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Tsay GJ, Zouali M. Cellular pathways and molecular events that shape autoantibody production in COVID-19. J Autoimmun 2024; 147:103276. [PMID: 38936147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A hallmark of COVID-19 is the variety of complications that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection in some patients, and that target multiple organs and tissues. Also remarkable are the associations with several auto-inflammatory disorders and the presence of autoantibodies directed to a vast array of antigens. The processes underlying autoantibody production in COVID-19 have not been completed deciphered. Here, we review mechanisms involved in autoantibody production in COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and post-acute sequelae of COVID19. We critically discuss how genomic integrity, loss of B cell tolerance to self, superantigen effects of the virus, and extrafollicular B cell activation could underly autoantibody proaction in COVID-19. We also offer models that may account for the pathogenic roles of autoantibodies in the promotion of inflammatory cascades, thromboembolic phenomena, and endothelial and vascular deregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tsay
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Moncef Zouali
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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2
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Pernes JI, Alsayah A, Tucci F, Bashford-Rogers RJM. Unravelling B cell heterogeneity: insights into flow cytometry-gated B cells from single-cell multi-omics data. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380386. [PMID: 38707902 PMCID: PMC11067501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction B cells play a pivotal role in adaptive immunity which has been extensively characterised primarily via flow cytometry-based gating strategies. This study addresses the discrepancies between flow cytometry-defined B cell subsets and their high-confidence molecular signatures using single-cell multi-omics approaches. Methods By analysing multi-omics single-cell data from healthy individuals and patients across diseases, we characterised the level and nature of cellular contamination within standard flow cytometric-based gating, resolved some of the ambiguities in the literature surrounding unconventional B cell subsets, and demonstrated the variable effects of flow cytometric-based gating cellular heterogeneity across diseases. Results We showed that flow cytometric-defined B cell populations are heterogenous, and the composition varies significantly between disease states thus affecting the implications of functional studies performed on these populations. Importantly, this paper draws caution on findings about B cell selection and function of flow cytometric-sorted populations, and their roles in disease. As a solution, we developed a simple tool to identify additional markers that can be used to increase the purity of flow-cytometric gated immune cell populations based on multi-omics data (AlliGateR). Here, we demonstrate that additional non-linear CD20, CD21 and CD24 gating can increase the purity of both naïve and memory populations. Discussion These findings underscore the need to reconsider B cell subset definitions within the literature and propose leveraging single-cell multi-omics data for refined characterisation. We show that single-cell multi-omics technologies represent a powerful tool to bridge the gap between surface marker-based annotations and the intricate molecular characteristics of B cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane I. Pernes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Atheer Alsayah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Applied Genomic Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Felicia Tucci
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Cancer Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael J. M. Bashford-Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Cancer Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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3
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Pérez-Díez A, Liu X, Calderon S, Bennett A, Lisco A, Kellog A, Galindo F, Memoli MJ, Rocco JM, Epling BP, Laidlaw E, Sneller MC, Manion M, Wortmann GW, Poon R, Kumar P, Sereti I. Prevalence of anti-lymphocyte IgM autoantibodies driving complement activation in COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352330. [PMID: 38694513 PMCID: PMC11061367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 patients can develop autoantibodies against a variety of secreted and membrane proteins, including some expressed on lymphocytes. However, it is unclear what proportion of patients might develop anti-lymphocyte antibodies (ALAb) and what functional relevance they might have. Methods We evaluated the presence and lytic function of ALAb in the sera of a cohort of 85 COVID-19 patients (68 unvaccinated and 17 vaccinated) assigned to mild (N=63), or moderate/severe disease (N=22) groups. Thirty-seven patients were followed-up after recovery. We also analyzed in vivo complement deposition on COVID-19 patients' lymphocytes and examined its correlation with lymphocyte numbers during acute disease. Results Compared with healthy donors (HD), patients had an increased prevalence of IgM ALAb, which was significantly higher in moderate/severe disease patients and persisted after recovery. Sera from IgM ALAb+ patients exhibited complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against HD lymphocytes. Complement protein C3b deposition on patients' CD4 T cells was inversely correlated with CD4 T cell numbers. This correlation was stronger in moderate/severe disease patients. Discussion IgM ALAb and complement activation against lymphocytes may contribute to the acute lymphopenia observed in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Pérez-Díez
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie Calderon
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ashlynn Bennett
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anela Kellog
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Frances Galindo
- Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew J. Memoli
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph M. Rocco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Brian P. Epling
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Laidlaw
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mike C. Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maura Manion
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Glenn W. Wortmann
- Section of Infectious Diseases, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rita Poon
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Princy Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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4
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Rubinstein A, Kudryavtsev I, Malkova A, Mammedova J, Isakov D, Isakova-Sivak I, Kudlay D, Starshinova A. Sarcoidosis-related autoimmune inflammation in COVID-19 convalescent patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1271198. [PMID: 38179278 PMCID: PMC10765615 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1271198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are a large number of reports about the development of autoimmune conditions after COVID-19. Also, there have been cases of sarcoid-like granulomas in convalescents as a part of the post-COVID-19 syndrome. Since one of the etiological theories of sarcoidosis considers it to be an autoimmune disease, we decided to study changes in the adaptive humoral immune response in sarcoidosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection and to find out whether COVID-19 can provoke the development of sarcoidosis. This review discusses histological changes in lymphoid organs in sarcoidosis and COVID-19, changes in B cell subpopulations, T-follicular helper cells (Tfh), and T-follicular regulatory cells (Tfr), and analyzes various autoantibodies detected in these pathologies. Based on the data studied, we concluded that SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause the development of autoimmune pathologies, in particular contributing to the onset of sarcoidosis in convalescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Rubinstein
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institution of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institution of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Annа Malkova
- Ariel University Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Dmitry Isakov
- First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry Kudlay
- Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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5
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Castleman MJ, Santos AL, Lesteberg KE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by unswitched memory B cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213344. [PMID: 37638016 PMCID: PMC10449608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells are comprised of unswitched (CD27+IgD+) and switched (CD27+IgD-) subsets. The origin and function of unswitched human memory B cells are debated in the literature, whereas switched memory B cells are primed to respond to recurrent infection. Unswitched memory B cells have been described to be reduced in frequency with severe SARS-CoV2 infection and here we characterize their activation status, BCR functionality, and contribution to virally-induced cytokine production. Analyses of whole blood from healthy individuals, people immunized against SARS-CoV2, and those who have had mild and severe SARS-CoV2 infection, confirm a reduction in the frequency of unswitched memory B cells during severe SARS-CoV2 infection and demonstrate this reduction is associated with increased levels of systemic TNFα. We further document how severe viral infection is associated with an increased frequency of 'IgD+' only memory B cells that correlate with increased IgG autoantibody levels. Unswitched and switched memory B cells from severe SARS-CoV2 infection displayed evidence of heightened activation with a concomitant reduction in the expression of the inhibitory receptor CD72. Functionally, both populations of memory B cells from severe SARS-COV2 infection harbored a signaling-competent BCR that displayed enhanced BCR signaling activity in the unswitched population. Finally, we demonstrate that B cells from mild SARS-CoV2 infection are poised to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα. Importantly, unswitched memory B cells were a major producer of IL-6 and switched memory B cells were a major producer of TNFα in response to viral TLR ligands. Together these data indicate that B cells contribute to the inflammatory milieu during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Adriana Luna Santos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA, Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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Kardava L, Buckner CM, Moir S. B-Cell Responses to Sars-Cov-2 mRNA Vaccines. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:93-119. [PMID: 36655200 PMCID: PMC9836209 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i2.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines against viral pathogens protect through the acquisition of immunological memory from long-lived plasma cells that produce antibodies and memory B cells that can rapidly respond upon an encounter with the pathogen or its variants. The COVID-19 pandemic and rapid deployment of effective vaccines have provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the immune response to a new yet rapidly evolving pathogen. Here we review the scientific literature and our efforts to understand antibody and B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the effect of SARSCoV-2 infection on both primary and secondary immune responses, and how repeated exposures may impact outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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7
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COVID-19 in orthotopic heart transplant recipients and association with donor specific antibodies. Transpl Immunol 2022; 75:101712. [PMID: 36100195 PMCID: PMC9464271 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
De novo donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) are associated with increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection and worse clinical outcomes after orthotopic heart transplant (OHT). No study has reported the production of DSAs after infection by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in an OHT population. In this retrospective study, we described coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence and clinical course in a large, contemporary OHT cohort. We showed that the case-fatality rate has significantly decreased since the early days of the pandemic, although remains higher than that of the general population. In addition, we found that 10% of OHT recipients developed de novo DSAs or experienced an increase in pre-existing DSAs after COVID-19, with the majority occurring in unvaccinated patients (15% vs 2%). Further studies are necessary to substantiate our findings in an external cohort.
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8
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Buckner CM, Kardava L, El Merhebi O, Narpala SR, Serebryannyy L, Lin BC, Wang W, Zhang X, Lopes de Assis F, Kelly SE, Teng IT, McCormack GE, Praiss LH, Seamon CA, Rai MA, Kalish H, Kwong PD, Proschan MA, McDermott AB, Fauci AS, Chun TW, Moir S. Interval between prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and booster vaccination impacts magnitude and quality of antibody and B cell responses. Cell 2022; 185:4333-4346.e14. [PMID: 36257313 PMCID: PMC9513331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccines provide protection from severe disease, eliciting strong immunity that is further boosted by previous infection. However, it is unclear whether these immune responses are affected by the interval between infection and vaccination. Over a 2-month period, we evaluated antibody and B cell responses to a third-dose mRNA vaccine in 66 individuals with different infection histories. Uninfected and post-boost but not previously infected individuals mounted robust ancestral and variant spike-binding and neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells. Spike-specific B cell responses from recent infection (<180 days) were elevated at pre-boost but comparatively less so at 60 days post-boost compared with uninfected individuals, and these differences were linked to baseline frequencies of CD27lo B cells. Day 60 to baseline ratio of BCR signaling measured by phosphorylation of Syk was inversely correlated to days between infection and vaccination. Thus, B cell responses to booster vaccines are impeded by recent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Omar El Merhebi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep R. Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonid Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Felipe Lopes de Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sophie E.M. Kelly
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Genevieve E. McCormack
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren H. Praiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M. Ali Rai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A. Proschan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding author
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9
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Latorre D. Autoimmunity and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Unraveling the link in neurological disorders. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1561-1571. [PMID: 35833748 PMCID: PMC9350097 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already infected more than 400 million people and caused over 5 million deaths globally. The infection is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from no signs of illness to severe pathological complications that go beyond the typical respiratory symptoms. On this note, new-onset neurological and neuropsychiatric syndromes have been increasingly reported in a large fraction of COVID-19 patients, thus potentially representing a significant public health threat. Although the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive, a growing body of evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may trigger an autoimmune response, which could potentially contribute to the establishment and/or exacerbation of neurological disorders in COVID-19 patients. Shedding light on this aspect is urgently needed for the development of effective therapeutic intervention. This review highlights the current knowledge of the immune responses occurring in Neuro-COVID patients and discusses potential immune-mediated mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may trigger neurological complications.
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10
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Rivera-Correa J, Rodriguez A. Autoantibodies during infectious diseases: Lessons from malaria applied to COVID-19 and other infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938011. [PMID: 36189309 PMCID: PMC9520403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a common phenomenon reported in many globally relevant infections, including malaria and COVID-19. These and other highly inflammatory diseases have been associated with the presence of autoantibodies. The role that these autoantibodies play during infection has been an emerging topic of interest. The vast numbers of studies reporting a range of autoantibodies targeting cellular antigens, such as dsDNA and lipids, but also immune molecules, such as cytokines, during malaria, COVID-19 and other infections, underscore the importance that autoimmunity can play during infection. During both malaria and COVID-19, the presence of autoantibodies has been correlated with associated pathologies such as malarial anemia and severe COVID-19. Additionally, high levels of Atypical/Autoimmune B cells (ABCs and atypical B cells) have been observed in both diseases. The growing literature of autoimmune B cells, age-associated B cells and atypical B cells in Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders has identified recent mechanistic and cellular targets that could explain the development of autoantibodies during infection. These new findings establish a link between immune responses during infection and autoimmune disorders, highlighting shared mechanistic insights. In this review, we focus on the recent evidence of autoantibody generation during malaria and other infectious diseases and their potential pathological role, exploring possible mechanisms that may explain the development of autoimmunity during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rivera-Correa
- Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Juan Rivera-Correa,
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Castleman MJ, Stumpf MM, Therrien NR, Smith MJ, Lesteberg KE, Palmer BE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Autoantibodies elicited with SARS-CoV-2 infection are linked to alterations in double negative B cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988125. [PMID: 36131937 PMCID: PMC9484582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Double negative (DN) B cells (CD27-IgD-) comprise a heterogenous population of DN1, DN2, and the recently described DN3 and DN4 subsets. In autoimmune disease, DN2 cells are reported to be precursors to autoreactive antibody secreting cells and expansion of DN2 cells is linked to elevated interferon levels. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by elevated systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum autoantibodies and expansion of the DN2 subset in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported. However, the activation status, functional capacity and contribution to virally-induced autoantibody production by DN subsets is not established. Here, we validate the finding that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a reduction in the frequency of DN1 cells coinciding with an increase in the frequency of DN2 and DN3 cells. We further demonstrate that with severe viral infection DN subsets are at a heightened level of activation, display changes in immunoglobulin class isotype frequency and have functional BCR signaling. Increases in overall systemic inflammation (CRP), as well as specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-1β), significantly correlate with the skewing of DN1, DN2 and DN3 subsets during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, the reduction in DN1 cell frequency and expansion of the DN3 population during severe infection significantly correlates with increased levels of serum autoantibodies. Thus, systemic inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection drives changes in Double Negative subset frequency, likely impacting their contribution to generation of autoreactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M. Stumpf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Therrien
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans affairs (VA), Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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12
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Buckner CM, Kardava L, Merhebi OE, Narpala SR, Serebryannyy L, Lin BC, Wang W, Zhang X, de Assis FL, Kelly SE, Teng IT, McCormack GE, Praiss LH, Seamon CA, Rai MA, Kalish H, Kwong PD, Proschan MA, McDermott AB, Fauci AS, Chun TW, Moir S. Recent SARS-CoV-2 infection abrogates antibody and B-cell responses to booster vaccination. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.08.30.22279344. [PMID: 36093348 PMCID: PMC9460969 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.30.22279344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccines provide protection from severe disease, eliciting strong immunity that is further boosted by previous infection. However, it is unclear whether these immune responses are affected by the interval between infection and vaccination. Over a two-month period, we evaluated antibody and B-cell responses to a third dose mRNA vaccine in 66 individuals with different infection histories. Uninfected and post-boost but not previously infected individuals mounted robust ancestral and variant spike-binding and neutralizing antibodies, and memory B cells. Spike-specific B-cell responses from recent infection were elevated at pre-boost but comparatively less so at 60 days post-boost compared to uninfected individuals, and these differences were linked to baseline frequencies of CD27 lo B cells. Day 60 to baseline ratio of BCR signaling measured by phosphorylation of Syk was inversely correlated to days between infection and vaccination. Thus, B-cell responses to booster vaccines are impeded by recent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Omar El Merhebi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Sandeep R. Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonid Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Felipe Lopes de Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Sophie E.M. Kelly
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Genevieve E. McCormack
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Lauren H. Praiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - M. Ali Rai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A. Proschan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
- Lead contact
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13
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Young C, Lau AWY, Burnett DL. B cells in the balance: Offsetting self-reactivity avoidance with protection against foreign. Front Immunol 2022; 13:951385. [PMID: 35967439 PMCID: PMC9364820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.951385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are theoretically limitless in their diversity and specificity to foreign antigens; however they are constrained by the need to avoid binding to self. Germinal centers (GC) allow diversification and maturation of the antibody response towards the foreign antigen. While self-tolerance mechanisms controlling self-reactivity during B cell maturation are well recognized, the mechanisms by which GCs balance self-tolerance and foreign binding especially in the face of cross-reactivity between self and foreign, remain much less well defined. In this review we explore the extent to which GC self-tolerance restricts affinity maturation. We present studies suggesting that the outcome is situationally dependent, affected by affinity and avidity to self-antigen, and the extent to which self-binding and foreign-binding are interdependent. While auto-reactive GC B cells can mutate away from self while maturing towards the foreign antigen, if no mutational trajectories allow for self-reactive redemption, self-tolerance prevails and GC responses to the foreign pathogen are restricted, except when self-tolerance checkpoints are relaxed. Finally, we consider whether polyreactivity is subject to the same level of restriction in GC responses, especially if polyreactivity is linked to an increase in foreign protection, as occurs in certain broadly neutralizing antibodies. Overall, the outcomes for GC B cells that bind self-antigen can range from redemption, transient relaxation in self-tolerance or restriction of the antibody response to the foreign pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Young
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clara Young, ; Deborah L. Burnett,
| | - Angelica W. Y. Lau
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah L. Burnett
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clara Young, ; Deborah L. Burnett,
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