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Matteoli M. The role of microglial TREM2 in development: A path toward neurodegeneration? Glia 2024; 72:1544-1554. [PMID: 38837837 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The nervous and the immune systems undergo a continuous cross talk, starting from early development and continuing throughout adulthood and aging. Defects in this cross talk contribute to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain that are primarily involved in this bidirectional communication. Among the microglial genes, trem2 is a key player, controlling the functional state of microglia and being at the forefront of many processes that require interaction between microglia and other brain components, such as neurons and oligodendrocytes. The present review focuses on the early developmental window, describing the early brain processes in which TREM2 is primarily involved, including the modulation of synapse formation and elimination, the control of neuronal bioenergetic states as well as the contribution to myelination processes and neuronal circuit formation. By causing imbalances during these early maturation phases, dysfunctional TREM2 may have a striking impact on the adult brain, making it a more sensitive target for insults occurring during adulthood and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Matteoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Neuro Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
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2
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xia Y, Zhang J, Chen L. Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:211. [PMID: 39174535 PMCID: PMC11344989 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as the predominant form of dementia, presenting significant and escalating global challenges. Its etiology is intricate and diverse, stemming from a combination of factors such as aging, genetics, and environment. Our current understanding of AD pathologies involves various hypotheses, such as the cholinergic, amyloid, tau protein, inflammatory, oxidative stress, metal ion, glutamate excitotoxicity, microbiota-gut-brain axis, and abnormal autophagy. Nonetheless, unraveling the interplay among these pathological aspects and pinpointing the primary initiators of AD require further elucidation and validation. In the past decades, most clinical drugs have been discontinued due to limited effectiveness or adverse effects. Presently, available drugs primarily offer symptomatic relief and often accompanied by undesirable side effects. However, recent approvals of aducanumab (1) and lecanemab (2) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) present the potential in disrease-modifying effects. Nevertheless, the long-term efficacy and safety of these drugs need further validation. Consequently, the quest for safer and more effective AD drugs persists as a formidable and pressing task. This review discusses the current understanding of AD pathogenesis, advances in diagnostic biomarkers, the latest updates of clinical trials, and emerging technologies for AD drug development. We highlight recent progress in the discovery of selective inhibitors, dual-target inhibitors, allosteric modulators, covalent inhibitors, proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) modulators. Our goal is to provide insights into the prospective development and clinical application of novel AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinglu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, TN, USA
| | - Yilin Xia
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Yin Y, Yang H, Li R, Wu G, Qin Q, Tang Y. A systematic review of the role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:1684-1694. [PMID: 38915213 PMCID: PMC11268819 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the established genetic linkage between triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), an expanding research body has delved into the intricate role of TREM2 within the AD context. However, a conflicting landscape of outcomes has emerged from both in vivo and in vitro investigations. This study aimed to elucidate the multifaceted nuances and gain a clearer comprehension of the role of TREM2. METHODS PubMed database was searched spanning from its inception to January 2022. The search criteria took the form of ("Alzheimer's disease" OR "AD") AND ("transgenic mice model" OR "transgenic mouse model") AND ("Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells" OR "TREM2"). Inclusion criteria consisted of the following: (1) publication of original studies in English; (2) utilization of transgenic mouse models for AD research; and (3) reports addressing the subject of TREM2. RESULTS A total of 43 eligible articles were identified. Our analysis addresses four pivotal queries concerning the interrelation of TREM2 with microglial function, Aβ accumulation, tau pathology, and inflammatory processes. However, the diverse inquiries posed yielded inconsistent responses. Nevertheless, the inconsistent roles of TREM2 within these AD mouse models potentially hinge upon factors such as age, sex, brain region, model type, and detection methodologies. CONCLUSIONS This review substantiates the evolving understanding of TREM2's disease progression-dependent impacts. Furthermore, it reviews the interplay between TREM2 and its effects across diverse tissues and temporal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsi Yin
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hanchen Yang
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ruiyang Li
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guangshan Wu
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Qi Qin
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
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Kawahara K, Hasegawa T, Hasegawa N, Izumi T, Sato K, Sakamaki T, Ando M, Maeda T. Truncated GPNMB, a microglial transmembrane protein, serves as a scavenger receptor for oligomeric β-amyloid peptide 1-42 in primary type 1 microglia. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1317-1339. [PMID: 38361142 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) is up-regulated in one subtype of microglia (MG) surrounding senile plaque depositions of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. However, whether the microglial GPNMB can recognize the fibrous Aβ peptides as ligands remains unknown. In this study, we report that the truncated form of GPNMB, the antigen for 9F5, serves as a scavenger receptor for oligomeric Aβ1-42 (o-Aβ1-42) in rat primary type 1 MG. 125I-labeled o-Aβ1-42 exhibited specific and saturable endosomal/lysosomal degradation in primary-cultured type 1 MG from GPNMB-expressing wild-type mice, whereas the degradation activity was markedly reduced in cells from Gpnmb-knockout mice. The Gpnmb-siRNA significantly inhibits the degradation of 125I-o-Aβ1-42 by murine microglial MG5 cells. Therefore, GPNMB contributes to mouse MG's o-Aβ1-42 clearance. In rat primary type 1 MG, the cell surface expression of truncated GPNMB was confirmed by a flow cytometric analysis using a previously established 9F5 antibody. 125I-labeled o-Aβ1-42 underwent endosomal/lysosomal degradation by rat primary type 1 MG in a dose-dependent fashion, while the 9F5 antibody inhibited the degradation. The binding of 125I-o-Aβ1-42 to the rat primary type 1 MG was inhibited by 42% by excess unlabeled o-Aβ1-42, and by 52% by the 9F5 antibody. Interestingly, the 125I-o-Aβ1-42 degradations by MG-like cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells was inhibited by the 9F5 antibody, suggesting that truncated GPNMB also serve as a scavenger receptor for o-Aβ1-42 in human MG. Our study demonstrates that the truncated GPNMB (the antigen for 9F5) binds to oligomeric form of Aβ1-42 and functions as a scavenger receptor on MG, and 9F5 antibody can act as a blocking antibody for the truncated GPNMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takuya Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noa Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taisei Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koji Sato
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakamaki
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ando
- Education Center for Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehiko Maeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Bharadwaj S, Groza Y, Mierzwicka JM, Malý P. Current understanding on TREM-2 molecular biology and physiopathological functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112042. [PMID: 38703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), a glycosylated receptor belonging to the immunoglobin superfamily and especially expressed in the myeloid cell lineage, is frequently explained as a reminiscent receptor for both adaptive and innate immunity regulation. TREM-2 is also acknowledged to influence NK cell differentiation via the PI3K and PLCγ signaling pathways, as well as the partial activation or direct inhibition of T cells. Additionally, TREM-2 overexpression is substantially linked to cell-specific functions, such as enhanced phagocytosis, reduced toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory cytokine production, increased transcription of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaped T cell function. Whereas TREM-2-deficient cells exhibit diminished phagocytic function and enhanced proinflammatory cytokines production, proceeding to inflammatory injuries and an immunosuppressive environment for disease progression. Despite the growing literature supporting TREM-2+ cells in various diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, substantial facets of TREM-2-mediated signaling remain inadequately understood relevant to pathophysiology conditions. In this direction, herein, we have summarized the current knowledge on TREM-2 biology and cell-specific TREM-2 expression, particularly in the modulation of pivotal TREM-2-dependent functions under physiopathological conditions. Furthermore, molecular regulation and generic biological relevance of TREM-2 are also discussed, which might provide an alternative approach for preventing or reducing TREM-2-associated deformities. At last, we discussed the TREM-2 function in supporting an immunosuppressive cancer environment and as a potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. Hence, summarized knowledge of TREM-2 might provide a window to overcome challenges in clinically effective therapies for TREM-2-induced diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Yaroslava Groza
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna M Mierzwicka
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Yan H, Wang W, Cui T, Shao Y, Li M, Fang L, Feng L. Advances in the Understanding of the Correlation Between Neuroinflammation and Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease. Immunotargets Ther 2024; 13:287-304. [PMID: 38881647 PMCID: PMC11180466 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s455881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with a subtle and progressive onset and is the most common type of dementia. However, its etiology and pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. The common pathological manifestations of AD include extraneuronal β-amyloid deposition (Aβ), intraneuronal tau protein phosphorylation leading to the formation of 'neurofibrillary tangles' (NFTs), neuroinflammation, progressive loss of brain neurons/synapses, and glucose metabolism disorders. Current treatment approaches for AD primarily focus on the 'Aβ cascade hypothesis and abnormal aggregation of hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins', but have shown limited efficacy. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to identify more effective treatment targets for AD. The central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response plays a key role in the occurrence and development of AD. Neuroinflammation is an immune response activated by glial cells in the CNS that usually occurs in response to stimuli such as nerve injury, infection and toxins or in response to autoimmunity. Neuroinflammation ranks as the third most prominent pathological feature in AD, following Aβ and NFTs. In recent years, the focus on the role of neuroinflammation and microglia in AD has increased due to the advancements in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and sequencing technology. Furthermore, research has validated the pivotal role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in the progression of AD. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research progress on the role of neuroinflammation triggered by microglia in AD in recent years, aiming to provide a new theoretical basis for further exploring the role of neuroinflammation in the process of AD occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of the Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of the Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Shao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingquan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of the Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Fang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of the Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of the Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Lin C, Kong Y, Chen Q, Zeng J, Pan X, Miao J. Decoding sTREM2: its impact on Alzheimer's disease - a comprehensive review of mechanisms and implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1420731. [PMID: 38912524 PMCID: PMC11190086 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1420731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (sTREM2) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review comprehensively examines sTREM2's involvement in AD, focusing on its regulatory functions in microglial responses, neuroinflammation, and interactions with key pathological processes. We discuss the dynamic changes in sTREM2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma throughout AD progression, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Furthermore, we explore the impact of genetic variants on sTREM2 expression and its interplay with other AD risk genes. The evidence presented in this review suggests that modulating sTREM2 activity could influence AD trajectory, making it a promising avenue for future research and drug development. By providing a holistic understanding of sTREM2's multifaceted role in AD, this review aims to guide future studies and inspire novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Lin
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jixiang Zeng
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojin Pan
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao’an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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8
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Wang R, Zhan Y, Zhu W, Yang Q, Pei J. Association of soluble TREM2 with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1407980. [PMID: 38841103 PMCID: PMC11150578 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1407980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) is a potential neuroinflammatory biomarker linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Previous studies have produced inconsistent results regarding sTREM2 levels in various clinical stages of AD. This study aims to establish the correlation between sTREM2 levels and AD progression through a meta-analysis of sTREM2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Methods Comprehensive searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to identify observational studies reporting CSF and blood sTREM2 levels in AD patients, MCI patients, and healthy controls. A random effects meta-analysis was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Thirty-six observational studies involving 3,016 AD patients, 3,533 MCI patients, and 4,510 healthy controls were included. CSF sTREM2 levels were significantly higher in both the AD [SMD = 0.28, 95% CI (0.15, 0.41)] and MCI groups [SMD = 0.30, 95% CI (0.13, 0.47)] compared to the healthy control group. However, no significant differences in expression were detected between the AD and MCI groups [SMD = 0.09, 95% CI (-0.09, 0.26)]. Furthermore, increased plasma sTREM2 levels were associated with a higher risk of AD [SMD = 0.42, 95% CI (0.01, 0.83)]. Conclusion CSF sTREM2 levels are positively associated with an increased risk of AD and MCI. Plasma sTREM2 levels were notably higher in the AD group than in the control group and may serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosing AD. However, sTREM2 levels are not effective for distinguishing between different disease stages of AD. Further investigations are needed to explore the longitudinal changes in sTREM2 levels, particularly plasma sTREM2 levels, during AD progression. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024514593.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian Pei
- Department of Acupuncture, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gomez AR, Byun HR, Wu S, Muhammad AG, Ikbariyeh J, Chen J, Muro A, Li L, Bernstein KE, Ainsworth R, Tourtellotte WG. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) expression in microglia reduces amyloid β deposition and neurodegeneration by increasing SYK signaling and endolysosomal trafficking. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590837. [PMID: 38712251 PMCID: PMC11071489 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many gene polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of developing Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD). Many of these LOAD risk-associated alleles alter disease pathogenesis by influencing microglia innate immune responses and lipid metabolism. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), a GWAS LOAD risk-associated gene best known for its role in regulating systemic blood pressure, also enhances innate immunity and lipid processing in peripheral myeloid cells, but a role for ACE in modulating the function of myeloid-derived microglia remains unexplored. Using novel mice engineered to express ACE in microglia and CNS associated macrophages (CAMs), we find that ACE expression in microglia reduces Aβ plaque load, preserves vulnerable neurons and excitatory synapses, and greatly reduces learning and memory abnormalities in the 5xFAD amyloid mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). ACE-expressing microglia show enhanced Aβ phagocytosis and endolysosomal trafficking, increased clustering around amyloid plaques, and increased SYK tyrosine kinase activation downstream of the major Aβ receptors, TREM2 and CLEC7A. Single microglia sequencing and digital spatial profiling identifies downstream SYK signaling modules that are expressed by ACE expression in microglia that mediate endolysosomal biogenesis and trafficking, mTOR and PI3K/AKT signaling, and increased oxidative phosphorylation, while gene silencing or pharmacologic inhibition of SYK activity in ACE-expressing microglia abrogates the potentiated Aβ engulfment and endolysosomal trafficking. These findings establish a role for ACE in enhancing microglial immune function and they identify a potential use for ACE-expressing microglia as a cell-based therapy to augment endogenous microglial responses to Aβ in AD.
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Wilson EN, Wang C, Swarovski MS, Zera KA, Ennerfelt HE, Wang Q, Chaney A, Gauba E, Ramos Benitez JA, Le Guen Y, Minhas PS, Panchal M, Tan YJ, Blacher E, A Iweka C, Cropper H, Jain P, Liu Q, Mehta SS, Zuckerman AJ, Xin M, Umans J, Huang J, Durairaj AS, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Greicius MD, James ML, Buckwalter MS, McReynolds MR, Rabinowitz JD, Andreasson KI. TREM1 disrupts myeloid bioenergetics and cognitive function in aging and Alzheimer disease mouse models. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:873-885. [PMID: 38539014 PMCID: PMC11102654 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Human genetics implicate defective myeloid responses in the development of late-onset Alzheimer disease. A decline in peripheral and brain myeloid metabolism, triggering maladaptive immune responses, is a feature of aging. The role of TREM1, a pro-inflammatory factor, in neurodegenerative diseases is unclear. Here we show that Trem1 deficiency prevents age-dependent changes in myeloid metabolism, inflammation and hippocampal memory function in mice. Trem1 deficiency rescues age-associated declines in ribose 5-phosphate. In vitro, Trem1-deficient microglia are resistant to amyloid-β42 oligomer-induced bioenergetic changes, suggesting that amyloid-β42 oligomer stimulation disrupts homeostatic microglial metabolism and immune function via TREM1. In the 5XFAD mouse model, Trem1 haploinsufficiency prevents spatial memory loss, preserves homeostatic microglial morphology, and reduces neuritic dystrophy and changes in the disease-associated microglial transcriptomic signature. In aging APPSwe mice, Trem1 deficiency prevents hippocampal memory decline while restoring synaptic mitochondrial function and cerebral glucose uptake. In postmortem Alzheimer disease brain, TREM1 colocalizes with Iba1+ cells around amyloid plaques and its expression is associated with Alzheimer disease clinical and neuropathological severity. Our results suggest that TREM1 promotes cognitive decline in aging and in the context of amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Wilson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle S Swarovski
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristy A Zera
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah E Ennerfelt
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aisling Chaney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Esha Gauba
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Javier A Ramos Benitez
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paras S Minhas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maharshi Panchal
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuting J Tan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eran Blacher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chinyere A Iweka
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haley Cropper
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Poorva Jain
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qingkun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Swapnil S Mehta
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abigail J Zuckerman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Xin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Umans
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jolie Huang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aarooran S Durairaj
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Katrin I Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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Wang Y, Sarnowski C, Lin H, Pitsillides AN, Heard‐Costa NL, Choi SH, Wang D, Bis JC, Blue EE, Boerwinkle E, De Jager PL, Fornage M, Wijsman EM, Seshadri S, Dupuis J, Peloso GM, DeStefano AL. Key variants via the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project whole genome sequence data. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3290-3304. [PMID: 38511601 PMCID: PMC11095439 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) but did not identify specific causal genes or variants within those loci. Analysis of whole genome sequence (WGS) data, which interrogates the entire genome and captures rare variations, may identify causal variants within GWAS loci. METHODS We performed single common variant association analysis and rare variant aggregate analyses in the pooled population (N cases = 2184, N controls = 2383) and targeted analyses in subpopulations using WGS data from the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP). The analyses were restricted to variants within 100 kb of 83 previously identified GWAS lead variants. RESULTS Seventeen variants were significantly associated with AD within five genomic regions implicating the genes OARD1/NFYA/TREML1, JAZF1, FERMT2, and SLC24A4. KAT8 was implicated by both single variant and rare variant aggregate analyses. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates the utility of leveraging WGS to gain insights into AD loci identified via GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Wang
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University, School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Chloé Sarnowski
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University, School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Human Genetics CenterDepartment of EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Nancy L. Heard‐Costa
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University, School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
| | - Seung Hoan Choi
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University, School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University, School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research UnitDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- Department of MedicineDivision of Medical GeneticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics CenterDepartment of EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Center for Translational & Computational NeuroimmunologyDepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics CenterDepartment of EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular MedicineMcGovern Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Division of Medical Genetics and Department Biostatistics Statistical Genetics LabUniversity of WashingtonHans Rosling Center for Population HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- The Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative DiseasesThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University, School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational HealthSchool of Population and Global HealthMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Gina M. Peloso
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University, School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anita L. DeStefano
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University, School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
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12
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Hou J, Chen Y, Cai Z, Heo GS, Yuede CM, Wang Z, Lin K, Saadi F, Trsan T, Nguyen AT, Constantopoulos E, Larsen RA, Zhu Y, Wagner ND, McLaughlin N, Kuang XC, Barrow AD, Li D, Zhou Y, Wang S, Gilfillan S, Gross ML, Brioschi S, Liu Y, Holtzman DM, Colonna M. Antibody-mediated targeting of human microglial leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 attenuates amyloid pathology in a mouse model. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj9052. [PMID: 38569016 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj9052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia help limit the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by constraining amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, effected through a balance of activating and inhibitory intracellular signals delivered by distinct cell surface receptors. Human leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) is an inhibitory receptor of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily that is expressed on myeloid cells and recognizes apolipoprotein E (ApoE) among other ligands. Here, we find that LILRB4 is highly expressed in the microglia of patients with AD. Using mice that accumulate Aβ and carry a transgene encompassing a portion of the LILR region that includes LILRB4, we corroborated abundant LILRB4 expression in microglia wrapping around Aβ plaques. Systemic treatment of these mice with an anti-human LILRB4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) reduced Aβ load, mitigated some Aβ-related behavioral abnormalities, enhanced microglia activity, and attenuated expression of interferon-induced genes. In vitro binding experiments established that human LILRB4 binds both human and mouse ApoE and that anti-human LILRB4 mAb blocks such interaction. In silico modeling, biochemical, and mutagenesis analyses identified a loop between the two extracellular Ig domains of LILRB4 required for interaction with mouse ApoE and further indicated that anti-LILRB4 mAb may block LILRB4-mApoE by directly binding this loop. Thus, targeting LILRB4 may be a potential therapeutic avenue for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zuoxu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kent Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fareeha Saadi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tihana Trsan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eleni Constantopoulos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rachel A Larsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yiyang Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole D Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nolan McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xinyi Cynthia Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander D Barrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Dian Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shoutang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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13
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Zhong MZ, Peng T, Duarte ML, Wang M, Cai D. Updates on mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:23. [PMID: 38462606 PMCID: PMC10926682 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the United States (US). Animal models, specifically mouse models have been developed to better elucidate disease mechanisms and test therapeutic strategies for AD. A large portion of effort in the field was focused on developing transgenic (Tg) mouse models through over-expression of genetic mutations associated with familial AD (FAD) patients. Newer generations of mouse models through knock-in (KI)/knock-out (KO) or CRISPR gene editing technologies, have been developed for both familial and sporadic AD risk genes with the hope to more accurately model proteinopathies without over-expression of human AD genes in mouse brains. In this review, we summarized the phenotypes of a few commonly used as well as newly developed mouse models in translational research laboratories including the presence or absence of key pathological features of AD such as amyloid and tau pathology, synaptic and neuronal degeneration as well as cognitive and behavior deficits. In addition, advantages and limitations of these AD mouse models have been elaborated along with discussions of any sex-specific features. More importantly, the omics data from available AD mouse models have been analyzed to categorize molecular signatures of each model reminiscent of human AD brain changes, with the hope to guide future selection of most suitable models for specific research questions to be addressed in the AD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Peng
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Science Research Program, Scarsdale High School, New York, NY, 10583, USA
| | - Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Research & Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Dongming Cai
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Research & Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center (GRECC), The Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
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14
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Zgorzynska E. TREM2 in Alzheimer's disease: Structure, function, therapeutic prospects, and activation challenges. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 128:103917. [PMID: 38244651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a membrane glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of microglial survival, activation, phagocytosis, as well as in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the inflammatory response to injury or neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TREM2 structure and functions, highlighting the role of its variants in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Additionally, the article discusses the potential of TREM2 as a therapeutic target in AD, analyzing the current state of research and future prospects. Given the significant challenges associated with the activation of TREM2, particularly due to its diverse isoforms and the delicate balance required to modulate the immune response without triggering hyperactivation, this review aims to enhance our understanding of TREM2 in AD and inspire further research into this promising yet challenging therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Zgorzynska
- Department of Cell-to-Cell Communication, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
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15
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Penney J, Ralvenius WT, Loon A, Cerit O, Dileep V, Milo B, Pao PC, Woolf H, Tsai LH. iPSC-derived microglia carrying the TREM2 R47H/+ mutation are proinflammatory and promote synapse loss. Glia 2024; 72:452-469. [PMID: 37969043 PMCID: PMC10904109 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic findings have highlighted key roles for microglia in the pathology of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A number of mutations in the microglial protein triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) have been associated with increased risk for developing AD, most notably the R47H/+ substitution. We employed gene editing and stem cell models to gain insight into the effects of the TREM2 R47H/+ mutation on human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia. We found transcriptional changes affecting numerous cellular processes, with R47H/+ cells exhibiting a proinflammatory gene expression signature. TREM2 R47H/+ also caused impairments in microglial movement and the uptake of multiple substrates, as well as rendering microglia hyperresponsive to inflammatory stimuli. We developed an in vitro laser-induced injury model in neuron-microglia cocultures, finding an impaired injury response by TREM2 R47H/+ microglia. Furthermore, mouse brains transplanted with TREM2 R47H/+ microglia exhibited reduced synaptic density, with upregulation of multiple complement cascade components in TREM2 R47H/+ microglia suggesting inappropriate synaptic pruning as one potential mechanism. These findings identify a number of potentially detrimental effects of the TREM2 R47H/+ mutation on microglial gene expression and function likely to underlie its association with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Penney
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - William T Ralvenius
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anjanet Loon
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Oyku Cerit
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vishnu Dileep
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blerta Milo
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ping-Chieh Pao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hannah Woolf
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Li X, Quan M, Wei Y, Wang W, Xu L, Wang Q, Jia J. Critical thinking of Alzheimer's transgenic mouse model: current research and future perspective. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2711-2754. [PMID: 37480469 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic models are useful tools for studying the pathogenesis of and drug development for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). AD models are constructed usually using overexpression or knock-in of multiple pathogenic gene mutations from familial AD. Each transgenic model has its unique behavioral and pathological features. This review summarizes the research progress of transgenic mouse models, and their progress in the unique mechanism of amyloid-β oligomers, including the first transgenic mouse model built in China based on a single gene mutation (PSEN1 V97L) found in Chinese familial AD. We further summarized the preclinical findings of drugs using the models, and their future application in exploring the upstream mechanisms and multitarget drug development in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China.
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17
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Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Wang Z, Gan J, Gao Q, Yang L, Xu P, Jiang X. Inflammatory signaling pathways in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with inhibitors, natural products and metabolites (Review). Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:111. [PMID: 37800614 PMCID: PMC10558228 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis poses a persistent obstacle to drug development. In recent times, neuroinflammation has emerged as a crucial pathogenic mechanism of AD, and the targeting of inflammation has become a viable approach for the prevention and management of AD. The present study conducted a comprehensive review of the literature between October 2012 and October 2022, identifying a total of 96 references, encompassing 91 distinct pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their potential impact on AD by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Research has shown that pharmaceuticals have the potential to ameliorate AD by reducing neuroinflammation mainly through regulating inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF‑κB, MAPK, NLRP3, PPARs, STAT3, CREB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2 and their respective signaling pathways. Among them, tanshinone IIA has been extensively studied for its anti‑inflammatory effects, which have shown significant pharmacological properties and can be applied clinically. Thus, it may hold promise as an effective drug for the treatment of AD. The present review elucidated the inflammatory signaling pathways of pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their therapeutic efficacy in AD and elucidates their underlying mechanisms. This underscores the auspicious potential of pharmaceuticals in ameliorating AD by impeding neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Gan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Pengjuan Xu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
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18
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Schlepckow K, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Hong S, Haass C. Stimulation of TREM2 with agonistic antibodies-an emerging therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:1048-1060. [PMID: 37863592 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, are associated with microgliosis. Microglia have long been considered to have detrimental roles in Alzheimer's disease. However, functional analyses of genes encoding risk factors that are linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease, and that are enriched or exclusively expressed in microglia, have revealed unexpected protective functions. One of the major risk genes for Alzheimer's disease is TREM2. Risk variants of TREM2 are loss-of-function mutations affecting chemotaxis, phagocytosis, lipid and energy metabolism, and survival and proliferation. Agonistic anti-TREM2 antibodies have been developed to boost these protective functions in patients with intact TREM2 alleles. Several anti-TREM2 antibodies are in early clinical trials, and current efforts aim to achieve more efficient transport of these antibodies across the blood-brain barrier. PET imaging could be used to monitor target engagement. Data from animal models, and biomarker studies in patients, further support a rationale for boosting TREM2 functions during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schlepckow
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Group of Neurogenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Haass
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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19
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Zhang X, Tang L, Yang J, Meng L, Chen J, Zhou L, Wang J, Xiong M, Zhang Z. Soluble TREM2 ameliorates tau phosphorylation and cognitive deficits through activating transgelin-2 in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6670. [PMID: 37865646 PMCID: PMC10590452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane protein that is predominantly expressed by microglia in the brain. The proteolytic shedding of TREM2 results in the release of soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), which is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It remains unknown whether sTREM2 regulates the pathogenesis of AD. Here we identified transgelin-2 (TG2) expressed on neurons as the receptor for sTREM2. The microglia-derived sTREM2 binds to TG2, induces RhoA phosphorylation at S188, and deactivates the RhoA-ROCK-GSK3β pathway, ameliorating tau phosphorylation. The sTREM2 (77-89) fragment, which is the minimal active sequence of sTREM2 to activate TG2, mimics the inhibitory effect of sTREM2 on tau phosphorylation. Overexpression of sTREM2 or administration of the active peptide rescues tau pathology and behavioral defects in the tau P301S transgenic mice. Together, these findings demonstrate that the sTREM2-TG2 interaction mediates the cross-talk between microglia and neurons. sTREM2 and its active peptide may be a potential therapeutic intervention for tauopathies including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jiaolong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jiehui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jiangyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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20
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Sharma H, Chang KA, Hulme J, An SSA. Mammalian Models in Alzheimer's Research: An Update. Cells 2023; 12:2459. [PMID: 37887303 PMCID: PMC10605533 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A form of dementia distinct from healthy cognitive aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multi-stage disease that currently afflicts over 50 million people worldwide. Unfortunately, previous therapeutic strategies developed from murine models emulating different aspects of AD pathogenesis were limited. Consequently, researchers are now developing models that express several aspects of pathogenesis that better reflect the clinical situation in humans. As such, this review seeks to provide insight regarding current applications of mammalian models in AD research by addressing recent developments and characterizations of prominent transgenic models and their contributions to pathogenesis as well as discuss the advantages, limitations, and application of emerging models that better capture genetic heterogeneity and mixed pathologies observed in the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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21
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Samuels JD, Lukens JR, Price RJ. Emerging roles for ITAM and ITIM receptor signaling in microglial biology and Alzheimer's disease-related amyloidosis. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 37822118 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are critical responders to amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, the therapeutic targeting of microglia in AD is of high clinical interest. While previous investigation has focused on the innate immune receptors governing microglial functions in response to Aβ plaques, how microglial innate immune responses are regulated is not well understood. Interestingly, many of these microglial innate immune receptors contain unique cytoplasmic motifs, termed immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating and inhibitory motifs (ITAM/ITIM), that are commonly known to regulate immune activation and inhibition in the periphery. In this review, we summarize the diverse functions employed by microglia in response to Aβ plaques and also discuss the innate immune receptors and intracellular signaling players that guide these functions. Specifically, we focus on the role of ITAM and ITIM signaling cascades in regulating microglia innate immune responses. A better understanding of how microglial innate immune responses are regulated in AD may provide novel therapeutic avenues to tune the microglial innate immune response in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Samuels
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard J Price
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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22
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Gao C, Jiang J, Tan Y, Chen S. Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:359. [PMID: 37735487 PMCID: PMC10514343 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Some identified microglia in specific states correlate with pathological hallmarks and are associated with specific functions. Microglia both exert protective function by phagocytosing and clearing pathological protein aggregates and play detrimental roles due to excessive uptake of protein aggregates, which would lead to microglial phagocytic ability impairment, neuroinflammation, and eventually neurodegeneration. In addition, peripheral immune cells infiltration shapes microglia into a pro-inflammatory phenotype and accelerates disease progression. Microglia also act as a mobile vehicle to propagate protein aggregates. Extracellular vesicles released from microglia and autophagy impairment in microglia all contribute to pathological progression and neurodegeneration. Thus, enhancing microglial phagocytosis, reducing microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, inhibiting microglial exosome synthesis and secretion, and promoting microglial conversion into a protective phenotype are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we comprehensively review the biology of microglia and the roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies and Huntington's disease. We also summarize the possible microglia-targeted interventions and treatments against neurodegenerative diseases with preclinical and clinical evidence in cell experiments, animal studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Pogoda-Wesołowska A, Dziedzic A, Maciak K, Stȩpień A, Dziaduch M, Saluk J. Neurodegeneration and its potential markers in the diagnosing of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. A review. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1210091. [PMID: 37781097 PMCID: PMC10535108 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1210091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70% of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients will develop secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) within 10-15 years. This progression is characterized by a gradual decline in neurological functionality and increasing limitations of daily activities. Growing evidence suggests that both inflammation and neurodegeneration are associated with various pathological processes throughout the development of MS; therefore, to delay disease progression, it is critical to initiate disease-modifying therapy as soon as it is diagnosed. Currently, a diagnosis of SPMS requires a retrospective assessment of physical disability exacerbation, usually over the previous 6-12 months, which results in a delay of up to 3 years. Hence, there is a need to identify reliable and objective biomarkers for predicting and defining SPMS conversion. This review presents current knowledge of such biomarkers in the context of neurodegeneration associated with MS, and SPMS conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karina Maciak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Stȩpień
- Clinic of Neurology, Military Institute of Medicine–National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Dziaduch
- Medical Radiology Department of Military Institute of Medicine – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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24
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Abstract
Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) encompass a family of cell-surface receptors chiefly expressed by granulocytes, monocytes and tissue macrophages. These receptors have been implicated in inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, bone remodelling, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and cancer. Here, I review the structure, ligands, signalling modes and functions of TREMs in humans and mice and discuss the challenges that remain in understanding TREM biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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25
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Li Y, Xu H, Wang H, Yang K, Luan J, Wang S. TREM2: Potential therapeutic targeting of microglia for Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115218. [PMID: 37517293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, resulting in the loss of cognitive ability and memory. However, there is no specific treatment to mechanistically inhibit the progression of Alzheimer's disease, and most drugs only provide symptom relief and do not fundamentally reverse AD. Current studies show that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is predominantly expressed in microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in microglia proliferation, survival, migration and phagocytosis. The current academic view suggests that TREM2 and its ligands have CNS protective effects in AD. Specifically, TREM2 acts by regulating the function of microglia and promoting the clearance of neuronal toxic substances and abnormal proteins by microglia. In addition, TREM2 is also involved in regulating inflammatory response and cell signaling pathways, affecting the immune response and regulatory role of microglia. Although the relationship between TREM2 and Alzheimer's disease has been extensively studied, its specific mechanism of action is not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research of TREM2, including its regulation of the inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and phagocytosis in microglia of CNS in AD, and to explore the potential application prospects as well as limitations of targeting TREM2 for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueran Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.
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26
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Cozachenco D, Zimmer ER, Lourenco MV. Emerging concepts towards a translational framework in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105246. [PMID: 37236385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, significant efforts have been made to understand the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. However, clinical trials targeting AD pathological hallmarks have consistently failed. Refinement of AD conceptualization, modeling, and assessment is key to developing successful therapies. Here, we review critical findings and discuss emerging ideas to integrate molecular mechanisms and clinical approaches in AD. We further propose a refined workflow for animal studies incorporating multimodal biomarkers used in clinical studies - delineating critical paths for drug discovery and translation. Addressing unresolved questions with the proposed conceptual and experimental framework may accelerate the development of effective disease-modifying strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cozachenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (PPGBioq), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGFT), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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27
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Wang Y, Sarnowski C, Lin H, Pitsillides AN, Heard-Costa NL, Choi SH, Wang D, Bis JC, Blue EE, Boerwinkle E, De Jager PL, Fornage M, Wijsman EM, Seshadri S, Dupuis J, Peloso GM, DeStefano AL. Key variants via Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project whole genome sequence data. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.28.23294631. [PMID: 37693453 PMCID: PMC10491364 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.23294631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) but did not identify specific causal genes or variants within those loci. Analysis of whole genome sequence (WGS) data, which interrogates the entire genome and captures rare variations, may identify causal variants within GWAS loci. METHODS We performed single common variant association analysis and rare variant aggregate analyses in the pooled population (N cases=2,184, N controls=2,383) and targeted analyses in sub-populations using WGS data from the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP). The analyses were restricted to variants within 100 kb of 83 previously identified GWAS lead variants. RESULTS Seventeen variants were significantly associated with AD within five genomic regions implicating the genes OARD1/NFYA/TREML1, JAZF1, FERMT2, and SLC24A4. KAT8 was implicated by both single variant and rare variant aggregate analyses. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates the utility of leveraging WGS to gain insights into AD loci identified via GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chloé Sarnowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Seung Hoan Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Blue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ellen M Wijsman
- Div. of Medical Genetics and Dept. Biostatistics Statistical Genetics Lab, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anita L DeStefano
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
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28
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Lee CYD, De La Rocha AJ, Inouye K, Langfelder P, Daggett A, Gu X, Jiang LL, Pamonag Z, Vaca RG, Richman J, Kawaguchi R, Gao F, Xu H, Yang XW. BAC Transgenic Expression of Human TREM2-R47H Remodels Amyloid Plaques but Unable to Reprogram Plaque-associated Microglial Reactivity in 5xFAD Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.03.551881. [PMID: 37577582 PMCID: PMC10418161 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetic study of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) reveals that a rare Arginine-to-Histamine mutation at amino acid residue 47 (R47H) in Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) results in increased disease risk. TREM2 plays critical roles in regulating microglial response to amyloid plaques in AD, leading to their clustering and activation surrounding the plaques. We previously showed that increasing human TREM2 gene dosage exerts neuroprotective effects against AD-related deficits in amyloid depositing mouse models of AD. However, the in vivo effects of the R47H mutation on human TREM2-mediated microglial reprogramming and neuroprotection remains poorly understood. Method Here we created a BAC transgenic mouse model expressing human TREM2 with the R47H mutation in its cognate genomic context (BAC-TREM2-R47H). Importantly, the BAC used in this study was engineered to delete critical exons of other TREM-like genes on the BAC to prevent confounding effects of overexpressing multiple TREM-like genes. We crossed BAC-TREM2- R47H mice with 5xFAD [1], an amyloid depositing mouse model of AD, to evaluate amyloid pathologies and microglial phenotypes, transcriptomics and in situ expression of key TREM2 -dosage dependent genes. We also compared the key findings in 5xFAD/BAC-TREM2-R47H to those observed in 5xFAD/BAC-TREM2 mice. Result Both BAC-TREM2 and BAC-TREM2-R47H showed proper expression of three splicing isoforms of TREM2 that are normally found in human. In 5xFAD background, elevated TREM2-R47H gene dosages significantly reduced the plaque burden, especially the filamentous type. The results were consistent with enhanced phagocytosis and altered NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BAC- TREM2-R47H microglia in vitro. However, unlike TREM2 overexpression, elevated TREM2- R47H in 5xFAD failed to ameliorate cognitive and transcriptomic deficits. In situ analysis of key TREM2 -dosage dependent genes and microglial morphology uncovered that TREM2-R47H showed a loss-of-function phenotype in reprogramming of plaque-associated microglial reactivity and gene expression in 5xFAD. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the AD-risk variant has a previously unknown, mixture of partial and full loss of TREM2 functions in modulating microglial response in AD mouse brains. Together, our new BAC-TREM2-R47H model and prior BAC-TREM2 mice are invaluable resource to facilitate the therapeutic discovery that target human TREM2 and its R47H variant to ameliorate AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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29
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Yoo Y, Neumayer G, Shibuya Y, Mader MMD, Wernig M. A cell therapy approach to restore microglial Trem2 function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1043-1053.e6. [PMID: 37541210 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the grand challenges facing human society. Much controversy exists around the complex and multifaceted pathogenesis of this prevalent disease. Given strong human genetic evidence, there is little doubt, however, that microglia play an important role in preventing degeneration of neurons. For example, loss of function of the microglial gene Trem2 renders microglia dysfunctional and causes an early-onset neurodegenerative syndrome, and Trem2 variants are among the strongest genetic risk factors for AD. Thus, restoring microglial function represents a rational therapeutic approach. Here, we show that systemic hematopoietic cell transplantation followed by enhancement of microglia replacement restores microglial function in a Trem2 mutant mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Yoo
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gernot Neumayer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yohei Shibuya
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Marc-Daniel Mader
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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30
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Donato L, Mordà D, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. How Many Alzheimer-Perusini's Atypical Forms Do We Still Have to Discover? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2035. [PMID: 37509674 PMCID: PMC10377159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer-Perusini's (AD) disease represents the most spread dementia around the world and constitutes a serious problem for public health. It was first described by the two physicians from whom it took its name. Nowadays, we have extensively expanded our knowledge about this disease. Starting from a merely clinical and histopathologic description, we have now reached better molecular comprehension. For instance, we passed from an old conceptualization of the disease based on plaques and tangles to a more modern vision of mixed proteinopathy in a one-to-one relationship with an alteration of specific glial and neuronal phenotypes. However, no disease-modifying therapies are yet available. It is likely that the only way to find a few "magic bullets" is to deepen this aspect more and more until we are able to draw up specific molecular profiles for single AD cases. This review reports the most recent classifications of AD atypical variants in order to summarize all the clinical evidence using several discrimina (for example, post mortem neurofibrillary tangle density, cerebral atrophy, or FDG-PET studies). The better defined four atypical forms are posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (LvPPA), behavioral/dysexecutive variant and AD with corticobasal degeneration (CBS). Moreover, we discuss the usefulness of such classifications before outlining the molecular-genetic aspects focusing on microglial activity or, more generally, immune system control of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 98139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 98139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 98139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Zhang W, Xiao D, Mao Q, Xia H. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:267. [PMID: 37433768 PMCID: PMC10336149 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and so on, have suggested that inflammation is not only a result of neurodegeneration but also a crucial player in this process. Protein aggregates which are very common pathological phenomenon in neurodegeneration can induce neuroinflammation which further aggravates protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. Actually, inflammation even happens earlier than protein aggregation. Neuroinflammation induced by genetic variations in CNS cells or by peripheral immune cells may induce protein deposition in some susceptible population. Numerous signaling pathways and a range of CNS cells have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, although they are still far from being completely understood. Due to the limited success of traditional treatment methods, blocking or enhancing inflammatory signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, and many of them have got exciting results in animal models or clinical trials. Some of them, although very few, have been approved by FDA for clinical usage. Here we comprehensively review the factors affecting neuroinflammation and the major inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also summarize the current strategies, both in animal models and in the clinic, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
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Ennerfelt H, Holliday C, Shapiro D, Zengeler K, Bolte A, Ulland T, Lukens J. CARD9 attenuates Aβ pathology and modifies microglial responses in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303760120. [PMID: 37276426 PMCID: PMC10268238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303760120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have highlighted the importance of several innate immune receptors expressed by microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, mounting evidence from AD patients and experimental models indicates pivotal roles for TREM2, CD33, and CD22 in neurodegenerative disease progression. While there is growing interest in targeting these microglial receptors to treat AD, we still lack knowledge of the downstream signaling molecules used by these receptors to orchestrate immune responses in AD. Notably, TREM2, CD33, and CD22 have been described to influence signaling associated with the intracellular adaptor molecule CARD9 to mount downstream immune responses outside of the brain. However, the role of CARD9 in AD remains poorly understood. Here, we show that genetic ablation of CARD9 in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD results in exacerbated amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, increased neuronal loss, worsened cognitive deficits, and alterations in microglial responses. We further show that pharmacological activation of CARD9 promotes improved clearance of Aβ deposits from the brains of 5xFAD mice. These results help to establish CARD9 as a key intracellular innate immune signaling molecule that regulates Aβ-mediated disease and microglial responses. Moreover, these findings suggest that targeting CARD9 might offer a strategy to improve Aβ clearance in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ennerfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Coco Holliday
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Daniel A. Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Kristine E. Zengeler
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Ashley C. Bolte
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53705
| | - John R. Lukens
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
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Wang Z, Fu Y, Chen S, Huang Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Tan L, Yu J. Association of rs2062323 in the TREM1 gene with Alzheimer's disease and cerebrospinal fluid-soluble TREM2. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1657-1666. [PMID: 36815315 PMCID: PMC10173721 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Genetic variations play a significant role in determining an individual's AD susceptibility. Research on the connection between AD and TREM1 gene polymorphisms (SNPs) remained lacking. We sought to examine the associations between TREM1 SNPs and AD. METHODS Based on the 1000 Genomes Project data, linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses were utilized to screen for candidate SNPs in the TREM1 gene. AD cases (1081) and healthy control subjects (870) were collected and genotyped, and the associations between candidate SNPs and AD risk were analyzed. We explored the associations between target SNP and AD biomarkers. Moreover, 842 individuals from ADNI were selected to verify these results. Linear mixed models were used to estimate associations between the target SNP and longitudinal cognitive changes. RESULTS The rs2062323 was identified to be associated with AD risk in the Han population, and rs2062323T carriers had a lower AD risk (co-dominant model: OR, 0.67, 95% CI, 0.51-0.88, p = 0.0037; additive model: OR, 0.82, 95% CI, 0.72-0.94, p = 0.0032). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sTREM2 levels were significantly increased in middle-aged rs2062323T carriers (additive model: β = 0.18, p = 0.0348). We also found significantly elevated levels of CSF sTREM2 in the ADNI. The rate of cognitive decline slowed down in rs2062323T carriers. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to identify significant associations between TREM1 rs2062323 and AD risk. The rs2062323T may be involved in AD by regulating the expression of TREM1, TREML1, TREM2, and sTREM2. The TREM family is expected to be a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo‐Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and PharmaceuticsOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Shi‐Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu‐Yuan Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ya‐Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yan‐Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and PharmaceuticsOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Jin‐Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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34
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Parhizkar S, Gent G, Chen Y, Rensing N, Gratuze M, Strout G, Sviben S, Tycksen E, Zhang Q, Gilmore PE, Sprung R, Malone J, Chen W, Remolina Serrano J, Bao X, Lee C, Wang C, Landsness E, Fitzpatrick J, Wong M, Townsend R, Colonna M, Schmidt RE, Holtzman DM. Sleep deprivation exacerbates microglial reactivity and Aβ deposition in a TREM2-dependent manner in mice. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade6285. [PMID: 37099634 PMCID: PMC10449561 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade6285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Sleep loss is associated with cognitive decline in the aging population and is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering the crucial role of immunomodulating genes such as that encoding the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells type 2 (TREM2) in removing pathogenic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and regulating neurodegeneration in the brain, our aim was to investigate whether and how sleep loss influences microglial function in mice. We chronically sleep-deprived wild-type mice and the 5xFAD mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis, expressing either the humanized TREM2 common variant, the loss-of-function R47H AD-associated risk variant, or without TREM2 expression. Sleep deprivation not only enhanced TREM2-dependent Aβ plaque deposition compared with 5xFAD mice with normal sleeping patterns but also induced microglial reactivity that was independent of the presence of parenchymal Aβ plaques. We investigated lysosomal morphology using transmission electron microscopy and found abnormalities particularly in mice without Aβ plaques and also observed lysosomal maturation impairments in a TREM2-dependent manner in both microglia and neurons, suggesting that changes in sleep modified neuro-immune cross-talk. Unbiased transcriptome and proteome profiling provided mechanistic insights into functional pathways triggered by sleep deprivation that were unique to TREM2 and Aβ pathology and that converged on metabolic dyshomeostasis. Our findings highlight that sleep deprivation directly affects microglial reactivity, for which TREM2 is required, by altering the metabolic ability to cope with the energy demands of prolonged wakefulness, leading to further Aβ deposition, and underlines the importance of sleep modulation as a promising future therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Parhizkar
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Grace Gent
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas Rensing
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory Strout
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sanja Sviben
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Robert Sprung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jim Malone
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Choonghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chanung Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric Landsness
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reid Townsend
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Iguchi A, Takatori S, Kimura S, Muneto H, Wang K, Etani H, Ito G, Sato H, Hori Y, Sasaki J, Saito T, Saido TC, Ikezu T, Takai T, Sasaki T, Tomita T. INPP5D modulates TREM2 loss-of-function phenotypes in a β-amyloidosis mouse model. iScience 2023; 26:106375. [PMID: 37035000 PMCID: PMC10074152 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic associations of TREM2 loss-of-function variants with Alzheimer disease (AD) indicate the protective roles of microglia in AD pathogenesis. Functional deficiencies of TREM2 disrupt microglial clustering around amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, impair their transcriptional response to Aβ, and worsen neuritic dystrophy. However, the molecular mechanism underlying these phenotypes remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the pathological role of another AD risk gene, INPP5D, encoding a phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P3 phosphatase expressed in microglia. In a Tyrobp-deficient TREM2 loss-of-function mouse model, Inpp5d haplodeficiency restored the association of microglia with Aβ plaques, partially restored plaque compaction, and astrogliosis, and reduced phosphorylated tau+ dystrophic neurites. Mechanistic analyses suggest that TREM2/TYROBP and INPP5D exert opposing effects on PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling pathways as well as on phosphoproteins involved in the actin assembly. Our results suggest that INPP5D acts downstream of TREM2/TYROBP to regulate the microglial barrier against Aβ toxicity, thereby modulates Aβ-dependent pathological conversion of tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Iguchi
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sho Takatori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shingo Kimura
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Muneto
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kai Wang
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hayato Etani
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Genta Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Haruaki Sato
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Department of Lipid Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Lipid Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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36
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Jain N, Holtzman DM. Insights from new in vivo models of TREM2 variants. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:21. [PMID: 37016433 PMCID: PMC10074644 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nimansha Jain
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, St. Louis, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, St. Louis, USA.
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, St. Louis, USA.
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37
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Zhou Y, Tada M, Cai Z, Andhey PS, Swain A, Miller KR, Gilfillan S, Artyomov MN, Takao M, Kakita A, Colonna M. Human early-onset dementia caused by DAP12 deficiency reveals a unique signature of dysregulated microglia. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:545-557. [PMID: 36658241 PMCID: PMC9992145 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The TREM2-DAP12 receptor complex sustains microglia functions. Heterozygous hypofunctional TREM2 variants impair microglia, accelerating late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Homozygous inactivating variants of TREM2 or TYROBP-encoding DAP12 cause Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), an early-onset dementia characterized by cerebral atrophy, myelin loss and gliosis. Mechanisms underpinning NHD are unknown. Here, single-nucleus RNA-sequencing analysis of brain specimens from DAP12-deficient NHD individuals revealed a unique microglia signature indicating heightened RUNX1, STAT3 and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways that mediate repair responses to injuries. This profile correlated with a wound healing signature in astrocytes and impaired myelination in oligodendrocytes, while pericyte profiles indicated vascular abnormalities. Conversely, single-nuclei signatures in mice lacking DAP12 signaling reflected very mild microglial defects that did not recapitulate NHD. We envision that DAP12 signaling in microglia attenuates wound healing pathways that, if left unchecked, interfere with microglial physiological functions, causing pathology in human. The identification of a dysregulated NHD microglia signature sparks potential therapeutic strategies aimed at resetting microglia signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mari Tada
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prabhakar S Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amanda Swain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelly R Miller
- 10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA
- Deepcell, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Internal Medicine, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), National Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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38
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Moutinho M, Coronel I, Tsai AP, Di Prisco GV, Pennington T, Atwood BK, Puntambekar SS, Smith DC, Martinez P, Han S, Lee Y, Lasagna-Reeves CA, Lamb BT, Bissel SJ, Nho K, Landreth GE. TREM2 splice isoforms generate soluble TREM2 species that disrupt long-term potentiation. Genome Med 2023; 15:11. [PMID: 36805764 PMCID: PMC9940368 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TREM2 is a transmembrane receptor expressed by myeloid cells and acts to regulate their immune response. TREM2 governs the response of microglia to amyloid and tau pathologies in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. TREM2 is also present in a soluble form (sTREM2), and its CSF levels fluctuate as a function of AD progression. Analysis of stroke and AD mouse models revealed that sTREM2 proteins bind to neurons, which suggests sTREM2 may act in a non-cell autonomous manner to influence neuronal function. sTREM2 arises from the proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-associated receptor. However, alternatively spliced TREM2 species lacking a transmembrane domain have been postulated to contribute to the pool of sTREM2. Thus, both the source of sTREM2 species and its actions in the brain remain unclear. METHODS The expression of TREM2 isoforms in the AD brain was assessed through the analysis of the Accelerating Medicines Partnership for Alzheimer's Disease Consortium transcriptomics data, as well as qPCR analysis using post-mortem samples of AD patients and of the AD mouse model 5xFAD. TREM2 cleavage and secretion were studied in vitro using HEK-293T and HMC3 cell lines. Synaptic plasticity, as evaluated by induction of LTP in hippocampal brain slices, was employed as a measure of sTREM2 actions. RESULTS Three distinct TREM2 transcripts, namely ENST00000373113 (TREM2230), which encodes the full-length transmembrane receptor, and the alternatively spliced isoforms ENST00000373122 (TREM2222) and ENST00000338469 (TREM2219), are moderately increased in specific brain regions of patients with AD. We provide experimental evidence that TREM2 alternatively spliced isoforms are translated and secreted as sTREM2. Furthermore, our functional analysis reveals that all sTREM2 species inhibit LTP induction, and this effect is abolished by the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin. CONCLUSIONS TREM2 transcripts can give rise to a heterogeneous pool of sTREM2 which acts to inhibit LTP. These results provide novel insight into the generation, regulation, and function of sTREM2 which fits into the complex biology of TREM2 and its role in human health and disease. Given that sTREM2 levels are linked to AD pathogenesis and progression, our finding that sTREM2 species interfere with LTP furthers our understanding about the role of TREM2 in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moutinho
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Israel Coronel
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andy P Tsai
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gonzalo Viana Di Prisco
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Taylor Pennington
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Brady K Atwood
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shweta S Puntambekar
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel C Smith
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Seonggyun Han
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cristian A Lasagna-Reeves
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie J Bissel
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Tran KM, Kawauchi S, Kramár EA, Rezaie N, Liang HY, Sakr JS, Gomez-Arboledas A, Arreola MA, Cunha CD, Phan J, Wang S, Collins S, Walker A, Shi KX, Neumann J, Filimban G, Shi Z, Milinkeviciute G, Javonillo DI, Tran K, Gantuz M, Forner S, Swarup V, Tenner AJ, LaFerla FM, Wood MA, Mortazavi A, MacGregor GR, Green KN. A Trem2 R47H mouse model without cryptic splicing drives age- and disease-dependent tissue damage and synaptic loss in response to plaques. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:12. [PMID: 36803190 PMCID: PMC9938579 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TREM2 R47H variant is one of the strongest genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Unfortunately, many current Trem2 R47H mouse models are associated with cryptic mRNA splicing of the mutant allele that produces a confounding reduction in protein product. To overcome this issue, we developed the Trem2R47H NSS (Normal Splice Site) mouse model in which the Trem2 allele is expressed at a similar level to the wild-type Trem2 allele without evidence of cryptic splicing products. METHODS Trem2R47H NSS mice were treated with the demyelinating agent cuprizone, or crossed with the 5xFAD mouse model of amyloidosis, to explore the impact of the TREM2 R47H variant on inflammatory responses to demyelination, plaque development, and the brain's response to plaques. RESULTS Trem2R47H NSS mice display an appropriate inflammatory response to cuprizone challenge, and do not recapitulate the null allele in terms of impeded inflammatory responses to demyelination. Utilizing the 5xFAD mouse model, we report age- and disease-dependent changes in Trem2R47H NSS mice in response to development of AD-like pathology. At an early (4-month-old) disease stage, hemizygous 5xFAD/homozygous Trem2R47H NSS (5xFAD/Trem2R47H NSS) mice have reduced size and number of microglia that display impaired interaction with plaques compared to microglia in age-matched 5xFAD hemizygous controls. This is associated with a suppressed inflammatory response but increased dystrophic neurites and axonal damage as measured by plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) level. Homozygosity for Trem2R47H NSS suppressed LTP deficits and loss of presynaptic puncta caused by the 5xFAD transgene array in 4-month-old mice. At a more advanced (12-month-old) disease stage 5xFAD/Trem2R47H NSS mice no longer display impaired plaque-microglia interaction or suppressed inflammatory gene expression, although NfL levels remain elevated, and a unique interferon-related gene expression signature is seen. Twelve-month old Trem2R47H NSS mice also display LTP deficits and postsynaptic loss. CONCLUSIONS The Trem2R47H NSS mouse is a valuable model that can be used to investigate age-dependent effects of the AD-risk R47H mutation on TREM2 and microglial function including its effects on plaque development, microglial-plaque interaction, production of a unique interferon signature and associated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Tran
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Office of Research, ULAR, Irvine, USA
| | - Enikö A. Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Narges Rezaie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, Irvine, USA
| | - Heidi Yahan Liang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, Irvine, USA
| | - Jasmine S. Sakr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | | | - Miguel A. Arreola
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Celia da Cunha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Jimmy Phan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Shuling Wang
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Office of Research, ULAR, Irvine, USA
| | - Sherilyn Collins
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Office of Research, ULAR, Irvine, USA
| | - Amber Walker
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Office of Research, ULAR, Irvine, USA
| | - Kai-Xuan Shi
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Office of Research, ULAR, Irvine, USA
| | - Jonathan Neumann
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Office of Research, ULAR, Irvine, USA
| | - Ghassan Filimban
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Zechuan Shi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Giedre Milinkeviciute
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Dominic I. Javonillo
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Katelynn Tran
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Magdalena Gantuz
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, Irvine, USA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Frank M. LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, Irvine, USA
| | - Grant R. MacGregor
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Office of Research, ULAR, Irvine, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
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40
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You SF, Brase L, Filipello F, Iyer AK, Del-Aguila J, He J, D’Oliveira Albanus R, Budde J, Norton J, Gentsch J, Dräger NM, Sattler SM, Kampmann M, Piccio L, Morris JC, Perrin RJ, McDade E, Paul SM, Cashikar AG, Benitez BA, Harari O, Karch CM. MS4A4A modifies the risk of Alzheimer disease by regulating lipid metabolism and immune response in a unique microglia state. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.06.23285545. [PMID: 36798226 PMCID: PMC9934804 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.23285545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many modifiers of Alzheimer disease (AD) risk enriched in microglia. Two of these modifiers are common variants in the MS4A locus (rs1582763: protective and rs6591561: risk) and serve as major regulators of CSF sTREM2 levels. To understand their functional impact on AD, we used single nucleus transcriptomics to profile brains from carriers of these variants. We discovered a "chemokine" microglial subpopulation that is altered in MS4A variant carriers and for which MS4A4A is the major regulator. The protective variant increases MS4A4A expression and shifts the chemokine microglia subpopulation to an interferon state, while the risk variant suppresses MS4A4A expression and reduces this subpopulation of microglia. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the AD variants in the MS4A locus. Further, they pave the way for future mechanistic studies of AD variants and potential therapeutic strategies for enhancing microglia resilience in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng You
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Logan Brase
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Abhirami K. Iyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jorge Del-Aguila
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - June He
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jen Gentsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Nina M. Dräger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sydney M. Sattler
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
- Charles Perkins Centre and Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard J. Perrin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Steven M. Paul
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Anil G. Cashikar
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | - Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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41
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Qiao W, Chen Y, Zhong J, Madden BJ, Charlesworth CM, Martens YA, Liu CC, Knight J, Ikezu TC, Kurti A, Zhu Y, Meneses A, Rosenberg CL, Kuchenbecker LA, Vanmaele LK, Li F, Chen K, Shue F, Dacquel MV, Fryer J, Pandey A, Zhao N, Bu G. Trem2 H157Y increases soluble TREM2 production and reduces amyloid pathology. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:8. [PMID: 36721205 PMCID: PMC9890893 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rare p.H157Y variant of TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2) was found to increase Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. This mutation is located at the cleavage site of TREM2 extracellular domain. Ectopic expression of TREM2-H157Y in HEK293 cells resulted in increased TREM2 shedding. However, the physiological outcomes of the TREM2 H157Y mutation remain unknown in the absence and presence of AD related pathologies. METHODS We generated a novel Trem2 H157Y knock-in mouse model through CRISPR/Cas9 technology and investigated the effects of Trem2 H157Y on TREM2 proteolytic processing, synaptic function, and AD-related amyloid pathologies by conducting biochemical assays, targeted mass spectrometry analysis of TREM2, hippocampal electrophysiology, immunofluorescent staining, in vivo micro-dialysis, and cortical bulk RNA sequencing. RESULTS Consistent with previous in vitro findings, Trem2 H157Y increases TREM2 shedding with elevated soluble TREM2 levels in the brain and serum. Moreover, Trem2 H157Y enhances synaptic plasticity without affecting microglial density and morphology, or TREM2 signaling. In the presence of amyloid pathology, Trem2 H157Y accelerates amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance and reduces amyloid burden, dystrophic neurites, and gliosis in two independent founder lines. Targeted mass spectrometry analysis of TREM2 revealed higher ratios of soluble to full-length TREM2-H157Y compared to wild-type TREM2, indicating that the H157Y mutation promotes TREM2 shedding in the presence of Aβ. TREM2 signaling was further found reduced in Trem2 H157Y homozygous mice. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that Trem2 H157Y downregulates neuroinflammation-related genes and an immune module correlated with the amyloid pathology. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest beneficial effects of the Trem2 H157Y mutation in synaptic function and in mitigating amyloid pathology. Considering the genetic association of TREM2 p.H157Y with AD risk, we speculate TREM2 H157Y in humans might increase AD risk through an amyloid-independent pathway, such as its effects on tauopathy and neurodegeneration which merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Benjamin J. Madden
- Medical Genome Facility, Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Yuka A. Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Joshua Knight
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | | | - Aishe Kurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Yiyang Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Axel Meneses
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | | | | | - Lucy K. Vanmaele
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Fuyao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | | | - John Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259 USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
- SciNeuro Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, MD 20805 USA
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42
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Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease - front and centre after all? Neuronal Signal 2023; 7:NS20220086. [PMID: 36687366 PMCID: PMC9829960 DOI: 10.1042/ns20220086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis, which proposes that accumulation of the peptide amyloid-β at synapses is the key driver of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, has been the dominant idea in the field of Alzheimer's research for nearly 30 years. Recently, however, serious doubts about its validity have emerged, largely motivated by disappointing results from anti-amyloid therapeutics in clinical trials. As a result, much of the AD research effort has shifted to understanding the roles of a variety of other entities implicated in pathogenesis, such as microglia, astrocytes, apolipoprotein E and several others. All undoubtedly play an important role, but the nature of this has in many cases remained unclear, partly due to their pleiotropic functions. Here, we propose that all of these AD-related entities share at least one overlapping function, which is the local regulation of amyloid-β levels, and that this may be critical to their role in AD pathogenesis. We also review what is currently known of the actions of amyloid-β at the synapse in health and disease, and consider in particular how it might interact with the key AD-associated protein tau in the disease setting. There is much compelling evidence in support of the amyloid hypothesis; rather than detract from this, the implication of many disparate AD-associated cell types, molecules and processes in the regulation of amyloid-β levels may lend further support.
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43
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Hou J, Chen Y, Grajales-Reyes G, Colonna M. TREM2 dependent and independent functions of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:84. [PMID: 36564824 PMCID: PMC9783481 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are central players in brain innate immunity and have been the subject of extensive research in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we aim to summarize the genetic and functional discoveries that have advanced our understanding of microglia reactivity to AD pathology. Given the heightened AD risk posed by rare variants of the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), we will focus on the studies addressing the impact of this receptor on microglia responses to amyloid plaques, tauopathy and demyelination pathologies in mouse and human. Finally, we will discuss the implications of recent discoveries on microglia and TREM2 biology on potential therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Hou
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Yun Chen
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Gary Grajales-Reyes
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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44
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Chen X, Holtzman DM. Emerging roles of innate and adaptive immunity in Alzheimer's disease. Immunity 2022; 55:2236-2254. [PMID: 36351425 PMCID: PMC9772134 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, with characteristic extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau. Several key regulators of innate immune pathways are genetic risk factors for AD. While these genetic risk factors as well as in vivo data point to key roles for microglia, emerging evidence also points to a role of the adaptive immune response in disease pathogenesis. We review the roles of innate and adaptive immunity, their niches, their communication, and their contributions to AD development and progression. We also summarize the cellular compositions and physiological functions of immune cells in the parenchyma, together with those in the brain border structures that form a dynamic disease-related immune niche. We propose that both innate and adaptive immune responses in brain parenchyma and border structures could serve as important therapeutic targets for treating both the pre-symptomatic and the symptomatic stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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45
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Zhao N, Qiao W, Li F, Ren Y, Zheng J, Martens YA, Wang X, Li L, Liu CC, Chen K, Zhu Y, Ikezu TC, Li Z, Meneses AD, Jin Y, Knight JA, Chen Y, Bastea L, Linares C, Sonustun B, Job L, Smith ML, Xie M, Liu YU, Umpierre AD, Haruwaka K, Quicksall ZS, Storz P, Asmann YW, Wu LJ, Bu G. Elevating microglia TREM2 reduces amyloid seeding and suppresses disease-associated microglia. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213467. [PMID: 36107206 PMCID: PMC9481739 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
TREM2 is exclusively expressed by microglia in the brain and is strongly linked to the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). As microglial responses modulated by TREM2 are central to AD pathogenesis, enhancing TREM2 signaling has been explored as an AD therapeutic strategy. However, the effective therapeutic window targeting TREM2 is unclear. Here, by using microglia-specific inducible mouse models overexpressing human wild-type TREM2 (TREM2-WT) or R47H risk variant (TREM2-R47H), we show that TREM2-WT expression reduces amyloid deposition and neuritic dystrophy only during the early amyloid seeding stage, whereas TREM2-R47H exacerbates amyloid burden during the middle amyloid rapid growth stage. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals suppressed disease-associated microglia (DAM) signature and reduced DAM population upon TREM2-WT expression in the early stage, whereas upregulated antigen presentation pathway is detected with TREM2-R47H expression in the middle stage. Together, our findings highlight the dynamic effects of TREM2 in modulating AD pathogenesis and emphasize the beneficial effect of enhancing TREM2 function in the early stage of AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Wenhui Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Fuyao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Yingxue Ren
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Yuka A Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Yiyang Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Axel D Meneses
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Yunjung Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Ligia Bastea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | | | - Lucy Job
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Yong U Liu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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46
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Boudesco C, Nonneman A, Cinti A, Picardi P, Redaelli L, Swijsen S, Roewe J, Reinhardt P, Ibach M, Walter J, Pocock JM, Ren Y, Driguez P, Dargazanli G, Eyquem S, Proto J, Flores‐Morales A, Pradier L. Novel potent liposome agonists of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 phenocopy antibody treatment in cells. Glia 2022; 70:2290-2308. [PMID: 35912412 PMCID: PMC9804933 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The receptor Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's Disease and TREM2 stimulation represents a novel therapeutic opportunity. TREM2 can be activated by antibodies targeting the stalk region, most likely through receptor dimerization. Endogenous ligands of TREM2 are suggested to be negatively charged apoptotic bodies, mimicked by phosphatidylserine incorporated in liposomes and other polyanionic molecules likely binding to TREM2 IgV fold. However, there has been much discrepancy in the literature on the nature of phospholipids (PLs) that can activate TREM2 and on the stability of the corresponding liposomes over time. We describe optimized liposomes as robust agonists selective for TREM2 over TREM1 in cellular system. The detailed structure/activity relationship studies of lipid polar heads indicate that negatively charged lipid heads are required for activity and we identified the shortest maximally active PL sidechain. Optimized liposomes are active on both TREM2 common variant and TREM2 R47H mutant. Activity and selectivity were further confirmed in different native TREM2 expressing cell types including on integrated cellular responses such as stimulation of phagocytic activity. Such tool agonists will be useful in further studies of TREM2 biology in cellular systems alongside antibodies, and in the design of small molecule synthetic TREM2 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julian Roewe
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | - Melanie Ibach
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jennifer M. Pocock
- Department of NeuroinflammationUniversity College London, Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Yi Ren
- Rare and Neurology TASanofiFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
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47
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Weller AE, Ferraro TN, Doyle GA, Reiner BC, Crist RC, Berrettini WH. Single Nucleus Transcriptome Data from Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Models Yield New Insight into Pathophysiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1233-1247. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: 5XFAD humanized mutant mice and Trem2 knockout (T2KO) mice are two mouse models relevant to the study of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related pathology. Objective: To determine hippocampal transcriptomic and polyadenylation site usage alterations caused by genetic mutations engineered in 5XFAD and T2KO mice. Methods: Employing a publicly available single-nucleus RNA sequencing dataset, we used Seurat and Sierra analytic programs to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential transcript usage (DTU), respectively, in hippocampal cell types from each of the two mouse models. We analyzed cell type-specific DEGs further using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Results: We identified several DEGs in both neuronal and glial cell subtypes in comparisons of wild type (WT) versus 5XFAD and WT versus T2KO mice, including Ttr, Fth1, Pcsk1n, Malat1, Rpl37, Rtn1, Sepw1, Uba52, Mbp, Arl6ip5, Gm26917, Vwa1, and Pgrmc1. We also observed DTU in common between the two comparisons in neuronal and glial subtypes, specifically in the genes Prnp, Rbm4b, Pnisr, Opcml, Cpne7, Adgrb1, Gabarapl2, Ubb, Ndfip1, Car11, and Stmn4. IPA identified three statistically significant canonical pathways that appeared in multiple cell types and that overlapped between 5XFAD and T2KO comparisons to WT, including ‘FXR/RXR Activation’, ‘LXR/RXR Activation’, and ‘Acute Phase Response Signaling’. Conclusion: DEG, DTU, and IPA findings, derived from two different mouse models of AD, highlight the importance of energy imbalance and inflammatory processes in specific hippocampal cell types, including subtypes of neurons and glial cells, in the development of AD-related pathology. Additional studies are needed to further characterize these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Weller
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas N. Ferraro
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Glenn A. Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard C. Crist
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wade H. Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wood JI, Wong E, Joghee R, Balbaa A, Vitanova KS, Stringer KM, Vanshoiack A, Phelan SLJ, Launchbury F, Desai S, Tripathi T, Hanrieder J, Cummings DM, Hardy J, Edwards FA. Plaque contact and unimpaired Trem2 is required for the microglial response to amyloid pathology. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111686. [PMID: 36417868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using spatial cell-type-enriched transcriptomics, we compare plaque-induced gene (PIG) expression in microglia-touching plaques, neighboring plaques, and far from plaques in an aged Alzheimer's mouse model with late plaque development. In 18-month-old APPNL-F/NL-F knockin mice, with and without the Alzheimer's disease risk mutation Trem2R47H/R47H, we report that expression of 38/55 PIGs have plaque-induced microglial upregulation, with a subset only upregulating in microglia directly contacting plaques. For seven PIGs, including Trem2, this upregulation is prevented in APPNL-F/NL-FTrem2R47H/R47H mice. These TREM2-dependent genes are all involved in phagocytic and degradative processes that we show correspond to a decrease in phagocytic markers and an increase in the density of small plaques in Trem2-mutated mice. Furthermore, despite the R47H mutation preventing increased Trem2 gene expression, TREM2 protein levels and microglial density are still marginally increased on plaques. Hence, both microglial contact with plaques and functioning TREM2 are necessary for microglia to respond appropriately to amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack I Wood
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Eugenia Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ridwaan Joghee
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Aya Balbaa
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Karina S Vitanova
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Katie M Stringer
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alison Vanshoiack
- Nanostring Technologies, 530 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | | | - Francesca Launchbury
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sneha Desai
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Takshashila Tripathi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Damian M Cummings
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Frances A Edwards
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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49
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Wang S, Sudan R, Peng V, Zhou Y, Du S, Yuede CM, Lei T, Hou J, Cai Z, Cella M, Nguyen K, Poliani PL, Beatty WL, Chen Y, Cao S, Lin K, Rodrigues C, Ellebedy AH, Gilfillan S, Brown GD, Holtzman DM, Brioschi S, Colonna M. TREM2 drives microglia response to amyloid-β via SYK-dependent and -independent pathways. Cell 2022; 185:4153-4169.e19. [PMID: 36306735 PMCID: PMC9625082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have highlighted microglia as pivotal in orchestrating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia that adhere to Aβ plaques acquire a transcriptional signature, "disease-associated microglia" (DAM), which largely emanates from the TREM2-DAP12 receptor complex that transmits intracellular signals through the protein tyrosine kinase SYK. The human TREM2R47H variant associated with high AD risk fails to activate microglia via SYK. We found that SYK-deficient microglia cannot encase Aβ plaques, accelerating brain pathology and behavioral deficits. SYK deficiency impaired the PI3K-AKT-GSK-3β-mTOR pathway, incapacitating anabolic support required for attaining the DAM profile. However, SYK-deficient microglia proliferated and advanced to an Apoe-expressing prodromal stage of DAM; this pathway relied on the adapter DAP10, which also binds TREM2. Thus, microglial responses to Aβ involve non-redundant SYK- and DAP10-pathways. Systemic administration of an antibody against CLEC7A, a receptor that directly activates SYK, rescued microglia activation in mice expressing the TREM2R47H allele, unveiling new options for AD immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoutang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Raki Sudan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vincent Peng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Siling Du
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Khai Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pietro L Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Molecular and Translational Medicine Department, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Wandy L Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Siyan Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kent Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cecilia Rodrigues
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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50
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Winfree RL, Dumitrescu L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gifford KA, Pechman KR, Jefferson AL, Hohman TJ. Biological correlates of elevated soluble TREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 118:88-98. [PMID: 35908327 PMCID: PMC9707345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (sTREM2) is an emerging biomarker of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, sTREM2 expression has not been systematically evaluated in relation to concomitant drivers of neuroinflammation. While associations between sTREM2 and tau in CSF are established, we sought to determine additional biological correlates of CSF sTREM2 during the prodromal stages of AD by evaluating CSF Aβ species (Aβx-40), a fluid biomarker of blood-brain barrier integrity (CSF/plasma albumin ratio), and CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration measured in 155 participants from the Vanderbilt Memory and Aging Project. A novel association between high CSF levels of both sTREM2 and Aβx-40 was observed and replicated in an independent dataset. Aβx-40 levels, as well as the CSF/plasma albumin ratio, explained additional and unique variance in sTREM2 levels above and beyond that of CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration. The component of sTREM2 levels correlated with Aβx-40 levels best predicted future cognitive performance. We highlight potential contributions of Aβ homeostasis and blood-brain barrier integrity to elevated CSF sTREM2, underscoring novel biomarker associations relevant to disease progression and clinical outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Katherine A Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Pechman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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