirements for sustainable vaccine protection against TB. To explore this, we screened 62 human-recognized Mtb antigens during chronic murine Mtb infection and identified the four most immunodominant antigens in this setting (MPT70, Rv3020c, and Rv3019c and ESAT-6). Combined into a subunit vaccine, this fusion protein induced robust protection both in a standard short-term model and in a long-term infection model where immunity from BCG waned. Importantly, replacement of ESAT-6 with another ESAT-6-family antigen, Rv1198, led to similar short-term protection but a complete loss of bacterial control during chronic infection. This observation was further underscored, as the ESAT-6 containing vaccine mediated sustainable protection in a model of post-exposure vaccination, where the ESAT-6-replacement vaccine did not. An individual comparison of the CD4 T cell responses during Mtb infection revealed that ESAT-6-specific T cells were more terminally differentiated than the other immunodominant antigens and immunization with the ESAT-6 containing vaccine led to substantially greater reduction in the overall T cell differentiation status. Our data therefore associates long-term bacterial control with the ability of a vaccine to rescue infection-driven CD4T cell differentiation and future TB antigen discovery programs should focus on identifying antigens with the highest accompanying T cell differentiation, like ESAT-6. This also highlights the importance of long-term readouts in both preclinical and clinical studies with TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Strand Clemmensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Rolf Billeskov
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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37
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Kaveh DA, Garcia-Pelayo MC, Bull NC, Sanchez-Cordon PJ, Spiropoulos J, Hogarth PJ. Airway delivery of both a BCG prime and adenoviral boost drives CD4 and CD8 T cells into the lung tissue parenchyma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18703. [PMID: 33127956 PMCID: PMC7603338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous BCG prime-boost regimens represent a promising strategy for an urgently required improved tuberculosis vaccine. Identifying the mechanisms which underpin the enhanced protection induced by such strategies is one key aim which would significantly accelerate rational vaccine development. Experimentally, airway vaccination induces greater efficacy than parenteral delivery; in both conventional vaccination and heterologous boosting of parenteral BCG immunisation. However, the effect of delivering both the component prime and boost immunisations via the airway is not well known. Here we investigate delivery of both the BCG prime and adenovirus boost vaccination via the airway in a murine model, and demonstrate this approach may be able to improve the protective outcome over parenteral prime/airway boost. Intravascular staining of T cells in the lung revealed that the airway prime regimen induced more antigen-specific multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells to the lung parenchyma prior to challenge and indicated the route of both prime and boost to be critical to the location of induced resident T cells in the lung. Further, in the absence of a defined phenotype of vaccine-induced protection to tuberculosis; the magnitude and phenotype of vaccine-specific T cells in the parenchyma of the lung may provide insights into potential correlates of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryan A Kaveh
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
| | - M Carmen Garcia-Pelayo
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Naomi C Bull
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK.,Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | | | | | - Philip J Hogarth
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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38
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Nemeth J, Olson GS, Rothchild AC, Jahn AN, Mai D, Duffy FJ, Delahaye JL, Srivatsan S, Plumlee CR, Urdahl KB, Gold ES, Aderem A, Diercks AH. Contained Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces concomitant and heterologous protection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008655. [PMID: 32673357 PMCID: PMC7365393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in tuberculosis vaccine development is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the immune mechanisms that protect against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis. Although the M72/ASOE1 trial yielded encouraging results (54% efficacy in subjects with prior exposure to Mtb), a highly effective vaccine against adult tuberculosis remains elusive. We show that in a mouse model, establishment of a contained and persistent yet non-pathogenic infection with Mtb ("contained Mtb infection", CMTB) rapidly and durably reduces tuberculosis disease burden after re-exposure through aerosol challenge. Protection is associated with elevated activation of alveolar macrophages, the first cells that respond to inhaled Mtb, and accelerated recruitment of Mtb-specific T cells to the lung parenchyma. Systems approaches, as well as ex vivo functional assays and in vivo infection experiments, demonstrate that CMTB reconfigures tissue resident alveolar macrophages via low grade interferon-γ exposure. These studies demonstrate that under certain circumstances, the continuous interaction of the immune system with Mtb is beneficial to the host by maintaining elevated innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Nemeth
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Olson
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alissa C. Rothchild
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ana N. Jahn
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dat Mai
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fergal J. Duffy
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jared L. Delahaye
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Srivatsan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Courtney R. Plumlee
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth S. Gold
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alan Aderem
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alan H. Diercks
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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39
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ICOS signaling promotes a secondary humoral response after re-challenge with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008527. [PMID: 32348365 PMCID: PMC7213745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-stimulatory molecule ICOS is associated with the induction and regulation of T helper cell responses, including the differentiation of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and the formation and maintenance of memory T cells. However, the role of ICOS signaling in secondary immune responses is largely unexplored. Here we show that memory T cell formation and maintenance are influenced by persistent infection with P. chabaudi chabaudi AS infection, as memory T cell numbers decline in wild-type and Icos-/- mice after drug-clearance. Following drug-clearance Icos-/- mice display a relapsing parasitemia that occurs more frequently and with higher peaks compared to wild-type mice after re-challenge. The secondary immune response in Icos-/- mice is characterized by significant impairment in the expansion of effector cells with a Tfh-like phenotype, which is associated with a diminished and delayed parasite-specific Ab response and the absence of germinal centers. Similarly, the administration of an anti-ICOSL antagonizing antibody to wild-type mice before and after reinfection with P. c. chabaudi AS leads to an early defect in Tfh cell expansion and parasite-specific antibody production, confirming a need for ICOS-ICOSL interactions to promote memory B cell responses. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of central memory T (TCM) cells from wild-type and Icos-/- mice into tcrb-/- mice to directly evaluate the ability of TCM cells to give rise to Tfh cells revealed that TCM cells from wild-type mice acquire a mixed Th1- and Tfh-like phenotype after P. c. chabaudi AS infection. While TCM cells from Icos-/- mice expand and display markers of activation to a similar degree as their WT counterparts, they displayed a reduced capacity to upregulate markers indicative of a Tfh cell phenotype, resulting in a diminished humoral response. Together these findings verify that ICOS signaling in memory T cells plays an integral role in promoting T cell effector responses during secondary infection with P. c. chabaudi AS. Malaria, which is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, remains a major global health problem, as over 400,000 people die from this disease every year. Further understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to protective immunity against this parasite will serve to promote the development of an effective vaccine. Here, we describe the importance of the co-stimulatory molecule ICOS during secondary infection with the rodent parasite Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. We show that ICOS promotes the expansion of memory T cells, their acquisition of a secondary follicular helper T (Tfh) cell phenotype, and their ability to provide help to MBCs after reinfection. While ICOS deficient mice control the initial parasite load after re-challenge, the absence of ICOS leads to higher relapsing parasitemia compared to wild-type mice. We establish that the lack of expansion of effector cells with a Tfh cell phenotype in Icos-/- mice prevents germinal center formation after secondary infection. Thus, we show that ICOS signaling in T cells promotes an effective memory T cell response and suggests that the enhancement of this co-stimulatory pathway during vaccination may enhance protective immunity to blood-stage Plasmodium infection.
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40
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.
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41
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RNA Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Impact on TB Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010067. [PMID: 32033104 PMCID: PMC7158685 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still an important global threat and although the causing organism has been discovered long ago, effective prevention strategies are lacking. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a unique pathogen with a complex host interaction. Understanding the immune responses upon infection with MTB is crucial for the development of new vaccination strategies and therapeutic targets for TB. Recently, it has been proposed that sensing bacterial nucleic acid in antigen-presenting cells via intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a central mechanism for initiating an effective host immune response. Here, we summarize key findings of the impact of mycobacterial RNA sensing for innate and adaptive host immunity after MTB infection, with emphasis on endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytosolic sensors such as NLRP3 and RLRs, modulating T-cell differentiation through IL-12, IL-21, and type I interferons. Ultimately, these immunological pathways may impact immune memory and TB vaccine efficacy. The novel findings described here may change our current understanding of the host response to MTB and potentially impact clinical research, as well as future vaccination design. In this review, the current state of the art is summarized, and an outlook is given on how progress can be made.
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42
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Darrah PA, Zeppa JJ, Maiello P, Hackney JA, Wadsworth MH, Hughes TK, Pokkali S, Swanson PA, Grant NL, Rodgers MA, Kamath M, Causgrove CM, Laddy DJ, Bonavia A, Casimiro D, Lin PL, Klein E, White AG, Scanga CA, Shalek AK, Roederer M, Flynn JL, Seder RA. Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization. Nature 2020; 577:95-102. [PMID: 31894150 PMCID: PMC7015856 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death from infection worldwide1. The only available vaccine, BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin), is given intradermally and has variable efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis, the major cause of mortality and disease transmission1,2. Here we show that intravenous administration of BCG profoundly alters the protective outcome of Mtb challenge in non-human primates (Macaca mulatta). Compared with intradermal or aerosol delivery, intravenous immunization induced substantially more antigen-responsive CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in blood, spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung lymph nodes. Moreover, intravenous immunization induced a high frequency of antigen-responsive T cells across all lung parenchymal tissues. Six months after BCG vaccination, macaques were challenged with virulent Mtb. Notably, nine out of ten macaques that received intravenous BCG vaccination were highly protected, with six macaques showing no detectable levels of infection, as determined by positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging, mycobacterial growth, pathology and granuloma formation. The finding that intravenous BCG prevents or substantially limits Mtb infection in highly susceptible rhesus macaques has important implications for vaccine delivery and clinical development, and provides a model for defining immune correlates and mechanisms of vaccine-elicited protection against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Darrah
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Joseph J. Zeppa
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joshua A. Hackney
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Marc H. Wadsworth
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,0000 0001 2341 2786grid.116068.8Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Travis K. Hughes
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,0000 0001 2341 2786grid.116068.8Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Phillip A. Swanson
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Nicole L. Grant
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Mark A. Rodgers
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Megha Kamath
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Chelsea M. Causgrove
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | | | | | - Philana Ling Lin
- 0000 0000 9753 0008grid.239553.bDepartment of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Edwin Klein
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDivision of Animal Laboratory Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Alexander G. White
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Charles A. Scanga
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,0000 0001 2341 2786grid.116068.8Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,0000 0001 2341 2786grid.116068.8Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Robert A. Seder
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dVaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
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43
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Ernst JD, Cornelius A, Desvignes L, Tavs J, Norris BA. Limited Antimycobacterial Efficacy of Epitope Peptide Administration Despite Enhanced Antigen-Specific CD4 T-Cell Activation. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1653-1662. [PMID: 29548008 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with inconsistent and incomplete elimination of the bacteria, despite development of antigen-specific T-cell responses. One mechanism used by M tuberculosis is to limit availability of antigen for activation of CD4 T cells. Methods We examined the utility of systemic administration of epitope peptides to activate pre-existing T cells in mice infected with M tuberculosis. Results We found that systemic peptide administration (1) selectively activates T cells specific for the epitope peptide, (2) loads major histocompatibility complex class II on lung macrophages and dendritic cells, (3) activates CD4 T cells in the lung parenchyma, (4) and has little antimycobacterial activity. Conclusions Further studies revealed that CD4 T cells in lung lesions are distant from the infected cells, suggesting that, even if they can be activated, the positioning of CD4 T cells and their direct interactions with infected cells may be limiting determinants of immunity in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Ernst
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York.,Departments of Pathology University School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Amber Cornelius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jacqueline Tavs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Brian A Norris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University School of Medicine, New York
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44
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Mortensen R, Clemmensen HS, Woodworth JS, Therkelsen ML, Mustafa T, Tonby K, Jenum S, Agger EM, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Andersen P. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors impair CD4 T cell immunity and exacerbate Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in aerosol-challenged mice. Commun Biol 2019; 2:288. [PMID: 31396568 PMCID: PMC6683187 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), kills over 1.6 million people each year despite availability of antibiotics. The increase in drug resistant Mtb strains is a major public health emergency and host-directed therapy as adjunct to antibiotic treatment has gained increased interest. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COXi) are frequently used drugs to alleviate tuberculosis related symptoms. Mouse studies of acute intravenous Mtb infection have suggested a potential benefit of COXi for host-directed therapy. Here we show that COXi treatment (ibuprofen and celecoxib) is detrimental to Mtb control in different mouse models of respiratory infection. This effect links to impairments of the Type-1 helper (Th1) T-cell response as CD4 T-cells in COXi-treated animals have significantly decreased Th1 differentiation, reduced IFNγ expression and decreased protective capacity upon adoptive transfer. If confirmed in clinical trials, these findings could have major impact on global health and question the use of COXi for host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | - Joshua S. Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Marie Louise Therkelsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Tehmina Mustafa
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen & Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristian Tonby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Synne Jenum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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45
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Hu Z, Zhao HM, Li CL, Liu XH, Barkan D, Lowrie DB, Lu SH, Fan XY. The Role of KLRG1 in Human CD4+ T-Cell Immunity Against Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1491-1503. [PMID: 29373700 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background KLRG1 is a marker of terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells in viral infection, but its role in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remains elusive. Methods A set of cohorts of patients with tuberculosis was designed, and the expression profiles and functions of KLRG1+CD4+ T cells were determined with and without antibody blocking. Results KLRG1 expression on CD4+ T cells was significantly increased in patients with active tuberculosis, compared with healthy controls and patients without tuberculosis. Upon M. tuberculosis-specific stimulation, the ability to secrete interferon γ, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor α was significantly greater in KLRG1-expressing CD4+ T cells than in their KLRG-negative counterparts and was accompanied by a decreased proportion of regulatory T cells and increased Akt signaling. However, KLRG1-expressing CD4+ T cells had a shorter life-span, which was associated with a higher apoptosis rate but a similar proliferative response. Blockade of KLRG1 signaling significantly enhanced interferon γ and interleukin 2 secretion without affecting either cell apoptosis or multiplication. Addition of a specific Akt inhibitor prevented this increased cytokine response, implicating the Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions Our study delineated the profile of KLRG1+CD4+ T cells in patients with tuberculosis and suggests that M. tuberculosis infection drives CD4+ T cells to acquire increased effector function in a terminally differentiated state, which is restrained by KLRG1 via KLRG1/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai
| | - Hui-Min Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University
| | - Chun-Ling Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xu-Hui Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai
| | - Daniel Barkan
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Douglas B Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai
| | - Shui-Hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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46
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Sleep Matters: CD4 + T Cell Memory Formation and the Central Nervous System. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:674-686. [PMID: 31262652 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of CD4+ T-cell memory formation in the immune system are debated. With the well-established concept of memory formation in the central nervous system (CNS), we propose that formation of CD4+ T-cell memory depends on the interaction of two different cell systems handling two types of stored information. First, information about antigen (event) and challenge (context) is taken up by antigen-presenting cells, as initial storage. Second, event and context information is transferred to CD4+ T cells. During activation, two categories of CD4+ T cell develop: effector CD4+ T cells, carrying event and context information, enabling them to efficiently focus their response to tissues under attack; and persisting CD4+ T cells, providing context-independent antigen-specific memories and long-term storage. This novel hypothesis is supported by the observation that mammalian sleep can improve both CNS and CD4+ T-cell memory.
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47
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Tonby K, Mortensen R, Ruhwald M, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Jenum S. KLRG1-Expressing CD4 T Cells Are Reduced in Tuberculosis Patients Compared to Healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Subjects, but Increase With Treatment. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:174-176. [PMID: 30888024 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Tonby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Oslo.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Synne Jenum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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48
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The Rate of CD4 T Cell Entry into the Lungs during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Determined by Partial and Opposing Effects of Multiple Chemokine Receptors. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00841-18. [PMID: 30962399 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00841-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific chemokine receptors utilized by Th1 cells to migrate into the lung during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are unknown. We previously showed in mice that CXCR3+ Th1 cells enter the lung parenchyma and suppress M. tuberculosis growth, while CX3CR1+ KLRG1+ Th1 cells accumulate in the lung vasculature and are nonprotective. Here we quantify the contributions of these chemokine receptors to the migration and entry rate of Th1 cells into M. tuberculosis-infected lungs using competitive adoptive transfer migration assays and mathematical modeling. We found that in 8.6 h half of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells migrate from the blood to the lung parenchyma. CXCR3 deficiency decreases the average rate of Th1 cell entry into the lung parenchyma by half, while CX3CR1 deficiency doubles it. KLRG1 blockade has no effect on Th1 cell lung migration. CCR2, CXCR5, and, to a lesser degree, CCR5 and CXCR6 also promote the entry of Th1 cells into the lungs of infected mice. Moreover, blockade of G-protein-coupled receptors with pertussis toxin treatment prior to transfer only partially inhibits T cell migration into the lungs. Thus, the fraction of Th1 cell input into the lungs during M. tuberculosis infection that is regulated by chemokine receptors likely reflects the cumulative effects of multiple chemokine receptors that mostly promote but that can also inhibit entry into the parenchyma.
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49
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Ogongo P, Porterfield JZ, Leslie A. Lung Tissue Resident Memory T-Cells in the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:992. [PMID: 31130965 PMCID: PMC6510113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread BCG vaccination and effective anti-TB drugs, Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from an infectious agent worldwide. Several recent publications give reasons to be optimistic about the possibility of a more effective vaccine, but the only full-scale clinical trial conducted failed to show protection above BCG. The immunogenicity of vaccines in humans is primarily evaluated by the systemic immune responses they generate, despite the fact that a correlation between these responses and protection from TB disease has not been demonstrated. A novel approach to tackling this problem is to study the local immune responses that occur at the site of TB infection in the human lung, rather than those detectable in blood. There is a growing understanding that pathogen specific T-cell immunity can be highly localized at the site of infection, due to the existence of tissue resident memory T-cells (Trm). Notably, these cells do not recirculate in the blood and thus may not be represented in studies of the systemic immune response. Here, we review the potential role of Trms as a component of the TB immune response and discuss how a better understanding of this response could be harnessed to improve TB vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Zachary Porterfield
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Li J, Jin C, Wu C, Huang J. PD-1 modulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific polarized effector memory T cells response in tuberculosis pleurisy. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:733-747. [PMID: 30861206 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1118-450rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis (TB) should be studied at the disease sites because Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is predominantly contained in local tissue lesions. T-cell immune responses are required to mount anti-mycobacterial immunity. However, T-cell immune responses modulated by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) during tuberculosis pleurisy (TBP) remains poorly understood. We selected the pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) from TBP and PBMCs from healthy donors (HD), and characterized PD-1-expresing T-cell phenotypes and functions. Here, we found that the PFMCs exhibited increases in numbers of PD-1-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which preferentially displayed polarized effector memory phenotypes. The M.tb-specific Ag stimulation increased CD4+ PD-1+ and CD8+ PD-1+ T cells, which is in direct correlation with IFN-γ production and PD-L1+ APCs in PFMCs of these individuals. Moreover, blockage of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway enhanced the percentage of IFN-γ+ T cells, demonstrating that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway played a negative regulation in T cell effector functions. Furthermore, CD4+ PD-1+ and CD8+ PD-1+ T-cell subsets showed greater memory phenotype, activation, and effector functions for producing Th1 cytokines than PD-1- counterparts. Thus, these PD-1+ T cells were not exhausted but appear to be central to maintaining Ag-specific effector. IL-12, a key immunoregulatory cytokine, enhanced the expression of PD-1 and restored a strong IFN-γ response through selectively inducing the phosphorylation of STAT4 in CD4+ PD-1+ T-bet+ and CD8+ PD-1+ T-bet+ T cells. This study therefore uncovered a previously unknown mechanism for T-cell immune responses regulated by PD-1, and may have implications for potential immune intervention in TBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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