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Gong Q, Sharma M, Kuan EL, Glass MC, Chander A, Singh M, Graybuck LT, Thomson ZJ, LaFrance CM, Zaim SR, Peng T, Okada LY, Genge PC, Henderson KE, Dornisch EM, Layton ED, Wittig PJ, Heubeck AT, Mukuka NM, Reading J, Roll CR, Hernandez V, Parthasarathy V, Stuckey TJ, Musgrove B, Swanson E, Lord C, Weiss MD, Phalen CG, Mettey RR, Lee KJ, Johanneson JB, Kawelo EK, Garber J, Krishnan U, Smithmyer M, Wherry EJ, Vella L, Henrickson SE, Kopp MS, Savage AK, Becker LA, Meijer P, Coffey EM, Goronzy JJ, Speake C, Bumol TF, Goldrath AW, Torgerson TR, Li XJ, Skene PJ, Buckner JH, Gustafson CE. Longitudinal Multi-omic Immune Profiling Reveals Age-Related Immune Cell Dynamics in Healthy Adults. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.10.612119. [PMID: 39314416 PMCID: PMC11419011 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.10.612119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The generation and maintenance of protective immunity is a dynamic interplay between host and environment that is impacted by age. Understanding fundamental changes in the healthy immune system that occur over a lifespan is critical in developing interventions for age-related susceptibility to infections and diseases. Here, we use multi-omic profiling (scRNA-seq, proteomics, flow cytometry) to examined human peripheral immunity in over 300 healthy adults, with 96 young and older adults followed over two years with yearly vaccination. The resulting resource includes scRNA-seq datasets of >16 million PBMCs, interrogating 71 immune cell subsets from our new Immune Health Atlas. This study allows unique insights into the composition and transcriptional state of immune cells at homeostasis, with vaccine perturbation, and across age. We find that T cells specifically accumulate age-related transcriptional changes more than other immune cells, independent from inflammation and chronic perturbation. Moreover, impaired memory B cell responses to vaccination are linked to a Th2-like state shift in older adults' memory CD4 T cells, revealing possible mechanisms of immune dysregulation during healthy human aging. This extensive resource is provided with a suite of exploration tools at https://apps.allenimmunology.org/aifi/insights/dynamics-imm-health-age/ to enhance data accessibility and further the understanding of immune health across age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Gong
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mehul Sharma
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emma L. Kuan
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Mansi Singh
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Tao Peng
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cara Lord
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kevin J. Lee
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Megan Smithmyer
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Vella
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Henrickson
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul Meijer
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jorg J. Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiao-jun Li
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jane H. Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
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2
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Yang S, Guo J, Xiong Y, Han G, Luo T, Peng S, Liu J, Hu T, Zha Y, Lin X, Tan Y, Zhang J. Unraveling the genetic and molecular landscape of sepsis and acute kidney injury: A comprehensive GWAS and machine learning approach. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112420. [PMID: 38851159 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI), including sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI), a frequent complication in critically ill sepsis patients. METHODS GWAS data was analyzed for genetic association between AKI and sepsis. Then, we systematically applied three distinct machine learning algorithms (LASSO, SVM-RFE, RF) to rigorously identify and validate signature genes of SA-AKI, assessing their diagnostic and prognostic value through ROC curves and survival analysis. The study also examined the functional and immunological aspects of these genes, potential drug targets, and ceRNA networks. A mouse model of sepsis was created to test the reliability of these signature genes. RESULTS LDSC confirmed a positive genetic correlation between AKI and sepsis, although no significant shared loci were found. Bidirectional MR analysis indicated mutual increased risks of AKI and sepsis. Then, 311 key genes common to sepsis and AKI were identified, with 42 significantly linked to sepsis prognosis. Six genes, selected through LASSO, SVM-RFE, and RF algorithms, showed excellent predictive performance for sepsis, AKI, and SA-AKI. The models demonstrated near-perfect AUCs in both training and testing datasets, and a perfect AUC in a sepsis mouse model. Significant differences in immune cells, immune-related pathways, HLA, and checkpoint genes were found between high- and low-risk groups. The study identified 62 potential drug treatments for sepsis and AKI and constructed a ceRNA network. CONCLUSIONS The identified signature genes hold potential clinical applications, including prognostic evaluation and targeted therapeutic strategies for sepsis and AKI. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yang
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yunbiao Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Guoqiang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Tieyi Hu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Dazu Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , China
| | - Yan Zha
- Guizhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jiqin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
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3
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James AE, Abdalgani M, Khoury P, Freeman AF, Milner JD. T H2-driven manifestations of inborn errors of immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 154:245-254. [PMID: 38761995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Monogenic lesions in pathways critical for effector functions responsible for immune surveillance, protection against autoinflammation, and appropriate responses to allergens and microorganisms underlie the pathophysiology of inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Variants in cytokine production, cytokine signaling, epithelial barrier function, antigen presentation, receptor signaling, and cellular processes and metabolism can drive autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and/or allergic inflammation. Identification of these variants has improved our understanding of the role that many of these proteins play in skewing toward TH2-related allergic inflammation. Early-onset or atypical atopic disease, often in conjunction with immunodeficiency and/or autoimmunity, should raise suspicion for an IEI. This becomes a diagnostic dilemma if the initial clinical presentation is solely allergic inflammation, especially when the prevalence of allergic diseases is becoming more common. Genetic sequencing is necessary for IEI diagnosis and is helpful for early recognition and implementation of targeted treatment, if available. Although genetic evaluation is not feasible for all patients with atopy, identifying atopic patients with molecular immune abnormalities may be helpful for diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic purposes. In this review, we focus on IEI associated with TH2-driven allergic manifestations and classify them on the basis of the affected molecular pathways and predominant clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa E James
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Manar Abdalgani
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Paneez Khoury
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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4
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Zhou Y, Chen B, Fu Y, Wan C, Li H, Wang L, Huang X, Wu Z, Li G, Xiong L, Qin D. Cang-ai volatile oil alleviates nasal inflammation via Th1/Th2 cell imbalance regulation in a rat model of ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1332036. [PMID: 38835658 PMCID: PMC11148258 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1332036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously revealed that Cang-ai volatile oil (CAVO) regulates T-cell activity, enhancing the immune response in people with chronic respiratory diseases. However, the effects of CAVO on allergic rhinitis (AR) have not been investigated. Herein, we established an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR rat model to determine these effects. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to OVA for 3 weeks. CAVO or loratadine (positive control) was given orally once daily for 2 weeks to OVA-exposed rats. Behavior modeling nasal allergies was observed. Nasal mucosa, serum, and spleen samples of AR rats were analyzed. CAVO treatment significantly reduced the number of nose rubs and sneezes, and ameliorated several hallmarks of nasal mucosa tissue remodeling: inflammation, eosinophilic infiltration, goblet cell metaplasia, and mast cell hyperplasia. CAVO administration markedly upregulated expressions of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12, and downregulated expressions of serum tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, immunoglobulin-E, and histamine. CAVO therapy also increased production of IFN-γ and T-helper type 1 (Th1)-specific T-box transcription factor (T-bet) of the cluster of differentiation-4+ T-cells in splenic lymphocytes, and protein and mRNA expressions of T-bet in nasal mucosa. In contrast, levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and Th2-specific transcription factor GATA binding protein-3 were suppressed by CAVO. These cumulative findings demonstrate that CAVO therapy can alleviate AR by regulating the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Bojun Chen
- Yunnan Provincial University Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Innovation Team of Application Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory of Disease Prevention at Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Fu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Chunping Wan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Huayan Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Gang Li
- Yunnan Provincial University Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Innovation Team of Application Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory of Disease Prevention at Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Yunnan Provincial University Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Innovation Team of Application Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory of Disease Prevention at Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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5
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Tangye SG, Mackie J, Pathmanandavel K, Ma CS. The trajectory of human B-cell function, immune deficiency, and allergy revealed by inborn errors of immunity. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:212-232. [PMID: 37983844 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of B cells is to produce protective immunoglobulins (Ig) that recognize, neutralize, and clear invading pathogens. This results from the integration of signals provided by pathogens or vaccines and the stimulatory microenvironment within sites of immune activation, such as secondary lymphoid tissues, that drive mature B cells to differentiate into memory B cells and antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells. In this context, B cells undergo several molecular events including Ig class switching and somatic hypermutation that results in the production of high-affinity Ag-specific Abs of different classes, enabling effective pathogen neutralization and long-lived humoral immunity. However, perturbations to these key signaling pathways underpin immune dyscrasias including immune deficiency and autoimmunity or allergy. Inborn errors of immunity that disrupt critical immune pathways have identified non-redundant requirements for eliciting and maintaining humoral immune memory but concomitantly prevent immune dysregulation. Here, we will discuss our studies on human B cells, and how our investigation of cytokine signaling in B cells have identified fundamental requirements for memory B-cell formation, Ab production as well as regulating Ig class switching in the context of protective versus allergic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph Mackie
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karrnan Pathmanandavel
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Zielinski CE. T helper cell subsets: diversification of the field. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250218. [PMID: 36792132 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Polarized T helper cell (Th cell) responses are important determinants of host protection. Th cell subsets tailor their functional repertoire of cytokines to their cognate antigens to efficiently contribute to their clearance. In contrast, in settings of immune abrogation, these polarized cytokine patterns of Th cells can mediate tissue damage and pathology resulting in allergy or autoimmunity. Recent technological developments in single-cell genomics and proteomics as well as advances in the high-dimensional bioinformatic analysis of complex datasets have challenged the prevailing Th cell subset classification into Th1, Th2, Th17, and other subsets. Additionally, systems immunology approaches have revealed that instructive input from the peripheral tissue microenvironment can have differential effects on the overall phenotype and molecular wiring of Th cells depending on their spatial distribution. Th cells from the blood or secondary lymphoid organs are therefore expected to follow distinct rules of regulation. In this review, the functional heterogeneity of Th cell subsets will be reviewed in the context of new technological developments and T-cell compartmentalization in tissue niches. This work will especially focus on challenges to the traditional boundaries of Th cell subsets and will discuss the underlying regulatory checkpoints, which could reveal new therapeutic strategies for various immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Zielinski
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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7
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Meloun A, León B. Sensing of protease activity as a triggering mechanism of Th2 cell immunity and allergic disease. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1265049. [PMID: 37810200 PMCID: PMC10552645 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1265049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cells mediate host defense against extracellular parasites, like helminths. However, Th2 cells also play a pivotal role in the onset and progression of allergic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergy. This happens when allergens, which are otherwise harmless foreign proteins, are mistakenly identified as "pathogenic." Consequently, the encounter with these allergens triggers the activation of specific Th2 cell responses, leading to the development of allergic reactions. Understanding the molecular basis of allergen sensing is vital for comprehending how Th2 cell responses are erroneously initiated in individuals with allergies. The presence of protease activity in allergens, such as house dust mites (HDM), pollen, fungi, or cockroaches, has been found to play a significant role in triggering robust Th2 cell responses. In this review, we aim to examine the significance of protease activity sensing in foreign proteins for the initiation of Th2 cell responses, highlighting how evolving a host protease sensor may contribute to detect invading helminth parasites, but conversely can also trigger unwanted reactions to protease allergens. In this context, we will explore the recognition receptors activated by proteolytic enzymes present in major allergens and their contribution to Th2-mediated allergic responses. Furthermore, we will discuss the coordinated efforts of sensory neurons and epithelial cells in detecting protease allergens, the subsequent activation of intermediary cells, including mast cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), and the ultimate integration of all signals by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), leading to the induction of Th2 cell responses. On the other hand, the review highlights the role of monocytes in the context of protease allergen exposure and their interaction with cDCs to mitigate undesirable Th2 cell reactions. This review aims to provide insights into the innate functions and cell communications triggered by protease allergens, which can contribute to the initiation of detrimental Th2 cell responses, but also promote mechanisms to effectively suppress their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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8
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Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Yousefi P, Sharma M, Samra S, Sifuentes E, Turvey SE, Biggs CM. Transcription factor defects in inborn errors of immunity with atopy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1237852. [PMID: 37727514 PMCID: PMC10505736 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1237852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are critical components involved in regulating immune system development, maintenance, and function. Monogenic defects in certain TFs can therefore give rise to inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) with profound clinical implications ranging from infections, malignancy, and in some cases severe allergic inflammation. This review examines TF defects underlying IEIs with severe atopy as a defining clinical phenotype, including STAT3 loss-of-function, STAT6 gain-of-function, FOXP3 deficiency, and T-bet deficiency. These disorders offer valuable insights into the pathophysiology of allergic inflammation, expanding our understanding of both rare monogenic and common polygenic allergic diseases. Advances in genetic testing will likely uncover new IEIs associated with atopy, enriching our understanding of molecular pathways involved in allergic inflammation. Identification of monogenic disorders profoundly influences patient prognosis, treatment planning, and genetic counseling. Hence, the consideration of IEIs is essential for patients with severe, early-onset atopy. This review highlights the need for continued investigation into TF defects to enhance our understanding and management of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pariya Yousefi
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mehul Sharma
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simran Samra
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erika Sifuentes
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine M. Biggs
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Bachus H, McLaughlin E, Lewis C, Papillion AM, Benveniste EN, Hill DD, Rosenberg AF, Ballesteros-Tato A, León B. IL-6 prevents Th2 cell polarization by promoting SOCS3-dependent suppression of IL-2 signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:651-665. [PMID: 37046042 PMCID: PMC10229632 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling has been associated with Th2 bias and elevated IgE levels. However, the underlying mechanism by which IL-6 prevents the development of Th2-driven diseases remains unknown. Using a model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced Th2 cell differentiation and allergic airway inflammation, we showed that IL-6 signaling in allergen-specific T cells was required to prevent Th2 cell differentiation and the subsequent IgE response and allergic inflammation. Th2 cell lineage commitment required strong sustained IL-2 signaling. We found that IL-6 turned off IL-2 signaling during early T-cell activation and thus inhibited Th2 priming. Mechanistically, IL-6-driven inhibition of IL-2 signaling in responding T cells was mediated by upregulation of Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3). This mechanism could be mimicked by pharmacological Janus Kinase-1 (JAK1) inhibition. Collectively, our results identify an unrecognized mechanism that prevents the development of unwanted Th2 cell responses and associated diseases and outline potential preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Bachus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Erin McLaughlin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Crystal Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amber M Papillion
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dave Durell Hill
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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10
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León B. A model of Th2 differentiation based on polarizing cytokine repression. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:399-407. [PMID: 37100645 PMCID: PMC10219849 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) can integrate multiple stimuli from the environment and provide three separate outputs in terms of antigen presentation, costimulation, and cytokine production; this guides the activation, expansion, and differentiation of distinct functional T helper subsets. Accordingly, the current dogma posits that T helper cell specification requires these three signals in sequence. Data show that T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation requires antigen presentation and costimulation from cDCs but does not require polarizing cytokines. In this opinion article, we propose that the 'third signal' driving Th2 cell responses is, in fact, the absence of polarizing cytokines; indeed, the secretion of the latter is actively suppressed in cDCs, concomitant with acquired pro-Th2 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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11
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Molofsky AB, Locksley RM. The ins and outs of innate and adaptive type 2 immunity. Immunity 2023; 56:704-722. [PMID: 37044061 PMCID: PMC10120575 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is orchestrated by a canonical group of cytokines primarily produced by innate lymphoid cells, group 2, and their adaptive counterparts, CD4+ helper type 2 cells, and elaborated by myeloid cells and antibodies that accumulate in response. Here, we review the cytokine and cellular circuits that mediate type 2 immunity. Building from insights in cytokine evolution, we propose that innate type 2 immunity evolved to monitor the status of microbe-rich epithelial barriers (outside) and sterile parenchymal borders (inside) to meet the functional demands of local tissue, and, when necessary, to relay information to the adaptive immune system to reinforce demarcating borders to sustain these efforts. Allergic pathology likely results from deviations in local sustaining units caused by alterations imposed by environmental effects during postnatal developmental windows and exacerbated by mutations that increase vulnerabilities. This framework positions T2 immunity as central to sustaining tissue repair and regeneration and provides a context toward understanding allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Lab Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0451, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA.
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12
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Ma CS. T-helper-2 cells and atopic disease: lessons learnt from inborn errors of immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102298. [PMID: 36870225 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are caused by monogenic variants that affect the host response to bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. As such, individuals with IEI often present with severe, recurrent, and life-threatening infections. However, the spectrum of disease due to IEI is very broad and extends to include autoimmunity, malignancy, and atopic diseases such as eczema, atopic dermatitis, and food and environmental allergies. Here, I review IEI that affect cytokine signaling pathways that dysregulate CD4+ T-cell differentiation, resulting in increased T-helper-2 (Th2) cell development, function, and pathogenicity. These are elegant examples of how rare IEI can provide unique insights into more common pathologies such as allergic disease that are impacting the general population at increased frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia (CIRCA), Australia.
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13
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Ogishi M, Yang R, Rosain J, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Inborn errors of human transcription factors governing IFN-γ antimycobacterial immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102296. [PMID: 36867972 PMCID: PMC10023504 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) delineate redundant and essential defense mechanisms in humans. We review 15 autosomal-dominant (AD) or -recessive (AR) IEI involving 11 transcription factors (TFs) and impairing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) immunity, conferring a predisposition to mycobacterial diseases. We consider three mechanism-based categories: 1) IEI mainly affecting myeloid compartment development (AD GATA2 and AR and AD IRF8 deficiencies), 2) IEI mainly affecting lymphoid compartment development (AR FOXN1, AR PAX1, AR RORγ/RORγT, AR T-bet, AR c-Rel, AD STAT3 gain-of-function (GOF), and loss-of-function (LOF) deficiencies), and 3) IEI mainly affecting myeloid and/or lymphoid function (AR and AD STAT1 LOF, AD STAT1 GOF, AR IRF1, and AD NFKB1 deficiencies). We discuss the contribution of the discovery and study of inborn errors of TFs essential for host defense against mycobacteria to molecular and cellular analyses of human IFN-γ immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; The David Rockefeller Graduate Program, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
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14
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Errami A, El Baghdadi J, Ailal F, Benhsaien I, Ouazahrou K, Abel L, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S, Bustamante J, Bousfiha AA. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease: an overview. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Mycobacteria include ubiquitous species of varying virulence. However, environmental and individual-specific factors, particularly host genetics, play a crucial role in the outcome of exposure to mycobacteria. The first molecular evidence of a monogenic predisposition to mycobacteria came from the study of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD), a rare inborn error of IFN-γ immunity conferring a selective susceptibility to infections even with low virulent mycobacteria, in patients, mostly children, without recognizable immune defects in routine tests. This article provides a global and updated description of the most important molecular, cellular, and clinical features of all known monogenic defects of MSMD.
Results
Over the last 20 years, 19 genes were found to be mutated in MSMD patients (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNG, IL12RB1, IL12RB2, IL23R, IL12B, ISG15, USP18, ZNFX1, TBX21, STAT1, TYK2, IRF8, CYBB, JAK1, RORC, NEMO, and SPPL2A), and the allelic heterogeneity at these loci has led to the definition of 35 different genetic defects. Despite the clinical and genetic heterogeneity, almost all genetic etiologies of MSMD alter the interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated immunity, by impairing or abolishing IFN-γ production or the response to this cytokine or both. It was proven that the human IFN-γ level is a quantitative trait that defines the outcome of mycobacterial infection.
Conclusion
The study of these monogenic defects contributes to understanding the molecular mechanism of mycobacterial infections in humans and to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve care and prognosis. These discoveries also bridge the gap between the simple Mendelian inheritance and complex human genetics.
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15
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León B. Understanding the development of Th2 cell-driven allergic airway disease in early life. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 3:1080153. [PMID: 36704753 PMCID: PMC9872036 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.1080153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergy, are caused by abnormal responses to relatively harmless foreign proteins called allergens found in pollen, fungal spores, house dust mites (HDM), animal dander, or certain foods. In particular, the activation of allergen-specific helper T cells towards a type 2 (Th2) phenotype during the first encounters with the allergen, also known as the sensitization phase, is the leading cause of the subsequent development of allergic disease. Infants and children are especially prone to developing Th2 cell responses after initial contact with allergens. But in addition, the rates of allergic sensitization and the development of allergic diseases among children are increasing in the industrialized world and have been associated with living in urban settings. Particularly for respiratory allergies, greater susceptibility to developing allergic Th2 cell responses has been shown in children living in urban environments containing low levels of microbial contaminants, principally bacterial endotoxins [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], in the causative aeroallergens. This review highlights the current understanding of the factors that balance Th2 cell immunity to environmental allergens, with a particular focus on the determinants that program conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) toward or away from a Th2 stimulatory function. In this context, it discusses transcription factor-guided functional specialization of type-2 cDCs (cDC2s) and how the integration of signals derived from the environment drives this process. In addition, it analyzes observational and mechanistic studies supporting an essential role for innate sensing of microbial-derived products contained in aeroallergens in modulating allergic Th2 cell immune responses. Finally, this review examines whether hyporesponsiveness to microbial stimulation, particularly to LPS, is a risk factor for the induction of Th2 cell responses and allergic sensitization during infancy and early childhood and the potential factors that may affect early-age response to LPS and other environmental microbial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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16
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Ogishi M, Arias AA, Yang R, Han JE, Zhang P, Rinchai D, Halpern J, Mulwa J, Keating N, Chrabieh M, Lainé C, Seeleuthner Y, Ramírez-Alejo N, Nekooie-Marnany N, Guennoun A, Muller-Fleckenstein I, Fleckenstein B, Kilic SS, Minegishi Y, Ehl S, Kaiser-Labusch P, Kendir-Demirkol Y, Rozenberg F, Errami A, Zhang SY, Zhang Q, Bohlen J, Philippot Q, Puel A, Jouanguy E, Pourmoghaddas Z, Bakhtiar S, Willasch AM, Horneff G, Llanora G, Shek LP, Chai LY, Tay SH, Rahimi HH, Mahdaviani SA, Nepesov S, Bousfiha AA, Erdeniz EH, Karbuz A, Marr N, Navarrete C, Adeli M, Hammarstrom L, Abolhassani H, Parvaneh N, Al Muhsen S, Alosaimi MF, Alsohime F, Nourizadeh M, Moin M, Arnaout R, Alshareef S, El-Baghdadi J, Genel F, Sherkat R, Kiykim A, Yücel E, Keles S, Bustamante J, Abel L, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Impaired IL-23-dependent induction of IFN-γ underlies mycobacterial disease in patients with inherited TYK2 deficiency. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220094. [PMID: 36094518 PMCID: PMC9472563 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells homozygous for rare loss-of-expression (LOE) TYK2 alleles have impaired, but not abolished, cellular responses to IFN-α/β (underlying viral diseases in the patients) and to IL-12 and IL-23 (underlying mycobacterial diseases). Cells homozygous for the common P1104A TYK2 allele have selectively impaired responses to IL-23 (underlying isolated mycobacterial disease). We report three new forms of TYK2 deficiency in six patients from five families homozygous for rare TYK2 alleles (R864C, G996R, G634E, or G1010D) or compound heterozygous for P1104A and a rare allele (A928V). All these missense alleles encode detectable proteins. The R864C and G1010D alleles are hypomorphic and loss-of-function (LOF), respectively, across signaling pathways. By contrast, hypomorphic G996R, G634E, and A928V mutations selectively impair responses to IL-23, like P1104A. Impairment of the IL-23-dependent induction of IFN-γ is the only mechanism of mycobacterial disease common to patients with complete TYK2 deficiency with or without TYK2 expression, partial TYK2 deficiency across signaling pathways, or rare or common partial TYK2 deficiency specific for IL-23 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ogishi
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andrés Augusto Arias
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Rui Yang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ji Eun Han
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Peng Zhang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Joshua Halpern
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jeanette Mulwa
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Narelle Keating
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Candice Lainé
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Noé Ramírez-Alejo
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Nioosha Nekooie-Marnany
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sara S. Kilic
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yoshiyuki Minegishi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Yasemin Kendir-Demirkol
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Laboratory of Virology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Abderrahmane Errami
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Bohlen
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Zahra Pourmoghaddas
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Bakhtiar
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andre M. Willasch
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Horneff
- Center for Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Asklepios Clinic Sankt Augustin, Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Genevieve Llanora
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Lynette P. Shek
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Y.A. Chai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, Life Sciences Institute; Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sen Hee Tay
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hamid H. Rahimi
- Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Serdar Nepesov
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aziz A. Bousfiha
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, King Hassan II University, Ibn-Rochd Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Emine Hafize Erdeniz
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Adem Karbuz
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Carmen Navarrete
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mehdi Adeli
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Sidra Medicine/Hamad Medical Corp., Doha, Qatar
| | - Lennart Hammarstrom
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saleh Al Muhsen
- Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F. Alosaimi
- Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alsohime
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Nourizadeh
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Moin
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rand Arnaout
- Section of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alshareef
- Section of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ferah Genel
- University of Health Sciences, Dr Behçet Uz Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ayça Kiykim
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Yücel
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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17
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Yang R, Avery DT, Jackson KJL, Ogishi M, Benhsaien I, Du L, Ye X, Han J, Rosain J, Peel JN, Alyanakian MA, Neven B, Winter S, Puel A, Boisson B, Payne KJ, Wong M, Russell AJ, Mizoguchi Y, Okada S, Uzel G, Goodnow CC, Latour S, Bakkouri JE, Bousfiha A, Preece K, Gray PE, Keller B, Warnatz K, Boisson-Dupuis S, Abel L, Pan-Hammarström Q, Bustamante J, Ma CS, Casanova JL, Tangye SG. Human T-bet governs the generation of a distinct subset of CD11c highCD21 low B cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabq3277. [PMID: 35867801 PMCID: PMC9413977 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High-level expression of the transcription factor T-bet characterizes a phenotypically distinct murine B cell population known as "age-associated B cells" (ABCs). T-bet-deficient mice have reduced ABCs and impaired humoral immunity. We describe a patient with inherited T-bet deficiency and largely normal humoral immunity including intact somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation and memory B cell formation in vivo, and B cell differentiation into Ig-producing plasmablasts in vitro. Nevertheless, the patient exhibited skewed class switching to IgG1, IgG4, and IgE, along with reduced IgG2, both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, T-bet was required for the in vivo and in vitro development of a distinct subset of human B cells characterized by reduced expression of CD21 and the concomitantly high expression of CD19, CD20, CD11c, FCRL5, and T-bet, a phenotype that shares many features with murine ABCs. Mechanistically, human T-bet governed CD21loCD11chi B cell differentiation by controlling the chromatin accessibility of lineage-defining genes in these cells: FAS, IL21R, SEC61B, DUSP4, DAPP1, SOX5, CD79B, and CXCR4. Thus, human T-bet is largely redundant for long-lived protective humoral immunity but is essential for the development of a distinct subset of human CD11chiCD21lo B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA,Corresponding authors: Rui Yang (); Jean-Laurent Casanova (); Stuart Tangye ()
| | - Danielle T. Avery
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW Australia
| | | | - Masato Ogishi
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ibtihal Benhsaien
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco,Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, CHU Averroes, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Likun Du
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden, EU
| | - Xiaofei Ye
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden, EU
| | - Jing Han
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jessica N. Peel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marie-Alexandra Alyanakian
- Immunology Laboratory, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France, EU
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Winter
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Kathryn J. Payne
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Children’s Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda J. Russell
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW Australia
| | - Yoko Mizoguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW Australia,St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jalila El Bakkouri
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco,Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, CHU Averroes, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco,Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, CHU Averroes, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Kahn Preece
- John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul E. Gray
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden, EU
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France,Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cindy S. Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW Australia,St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France,Corresponding authors: Rui Yang (); Jean-Laurent Casanova (); Stuart Tangye ()
| | - Stuart G. Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW Australia,St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia,Corresponding authors: Rui Yang (); Jean-Laurent Casanova (); Stuart Tangye ()
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18
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Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Snow AL, Margolis DJ, Latrous M, Milner JD, Turvey SE, Biggs CM. Atopy as Immune Dysregulation: Offender Genes and Targets. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1737-1756. [PMID: 35680527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from exaggerated type 2 inflammation. Although typically viewed as polygenic multifactorial disorders caused by the interaction of several genes with the environment, we have come to appreciate that allergic diseases can also be caused by monogenic variants affecting the immune system and the skin epithelial barrier. Through a myriad of genetic association studies and high-throughput sequencing tools, many monogenic and polygenic culprits of allergic diseases have been described. Identifying the genetic causes of atopy has shaped our understanding of how these conditions occur and how they may be treated and even prevented. Precision diagnostic tools and therapies that address the specific molecular pathways implicated in allergic inflammation provide exciting opportunities to improve our care for patients across the field of allergy and immunology. Here, we highlight offender genes implicated in polygenic and monogenic allergic diseases and list targeted therapeutic approaches that address these disrupted pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Meriem Latrous
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine M Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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19
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Tangye SG, Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Cunningham-Rundles C, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Oksenhendler E, Picard C, Puel A, Puck J, Seppänen MRJ, Somech R, Su HC, Sullivan KE, Torgerson TR, Meyts I. Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2022 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1473-1507. [PMID: 35748970 PMCID: PMC9244088 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the updated classification of inborn errors of immunity, compiled by the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee. This report documents the key clinical and laboratory features of 55 novel monogenic gene defects, and 1 phenocopy due to autoantibodies, that have either been discovered since the previous update (published January 2020) or were characterized earlier but have since been confirmed or expanded in subsequent studies. While variants in additional genes associated with immune diseases have been reported in the literature, this update includes only those that the committee assessed that reached the necessary threshold to represent novel inborn errors of immunity. There are now a total of 485 inborn errors of immunity. These advances in discovering the genetic causes of human immune diseases continue to significantly further our understanding of molecular, cellular, and immunological mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, thereby simultaneously enhancing immunological knowledge and improving patient diagnosis and management. This report is designed to serve as a resource for immunologists and geneticists pursuing the molecular diagnosis of individuals with heritable immunological disorders and for the scientific dissection of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying monogenic and related human immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, d'Inflammation et d'Allergy LICIA Clinical Immunology Unit, Casablanca Children's Hospital, Ibn Rochd Medical School, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Jose Luis Franco
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, APHP, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Adult Immunodeficiency Unit, Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center and Rare Diseases Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raz Somech
- Pediatric Department and Immunology Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Webster HC, Gamino V, Andrusaite AT, Ridgewell OJ, McCowan J, Shergold AL, Heieis GA, Milling SWF, Maizels RM, Perona-Wright G. Tissue-based IL-10 signalling in helminth infection limits IFNγ expression and promotes the intestinal Th2 response. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1257-1269. [PMID: 35428872 PMCID: PMC9705258 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is activated in response to both allergens and helminth infection. It can be detrimental or beneficial, and there is a pressing need to better understand its regulation. The immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 is known as a T helper 2 (Th2) effector molecule, but it is currently unclear whether IL-10 dampens or promotes Th2 differentiation during infection. Here we show that helminth infection in mice elicits IL-10 expression in both the intestinal lamina propria and the draining mesenteric lymph node, with higher expression in the infected tissue. In vitro, exogenous IL-10 enhanced Th2 differentiation in isolated CD4+ T cells, increasing expression of GATA3 and production of IL-5 and IL-13. The ability of IL-10 to amplify the Th2 response coincided with its suppression of IFNγ expression and in vivo we found that, in intestinal helminth infection, IL-10 receptor expression was higher on Th1 cells in the small intestine than on Th2 cells in the same tissue, or on any Th cell in the draining lymph node. In vivo blockade of IL-10 signalling during helminth infection resulted in an expansion of IFNγ+ and Tbet+ Th1 cells in the small intestine and a coincident decrease in IL-13, IL-5 and GATA3 expression by intestinal T cells. These changes in Th2 cytokines correlated with reduced expression of type 2 effector molecules, such as RELMα, and increased parasite egg production. Together our data indicate that IL-10 signalling promotes Th2 differentiation during helminth infection at least in part by regulating competing Th1 cells in the infected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Webster
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Virginia Gamino
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna T Andrusaite
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Olivia J Ridgewell
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jack McCowan
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy L Shergold
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graham A Heieis
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon W F Milling
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Georgia Perona-Wright
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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21
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Olbrich P, Ortiz Aljaro P, Freeman AF. Eosinophilia Associated With Immune Deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1140-1153. [PMID: 35227935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of eosinophilia is broad and includes infections, malignancies, and atopy as well as inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Certain types of IEIs are known to be associated with elevated numbers of eosinophils and frequently elevated serum IgE, whereas for others the degree and frequency of eosinophilia are less established. The molecular defects underlying IEI are heterogeneous and affect different pathways, which highlights the complex regulations of this cell population within the immune system. In this review, we list and discuss clinical manifestations and therapies of immune deficiency or immune dysregulation disorders associated with peripheral blood or tissue eosinophilia with or without raised IgE levels. We present illustrative case vignettes for the most common entities and propose a diagnostic algorithm aiming to help physicians systematically to evaluate patients with eosinophilia and suspicion of an underlying IEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Olbrich
- Sección Infectología, Reumatología e Inmunología Pediátrica, UGC de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Laboratorio de Alteraciones Congénitas de la Inmunidad, Laboratorio 205, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Pediatría y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Pilar Ortiz Aljaro
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (IBiS, CSIC, US), Seville, Spain
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
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22
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Fang D, Cui K, Cao Y, Zheng M, Kawabe T, Hu G, Khillan JS, Li D, Zhong C, Jankovic D, Sher A, Zhao K, Zhu J. Differential regulation of transcription factor T-bet induction during NK cell development and T helper-1 cell differentiation. Immunity 2022; 55:639-655.e7. [PMID: 35381213 PMCID: PMC9059963 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive CD4+ T helper cells and their innate counterparts, innate lymphoid cells, utilize an identical set of transcription factors (TFs) for their differentiation and functions. However, similarities and differences in the induction of these TFs in related lymphocytes are still elusive. Here, we show that T helper-1 (Th1) cells and natural killer (NK) cells displayed distinct epigenomes at the Tbx21 locus, which encodes T-bet, a critical TF for regulating type 1 immune responses. The initial induction of T-bet in NK precursors was dependent on the NK-specific DNase I hypersensitive site Tbx21-CNS-3, and the expression of the interleukin-18 (IL-18) receptor; IL-18 induced T-bet expression through the transcription factor RUNX3, which bound to Tbx21-CNS-3. By contrast, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-binding motifs within Tbx21-CNS-12 were critical for IL-12-induced T-bet expression during Th1 cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, type 1 innate and adaptive lymphocytes utilize distinct enhancer elements for their development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difeng Fang
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kairong Cui
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaqiang Cao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Takeshi Kawabe
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jaspal S Khillan
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunoparasitology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Molofsky AB, Locksley RM. ILC2s - development, divergence, dispersal. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 75:102168. [PMID: 35176675 PMCID: PMC9131705 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have come to appreciate group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) as important players in host and tissue immunity. New studies of ILC2s and their precursors using novel reporter mice, advanced microscopy, and multi-omics approaches have expanded our knowledge on how these cells contribute to tissue physiology and function. This review highlights recent literature on this enigmatic cell, and we organize our discussion across three important paradigms in ILC2 biology: development, divergence, and dispersal. In addition, we frame our discussion in the context of other innate and adaptive immune cells to emphasize the relevance of expanding knowledge of ILC2s and tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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24
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Smith KL, Dai D, Modi BP, Sara R, Garabedian E, Marsh RA, Puck J, Secord E, Sullivan KE, Turvey SE, Biggs CM. Inborn Errors of Immunity Associated With Type 2 Inflammation in the USIDNET Registry. Front Immunol 2022; 13:831279. [PMID: 35273610 PMCID: PMC8902297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.831279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monogenic conditions that disrupt proper development and/or function of the immune system are termed inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), also known as primary immunodeficiencies. Patients with IEIs often suffer from other manifestations in addition to infection, and allergic inflammation is an increasingly recognized feature of these conditions. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of IEIs presenting with allergic inflammation as reported in the USIDNET registry. Our inclusion criteria comprised of patients with a reported monogenic cause for IEI where reported lab eosinophil and/or IgE values were available for the patient prior to them receiving potentially curative therapy. Patients were excluded if we were unable to determine the defective gene underlying their IEI. Patients were classified as having eosinophilia or elevated IgE when their record included at least 1 eosinophil count or IgE value that was greater than the age stratified upper limit of normal. We compared the proportion of patients with eosinophilia or elevated IgE with the proportion of samples in a reference population that fall above the upper limit of normal (2.5%). Results The query submitted to the USIDNET registry identified 1409 patients meeting inclusion criteria with a monogenic cause for their IEI diagnosis, of which 975 had eosinophil counts and 645 had IgE levels obtained prior to transplantation or gene therapy that were available for analysis. Overall, 18.8% (183/975) of the patients evaluated from the USIDNET registry had eosinophilia and 20.9% (135/645) had an elevated IgE. IEIs caused by defects in 32 genes were found to be significantly associated with eosinophilia and/or an elevated IgE level, spanning 7 of the 10 IEI categories according to the International Union of Immunological Societies classification. Conclusion Type 2 inflammation manifesting as eosinophilia or elevated IgE is found in a broad range of IEIs in the USIDNET registry. Our findings suggest that allergic immune dysregulation may be more widespread in IEIs than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia (BC) Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Darlene Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia (BC) Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bhavi P. Modi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia (BC) Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rahnuma Sara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia (BC) Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Garabedian
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Marsh
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Puck
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Kathleen E. Sullivan
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia (BC) Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine M. Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia (BC) Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Xu H, Hu Y, Zhang X, Aouizerat BE, Yan C, Xu K. A novel graph-based k-partitioning approach improves the detection of gene-gene correlations by single-cell RNA sequencing. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:35. [PMID: 34996359 PMCID: PMC8740455 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression is regulated by transcription factors, cofactors, and epigenetic mechanisms. Coexpressed genes indicate similar functional categories and gene networks. Detecting gene-gene coexpression is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of cellular function and human diseases. A common practice of identifying coexpressed genes is to test the correlation of expression in a set of genes. In single-cell RNA-seq data, an important challenge is the abundance of zero values, so-called "dropout", which results in biased estimation of gene-gene correlations for downstream analyses. In recent years, efforts have been made to recover coexpressed genes in scRNA-seq data. Here, our goal is to detect coexpressed gene pairs to reduce the "dropout" effect in scRNA-seq data using a novel graph-based k-partitioning method by merging transcriptomically similar cells. RESULTS We observed that the number of zero values was reduced among the merged transcriptomically similar cell clusters. Motivated by this observation, we leveraged a graph-based algorithm and develop an R package, scCorr, to recover the missing gene-gene correlation in scRNA-seq data that enables the reliable acquisition of cluster-based gene-gene correlations in three independent scRNA-seq datasets. The graphically partitioned cell clusters did not change the local cell community. For example, in scRNA-seq data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the gene-gene correlation estimated by scCorr outperformed the correlation estimated by the nonclustering method. Among 85 correlated gene pairs in a set of 100 clusters, scCorr detected 71 gene pairs, while the nonclustering method detected only 4 pairs of a dataset from PBMCs. The performance of scCorr was comparable to those of three previously published methods. As an example of downstream analysis using scCorr, we show that scCorr accurately identified a known cell type (i.e., CD4+ T cells) in PBMCs with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.96. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that scCorr is a robust and reliable graph-based method for identifying correlated gene pairs, which is fundamental to network construction, gene-gene interaction, and cellular omic analyses. scCorr can be quickly and easily implemented to minimize zero values in scRNA-seq analysis and is freely available at https://github.com/CBIIT-CGBB/scCorr .
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xu
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Ying Hu
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Center for Biomedical Information and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,Connecticut Veteran Healthcare System, West Haven, CT USA
| | - Bradley E. Aouizerat
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - Chunhua Yan
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Center for Biomedical Information and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Connecticut Veteran Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
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Okamoto K, Morio T. Inborn errors of immunity with eosinophilia. Allergol Int 2021; 70:415-420. [PMID: 34456137 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monogenic diseases of the immune system, also known as inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), are caused by single-gene mutations and result in immune deficiency and dysregulation. More than 400 monogenic diseases have been described to date, and this number is rapidly expanding. The increasing availability of next-generation sequencing is now facilitating the diagnosis of IEIs. It is known that IEIs can predispose a person to not only infectious diseases but also cancer and immune disorders, such as inflammatory, autoimmune, and atopic diseases. IEIs with eosinophilia and atopic diseases can occur in several disorders. IEIs with eosinophilia have provided insights into human immunity and the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Eosinophilia is not a rare finding in clinical practice, and it often poses problems in terms of etiologic research and differential diagnoses. Secondary eosinophilia is the most common form. The main underlying conditions are infectious diseases such as parasitic infections, allergic disorders, drug reactions, and of course IEIs. In clinical settings, the recognition of IEIs in the context of an allergic phenotype with eosinophilia is critical for prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment aimed at modulating pathophysiological mechanisms and improving clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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