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Valeri E, Breggion S, Barzaghi F, Abou Alezz M, Crivicich G, Pagani I, Forneris F, Sartirana C, Costantini M, Costi S, Marino A, Chiarotto E, Colavito D, Cimaz R, Merelli I, Vicenzi E, Aiuti A, Kajaste-Rudnitski A. A novel STING variant triggers endothelial toxicity and SAVI disease. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20232167. [PMID: 38953896 PMCID: PMC11217899 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in STING cause STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) characterized by early-onset systemic inflammation, skin vasculopathy, and interstitial lung disease. Here, we report and characterize a novel STING variant (F269S) identified in a SAVI patient. Single-cell transcriptomics of patient bone marrow revealed spontaneous activation of interferon (IFN) and inflammatory pathways across cell types and a striking prevalence of circulating naïve T cells was observed. Inducible STING F269S expression conferred enhanced signaling through ligand-independent translocation of the protein to the Golgi, protecting cells from viral infections but preventing their efficient immune priming. Additionally, endothelial cell activation was promoted and further exacerbated by cytokine secretion by SAVI immune cells, resulting in inflammation and endothelial damage. Our findings identify STING F269S mutation as a novel pathogenic variant causing SAVI, highlight the importance of the crosstalk between endothelial and immune cells in the context of lung disease, and contribute to a better understanding of how aberrant STING activation can cause pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Valeri
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Breggion
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Barzaghi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monah Abou Alezz
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Crivicich
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Forneris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Sartirana
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Costantini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Costi
- Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | - Achille Marino
- Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Rolando Cimaz
- Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Thomas RC, Zaksauskaite R, Al-Kandari NY, Hyde AC, Abugable AA, El-Khamisy SF, van Eeden FJ. Second generation lethality in RNAseH2a knockout zebrafish. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae725. [PMID: 39217460 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Removal of ribonucleotides from DNA by RNaseH2 is essential for genome stability, and its impacted function causes the neurodegenerative disease, Aicardi Goutières Syndrome. We have created a zebrafish rnaseh2a mutant to model this process. Surprisingly, RNaseH2a knockouts show little phenotypic abnormality at adulthood in the first generation, unlike mouse knockout models, which are early embryonic lethal. However, the second generation offspring show reduced development, increased ribonucleotide incorporation and upregulation of key inflammatory markers, resulting in both maternal and paternal embryonic lethality. Thus, neither fathers or mothers can generate viable offspring even when crossed to wild-type partners. Despite their survival, rnaseh2a-/- adults show an accumulation of ribonucleotides in both the brain and testes that is not present in early development. Our data suggest that homozygotes possess RNaseH2 independent compensatory mechanisms that are inactive or overwhelmed by the inherited ribonucleotides in their offspring, or that zebrafish have a yet unknown tolerance mechanism. Additionally, we identify ribodysgenesis, the rapid removal of rNMPs and subsequently lethal fragmentation of DNA as responsible for maternal and paternal embryonic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Thomas
- Bateson Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield Institute for Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ringaile Zaksauskaite
- Bateson Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield Institute for Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Norah Y Al-Kandari
- Bateson Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield Institute for Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Anne Cathrine Hyde
- Bateson Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield Institute for Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Arwa A Abugable
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield Institute for Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Bateson Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield Institute for Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Freek J van Eeden
- Bateson Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield Institute for Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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3
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Preeti K, Sood A, Fernandes V, Khan I, Khatri DK, Singh SB. Experimental Type 2 diabetes and lipotoxicity-associated neuroinflammation involve mitochondrial DNA-mediated cGAS/STING axis: implication of Type-1 interferon response in cognitive impairment. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6217-6244. [PMID: 38285288 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Type-1 IFN (interferon)-associated innate immune response is increasingly getting attention in neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, its significance in T2DM/lipotoxicity-induced neuroglia changes and cognitive impairment is missing. The present study aims to evaluate the involvement of cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase)-STING (stimulator of interferon gene), IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3), TBK (TANK binding kinase)-mediated Type-1 IFN response in the diabetic brain, and lipotoxicity (palmitate-bovine serum albumin conjugate/PA-BSA)-induced changes in cells (neuro2a and BV2). T2DM was induced in C57/BL6 mice by feeding on a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% Kcal) for 16 weeks and injecting a single dose of streptozotocin (100 mg/kg, i.p) in the 12th week. Plasma biochemical parameter analysis, neurobehavioral assessment, protein expression, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction study were carried out to decipher the hypothesis. T2DM-associated metabolic and lipotoxic stress led to mitochondrial impairment causing leakage of mtDNA to the cytoplasm further commencing cGAS activation and its downstream signaling. The diseased hippocampus and cortex showed decreased expression of synaptophysin (p < 0.01) and PSD-95 (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) with increased expression of cGAS (p < 0.001), p-STING (p < 0.001), p-STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) (p < 0.01), and IFN-β (p < 0.001) compared to normal control. The IFN-β/p-STAT1-mediated microglia activation was executed employing a conditioned media approach. C-176, a selective STING inhibitor, alleviated cGAS/p-STING/IFN-β expression and proinflammatory microglia/M1-associated markers (CD16 expression, CXCL10, TNF-α, IL-1β mRNA fold change) in the diabetic brain. The present study suggests Type-1IFN response may result in neuroglia dyshomeostasis affecting normal brain function. Alleviating STING signaling has the potential to protect T2DM-associated central ailment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Preeti
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Anika Sood
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Valencia Fernandes
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Islauddin Khan
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Mumbai, 400056, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Fu Z, Feng M, Wu J, Liu B, Fu J, Song W. Photodynamic Therapy Synergizes CD47 Blockade Strategy for Enhanced Antitumor Therapy. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3897-3908. [PMID: 38959154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The antitumor strategies based on innate immunity activation have become favored by researchers in recent years. In particular, strategies targeting antiphagocytic signaling blockade to enhance phagocytosis have been widely reported. For example, the addition of prophagocytic signals such as calreticulin could make the strategy significantly more effective. In this study, an antitumor strategy that combines photodynamic therapy (PDT) with CD47 blockade has been reported. This approach promotes the maturation of dendritic cells and the presentation of tumor antigens by PDT-mediated tumor immunogenic cell death, as well as the enhancement of cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration in tumor areas and the phagocytic activity of phagocytes. Furthermore, the downregulation and blockage of CD47 protein could further promote phagocytic activity, strengthen the innate immune system, and ultimately elevate the antitumor efficacy and inhibit tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Minghui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jinxian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jiajia Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
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5
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Li J, Chi H, Wu Y, Peng K, Wang J, Lin W. Sulfur dioxide-triggered visualization tool for auxiliary diagnosis of alcohol-induced "anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory" development process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134685. [PMID: 38797075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is the most common disease in humans. Alcohol has been part of human culture throughout history. To avoid alcohol prompting inflammation to develop into a more serious disease, it is important for human health to explore the effects of alcohol on the development of inflammation.Endogenous sulfur dioxide (SO2) is considered an important regulator of the development of inflammation and is involved in the entire development process of inflammation. Taken together, it is of great significance to explore the impact of alcohol on the development process of inflammation through changes in SO2 concentration in the inflammatory microenvironment. Herein, we report the development of a molecular tool (Nu-SO2) with rapid (5 s) response to the important inflammatory modulator sulfur dioxide (SO2) for the diagnosis of inflammation, assessment of therapeutic effects, and evaluation of the development process of alcohol-induced inflammation. The rationality of Nu-SO2 was confirmed through molecular docking calculations, density functional theory (DFT) theoretical calculations, DNA/RNA titration experiments and co-localization experiments. Furthermore, Nu-SO2 was effectively applied for specific response and highly sensitive visualization imaging of SO2 in solution, cells and mice. Importantly, Nu-SO2 was successfully used to diagnose lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in cells and mice and evaluate the efficacy of dexamethasone in treating inflammation. More significantly, based on the excellent performance of Nu-SO2 in dynamically reporting the further development of inflammation in mice triggered by alcohol, we successfully elucidated the "anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory" trend in the development of inflammation caused by alcohol stimulation. Thus, this work not only advances the research on the relationship between alcohol, inflammation and SO2, but also provides a new non-invasive assessment method for the development mechanism of inflammation induced by external stimuli and the precise diagnosis and treatment of drug efficacy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Li
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Chi
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wu
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Kanghui Peng
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyan Wang
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
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6
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Talley MJ, Longworth MS. Retrotransposons in embryogenesis and neurodevelopment. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1159-1171. [PMID: 38716891 PMCID: PMC11346457 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Retrotransposable elements (RTEs) are genetic elements that can replicate and insert new copies into different genomic locations. RTEs have long been identified as 'parasitic genes', as their mobilization can cause mutations, DNA damage, and inflammation. Interestingly, high levels of retrotransposon activation are observed in early embryogenesis and neurodevelopment, suggesting that RTEs may possess functional roles during these stages of development. Recent studies demonstrate that RTEs can function as transcriptional regulatory elements through mechanisms such as chromatin organization and noncoding RNAs. It is clear, however, that RTE expression and activity must be restrained at some level during development, since overactivation of RTEs during neurodevelopment is associated with several developmental disorders. Further investigation is needed to understand the importance of RTE expression and activity during neurodevelopment and the balance between RTE-regulated development and RTE-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Talley
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, U.S.A
| | - Michelle S. Longworth
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, U.S.A
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, U.S.A
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7
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Kundnani DL, Yang T, Gombolay AL, Mukherjee K, Newnam G, Meers C, Verma I, Chhatlani K, Mehta ZH, Mouawad C, Storici F. Distinct features of ribonucleotides within genomic DNA in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome ortholog mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. iScience 2024; 27:110012. [PMID: 38868188 PMCID: PMC11166700 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) are abundantly found within genomic DNA of cells. The embedded rNMPs alter DNA properties and impact genome stability. Mutations in ribonuclease (RNase) H2, a key enzyme for rNMP removal, are associated with the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a severe neurological disorder. Here, we engineered orthologs of the human RNASEH2A-G37S and RNASEH2C-R69W AGS mutations in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: rnh201-G42S and rnh203-K46W. Using the ribose-seq technique and the Ribose-Map bioinformatics toolkit, we unveiled rNMP abundance, composition, hotspots, and sequence context in these AGS-ortholog mutants. We found a high rNMP presence in the nuclear genome of rnh201-G42S-mutant cells, and an elevated rCMP content in both mutants, reflecting preferential cleavage of RNase H2 at rGMP. We discovered unique rNMP patterns in each mutant, showing differential activity of the AGS mutants on the leading or lagging replication strands. This study guides future research on rNMP characteristics in human genomes with AGS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali L. Kundnani
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Taehwan Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Alli L. Gombolay
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Kuntal Mukherjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Gary Newnam
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Chance Meers
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ishika Verma
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kirti Chhatlani
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Zeel H. Mehta
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Celine Mouawad
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Francesca Storici
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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8
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Maxwell MB, Hom-Tedla MS, Yi J, Li S, Rivera SA, Yu J, Burns MJ, McRae HM, Stevenson BT, Coakley KE, Ho J, Gastelum KB, Bell JC, Jones AC, Eskander RN, Dykhuizen EC, Shadel GS, Kaech SM, Hargreaves DC. ARID1A suppresses R-loop-mediated STING-type I interferon pathway activation of anti-tumor immunity. Cell 2024; 187:3390-3408.e19. [PMID: 38754421 PMCID: PMC11193641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Clinical trials have identified ARID1A mutations as enriched among patients who respond favorably to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in several solid tumor types independent of microsatellite instability. We show that ARID1A loss in murine models is sufficient to induce anti-tumor immune phenotypes observed in ARID1A mutant human cancers, including increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and cytolytic activity. ARID1A-deficient cancers upregulated an interferon (IFN) gene expression signature, the ARID1A-IFN signature, associated with increased R-loops and cytosolic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Overexpression of the R-loop resolving enzyme, RNASEH2B, or cytosolic DNase, TREX1, in ARID1A-deficient cells prevented cytosolic ssDNA accumulation and ARID1A-IFN gene upregulation. Further, the ARID1A-IFN signature and anti-tumor immunity were driven by STING-dependent type I IFN signaling, which was required for improved responsiveness of ARID1A mutant tumors to ICB treatment. These findings define a molecular mechanism underlying anti-tumor immunity in ARID1A mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Maxwell
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marianne S Hom-Tedla
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jawoon Yi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shitian Li
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Samuel A Rivera
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jingting Yu
- Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mannix J Burns
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Helen M McRae
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Braden T Stevenson
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katherine E Coakley
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Josephine Ho
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Bell
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander C Jones
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ramez N Eskander
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily C Dykhuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gerald S Shadel
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Diana C Hargreaves
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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9
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Ednacot EMQ, Nabhani A, Dinh DM, Morehouse BR. Pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling in immunity. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108653. [PMID: 38679204 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are important signaling molecules that play many critical physiological roles including controlling cell fate and development, regulation of metabolic processes, and responding to changes in the environment. Cyclic nucleotides are also pivotal regulators in immune signaling, orchestrating intricate processes that maintain homeostasis and defend against pathogenic threats. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways within the realm of immunity. Beginning with an overview of the fundamental roles of cAMP and cGMP as ubiquitous second messengers, this review delves into the complexities of their involvement in immune responses. Special attention is given to the challenges associated with modulating these signaling pathways for therapeutic purposes, emphasizing the necessity for achieving cell-type specificity to avert unintended consequences. A major focus of the review is on the recent paradigm-shifting discoveries regarding specialized cyclic nucleotide signals in the innate immune system, notably the cGAS-STING pathway. The significance of cyclic dinucleotides, exemplified by 2'3'-cGAMP, in controlling immune responses against pathogens and cancer, is explored. The evolutionarily conserved nature of cyclic dinucleotides as antiviral agents, spanning across diverse organisms, underscores their potential as targets for innovative immunotherapies. Findings from the last several years have revealed a striking diversity of novel bacterial cyclic nucleotide second messengers which are involved in antiviral responses. Knowledge of the existence and precise identity of these molecules coupled with accurate descriptions of their associated immune defense pathways will be essential to the future development of novel antibacterial therapeutic strategies. The insights presented herein may help researchers navigate the evolving landscape of immunopharmacology as it pertains to cyclic nucleotides and point toward new avenues or lines of thinking about development of therapeutics against the pathways they regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirene Marie Q Ednacot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ali Nabhani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David M Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Benjamin R Morehouse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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10
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Alee I, Chantawichitwong P, Leelahavanichkul A, Paludan SR, Pisitkun T, Pisitkun P. The STING inhibitor (ISD-017) reduces glomerulonephritis in 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11020. [PMID: 38745067 PMCID: PMC11094069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The absence of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice rescue lupus phenotypes. The administration of a STING inhibitor (ISD017) into the young 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice prevents lupus nephritis development. This study mainly aimed to evaluate the effects of STING inhibition (ISD107) on established SLE in mice to prove that ISD017 could be a good therapeutic drug to reverse the already set-up autoimmunity and kidney impairment. Twenty-four-week-old Fcgr2b-deficient mice were treated with cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, once per week), ISD017 (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, three times per week), or control vehicle for 8 weeks, and were analyzed for phenotypes. Both ISD017 and cyclophosphamide treatment increased long-term survival and reduced the severity of glomerulonephritis in Fcgr2b-deficient mice. While cyclophosphamide reduced activated B cells (B220+GL-7+), ISD017 decreased activated T cells (CD4+CD69+) and neutrophils (Ly6c+Ly6g+) in Fcgr2b-deficient mice. In addition, ISD017 reduced IL-1β and interferon-inducible genes. In summary, ISD017 treatment in symptomatic 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice reduced the severity of glomerulonephritis and increased long-term survival. ISD017 worked comparably to cyclophosphamide for treating lupus nephritis in 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice. ISD017 reduced activated T cells and neutrophils, while cyclophosphamide targeted activated B cells. These results suggested that STING inhibitors can potentially be a new therapeutic drug for treating lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isara Alee
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Papasara Chantawichitwong
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduated Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Prapaporn Pisitkun
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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11
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Li Q, Wu P, Du Q, Hanif U, Hu H, Li K. cGAS-STING, an important signaling pathway in diseases and their therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e511. [PMID: 38525112 PMCID: PMC10960729 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway was discovered in 2013, great progress has been made to elucidate the origin, function, and regulating mechanism of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the past decade. Meanwhile, the triggering and transduction mechanisms have been continuously illuminated. cGAS-STING plays a key role in human diseases, particularly DNA-triggered inflammatory diseases, making it a potentially effective therapeutic target for inflammation-related diseases. Here, we aim to summarize the ancient origin of the cGAS-STING defense mechanism, as well as the triggers, transduction, and regulating mechanisms of the cGAS-STING. We will also focus on the important roles of cGAS-STING signal under pathological conditions, such as infections, cancers, autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, and visceral inflammations, and review the progress in drug development targeting cGAS-STING signaling pathway. The main directions and potential obstacles in the regulating mechanism research and therapeutic drug development of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway for inflammatory diseases and cancers will be discussed. These research advancements expand our understanding of cGAS-STING, provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of the roles of cGAS-STING in diseases, and open up new strategies for targeting cGAS-STING as a promising therapeutic intervention in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Li
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Occupational DiseasesThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital)ChengduSichuanChina
| | - Qiujing Du
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ullah Hanif
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Center for Immunology and HematologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ka Li
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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12
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Kligfeld H, Han I, Abraham A, Shukla V. Alternative DNA structures in hematopoiesis and adaptive immunity. Adv Immunol 2024; 161:109-126. [PMID: 38763699 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Besides the canonical B-form, DNA also adopts alternative non-B form conformations which are highly conserved in all domains of life. While extensive research over decades has centered on the genomic functions of B-form DNA, understanding how non-B-form conformations influence functional genomic states remains a fundamental and open question. Recent studies have ascribed alternative DNA conformations such as G-quadruplexes and R-loops as important functional features in eukaryotic genomes. This review delves into the biological importance of alternative DNA structures, with a specific focus on hematopoiesis and adaptive immunity. We discuss the emerging roles of G-quadruplex and R-loop structures, the two most well-studied alternative DNA conformations, in the hematopoietic compartment and present evidence for their functional roles in normal cellular physiology and associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Kligfeld
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Isabella Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ajay Abraham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vipul Shukla
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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13
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He X, Wedn A, Wang J, Gu Y, Liu H, Zhang J, Lin Z, Zhou R, Pang X, Cui Y. IUPHAR ECR review: The cGAS-STING pathway: Novel functions beyond innate immune and emerging therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107063. [PMID: 38216006 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial innate immune sensor responsible for distinguishing pathogens and cytosolic DNA, mediating innate immune signaling pathways to defend the host. Recent studies have revealed additional regulatory functions of STING beyond its innate immune-related activities, including the regulation of cellular metabolism, DNA repair, cellular senescence, autophagy and various cell deaths. These findings highlight the broader implications of STING in cellular physiology beyond its role in innate immunity. Currently, approximately 10 STING agonists have entered the clinical stage. Unlike inhibitors, which have a maximum inhibition limit, agonists have the potential for infinite amplification. STING signaling is a complex process that requires precise regulation of STING to ensure balanced immune responses and prevent detrimental autoinflammation. Recent research on the structural mechanism of STING autoinhibition and its negative regulation by adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) provides valuable insights into its different effects under physiological and pathological conditions, offering a new perspective for developing immune regulatory drugs. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the regulatory functions and molecular mechanisms of STING beyond innate immune regulation, along with updated details of its structural mechanisms. We discuss the implications of these complex regulations in various diseases, emphasizing the importance and feasibility of targeting the immunity-dependent or immunity-independent functions of STING. Moreover, we highlight the current trend in drug development and key points for clinical research, basic research, and translational research related to STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Abdalla Wedn
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yanlun Gu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongjin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Juqi Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Renpeng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230601, China; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT06519, USA.
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China.
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14
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Mathavarajah S, Dellaire G. LINE-1: an emerging initiator of cGAS-STING signalling and inflammation that is dysregulated in disease. Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 102:38-46. [PMID: 37643478 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2023-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)) axis integrates DNA damage and cellular stress with type I interferon (IFN) signalling to facilitate transcriptional changes underlying inflammatory stress responses. The cGAS-STING pathway responds to cytosolic DNA in the form of double-stranded DNA, micronuclei, and long interspersed nuclear element 1 (L1) retroelements. L1 retroelements are a class of self-propagating non-long terminal repeat transposons that have remained highly active in mammalian genomes. L1 retroelements are emerging as important inducers of cGAS-STING and IFN signalling, which are often dysregulated in several diseases, including cancer. A key repressor of cGAS-STING and L1 activity is the exonuclease three prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1), and loss of TREX1 promotes the accumulation of L1. In addition, L1 dysregulation is a common theme among diseases with chronic induction of type I IFN signalling through cGAS-STING, such as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and dermatomyositis. Although TREX1 is highly conserved in tetrapod species, other suppressor proteins exist that inhibit L1 retrotransposition. These suppressor genes when mutated are often associated with diseases characterized by unchecked inflammation that is associated with high cGAS-STING activity and elevated levels of L1 expression. In this review, we discuss these interconnected pathways of L1 suppression and their role in the regulation of cGAS-STING and inflammation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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15
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Zou S, Wang B, Yi K, Su D, Chen Y, Li N, Geng Q. The critical roles of STING in mitochondrial homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115938. [PMID: 38086488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial signaling hub in the immune system's antiviral and antimicrobial defense by detecting exogenous and endogenous DNA. The multifaceted functions of STING have been uncovered gradually during past decades, including homeostasis maintenance and overfull immunity or inflammation induction. However, the subcellular regulation of STING and mitochondria is poorly understood. The main functions of STING are outlined in this review. Moreover, we discuss how mitochondria and STING interact through multiple mechanisms, including the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), modulation of mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) and mitochondrial dynamics, alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondria-related cell death. Finally, we discuss how STING is crucial to disease development, providing a novel perspective on its role in cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Ke Yi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Dandan Su
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Yukai Chen
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China.
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16
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Liu S, Xu P. Advancements in tyrosine kinase-mediated regulation of innate nucleic acid sensing. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2024; 53:35-46. [PMID: 38426691 PMCID: PMC10945499 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Innate nucleic acid sensing is a ubiquitous and highly conserved immunological process, which is pivotal for monitoring and responding to pathogenic invasion and cellular damage, and central to host defense, autoimmunity, cell fate determination and tumorigenesis. Tyrosine phosphorylation, a major type of post-translational modification, plays a critical regulatory role in innate immune sensing pathway. Core members of nucleic acid sensing signaling pathway, such as cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), are all subject to activity regulation triggered by tyrosine phosphorylation, thereby affecting the host antiviral defense and anti-tumor immunity under physiological or pathological conditions. This review summarizes the recent advances in research on tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphorylation in regulation of nucleic acid sensing. The function and potential applications of targeting tyrosine phosphorylation in anti-tumor immunity is disussed to provide insights for understanding and expanding new anti-tumor strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengduo Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China.
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Bradley L, Savage KI. 'From R-lupus to cancer': Reviewing the role of R-loops in innate immune responses. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 131:103581. [PMID: 37832251 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Cells possess an inherent and evolutionarily conserved ability to detect and respond to the presence of foreign and pathological 'self' nucleic acids. The result is the stimulation of innate immune responses, signalling to the host immune system that defence mechanisms are necessary to protect the organism. To date, there is a vast body of literature describing innate immune responses to various nucleic acid species, including dsDNA, ssDNA and ssRNA etc., however, there is limited information available on responses to R-loops. R-loops are 3-stranded nucleic acid structures that form during transcription, upon DNA damage and in various other settings. Emerging evidence suggests that innate immune responses may also exist for the detection of R-loop related nucleic acid structures, implicating R-loops as drivers of inflammatory states. In this review, we aim to summarise the evidence indicating that R-loops are immunogenic species that can trigger innate immune responses in physiological and pathological settings and discuss the implications of this in the study of various diseases and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Bradley
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kienan I Savage
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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18
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Gu Y, Jia XM. STING negatively regulates antifungal immunity. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1090-1092. [PMID: 37741789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
During viral infections, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) exerts a positive protective immune response. Chen et al. now shed light on the distinct role of STING in fungal infections. STING translocates to the phagosome to negatively regulate the immune response against Candida albicans infection through the inhibition of Src-involved Syk phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebo Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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19
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Kong LZ, Kim SM, Wang C, Lee SY, Oh SC, Lee S, Jo S, Kim TD. Understanding nucleic acid sensing and its therapeutic applications. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2320-2331. [PMID: 37945923 PMCID: PMC10689850 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensing is involved in viral infections, immune response-related diseases, and therapeutics. Based on the composition of nucleic acids, nucleic acid sensors are defined as DNA or RNA sensors. Pathogen-associated nucleic acids are recognized by membrane-bound and intracellular receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce innate immune-mediated antiviral responses. PRR activation is tightly regulated to eliminate infections and prevent abnormal or excessive immune responses. Nucleic acid sensing is an essential mechanism in tumor immunotherapy and gene therapies that target cancer and infectious diseases through genetically engineered immune cells or therapeutic nucleic acids. Nucleic acid sensing supports immune cells in priming desirable immune responses during tumor treatment. Recent studies have shown that nucleic acid sensing affects the efficiency of gene therapy by inhibiting translation. Suppression of innate immunity induced by nucleic acid sensing through small-molecule inhibitors, virus-derived proteins, and chemical modifications offers a potential therapeutic strategy. Herein, we review the mechanisms and regulation of nucleic acid sensing, specifically covering recent advances. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss recent research progress regarding the different effects of nucleic acid sensing on therapeutic efficacy. This study provides insights for the application of nucleic acid sensing in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zu Kong
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Min Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunli Wang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yun Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Chan Oh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Seona Jo
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Gambelli A, Ferrando A, Boncristiani C, Schoeftner S. Regulation and function of R-loops at repetitive elements. Biochimie 2023; 214:141-155. [PMID: 37619810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
R-loops are atypical, three-stranded nucleic acid structures that contain a stretch of RNA:DNA hybrids and an unpaired, single stranded DNA loop. R-loops are physiological relevant and can act as regulators of gene expression, chromatin structure, DNA damage repair and DNA replication. However, unscheduled and persistent R-loops are mutagenic and can mediate replication-transcription conflicts, leading to DNA damage and genome instability if left unchecked. Detailed transcriptome analysis unveiled that 85% of the human genome, including repetitive regions, hold transcriptional activity. This anticipates that R-loops management plays a central role for the regulation and integrity of genomes. This function is expected to have a particular relevance for repetitive sequences that make up to 75% of the human genome. Here, we review the impact of R-loops on the function and stability of repetitive regions such as centromeres, telomeres, rDNA arrays, transposable elements and triplet repeat expansions and discuss their relevance for associated pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gambelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferrando
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Boncristiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan Schoeftner
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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21
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Kundnani DL, Yang T, Gombolay AL, Mukherjee K, Newnam G, Meers C, Mehta ZH, Mouawad C, Storici F. Distinct features of ribonucleotides within genomic DNA in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS)-ortholog mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560505. [PMID: 37873120 PMCID: PMC10592897 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) are abundantly found within genomic DNA of cells. The embedded rNMPs alter DNA properties and impact genome stability. Mutations in ribonuclease (RNase) H2, a key enzyme for rNMP removal, are associated with the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a severe neurological disorder. Here, we engineered two AGS-ortholog mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: rnh201-G42S and rnh203-K46W. Using the ribose-seq technique and the Ribose-Map bioinformatics toolkit, we unveiled rNMP abundance, composition, hotspots, and sequence context in these yeast AGS-ortholog mutants. We found higher rNMP incorporation in the nuclear genome of rnh201-G42S than in wild-type and rnh203-K46W-mutant cells, and an elevated rCMP content in both mutants. Moreover, we uncovered unique rNMP patterns in each mutant, highlighting a differential activity of the AGS mutants towards rNMPs embedded on the leading or on the lagging strand of DNA replication. This study guides future research on rNMP characteristics in human genomic samples carrying AGS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali L Kundnani
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taehwan Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alli L Gombolay
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kuntal Mukherjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gary Newnam
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chance Meers
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeel H Mehta
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celine Mouawad
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francesca Storici
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Liu A, Ying S. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: A monogenic type I interferonopathy. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13314. [PMID: 37515439 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a rare monogenic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the brains of children patients. Its main clinical features include encephalatrophy, basal ganglia calcification, leukoencephalopathy, lymphocytosis and increased interferon-α (IFN-α) levels in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. AGS may be caused by mutations in any one of nine genes (TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR1, IFIH1, LSM11 and RNU7-1) that result in accumulation of self-nucleic acids in the cytoplasm or aberrant sensing of self-nucleic acids. This triggers overproduction of type I interferons (IFNs) and subsequently causes AGS, the prototype of type I interferonopathies. This review describes the discovery history of AGS with various genotypes and provides the latest knowledge of clinical manifestations and causative genes of AGS. The relationship between AGS and type I interferonopathy and potential therapeutic methods for AGS are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Songcheng Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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23
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Zheng W, Chen N, Meurens F, Zheng W, Zhu J. How Does cGAS Avoid Sensing Self-DNA under Normal Physiological Conditions? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14738. [PMID: 37834184 PMCID: PMC10572901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
cGAS is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates innate immune responses by producing the second messenger 2'3'-cGAMP, which activates the adaptor STING. cGAS senses dsDNA in a length-dependent but sequence-independent manner, meaning it cannot discriminate self-DNA from foreign DNA. In normal physiological conditions, cellular DNA is sequestered in the nucleus by a nuclear envelope and in mitochondria by a mitochondrial membrane. When self-DNA leaks into the cytosol during cellular stress or mitosis, the cGAS can be exposed to self-DNA and activated. Recently, many studies have investigated how cGAS keeps inactive and avoids being aberrantly activated by self-DNA. Thus, this narrative review aims to summarize the mechanisms by which cGAS avoids sensing self-DNA under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangli Zheng
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - François Meurens
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Z.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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24
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Barasa L, Chaudhuri S, Zhou JY, Jiang Z, Choudhary S, Green RM, Wiggin E, Cameron M, Humphries F, Fitzgerald KA, Thompson PR. Development of LB244, an Irreversible STING Antagonist. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20273-20288. [PMID: 37695732 PMCID: PMC11059204 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The cGMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway plays a critical role in sensing dsDNA localized to the cytosol, resulting in the activation of a robust inflammatory response. While cGAS-STING signaling is essential for antiviral immunity, aberrant STING activation is observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), lupus, and autoinflammatory diseases such as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) and STING associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). Significant efforts have therefore focused on the development of STING inhibitors. In a concurrent submission, we reported that BB-Cl-amidine inhibits STING-dependent signaling in the nanomolar range, both in vitro and in vivo. Considering this discovery, we sought to generate analogs with higher potency and proteome-wide selectivity. Herein, we report the development of LB244, which displays nanomolar potency and inhibits STING signaling with markedly enhanced proteome-wide selectivity. Moreover, LB244 mirrored the efficacy of BB-Cl-amidine in vivo. In summary, our data identify novel chemical entities that inhibit STING signaling and provide a scaffold for the development of therapeutics for treating STING-dependent inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Barasa
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sauradip Chaudhuri
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jeffrey Y. Zhou
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shruti Choudhary
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Robert Madison Green
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Elenore Wiggin
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Institute,130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Fiachra Humphries
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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25
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Zierhut C. p53 and Innate Immune Signaling in Development and Cancer: Insights from a Hematologic Model of Genome Instability. Cancer Res 2023; 83:2807-2808. [PMID: 37655431 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Genome instability due to the loss of DNA repair factors can drive developmental defects, autoinflammatory disease, and cancer. Two major signaling pathways are activated by genome instability-DNA damage checkpoint signaling, leading to p53 activation, and innate immunity, largely driven by the DNA sensor cGAS. Like p53, cGAS is thought to drive cell death and senescence during genotoxic stress in addition to its canonical inflammatory functions, but its role during cellular differentiation and carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Furthermore, it is heavily debated whether the cGAS pathway primarily has tumor-suppressive or oncogenic functions. A study in this issue of Cancer Research used a hematopoietic lineage-specific knockout of the ribonucleotide repair gene Rnaseh2b to introduce genotoxic stress, resulting in severe hematopoiesis defects and increased incidence of hematologic cancers. These two effects were driven by and antagonized by p53, respectively. Surprisingly, despite increased innate immune signaling, the cGAS pathway did not seem to play a role in either process. These findings suggest that innate immune responses to genotoxic stress may be more subtle and context-specific than appreciated, indicating that a more detailed understanding of pathway activation and signaling consequences is needed. See related article by Dressel et al., p. 2858.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zierhut
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Zhou J, Zhuang Z, Li J, Feng Z. Significance of the cGAS-STING Pathway in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13316. [PMID: 37686127 PMCID: PMC10487967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway plays a significant role in health and disease. In this pathway, cGAS, one of the major cytosolic DNA sensors in mammalian cells, regulates innate immunity and the STING-dependent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including type-I interferon. Moreover, the cGAS-STING pathway is integral to other cellular processes, such as cell death, cell senescence, and autophagy. Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by "self" DNA is also attributed to various infectious diseases and autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. In addition, the cGAS-STING pathway activation functions as a link between innate and adaptive immunity, leading to the inhibition or facilitation of tumorigenesis; therefore, research targeting this pathway can provide novel clues for clinical applications to treat infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases and even cancer. In this review, we focus on the cGAS-STING pathway and its corresponding cellular and molecular mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of College of First Clinical Medicine, College of First Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Taijiang Campus, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jiamian Li
- Key Laboratory of College of First Clinical Medicine, College of First Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Taijiang Campus, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China
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27
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Song C, Hu Z, Xu D, Bian H, Lv J, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Su L, Yin H, Lu T, Li Y. STING signaling in inflammaging: a new target against musculoskeletal diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227364. [PMID: 37492580 PMCID: PMC10363987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) is a critical signaling linker protein that plays a crucial role in the intrinsic immune response, particularly in the cytoplasmic DNA-mediated immune response in both pathogens and hosts. It is also involved in various signaling processes in vivo. The musculoskeletal system provides humans with morphology, support, stability, and movement. However, its aging can result in various diseases and negatively impact people's lives. While many studies have reported that cellular aging is a leading cause of musculoskeletal disorders, it also offers insight into potential treatments. Under pathological conditions, senescent osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myeloid cells, and muscle fibers exhibit persistent senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), metabolic disturbances, and cell cycle arrest, which are closely linked to abnormal STING activation. The accumulation of cytoplasmic DNA due to chromatin escape from the nucleus following DNA damage or telomere shortening activates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Moreover, STING activation is also linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, and impaired cytoplasmic DNA degradation. STING activation upregulates SASP and autophagy directly and indirectly promotes cell cycle arrest. Thus, STING may be involved in the onset and development of various age-related musculoskeletal disorders and represents a potential therapeutic target. In recent years, many STING modulators have been developed and used in the study of musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this paper summarizes the effects of STING signaling on the musculoskeletal system at the molecular level and current understanding of the mechanisms of endogenous active ligand production and accumulation. We also discuss the relationship between some age-related musculoskeletal disorders and STING, as well as the current status of STING modulator development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Song
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoyi Hu
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Dingjun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Bian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhu
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Nanjundagowda VK, Paikaraya S, Srinivasan VM, Srivastava A. In Silico Characterization of RNASEH2A Pathogenic Variants and Identification of Novel Splice Site Donor Variant c.549+1G>T in Indian Population. Cureus 2023; 15:e40366. [PMID: 37456470 PMCID: PMC10340131 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS) is a genetic disorder that has variable manifestations including neurological, immunological, and sometimes other system involvement in various combinations. Considering the high genetic and clinical diversity of AGS and the importance of RNASEH2 complex in the biological system, it is important to take a systematic approach to delineate the genetic diagnosis and impact of missense mutations. Methods Clinical targeted gene sequencing followed by Sanger validation was performed in an individual with the clinical features of AGS. Protein modeling studies of all the reported RNASEH2A missense variants till date were performed using freely available web servers BioGrid, ShinyGO. Protein structures were visualized using Pymol. Results and discussion We identified a novel homozygous splice site donor variant c.549+1G>T in RNASEH2A. Furthermore protein-interactome studies identifiedpotential genetic interactors that include RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, TYMS, RNASEH2C, RPA1, ORC3, ORC2, CDC6, PCNA, LIG1, PRIM1, RFC2, DUT, GINS1, MCM7, FEN1, MCM4, GINS2, CDK4, and MCM5. Identified genes were mapped to specific pathways using SHINY GO. DNA replication and cell cycle, centrosome cycle, post-replication repair, nucleic acid and metabolic process, cellular response to stress, DNA metabolic process, nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, and DNA biosynthetic process were identified as the linked pathways with the prioritized genes. Conclusion In conclusion, a sophisticated genotype and phenotype correlation followed by linking the genes to the key biological pathways opens new avenues to understand disease pathology and plan for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swabhiman Paikaraya
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, IND
| | | | - Anshika Srivastava
- Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, IND
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29
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García-Martínez K, Chen J, Jones J, Woo A, Aucapina A, Brito I, Leifer CA. Stimulator of interferon genes is required for Toll-Like Receptor-8 induced interferon response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.15.540812. [PMID: 37292640 PMCID: PMC10245589 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.15.540812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is equipped with multiple receptors to detect microbial nucleic acids and induce type I interferon (IFN) to restrict viral replication. When dysregulated these receptor pathways induce inflammation in response to host nucleic acids and promote development and persistence of autoimmune diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). IFN production is regulated by the Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) transcription factor family of proteins that function downstream of several innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). Although both TLRs and STING activate the same downstream molecules, the pathway by which TLRs and STING activate IFN response are thought to be independent. Here we show that STING plays a previously undescribed role in human TLR8 signaling. Stimulation with the TLR8 ligands induced IFN secretion in primary human monocytes, and inhibition of STING reduced IFN secretion from primary monocytes from 8 healthy donors. We demonstrate that TLR8-induced IRF activity was reduced by STING inhibitors. Moreover, TLR8-induced IRF activity was blocked by inhibition or loss of IKKε, but not TBK1. Bulk RNA transcriptomic analysis supported a model where TLR8 induces transcriptional responses associated with SLE that can be downregulated by inhibition of STING. These data demonstrate that STING is required for full TLR8-to-IRF signaling and provide evidence for a new framework of crosstalk between cytosolic and endosomal innate immune receptors, which could be leveraged to treat IFN driven autoimmune diseases. Background High levels of type I interferon (IFN) is characteristic of multiple autoimmune diseases, and while TLR8 is associated with autoimmune disease and IFN production, the mechanisms of TLR8-induced IFN production are not fully understood. Results STING is phosphorylated following TLR8 signaling, which is selectively required for the IRF arm of TLR8 signaling and for TLR8-induced IFN production in primary human monocytes. Conclusion STING plays a previously unappreciated role in TLR8-induced IFN production. Significance Nucleic acid-sensing TLRs contribute to development and progression of autoimmune disease including interferonopathies, and we show a novel role for STING in TLR-induced IFN production that could be a therapeutic target.
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30
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Fang L, Ying S, Xu X, Wu D. TREX1 cytosolic DNA degradation correlates with autoimmune disease and cancer immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:193-207. [PMID: 36745566 PMCID: PMC10038326 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal domain of Three Prime Repair Exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is catalytically active and can degrade dsDNA or ssDNA in the cytosol, whereas the C-terminal domain is primarily involved in protein localization. TREX1 deficiency induces cytosolic DNA accumulation as well as activation of the cGAS-STING-IFN signaling pathway, which results in tissue inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, TREX1 expression in cancer immunity can be adaptively regulated to promote tumor proliferation, making it a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Fang
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Center, Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Songcheng Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - De Wu
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Center, Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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31
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Suptela AJ, Marriott I. Cytosolic DNA sensors and glial responses to endogenous DNA. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130172. [PMID: 36999037 PMCID: PMC10043442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a key driving force for the development and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) cancers. The initiation of DNA damage responses is a critical step in maintaining genomic integrity and preventing such diseases. However, the absence of these responses or their inability to repair genomic or mitochondrial DNA damage resulting from insults, including ionizing radiation or oxidative stress, can lead to an accumulation of self-DNA in the cytoplasm. Resident CNS cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, are known to produce critical immune mediators following CNS infection due to the recognition of pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns by specialized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Recently, multiple intracellular PRRs, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, interferon gamma-inducible 16, absent in melanoma 2, and Z-DNA binding protein, have been identified as cytosolic DNA sensors and to play critical roles in glial immune responses to infectious agents. Intriguingly, these nucleic acid sensors have recently been shown to recognize endogenous DNA and trigger immune responses in peripheral cell types. In the present review, we discuss the available evidence that cytosolic DNA sensors are expressed by resident CNS cells and can mediate their responses to the presence of self-DNA. Furthermore, we discuss the potential for glial DNA sensor-mediated responses to provide protection against tumorigenesis versus the initiation of potentially detrimental neuroinflammation that could initiate or foster the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Determining the mechanisms that underlie the detection of cytosolic DNA by glia and the relative role of each pathway in the context of specific CNS disorders and their stages may prove pivotal in our understanding of the pathogenesis of such conditions and might be leveraged to develop new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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32
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Schulz MS, Sartorius von Bach CB, Marinkovic E, Günther C, Behrendt R, Roers A. Development of an RNase H2 Activity Assay for Clinical Screening. J Clin Med 2023; 12:1598. [PMID: 36836134 PMCID: PMC9961991 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As the key enzyme mediating ribonucleotide excision repair, RNase H2 is essential for the removal of single ribonucleotides from DNA in order to prevent genome damage. Loss of RNase H2 activity directly contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases and might further play a role in ageing and neurodegeneration. Moreover, RNase H2 activity is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in several types of cancer. Until today, no method for quantification of RNase H2 activity has been validated for the clinical setting. Herein, validation and benchmarks of a FRET-based whole-cell lysate RNase H2 activity assay are presented, including standard conditions and procedures to calculate standardized RNase H2 activity. Spanning a wide working range, the assay is applicable to various human cell or tissue samples with overall methodological assay variability from 8.6% to 16%. Using our assay, we found RNase H2 activity was reduced in lymphocytes of two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and one with systemic sclerosis carrying heterozygous mutations in one of the RNASEH2 genes. Implementation of larger control groups will help to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of clinical screening for RNase H2 activity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Simon Schulz
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Emilija Marinkovic
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Myristic acid as a checkpoint to regulate STING-dependent autophagy and interferon responses by promoting N-myristoylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:660. [PMID: 36750575 PMCID: PMC9905541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-triggered autophagy is crucial for the host to eliminate invading pathogens and serves as a self-limiting mechanism of STING-induced interferon (IFN) responses. Thus, the mechanisms that ensure the beneficial effects of STING activation are of particular importance. Herein, we show that myristic acid, a type of long-chain saturated fatty acid (SFA), specifically attenuates cGAS-STING-induced IFN responses in macrophages, while enhancing STING-dependent autophagy. Myristic acid inhibits HSV-1 infection-induced innate antiviral immune responses and promotes HSV-1 replication in mice in vivo. Mechanistically, myristic acid enhances N-myristoylation of ARF1, a master regulator that controls STING membrane trafficking. Consequently, myristic acid facilitates STING activation-triggered autophagy degradation of the STING complex. Thus, our work identifies myristic acid as a metabolic checkpoint that contributes to immune homeostasis by balancing STING-dependent autophagy and IFN responses. This suggests that myristic acid and N-myristoylation are promising targets for the treatment of diseases caused by aberrant STING activation.
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Du Y, Hu Z, Luo Y, Wang HY, Yu X, Wang RF. Function and regulation of cGAS-STING signaling in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130423. [PMID: 36825026 PMCID: PMC9941744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacious detection of pathogens and prompt induction of innate immune signaling serve as a crucial component of immune defense against infectious pathogens. Over the past decade, DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signaling adaptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) have emerged as key mediators of type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) responses in health and infection diseases. Moreover, both cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens have developed delicate strategies to resist each other for their survival. The mechanistic and functional comprehension of the interplay between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens is opening the way for the development and application of pharmacological agonists and antagonists in the treatment of infectious diseases. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of DNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway, and emphatically highlight the potent undertaking of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the host against infectious pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yien Luo
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Sugawara S, Okada R, Loo TM, Tanaka H, Miyata K, Chiba M, Kawasaki H, Katoh K, Kaji S, Maezawa Y, Yokote K, Nakayama M, Oshima M, Nagao K, Obuse C, Nagayama S, Takubo K, Nakanishi A, Kanemaki MT, Hara E, Takahashi A. RNaseH2A downregulation drives inflammatory gene expression via genomic DNA fragmentation in senescent and cancer cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1420. [PMID: 36577784 PMCID: PMC9797495 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence caused by oncogenic stimuli is associated with the development of various age-related pathologies through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP is mediated by the activation of cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the accumulation of nucleotide ligands in senescent cells is unclear. In this study, we revealed that the expression of RNaseH2A, which removes ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) from the genome, is regulated by E2F transcription factors, and it decreases during cellular senescence. Residual rNMPs cause genomic DNA fragmentation and aberrant activation of cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors, thereby provoking subsequent SASP factor gene expression in senescent cells. In addition, RNaseH2A expression was significantly decreased in aged mouse tissues and cells from individuals with Werner syndrome. Furthermore, RNaseH2A degradation using the auxin-inducible degron system induced the accumulation of nucleotide ligands and induction of certain tumourigenic SASP-like factors, promoting the metastatic properties of colorectal cancer cells. Our results indicate that RNaseH2A downregulation provokes SASP through nucleotide ligand accumulation, which likely contributes to the pathological features of senescent, progeroid, and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sugawara
- grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Ryo Okada
- grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550 Japan ,grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
| | - Tze Mun Loo
- grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Hisamichi Tanaka
- grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Kenichi Miyata
- grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Masatomo Chiba
- grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Hiroko Kawasaki
- grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Kaoru Katoh
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560 Japan
| | - Shizuo Kaji
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-0856 Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-0856 Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakayama
- grid.9707.90000 0001 2308 3329Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- grid.9707.90000 0001 2308 3329Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
| | - Koji Nagao
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Graduated School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Chikashi Obuse
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Graduated School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagayama
- grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 135-8550 Tokyo, Japan ,Department of Surgery, Uji-Tokushukai Medical Center, Kyoto, 611-0041 Japan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- grid.45203.300000 0004 0489 0290Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan
| | - Akira Nakanishi
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
| | - Masato T. Kanemaki
- grid.288127.60000 0004 0466 9350Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan ,grid.275033.00000 0004 1763 208XDepartment of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Eiji Hara
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan. .,Advanced Research & Development Programs for Medical Innovation (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 104-0004, Japan. .,Cancer Cell Communication Project, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
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36
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Chen C, Xu P. Cellular functions of cGAS-STING signaling. Trends Cell Biol 2022:S0962-8924(22)00252-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shen A, Chen M, Chen Q, Liu Z, Zhang A. Recent advances in the development of STING inhibitors: an updated patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:1131-1143. [PMID: 36332188 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2144220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION STING is at the center of the cGAS-STING signaling and acts as the hub of the innate immune system. Hyper-activation of STING has been observed in various severe autoimmune diseases, such as AGS, SLE, and many other diseases including neurological and metabolic disorders. Therefore, STING has been considered as a promising target. In recent years, several STING inhibitors have been claimed in patents. AREAS COVERED Small-molecule STING inhibitors reported in patents (disclosed before May 2022 through the public database at https://worldwide.espacenet.com) were summarized in this review and the available structure-activity relationships (SARs) and molecular mechanisms of action were presented. EXPERT OPINION Compared with STING agonists, the development of STING inhibitors is still in its infancy and no candidates have entered clinical investigation stage. Fortunately, patent applications are appearing at an increasing rate and a few of them have been validated in vivo, thus providing valuable insights for further structural optimization. More efforts are urgently needed since it is not clear yet that inhibitors targeting STING can solely exert sufficient therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases, and the toxicity profile of such inhibitors is unknown as well. Therefore, it is extremely important to identify a selective and efficacious STING inhibitor for clinical evaluation to provide proof-of-concept for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancheng Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxuan Chen
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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38
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Aditi, McKinnon PJ. Genome integrity and inflammation in the nervous system. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 119:103406. [PMID: 36148701 PMCID: PMC9844216 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of genomic integrity is crucial for nervous system development and function. DNA repair deficiency results in several human diseases that are characterized by both neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Recent research has highlighted a role for compromised genomic integrity as a key factor driving neuropathology and triggering innate immune signaling to cause inflammation. Here we review the mechanisms by which DNA damage engages innate immune signaling and how this may promote neurological disease. We also consider the contributions of different neural cell types towards DNA damage-driven neuroinflammation. A deeper knowledge of genome maintenance mechanisms that prevent aberrant immune activation in neural cells will guide future therapies to ameliorate neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Dept. Cell & Mol. Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Dept. Cell & Mol. Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Zhang M, Zou Y, Zhou X, Zhou J. Inhibitory targeting cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis: Emerging strategies for autoimmune diseases therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954129. [PMID: 36172373 PMCID: PMC9511411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling plays an integral role in the host immune response, and the abnormal activation of cGAS-STING is highly related to various autoimmune diseases. Therefore, targeting the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis has become a promising strategy in therapy of autoimmune diseases. Herein, we summarized the key pathways mediated by the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis and various cGAS-STING-TBK1 related autoimmune diseases, as well as the recent development of cGAS, STING, or TBK1 selective inhibitors and their potential application in therapy of cGAS-STING-TBK1 related autoimmune diseases. Overall, the review highlights that inhibiting cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling is an attractive strategy for autoimmune disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xujun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Jinming Zhou,
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40
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R-Loop Formation in Meiosis: Roles in Meiotic Transcription-Associated DNA Damage. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6030026. [PMID: 36135313 PMCID: PMC9498298 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is specialized cell division during gametogenesis that produces genetically unique gametes via homologous recombination. Meiotic homologous recombination entails repairing programmed 200–300 DNA double-strand breaks generated during the early prophase. To avoid interference between meiotic gene transcription and homologous recombination, mammalian meiosis is thought to employ a strategy of exclusively transcribing meiotic or post-meiotic genes before their use. Recent studies have shown that R-loops, three-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid nucleotide structures formed during transcription, play a crucial role in transcription and genome integrity. Although our knowledge about the function of R-loops during meiosis is limited, recent findings in mouse models have suggested that they play crucial roles in meiosis. Given that defective formation of an R-loop can cause abnormal transcription and transcription-coupled DNA damage, the precise regulatory network of R-loops may be essential in vivo for the faithful progression of mammalian meiosis and gametogenesis.
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Sušjan-Leite P, Ramuta TŽ, Boršić E, Orehek S, Hafner-Bratkovič I. Supramolecular organizing centers at the interface of inflammation and neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940969. [PMID: 35979366 PMCID: PMC9377691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involves the accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. These deposits are both directly toxic to neurons, invoking loss of cell connectivity and cell death, and recognized by innate sensors that upon activation release neurotoxic cytokines, chemokines, and various reactive species. This neuroinflammation is propagated through signaling cascades where activated sensors/receptors, adaptors, and effectors associate into multiprotein complexes known as supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the SMOCs, involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, such as myddosomes, inflammasomes, and necrosomes, their assembly, and evidence for their involvement in common neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the multifaceted role of neuroinflammation in the progression of neurodegeneration. Recent progress in the understanding of particular SMOC participation in common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease offers novel therapeutic strategies for currently absent disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sušjan-Leite
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Taja Železnik Ramuta
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elvira Boršić
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Orehek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
As brutally demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, an effective immune system is essential for survival. Developed over evolutionary time, viral nucleic acid detection is a central pillar in the defensive armamentarium used to combat foreign microbial invasion. To ensure cellular homeostasis, such a strategy necessitates the efficient discrimination of pathogen-derived DNA and RNA from that of the host. In 2011, it was suggested that an upregulation of type I interferon signalling might serve as a defining feature of a novel set of Mendelian inborn errors of immunity, where antiviral sensors are triggered by host nucleic acids due to a failure of self versus non-self discrimination. These rare disorders have played a surprisingly significant role in informing our understanding of innate immunity and the relevance of type I interferon signalling for human health and disease. Here we consider what we have learned in this time, and how the field may develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanick J Crow
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Daniel B Stetson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ouyang W, Wang S, Hu J, Liu Z. Can the cGAS-STING Pathway Play a Role in the Dry Eye? Front Immunol 2022; 13:929230. [PMID: 35812407 PMCID: PMC9263829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye is one of the most common ocular surface diseases in the world and seriously affects the quality of life of patients. As an immune-related disease, the mechanism of dry eye has still not been fully elucidated. The cGAS-STING pathway is a recently discovered pathway that plays an important role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases by recognizing dsDNA. As an important signal to initiate inflammation, the release of dsDNA is associated with dry eye. Herein, we focused on the pathophysiology of the immune-inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of dry eye, attempted to gain insight into the involvement of dsDNA in the dry eye immune response, and investigated the mechanism of the cGAS-STING pathway involved in the immune-inflammatory response. We further proposed that the cGAS-STING pathway may participate in dry eye as a new mechanism linking dry eye and the immune-inflammatory response, thus providing a new direction for the mechanistic exploration of dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ouyang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shoubi Wang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Xiamen Diabetes Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Medical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Diabetes Prevention and Treatment Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiaoyue Hu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Zuguo Liu, ; Jiaoyue Hu,
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zuguo Liu, ; Jiaoyue Hu,
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Welch G, Tsai LH. Mechanisms of DNA damage-mediated neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54217. [PMID: 35499251 PMCID: PMC9171412 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly susceptible to DNA damage accumulation due to their large energy requirements, elevated transcriptional activity, and long lifespan. While newer research has shown that DNA breaks and mutations may facilitate neuron diversity during development and neuronal function throughout life, a wealth of evidence indicates deficient DNA damage repair underlies many neurological disorders, especially age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, efforts to clarify the molecular link between DNA damage and neurodegeneration have improved our understanding of how the genomic location of DNA damage and defunct repair proteins impact neuron health. Additionally, work establishing a role for senescence in the aging and diseased brain reveals DNA damage may play a central role in neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Welch
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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45
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Wobma H, Shin DS, Chou J, Dedeoğlu F. Dysregulation of the cGAS-STING Pathway in Monogenic Autoinflammation and Lupus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905109. [PMID: 35693769 PMCID: PMC9186411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the oldest mechanisms of immune defense against pathogens is through detection of foreign DNA. Since human DNA is compartmentalized into the nucleus, its presence in the cytosol heralds a potential threat. The cGAS-STING pathway is one of the most important cytosolic DNA sensing pathways and leads to interferon signaling, inflammasome activation, autophagy, and cell death. While STING signaling is protective at physiologic levels, chronic activation of this pathway can instead drive autoinflammation and autoimmunity. Here we discuss several monogenic disorders of the STING pathway that highlight its impact on both innate and adaptive immunity in the progressive loss of tolerance. The potential relevance of STING signaling in systemic lupus erythematosus is then discussed with a focus on future avenues for monitoring and targeting this pathway.
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Cristini A, Tellier M, Constantinescu F, Accalai C, Albulescu LO, Heiringhoff R, Bery N, Sordet O, Murphy S, Gromak N. RNase H2, mutated in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, resolves co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent DNA breaks and inflammation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2961. [PMID: 35618715 PMCID: PMC9135716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase H2 is a specialized enzyme that degrades RNA in RNA/DNA hybrids and deficiency of this enzyme causes a severe neuroinflammatory disease, Aicardi Goutières syndrome (AGS). However, the molecular mechanism underlying AGS is still unclear. Here, we show that RNase H2 is associated with a subset of genes, in a transcription-dependent manner where it interacts with RNA Polymerase II. RNase H2 depletion impairs transcription leading to accumulation of R-loops, structures that comprise RNA/DNA hybrids and a displaced DNA strand, mainly associated with short and intronless genes. Importantly, accumulated R-loops are processed by XPG and XPF endonucleases which leads to DNA damage and activation of the immune response, features associated with AGS. Consequently, we uncover a key role for RNase H2 in the transcription of human genes by maintaining R-loop homeostasis. Our results provide insight into the mechanistic contribution of R-loops to AGS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Cristini
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Michael Tellier
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Flavia Constantinescu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Clelia Accalai
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Laura Oana Albulescu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Robin Heiringhoff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Nicolas Bery
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Olivier Sordet
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Shona Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Natalia Gromak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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Hong Z, Mei J, Guo H, Zhu J, Wang C. Intervention of cGAS‒STING signaling in sterile inflammatory diseases. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:mjac005. [PMID: 35084490 PMCID: PMC9122663 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation characterized by unresolved chronic inflammation is well established to promote the progression of multiple autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, collectively termed 'sterile inflammatory diseases'. By recognizing host-derived DNA, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) activates endoplasmic reticulum-associated stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which leads to the induction of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines or immunogenic cell death that promotes sterile inflammation. Additionally, the DNA/cGAS-independent mode of STING activation has also been characterized in the progression of several sterile inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of cGAS-dependent and cGAS-independent STING signaling under various disease conditions, particularly highlighting the diverse initiators upon this signaling pathway. We also summarize recent advances in the discovery of antagonists targeting cGAS and STING and the evaluation of their efficiencies in preclinical models. Finally, we discuss potential differences in the clinical applications of the specific antagonists, which may shed light on the precision therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jiahao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hanli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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48
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Nuclear soluble cGAS senses double-stranded DNA virus infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:433. [PMID: 35538147 PMCID: PMC9090744 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA sensor cGAS detects cytosolic DNA and instigates type I interferon (IFN) expression. Recent studies find that cGAS also localizes in the nucleus and binds the chromatin. Despite the mechanism controlling nuclear cGAS activation is well elucidated, whether nuclear cGAS participates in DNA sensing is unclear. Here, we report that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection caused the release of cGAS from the chromatin into the nuclear soluble fraction. Like its cytosolic counterpart, the leaked nuclear soluble cGAS also sensed viral DNA, produced cGAMP, and induced mRNA expression of type I IFN and interferon-stimulated genes. Consistently, the nuclear soluble cGAS limited HSV-1 infection. Furthermore, enzyme-deficient mutation (D307A) or cGAS inhibitor RU.251 abolished nuclear cGAS-mediated innate immune responses, suggesting that enzymatic activity is also required for nuclear soluble cGAS. Taken all together, our study demonstrates that nuclear soluble cGAS acts as a nuclear DNA sensor detecting nuclear-replicating DNA viruses.
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Abstract
Inflammation plays indispensable roles in building the immune responses such as acquired immunity against harmful pathogens. Furthermore, it is essential for maintaining biological homeostasis in ever-changing conditions. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) reside in cell membranes, endosomes or cytoplasm, and function as triggers for inflammatory responses. Binding of pathogen- or self-derived components, such as DNA, to PRRs activates downstream signaling cascades, resulting in the production of a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs). While these series of responses are essential for host defense, the unexpected release of DNA from the nucleus or mitochondria of host cells can lead to autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on DNA-sensing mechanisms via PRRs and the disorders and extraordinary conditions caused by self-derived DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ori
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
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Yan J, Zhao Y, Du J, Wang Y, Wang S, Wang Q, Zhao X, Xu W, Zhao K. RNA sensor MDA5 suppresses LINE-1 retrotransposition by regulating the promoter activity of LINE-1 5'-UTR. Mob DNA 2022; 13:10. [PMID: 35414110 PMCID: PMC9003951 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 1 long interspersed elements, or LINE-1, are the only retroelements that replicate autonomously in human cells. The retrotransposition process of LINE-1 can trigger the activation of the innate immune system and has been proposed to play a role in the development of several autoimmune diseases, including Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). In contrast, all known AGS-associated proteins, except MDA5, have been reported to affect LINE-1 activity. Thus, MDA5 is likely to also function as a LINE-1 suppressor. Results MDA5 was found to potently suppress LINE-1 activity in a reporter-based LINE-1 retrotransposition assay. Although MDA5 is an endogenous RNA sensor able to activate the innate immune system, increased interferon (IFN) expression only contributed in part to MDA5-mediated LINE-1 suppression. Instead, MDA5 potently regulated the promoter activity of LINE-1 5′-UTR, as confirmed by transiently expressed myc-tagged MDA5 or knockdown of endogenous MDA5 expression. Consequently, MDA5 effectively reduced the generation of LINE-1 RNA and the subsequent expression of LINE-1 ORF1p and ORF2p. Interestingly, despite MDA5 being a multi-domain protein, the N-terminal 2CARD domain alone is sufficient to interact with LINE-1 5′-UTR and inhibit LINE-1 promoter activity. Conclusion Our data reveal that MDA5 functions as a promoter regulator; it directly binds to the LINE-1 5′-UTR and suppresses its promoter activity. Consequently, MDA5 reduces LINE-1 RNA and protein levels, and ultimately inhibits LINE-1 retrotransposition. In contrast, MDA5-induced IFN expression only plays a mild role in MDA5-mediated LINE-1 suppression. In addition, the N-terminal 2CARD domain was found to be a functional region for MDA5 upon inhibition of LINE-1 replication. Thus, our data suggest that besides being an initiator of the innate immune system, MDA5 is also an effector against LINE-1 activity, potentially forming a feedback loop by suppressing LINE-1-induced innate immune activation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13100-022-00268-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiu Yan
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Neonatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Juan Du
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China. .,Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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