1
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Nguyen HT, Li M, Vadakath R, Henke KA, Tran TC, Li H, Yamadi M, Darbha S, Yang Y, Kabat J, Albright AR, Centeno EG, Phelan JD, Roulland S, Huang DW, Kelly MC, Young RM, Pittaluga S, Difilippantonio S, Muppidi JR. Gα13 restricts nutrient driven proliferation in mucosal germinal centers. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1718-1730. [PMID: 39025963 PMCID: PMC11362015 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) that form in mucosal sites are exposed to gut-derived factors that have the potential to influence homeostasis independent of antigen receptor-driven selective processes. The G-protein Gα13 confines B cells to the GC and limits the development of GC-derived lymphoma. We discovered that Gα13-deficiency fuels the GC reaction via increased mTORC1 signaling and Myc protein expression specifically in the mesenteric lymph node (mLN). The competitive advantage of Gα13-deficient GC B cells (GCBs) in mLN was not dependent on T cell help or gut microbiota. Instead, Gα13-deficient GCBs were selectively dependent on dietary nutrients likely due to greater access to gut lymphatics. Specifically, we found that diet-derived glutamine supported proliferation and Myc expression in Gα13-deficient GCBs in the mLN. Thus, GC confinement limits the effects of dietary glutamine on GC dynamics in mucosal tissues. Gα13 pathway mutations coopt these processes to promote the gut tropism of aggressive lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang T Nguyen
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moyi Li
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rahul Vadakath
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keirstin A Henke
- Gnotobiotics Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tam C Tran
- Precision Health Informatics Section, NHGRI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huifang Li
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maryam Yamadi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sriranjani Darbha
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yandan Yang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Research Technologies Branch, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne R Albright
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Enoc Granados Centeno
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan M Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Gnotobiotics Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jagan R Muppidi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Siniscalco ER, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. All roads lead to IgA: Mapping the many pathways of IgA induction in the gut. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39046160 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of food allergy and related pathologies in recent years has underscored the need to understand the factors affecting adverse reactions to food. Food allergy is caused when food-specific IgE triggers the release of histamine from mast cells. However, other food-specific antibody isotypes exist as well, including IgG and IgA. IgA is the main antibody isotype in the gut and mediates noninflammatory reactions to toxins, commensal bacteria, and food antigens. It has also been thought to induce tolerance to food, thus antagonizing the role of food-specific IgE. However, this has remained unclear as food-specific IgA generation is poorly understood. Particularly, the location of IgA induction, the role of T cell help, and the fates of food-specific B cells remain elusive. In this review, we outline what is known about food-specific IgA induction and highlight areas requiring further study. We also explore how knowledge of food-specific IgA induction can be informed by and subsequently contribute to our overall knowledge of gut immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Siniscalco
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Department Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Department Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Zareein A, Mahmoudi M, Jadhav SS, Wilmore J, Wu Y. Biomaterial engineering strategies for B cell immunity modulations. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1981-2006. [PMID: 38456305 PMCID: PMC11019864 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01841e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
B cell immunity has a penetrating effect on human health and diseases. Therapeutics aiming to modulate B cell immunity have achieved remarkable success in combating infections, autoimmunity, and malignancies. However, current treatments still face significant limitations in generating effective long-lasting therapeutic B cell responses for many conditions. As the understanding of B cell biology has deepened in recent years, clearer regulation networks for B cell differentiation and antibody production have emerged, presenting opportunities to overcome current difficulties and realize the full therapeutic potential of B cell immunity. Biomaterial platforms have been developed to leverage these emerging concepts to augment therapeutic humoral immunity by facilitating immunogenic reagent trafficking, regulating T cell responses, and modulating the immune microenvironment. Moreover, biomaterial engineering tools have also advanced our understanding of B cell biology, further expediting the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we will introduce the general concept of B cell immunobiology and highlight key biomaterial engineering strategies in the areas including B cell targeted antigen delivery, sustained B cell antigen delivery, antigen engineering, T cell help optimization, and B cell suppression. We will also discuss our perspective on future biomaterial engineering opportunities to leverage humoral immunity for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zareein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- The BioInspired Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mina Mahmoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- The BioInspired Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Shruti Sunil Jadhav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Joel Wilmore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Yaoying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- The BioInspired Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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4
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Yi F, Cohen T, Zimmerman N, Dündar F, Zumbo P, Eltilib R, Brophy EJ, Arkin H, Feucht J, Gormally MV, Hackett CS, Kropp KN, Etxeberria I, Chandran SS, Park JH, Hsu KC, Sadelain M, Betel D, Klebanoff CA. CAR-engineered lymphocyte persistence is governed by a FAS ligand/FAS auto-regulatory circuit. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582108. [PMID: 38464085 PMCID: PMC10925151 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T and NK cells can cause durable remission of B-cell malignancies; however, limited persistence restrains the full potential of these therapies in many patients. The FAS ligand (FAS-L)/FAS pathway governs naturally-occurring lymphocyte homeostasis, yet knowledge of which cells express FAS-L in patients and whether these sources compromise CAR persistence remains incomplete. Here, we constructed a single-cell atlas of diverse cancer types to identify cellular subsets expressing FASLG, the gene encoding FAS-L. We discovered that FASLG is limited primarily to endogenous T cells, NK cells, and CAR-T cells while tumor and stromal cells express minimal FASLG. To establish whether CAR-T/NK cell survival is regulated through FAS-L, we performed competitive fitness assays using lymphocytes modified with or without a FAS dominant negative receptor (ΔFAS). Following adoptive transfer, ΔFAS-expressing CAR-T and CAR-NK cells became enriched across multiple tissues, a phenomenon that mechanistically was reverted through FASLG knockout. By contrast, FASLG was dispensable for CAR-mediated tumor killing. In multiple models, ΔFAS co-expression by CAR-T and CAR-NK enhanced antitumor efficacy compared with CAR cells alone. Together, these findings reveal that CAR-engineered lymphocyte persistence is governed by a FAS-L/FAS auto-regulatory circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Tal Cohen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Zimmerman
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Zumbo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Razan Eltilib
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Erica J. Brophy
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Arkin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Judith Feucht
- Center for Cell Engineering, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT, University Children’s Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael V. Gormally
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
- Cell Therapy Service, Department of Medicine, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Korbinian N. Kropp
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Inaki Etxeberria
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Smita S. Chandran
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Jae H. Park
- Center for Cell Engineering, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
- Cell Therapy Service, Department of Medicine, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katharine C. Hsu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Doron Betel
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher A. Klebanoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
- Cell Therapy Service, Department of Medicine, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Podszywalow-Bartnicka P, Neugebauer KM. Multiple roles for AU-rich RNA binding proteins in the development of haematologic malignancies and their resistance to chemotherapy. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-17. [PMID: 38798162 PMCID: PMC11135835 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2024.2346688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation by RNA binding proteins can determine gene expression levels and drive changes in cancer cell proteomes. Identifying mechanisms of protein-RNA binding, including preferred sequence motifs bound in vivo, provides insights into protein-RNA networks and how they impact mRNA structure, function, and stability. In this review, we will focus on proteins that bind to AU-rich elements (AREs) in nascent or mature mRNA where they play roles in response to stresses encountered by cancer cells. ARE-binding proteins (ARE-BPs) specifically impact alternative splicing, stability, decay and translation, and formation of RNA-rich biomolecular condensates like cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs). For example, recent findings highlight the role of ARE-BPs - like TIAR and HUR - in chemotherapy resistance and in translational regulation of mRNAs encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines. We will discuss emerging evidence that different modes of ARE-BP activity impact leukaemia and lymphoma development, progression, adaptation to microenvironment and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Podszywalow-Bartnicka
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karla M. Neugebauer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Raso F, Liu S, Simpson MJ, Barton GM, Mayer CT, Acharya M, Muppidi JR, Marshak-Rothstein A, Reboldi A. Antigen receptor signaling and cell death resistance controls intestinal humoral response zonation. Immunity 2023; 56:2373-2387.e8. [PMID: 37714151 PMCID: PMC10591993 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) maintains commensal communities in the intestine while preventing dysbiosis. IgA generated against intestinal microbes assures the simultaneous binding to multiple, diverse commensal-derived antigens. However, the exact mechanisms by which B cells mount broadly reactive IgA to the gut microbiome remains elusive. Here, we have shown that IgA B cell receptor (BCR) is required for B cell fitness during the germinal center (GC) reaction in Peyer's patches (PPs) and for generation of gut-homing plasma cells (PCs). We demonstrate that IgA BCR drove heightened intracellular signaling in mouse and human B cells, and as a consequence, IgA+ B cells received stronger positive selection cues. Mechanistically, IgA BCR signaling offset Fas-mediated death, possibly rescuing low-affinity B cells to promote a broad humoral response to commensals. Our findings reveal an additional mechanism linking BCR signaling, B cell fate, and antibody production location, which have implications for how intestinal antigen recognition shapes humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Raso
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shuozhi Liu
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mikala J Simpson
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christian T Mayer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jagan R Muppidi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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7
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Smirnova OV, Sinyakov AA, Kasparov EV. Correlation between the Chemiluminescent Activity of Neutrophilic Granulocytes and the Lipid Peroxidation-Antioxidant Defense System in Gastric Cancer Associated with Helicobacter pylori Infection. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2043. [PMID: 37509684 PMCID: PMC10377177 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the processes of lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes depending on the chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in patients with gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection, depending on the stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 39 patients with stage I-II gastric cancer and 30 patients with stage III-IV gastric cancer were examined. A study of the chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes was carried out and the parameters of the lipid peroxidation system and antioxidant protection in plasma were determined using the spectrophotometric method. Statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 7.0 software package (StatSoft, St Tulsa, OK, USA). RESULTS In patients with gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection, regardless of stage, the proportion of neutrophilic granulocytes with normal activity did not exceed 1/3 of the total number of patients, and the remaining 2/3 of patients had altered chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes. In patients with gastric cancer, by I-II stage of the disease, the majority revealed a reduced function of neutrophilic granulocytes, and in patients with gastric cancer in stage III-IV of the disease, the majority showed increased chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes. CONCLUSIONS In all patients with gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection, regardless of the stage of the disease, an increase in lipid peroxidation processes with activation of antioxidant defense enzymes was detected. At the same time, there were no statistically significant differences between the indicators of the system lipid peroxidation-antioxidant protection depending on the stage of gastric cancer and the chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes, which likely indicates that all reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophilic granulocytes in the respiratory burst are consumed locally, minimally affecting the development of oxidative stress in the blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Valentinovna Smirnova
- Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, St. Partizan Zheleznyaka 3 "G", 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Alexandrovich Sinyakov
- Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, St. Partizan Zheleznyaka 3 "G", 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Eduard Vilyamovich Kasparov
- Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, St. Partizan Zheleznyaka 3 "G", 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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8
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Duns G, Winkle M, Chong L, Ennishi D, Morin RD, Diepstra A, Scott DW, Kluiver JL, Steidl C, van den Berg A. Long non-coding RNAs associated with transcriptomic signatures and treatment outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2023. [PMID: 37190862 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Duns
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melanie Winkle
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Chong
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daisuke Ennishi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joost L Kluiver
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Leca J, Lemonnier F, Meydan C, Foox J, El Ghamrasni S, Mboumba DL, Duncan GS, Fortin J, Sakamoto T, Tobin C, Hodgson K, Haight J, Smith LK, Elia AJ, Butler D, Berger T, de Leval L, Mason CE, Melnick A, Gaulard P, Mak TW. IDH2 and TET2 mutations synergize to modulate T Follicular Helper cell functional interaction with the AITL microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:323-339.e10. [PMID: 36736318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) is a peripheral T cell lymphoma that originates from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and exhibits a prominent tumor microenvironment (TME). IDH2 and TET2 mutations co-occur frequently in AITL, but their contribution to tumorigenesis is poorly understood. We developed an AITL mouse model that is driven by Idh2 and Tet2 mutations. Malignant Tfh cells display aberrant transcriptomic and epigenetic programs that impair TCR signaling. Neoplastic Tfh cells bearing combined Idh2 and Tet2 mutations show altered cross-talk with germinal center B cells that promotes B cell clonal expansion while decreasing Fas-FasL interaction and reducing B cell apoptosis. The plasma cell count and angiogenesis are also increased in the Idh2-mutated tumors, implying a major relationship between Idh2 mutation and the characteristic AITL TME. Our mouse model recapitulates several features of human IDH2-mutated AITL and provides a rationale for exploring therapeutic targeting of Tfh-TME cross-talk for AITL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Leca
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Franҫois Lemonnier
- University Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, 94010 Créteil, France; AP-HP, Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samah El Ghamrasni
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Diana-Laure Mboumba
- University Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Gordon S Duncan
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jerome Fortin
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chantal Tobin
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kelsey Hodgson
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jillian Haight
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Logan K Smith
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew J Elia
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Daniel Butler
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Thorsten Berger
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland; Lausanne University, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philippe Gaulard
- University Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, 94010 Créteil, France; AP-HP, Pathology Department, Henri Mondor Hosital, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Tak W Mak
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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10
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Genetics of Transformed Follicular Lymphoma. HEMATO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hemato3040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Histological transformation (HT) to a more aggressive disease–mostly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma–is considered one of the most dismal events in the clinical course of follicular lymphoma (FL). Current knowledge has not found a single biological event specific for HT, although different studies have highlighted common genetic alterations, such as TP53 and CDKN2A/B loss, and MYC translocations, among others. Together, they increase genomic complexity and mutational burden at HT. A better knowledge of HT pathogenesis would presumably help to find diagnostic biomarkers allowing the identification of patients at high-risk of transformation, as well as the discrimination from patients with FL recurrence, and those who remain in remission. This would also help to identify new drug targets and the design of clinical trials for the treatment of transformation. In the present review we provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic events frequently identified in transformed FL contributing to the switch towards aggressive behaviour, and we will discuss current open questions in the field of HT.
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11
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Pindzola GM, Razzaghi R, Tavory RN, Nguyen HT, Morris VM, Li M, Agarwal S, Huang B, Okada T, Reinhardt HC, Knittel G, Kashkar H, Young RM, Pittaluga S, Muppidi JR. Aberrant expansion of spontaneous splenic germinal centers induced by hallmark genetic lesions of aggressive lymphoma. Blood 2022; 140:1119-1131. [PMID: 35759728 PMCID: PMC9461474 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique molecular vulnerabilities have been identified in the aggressive MCD/C5 genetic subclass of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, the premalignant cell-of-origin exhibiting MCD-like dependencies remains elusive. In this study, we examined animals carrying up to 4 hallmark genetic lesions found in MCD consisting of gain-of-function mutations in Myd88 and Cd79b, loss of Prdm1, and overexpression of BCL2. We discovered that expression of combinations of these alleles in vivo promoted a cell-intrinsic accumulation of B cells in spontaneous splenic germinal centers (GCs). As with MCD, these premalignant B cells were enriched for B-cell receptors (BCRs) with evidence of self-reactivity, displayed a de novo dependence on Tlr9, and were more sensitive to inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Mutant spontaneous splenic GC B cells (GCB) showed increased proliferation and IRF4 expression. Mice carrying all 4 genetic lesions showed a >50-fold expansion of spontaneous splenic GCs exhibiting aberrant histologic features with a dark zone immunophenotype and went on to develop DLBCL in the spleen with age. Thus, by combining multiple hallmark genetic alterations associated with MCD, our study identifies aberrant spontaneous splenic GCBs as a likely cell-of-origin for this aggressive genetic subtype of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Pindzola
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raud Razzaghi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rachel N Tavory
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hang T Nguyen
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Vivian M Morris
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Moyi Li
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shreya Agarwal
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bonnie Huang
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hans C Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gero Knittel
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and
| | - Ryan M Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jagan R Muppidi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Yi SG, Gaber AO, Chen W. B-cell response in solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895157. [PMID: 36016958 PMCID: PMC9395675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of B-cell response to antigen stimulation is complex and involves an intricate network of dynamic signals from cytokines and transcription factors propagated from T-cell interaction. Long-term alloimmunity, in the setting of organ transplantation, is dependent on this B-cell response, which does not appear to be halted by current immunosuppressive regimens which are targeted at T cells. There is emerging evidence that shows that B cells have a diverse response to solid organ transplantation that extends beyond plasma cell antibody production. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic pathways of B-cell activation and differentiation as they relate to the transcriptional regulation of germinal center B cells, plasma cells, and memory B cells in the setting of solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G. Yi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephanie G. Yi,
| | - Ahmed Osama Gaber
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. T Cell Help in the Autoreactive Germinal Center. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13192. [PMID: 35587582 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center serves as a site of B cell selection and affinity maturation, critical processes for productive adaptive immunity. In autoimmune disease tolerance is broken in the germinal center reaction, leading to production of autoreactive B cells that may propagate disease. Follicular T cells are crucial regulators of this process, providing signals necessary for B cell survival in the germinal center. Here we review the emerging roles of follicular T cells in the autoreactive germinal center. Recent advances in immunological techniques have allowed study of the gene expression profiles and repertoire of follicular T cells at unprecedented resolution. These studies provide insight into the potential role follicular T cells play in preventing or facilitating germinal center loss of tolerance. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of T cell help in autoreactive germinal centers provides novel therapeutic targets for diseases of germinal center dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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McGrath JJC, Li L, Wilson PC. Memory B cell diversity: insights for optimized vaccine design. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:343-354. [PMID: 35393268 PMCID: PMC8977948 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The overarching logos of mammalian memory B cells (MBCs) is to cache the potential for enhanced antibody production upon secondary exposure to cognate antigenic determinants. However, substantial phenotypic diversity has been identified across MBCs, hinting at the existence of unique origins or subfunctions within this compartment. Herein, we discuss recent advancements in human circulatory MBC subphenotyping as driven by high-throughput cell surface marker analysis and other approaches, as well as speculated and substantiated subfunctions. With this in mind, we hypothesize that the relative induction of specific circulatory MBC subsets might be used as a biomarker for optimally durable vaccines and inform vaccination strategies to subvert antigenic imprinting in the context of highly mutable pathogens such as influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J C McGrath
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Zhuang Y, Che J, Wu M, Guo Y, Xu Y, Dong X, Yang H. Altered pathways and targeted therapy in double hit lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:26. [PMID: 35303910 PMCID: PMC8932183 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade B-cell lymphoma with translocations involving MYC and BCL2 or BCL6, usually referred to as double hit lymphoma (DHL), is an aggressive hematological malignance with distinct genetic features and poor clinical prognosis. Current standard chemoimmunotherapy fails to confer satisfying outcomes and few targeted therapeutics are available for the treatment against DHL. Recently, the delineating of the genetic landscape in tumors has provided insight into both biology and targeted therapies. Therefore, it is essential to understand the altered signaling pathways of DHL to develop treatment strategies with better clinical benefits. Herein, we summarized the genetic alterations in the two DHL subtypes (DHL-BCL2 and DHL-BCL6). We further elucidate their implications on cellular processes, including anti-apoptosis, epigenetic regulations, B-cell receptor signaling, and immune escape. Ongoing and potential therapeutic strategies and targeted drugs steered by these alterations were reviewed accordingly. Based on these findings, we also discuss the therapeutic vulnerabilities that coincide with these genetic changes. We believe that the understanding of the DHL studies will provide insight into this disease and capacitate the finding of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhuang
- Department of Lymphoma, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Che
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Guo
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Xu
- Department of Lymphoma, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Lymphoma, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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16
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The unique biology of germinal center B cells. Immunity 2021; 54:1652-1664. [PMID: 34380063 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells are the source of the high-affinity, class-switched antibodies required for protective immunity. The unique biology of GC B cells involves iterative rounds of antibody gene somatic hypermutation coupled to multiple selection and differentiation pathways. Recent advances in areas such as single cell and gene editing technologies have shed new light upon these complex and dynamic processes. We review these findings here and integrate them into the current understanding of GC B cell replication and death, the retention of high-affinity and class-switched B cells in the GC, and differentiation into plasma and memory cell effectors. We also discuss how the biology of GC responses relates to vaccine effectiveness and outline current and future challenges in the field.
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17
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Robert PA, Meyer-Hermann M. Germinal Centre Shutdown. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705240. [PMID: 34305944 PMCID: PMC8293096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal Centres (GCs) are transient structures in secondary lymphoid organs, where affinity maturation of B cells takes place following an infection. While GCs are responsible for protective antibody responses, dysregulated GC reactions are associated with autoimmune disease and B cell lymphoma. Typically, ‘normal’ GCs persist for a limited period of time and eventually undergo shutdown. In this review, we focus on an important but unanswered question – what causes the natural termination of the GC reaction? In murine experiments, lack of antigen, absence or constitutive T cell help leads to premature termination of the GC reaction. Consequently, our present understanding is limited to the idea that GCs are terminated due to a decrease in antigen access or changes in the nature of T cell help. However, there is no direct evidence on which biological signals are primarily responsible for natural termination of GCs and a mechanistic understanding is clearly lacking. We discuss the present understanding of the GC shutdown, from factors impacting GC dynamics to changes in cellular interactions/dynamics during the GC lifetime. We also address potential missing links and remaining questions in GC biology, to facilitate further studies to promote a better understanding of GC shutdown in infection and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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