1
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Deimel LP, Moynié L, Sun G, Lewis V, Turner A, Buchanan CJ, Burnap SA, Kutuzov M, Kobras CM, Demyaneko Y, Mohammed S, Stracy M, Struwe WB, Baldwin AJ, Naismith J, Davis BG, Sattentau QJ. Covalent penicillin-protein conjugates elicit anti-drug antibodies that are clonally and functionally restricted. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6851. [PMID: 39127707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many archetypal and emerging classes of small-molecule therapeutics form covalent protein adducts. In vivo, both the resulting conjugates and their off-target side-conjugates have the potential to elicit antibodies, with implications for allergy and drug sequestration. Although β-lactam antibiotics are a drug class long associated with these immunological phenomena, the molecular underpinnings of off-target drug-protein conjugation and consequent drug-specific immune responses remain incomplete. Here, using the classical β-lactam penicillin G (PenG), we probe the B and T cell determinants of drug-specific IgG responses to such conjugates in mice. Deep B cell clonotyping reveals a dominant murine clonal antibody class encompassing phylogenetically-related IGHV1, IGHV5 and IGHV10 subgroup gene segments. Protein NMR and x-ray structural analyses reveal that these drive structurally convergent binding modes in adduct-specific antibody clones. Their common primary recognition mechanisms of the penicillin side-chain moiety (phenylacetamide in PenG)-regardless of CDRH3 length-limits cross-reactivity against other β-lactam antibiotics. This immunogenetics-guided discovery of the limited binding solutions available to antibodies against side products of an archetypal covalent inhibitor now suggests future potential strategies for the 'germline-guided reverse engineering' of such drugs away from unwanted immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan P Deimel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Lucile Moynié
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Guoxuan Sun
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Viliyana Lewis
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Abigail Turner
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Charles J Buchanan
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sean A Burnap
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mikhail Kutuzov
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Carolin M Kobras
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Yana Demyaneko
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mathew Stracy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Andrew J Baldwin
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - James Naismith
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
- The Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Alugupalli KR. Characterization of Turbo, a TLR Ligand-based Adjuvant for Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:527-537. [PMID: 39093309 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial polysaccharide vaccines, including the typhoid Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) and tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate (MCV4) vaccines, do not incorporate adjuvants and are not highly immunogenic, particularly in infants. I found that endotoxin, a TLR4 ligand in ViPS, contributes to the immunogenicity of typhoid vaccines. Because endotoxin is pyrogenic, and its levels are highly variable in vaccines, I developed monophosphoryl lipid A, a nontoxic TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant named Turbo. Admixing Turbo with ViPS and MCV4 vaccines improved their immunogenicity across all ages and eliminated booster requirement. To understand the characteristics of this adjuvanticity, I compared Turbo with alum. Unlike alum, which polarizes the response toward the IgG1 isotype, Turbo promoted Ab class switching to all IgG isotypes with affinity maturation; the magnitude of this IgG response is durable and accompanied by the presence of long-lived plasma cells in the mouse bone marrow. In striking contrast with the pathways employed by alum, Turbo adjuvanticity is independent of NLPR3, pyroptotic cell death effector Gasdermin D, and canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation mediated by Caspase-1 and Caspase-11, respectively. Turbo adjuvanticity is primarily dependent on the MyD88 axis and is lost in mice deficient in costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD40, indicating that Turbo adjuvanticity includes activation of these pathways. Because Turbo formulations containing either monophosphoryl lipid A or TLR2 ligands, Pam2CysSerLys4, and Pam3CysSerLys4 help generate Ab response of all IgG isotypes, as an adjuvant Turbo can improve the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines against a wide range of bacterial pathogens whose elimination requires appropriate IgG isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- TurboVax Inc., Philadelphia, PA
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3
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Sakamoto E, Katahira Y, Mizoguchi I, Watanabe A, Furusaka Y, Sekine A, Yamagishi M, Sonoda J, Miyakawa S, Inoue S, Hasegawa H, Yo K, Yamaji F, Toyoda A, Yoshimoto T. Chemical- and Drug-Induced Allergic, Inflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases Via Haptenation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010123. [PMID: 36671815 PMCID: PMC9855847 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Haptens are small molecules that only elicit an immune response when bound to proteins. Haptens initially bind to self-proteins and activate innate immune responses by complex mechanisms via inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns and the subsequent upregulation of costimulatory signals such as cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86) on dendritic cells. Subsequent interactions between CD86 and CD28 on T cells are critically important for properly activating naive T cells and inducing interleukin 2 production, leading to the establishment of adaptive immunity via effector and memory T cells. Accumulating evidence revealed the involvement of haptens in the development of various autoimmune-like diseases such as allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases including allergic contact dermatitis, atopy, asthma, food allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases, hemolytic anemia, liver injury, leukoderma, and even antitumor immunity. Therefore, the development of in vitro testing alternatives to evaluate in advance whether a substance might lead to the development of these diseases is highly desirable. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in chemical- and drug-induced allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases via haptenation and the possible molecular underlying mechanisms, as well as in vitro testing alternatives to evaluate in advance whether a substance might cause the development of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Sakamoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Katahira
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Izuru Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Aruma Watanabe
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Yuma Furusaka
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Ami Sekine
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Miu Yamagishi
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Jukito Sonoda
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Satomi Miyakawa
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Shinya Inoue
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hasegawa
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yo
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi 244-0812, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiya Yamaji
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi 244-0812, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akemi Toyoda
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi 244-0812, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3351-6141
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4
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Abucayon E, Whalen C, Torres OB, Duval AJ, Sulima A, Antoline JFG, Oertel T, Barrientos RC, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Matyas GR. A Rapid Method for Direct Quantification of Antibody Binding-Site Concentration in Serum. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26812-26823. [PMID: 35936462 PMCID: PMC9352236 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The quantitation of the available antibody binding-site concentration of polyclonal antibodies in serum is critical in defining the efficacy of vaccines against substances of abuse. We have conceptualized an equilibrium dialysis (ED)-based approach coupled with fluorimetry (ED-fluorimetry) to measure the antibody binding-site concentration to the ligand in an aqueous environment. The measured binding-site concentrations in monoclonal antibody (mAb) and sera samples from TT-6-AmHap-immunized rats by ED-fluorimetry are in agreement with those determined by a more established equilibrium dialysis coupled with ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ED-UPLC-MS/MS). Importantly, we have shown that the measured antibody binding-site concentrations to the ligand by ED-fluorimetry were not influenced by the sample serum matrix; thus, this method is valid for determining the binding-site concentration of polyclonal antibodies in sera samples. Further, we have demonstrated that under appropriate analytical conditions, this method resolved the total binding-site concentrations on a nanomolar scale with good accuracy and repeatability within the microliter sample volumes. This simple, rapid, and sample preparation-free approach has the potential to reliably perform quantitative antibody binding-site screening in serum and other more complex biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin
G. Abucayon
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Connor Whalen
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Oak
Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Oscar B. Torres
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Alexander J. Duval
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Department
of Health and Human Services, Drug Design
and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse
and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Joshua F. G. Antoline
- Department
of Health and Human Services, Drug Design
and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse
and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Therese Oertel
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Oak
Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Rodell C. Barrientos
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Department
of Health and Human Services, Drug Design
and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse
and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Department
of Health and Human Services, Drug Design
and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse
and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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5
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Ndreu L, Sasse S, Karlberg AT, Karlsson I. Haptenation of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Potential Biomarker for Contact Hypersensitivity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:856614. [PMID: 35465102 PMCID: PMC9019732 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.856614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological response in contact hypersensitivity is incited by small electrophilic compounds, known as haptens, that react with endogenous proteins after skin absorption. However, the identity of hapten-modified proteins seen as immunogenic remains as yet largely unknown. In a recent study, we have for the first time identified a hapten-modified protein in the local lymph nodes of mice treated topically with the model hapten tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC). The TRITC modification was located on the N-terminal proline of the protein macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The focus of the current study was to investigate the presence of the same hapten-protein conjugate in blood samples from mice treated topically with TRITC. Furthermore, TRITC modifications of the two major blood proteins, namely hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb), as well as TRITC modifications of MIF other than the N-terminal proline, were examined. Following incubation with different molar ratios of TRITC, a proteomic approach was applied to characterize conjugate formation of the three aforementioned proteins, using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The targeted screening of the TRITC-treated mice blood and lymph node samples for these sites led to the identification of only the same TRITC-MIF conjugate previously detected in the lymph nodes. No Hb and Alb conjugates were detected. Quantification of both the TRITC-modified and unmodified N-terminal peptide of MIF in blood and lymph node samples gave interesting insights of MIF’s role in murine contact hypersensitivity. Incubation of MIF with four different haptens encompassing different reactivity mechanisms and potencies, showed adduct formation at different amino acid residues, suggesting that MIF can be the preferred target for a wide variety of haptens. The present study provides essential progress toward understanding of hapten-protein conjugate formation in contact hypersensitivity and identifies hapten-modified MIF as a potential biomarker for this condition. Further investigation of MIF as a target protein can be a next step to determine if MIF is a biomarker that can be used to develop better diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutics for individuals with allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samantha Sasse
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Isabella Karlsson,
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6
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Pichler WJ, Watkins S, Yerly D. Risk Assessment in Drug Hypersensitivity: Detecting Small Molecules Which Outsmart the Immune System. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:827893. [PMID: 35386664 PMCID: PMC8974731 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.827893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity (DH) reactions are clinically unusual because the underlying immune stimulations are not antigen-driven, but due to non-covalent drug-protein binding. The drugs may bind to immune receptors like HLA or TCR which elicits a strong T cell reaction (p-i concept), the binding may enhance the affinity of antibodies (enhanced affinity model), or drug binding may occur on soluble proteins which imitate a true antigen (fake antigen model). These novel models of DH could have a major impact on how to perform risk assessments in drug development. Herein, we discuss the difficulties of detecting such non-covalent, labile and reversible, but immunologically relevant drug-protein interactions early on in drug development. The enormous diversity of the immune system, varying interactions, and heterogeneous functional consequences make it to a challenging task. We propose that a realistic approach to detect clinically relevant non-covalent drug interactions for a new drug could be based on a combination of in vitro cell culture assays (using a panel of HLA typed donor cells) and functional analyses, supplemented by structural analysis (computational data) of the reactive cells/molecules. When drug-reactive cells/molecules with functional impact are detected in these risk assessments, a close clinical monitoring of the drug may reveal the true incidence of DH, as suppressing but also enhancing factors occurring in vivo can influence the clinical manifestation of a DH.
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7
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Pichler WJ. The important role of non-covalent drug-protein interactions in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Allergy 2022; 77:404-415. [PMID: 34037262 PMCID: PMC9291849 DOI: 10.1111/all.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are heterogeneous and unusual immune reactions with rather unique clinical presentations. Accumulating evidence indicates that certain non‐covalent drug‐protein interactions are able to elicit exclusively effector functions of antibody reactions or complete T‐cell reactions which contribute substantially to DHR. Here, we discuss three key interactions; (a) mimicry: whereby soluble, non‐covalent drug‐protein complexes (“fake antigens”) mimic covalent drug‐protein adducts; (b) increased antibody affinity: for example, in quinine‐type immune thrombocytopenia where the drug gets trapped between antibody and membrane‐bound glycoprotein; and (c) p‐i‐stimulation: where naïve and memory T cells are activated by direct binding of drugs to the human leukocyte antigen and/or T‐cell receptors. This transient drug‐immune receptor interaction initiates a polyclonal T‐cell response with mild‐to‐severe DHR symptoms. Notable complications arising from p‐i DHR can include viral reactivations, autoimmunity, and multiple drug hypersensitivity. In conclusion, DHR is characterized by abnormal immune stimulation driven by non‐covalent drug‐protein interactions. This contrasts DHR from “normal” immunity, which relies on antigen‐formation by covalent hapten‐protein adducts and predominantly results in asymptomatic immunity.
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8
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Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Nixon RL, Dear K, Botto NC, Morot J, Goldminz AM. Contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34045488 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is among the most common inflammatory dermatological conditions and includes allergic CD, photoallergic CD, irritant CD, photoirritant CD (also called phototoxic CD) and protein CD. Occupational CD can be of any type and is the most prevalent occupational skin disease. Each CD type is characterized by different immunological mechanisms and/or requisite exposures. Clinical manifestations of CD vary widely and multiple subtypes may occur simultaneously. The diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, thorough exposure assessment and evaluation with techniques such as patch testing and skin-prick testing. Management is based on patient education, avoidance strategies of specific substances, and topical treatments; in severe or recalcitrant cases, which can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, systemic medications may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Scheinman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Dear
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina C Botto
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Morot
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Ari M Goldminz
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Pichler WJ. Anaphylaxis to drugs: Overcoming mast cell unresponsiveness by fake antigens. Allergy 2021; 76:1340-1349. [PMID: 32780486 PMCID: PMC8247404 DOI: 10.1111/all.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of IgE‐mediated drug allergy relies on the hapten concept, which is well established in inducing adaptive reactions of the immune system to small molecules like drugs. The role of hapten‐carrier adducts in re‐challenge reactions leading to mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis is unclear. Based on clinical observations, the speed of adduct formation, skin and in vitro tests to inert drug molecules, a different explanation of IgE‐mediated reactions to drugs is proposed: These are (a) A natural role of reduced mast cell (MC) reactivity in developing IgE‐mediated reactions to drugs. This MC unresponsiveness is antigen‐specific and covers the serum drug concentrations, but allows reactivity to locally higher concentrations. (b) Some non‐covalent drug‐protein complexes rely on rather affine bindings and have a similar appearance as covalent hapten‐protein adducts. Such drug‐protein complexes represent so‐called “fake antigens,” as they are unable to induce immunity, but may react with and cross‐link preformed drug‐specific IgE. As they are formed very rapidly and in high concentrations, they may cause fulminant MC degranulation and anaphylaxis. (c) The generation of covalent hapten‐protein adducts requires hours, either because the formation of covalent bonds requires time or because first a metabolic step for forming a reactive metabolite is required. This slow process of stable adduct formation has the advantage that it may give time to desensitize mast cells, even in already sensitized individuals. The consequences of this new interpretation of IgE‐mediated reactions to drugs are potentially wide‐reaching for IgE‐mediated drug allergy but also allergy in general.
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10
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Bormann JL, Maibach HI. Draize human repeat insult patch test (HRIPT): Seven decades of pitfalls and progress. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 121:104867. [PMID: 33460686 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis, a Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction, can result in dermatologic signs/symptoms for patients/workers. The likelihood of this phenomenon has been estimated/predicted for numerous chemicals/drugs by animal model and human patch testing protocols developed over the last century. Karl Landsteiner initiated testing with guinea pig studies; further studies based on his initial concept were in continual development. John Draize extended Landsteiner's guinea pig studies (which led to development of blood transfusions) to a human assay documenting irritant and allergic contact dermatitis potential - for drugs, chemicals, mixtures and products. We performed a literature search of major Draize derived protocols of the human repeat insult patch test (HRIPT). Our results reveal minor and major differences between protocols and lack of international standardization. Key clarification and principles post-Draize modified and improved usefulness of the HRIPT. Without a standard method of performing the HRIPT, it is problematic to generalize results of studies summarized here. Furthermore, we suggest a potential standardization procedure/protocol combining the work of the most satisfactory HRIPT methods. As the HRIPT constitutes a key parameter in current quantitative risk assessment for chemicals/drugs, such standardization should aid potential prediction of allergic contact dermatitis potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Bormann
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA.
| | - Howard I Maibach
- UCSF, Dermatology Department, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA.
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11
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Lepoittevin JP, Lafforgue C. Molecular Aspects in Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Gilmour N, Kern PS, Alépée N, Boislève F, Bury D, Clouet E, Hirota M, Hoffmann S, Kühnl J, Lalko JF, Mewes K, Miyazawa M, Nishida H, Osmani A, Petersohn D, Sekine S, van Vliet E, Klaric M. Development of a next generation risk assessment framework for the evaluation of skin sensitisation of cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 116:104721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Ryan CA, Troutman JA, Kern PS, Quijano M, Dobson RLM, Jian Dai H, Burt TM, Gerberick GF. Refinement of the Peroxidase Peptide Reactivity Assay and Prediction Model for Assessing Skin Sensitization Potential. Toxicol Sci 2020; 178:88-103. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A peptide reactivity assay with an activation component was developed for use in screening chemicals for skin sensitization potential. A horseradish peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide (HRP/P) oxidation system was incorporated into the assay for characterizing reactivity of hapten and pre-/prohapten sensitizers. The assay, named the Peroxidase Peptide Reactivity Assay (PPRA) had a predictive accuracy of 83% (relative to the local lymph node assay) with the original protocol and prediction model. However, apparent false positives attributed to cysteine depletion at relatively high chemical concentrations and, for some chemicals expected to react with the −NH2 group of lysine, little to no depletion of the lysine peptide were observed. To improve the PPRA, cysteine peptide reactions with and without HRP/P were modified by increasing the number of test concentrations and refining their range. In addition, removal of DL-dithiothreitol from the reaction without HRP/P increased cysteine depletion and improved detection of reactive aldehydes and thiazolines without compromising the assay’s ability to detect prohaptens. Modification of the lysine reaction mixture by changing the buffer from 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer (pH 10.2) to 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and increasing the level of organic solvent from 1% to 25% resulted in increased lysine depletion for known lysine reactive chemicals. Refinement of the prediction model improved the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for hazard identification. These changes resulted in significant improvement of the PPRA making it is a reliable method for predicting the skin sensitization potential of all chemicals, including pre-/prohaptens and directly reactive haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy A Ryan
- Global Product Stewardship, Mason Business Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - John A Troutman
- Global Product Stewardship, Mason Business Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Petra S Kern
- Central Product Safety, Brussels Innovation Center, Procter & Gamble Eurocor, B-1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Mike Quijano
- Corporate Functions Analytical, Mason Business Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040
| | - Roy L M Dobson
- Corporate Functions Analytical, Mason Business Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040
| | - Hong Jian Dai
- Corporate Functions Analytical, Mason Business Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040
| | - Thomas M Burt
- Corporate Functions Analytical, Mason Business Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040
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14
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Nicolai S, Wegrecki M, Cheng TY, Bourgeois EA, Cotton RN, Mayfield JA, Monnot GC, Le Nours J, Van Rhijn I, Rossjohn J, Moody DB, de Jong A. Human T cell response to CD1a and contact dermatitis allergens in botanical extracts and commercial skin care products. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/43/eaax5430. [PMID: 31901073 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax5430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During industrialization, humans have been exposed to increasing numbers of foreign chemicals. Failure of the immune system to tolerate drugs, cosmetics, and other skin products causes allergic contact dermatitis, a T cell-mediated disease with rising prevalence. Models of αβ T cell response emphasize T cell receptor (TCR) contact with peptide-MHC complexes, but this model cannot readily explain activation by most contact dermatitis allergens, which are nonpeptidic molecules. We tested whether CD1a, an abundant MHC I-like protein in human skin, mediates contact allergen recognition. Using CD1a-autoreactive human αβ T cell clones to screen clinically important allergens present in skin patch testing kits, we identified responses to balsam of Peru, a tree oil widely used in cosmetics and toothpaste. Additional purification identified benzyl benzoate and benzyl cinnamate as antigenic compounds within balsam of Peru. Screening of structurally related compounds revealed additional stimulants of CD1a-restricted T cells, including farnesol and coenzyme Q2. Certain general chemical features controlled response: small size, extreme hydrophobicity, and chemical constraint from rings and unsaturations. Unlike lipid antigens that protrude to form epitopes and contact TCRs, the small size of farnesol allows sequestration deeply within CD1a, where it displaces self-lipids and unmasks the CD1a surface. These studies identify molecular connections between CD1a and hypersensitivity to consumer products, defining a mechanism that could plausibly explain the many known T cell responses to oily substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nicolai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elvire A Bourgeois
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel N Cotton
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacob A Mayfield
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gwennaëlle C Monnot
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Dermatology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annemieke de Jong
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Dermatology, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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15
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Lepoittevin JP, Lafforgue C. Molecular Aspects in Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Steinritz D, Lang S, Popp T, Siegert M, Rothmiller S, Kranawetvogl A, Schmidt A, John H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Kehe K. Skin sensitizing effects of sulfur mustard and other alkylating agents in accordance to OECD guidelines. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:172-180. [PMID: 31404593 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicants cause a multitude of cutaneous reactions like erythema, blisters and ulcerations. After exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) and related compounds, patients present dermal symptoms typically known for chemicals categorized as skin sensitizer (e.g. hypersensitivity and flare-up phenomena). However, although some case reports led to the assumption that SM and other alkylating compounds represent sensitizers, a comprehensive investigation of SM-triggered immunological responses has not been conducted so far. Based on a well-structured system of in chemico and in vitro test methods, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) established procedures to categorize agents on their skin sensitizing abilities. In this study, the skin sensitizing potential of SM and three related alkylating agents (AAs) was assessed following the OECD test guidelines. Besides SM, investigated AAs were chlorambucil (CHL), nitrogen mustard (HN3) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The methods are described in detail in the EURL ECVAM DataBase service on ALternative Methods to animal experimentation (DB-ALM). In accordance to OECD recommendations, skin sensitization is a pathophysiological process starting with a molecular initiating step and ending with the in vivo outcome of an allergic contact dermatitis. This concept is called adverse outcome pathway (AOP). An AOP links an adverse outcome to various key events which can be assayed by established in chemico and in vitro test methods. Positive outcome in two out of three key events indicates that the chemical can be categorized as a skin sensitizer. In this study, key event 1 "haptenation" (covalent modification of epidermal proteins), key event 2 "activation of epidermal keratinocytes" and key event 3 "activation of dendritic cells" were investigated. Covalent modification of epidermal proteins measured by using the DPRA-assay provided distinct positive results for all tested substances. Same outcome was seen in the KeratinoSens assay, investigating the activation of epidermal keratinocytes. The h-CLAT assay performed to determine the activation of dendritic cells provided positive results for SM and CEES but not for CHL and HN3. Altogether, following OECD requirements, our results suggest the classification of all investigated substances as skin sensitizers. Finally, a tentative AOP for SM-induced skin sensitization is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Simon Lang
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Popp
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Siegert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Human Sciences, Bundeswehr University, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Kehe
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr Medical Service Academy, 80937, Munich, Germany
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17
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Pichler WJ. Immune pathomechanism and classification of drug hypersensitivity. Allergy 2019; 74:1457-1471. [PMID: 30843233 DOI: 10.1111/all.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are based on distinct mechanisms and are clinically heterogeneous. Taking into account that also off-target activities of drugs may lead to stimulations of immune or inflammatory cells, three forms of DHR were discriminated: the allergic-immune mechanism relies on the covalent binding of drugs/chemicals to proteins, which thereby form new antigens, to which a humoural and/or cellular immune response can develop. In IgE-mediated drug allergies, a possible tolerance mechanism to the drug during sensitization and the need of a covalent hapten-carrier link for initiation, but not for elicitation of IgE-mediated reactions is discussed. The p-i ("pharmacological interaction with immune receptor") concept represents an off-target activity of drugs with immune receptors (HLA or TCR), which can result in unorthodox, alloimmune-like stimulations of T cells. Some of these p-i stimulations occur only in carriers of certain HLA alleles and can result in clinically severe reactions. The third form of DHR ("pseudo-allergy") is represented by drug interactions with receptors or enzymes of inflammatory cells, which may lead to their direct activation or enhanced levels of inflammatory products. Specific IgE or T cells are not involved. This classification is based on the action of drugs and is clinically useful, as it can explain differences in sensitizations, unusual clinical symptoms, dependence on drug concentrations, predictability and immunological and pharmacological cross-reactivities in DHR.
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18
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Yordanova D, Schultz TW, Kuseva C, Tankova K, Ivanova H, Dermen I, Pavlov T, Temelkov S, Chapkanov A, Georgiev M, Gissi A, Sobanski T, Mekenyan OG. Automated and standardized workflows in the OECD QSAR Toolbox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Response to the comments of Natsch and Landsiedel on my paper “Is a combination of assays really needed for non-animal prediction of skin sensitization potential? Performance of the GARD (genomic allergen rapid detection) assay in comparison with OECD guideline assays alone and in combination.”. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 102:95-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Grundström G, Borrebaeck CAK. Skin Sensitization Testing-What's Next? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030666. [PMID: 30720708 PMCID: PMC6387141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for alternative in vitro methods to replace animal testing, and, to succeed, new methods are required to be at least as accurate as existing in vivo tests. However, skin sensitization is a complex process requiring coordinated and tightly regulated interactions between a variety of cells and molecules. Consequently, there is considerable difficulty in reproducing this level of biological complexity in vitro, and as a result the development of non-animal methods has posed a major challenge. However, with the use of a relevant biological system, the high information content of whole genome expression, and comprehensive bioinformatics, assays for most complex biological processes can be achieved. We propose that the Genomic Allergen Rapid Detection (GARD™) assay, developed to create a holistic data-driven in vitro model with high informational content, could be such an example. Based on the genomic expression of a mature human dendritic cell line and state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, GARD™ can today accurately predict skin sensitizers and correctly categorize skin sensitizing potency. Consequently, by utilizing advanced processing tools in combination with high information genomic or proteomic data, we can take the next step toward alternative methods with the same predictive accuracy as today’s in vivo methods—and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl A K Borrebaeck
- SenzaGen AB, Medicon Village, S-223 81 Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village (bldg 406), S-223 81 Lund, Sweden.
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21
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Fujita M, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe S, Sugawara T, Wakabayashi K, Tahara Y, Horie N, Fujimoto K, Kusakari K, Kurokawa Y, Kawakami T, Kojima K, Kojima H, Ono A, Katsuoka Y, Tanabe H, Yokoyama H, Kasahara T. Cause of and countermeasures for oxidation of the cysteine-derived reagent used in the amino acid derivative reactivity assay. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:191-208. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Fujita
- Fujifilm Corporation, Safety Evaluation Centre; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Fujifilm Corporation, Safety Evaluation Centre; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Lion Corporation, Human & Environmental Safety Evaluation Center; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tsunetsugu Sugawara
- Lion Corporation, Human & Environmental Safety Evaluation Center; Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - Yu Tahara
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.; Chemical Safety Department; Chiba Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Horie
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.; Environmental Health Science Laboratory; Osaka Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.; Environmental Health Science Laboratory; Osaka Japan
| | - Kei Kusakari
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Biological Research Laboratories; Saitama Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kurokawa
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Biological Research Laboratories; Saitama Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Division of Environmental Chemistry; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kohichi Kojima
- Food and Drug Safety Center; Hatano Research Institute; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Biological Safety Research Center, Division of Risk Assessment; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | | | - Hideto Tanabe
- Fujifilm Corporation, Research & Development Management Headquarters; Analysis Technology Center; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Fujifilm Corporation, Research & Development Management Headquarters; Analysis Technology Center; Kanagawa Japan
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22
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A rapid solution-based method for determining the affinity of heroin hapten-induced antibodies to heroin, its metabolites, and other opioids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3885-3903. [PMID: 29675707 PMCID: PMC5956019 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe for the first time a method that utilizes microscale thermophoresis (MST) technology to determine polyclonal antibody affinities to small molecules. Using a novel type of heterologous MST, we have accurately measured a solution-based binding affinity of serum antibodies to heroin which was previously impossible with other currently available methods. Moreover, this mismatch approach (i.e., using a cross-reactive hapten tracer) has never been reported in the literature. When compared with equilibrium dialysis combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ED-UPLC/MS/MS), this novel MST method yields similar binding affinity values for polyclonal antibodies to the major heroin metabolites 6-AM and morphine. Additionally, we herein report the method of synthesis of this novel cross-reactive hapten, MorHap-acetamide—a useful analog for the study of heroin hapten–antibody interactions. Using heterologous MST, we were able to determine the affinities, down to nanomolar accuracies, of polyclonal antibodies to various abused opioids. While optimizing this method, we further discovered that heroin is protected from serum esterase degradation by the presence of these antibodies in a concentration-dependent manner. Lastly, using affinity data for a number of structurally different opioids, we were able to dissect the moieties that are crucial to antibody binding. The novel MST method that is presented herein can be extended to the analysis of any ligand that is prone to degradation and can be applied not only to the development of vaccines to substances of abuse but also to the analysis of small molecule/protein interactions in the presence of serum. Strategy for the determination of hapten-induced antibody affinities using Microscale thermophoresis ![]()
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23
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Karlsson I, Samuelsson K, Simonsson C, Stenfeldt AL, Nilsson U, Ilag LL, Jonsson C, Karlberg AT. The Fate of a Hapten - From the Skin to Modification of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in Lymph Nodes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2895. [PMID: 29440696 PMCID: PMC5811565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin (contact) allergy, the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity in humans, is caused by low molecular weight chemicals (haptens) that penetrate stratum corneum and modify endogenous proteins. The fate of haptens after cutaneous absorption, especially what protein(s) they react with, is largely unknown. In this study the fluorescent hapten tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) was used to identify hapten-protein conjugates in the local lymph nodes after topical application, as they play a key role in activation of the adaptive immune system. TRITC interacted with dendritic cells but also with T and B cells in the lymph nodes as shown by flow cytometry. Identification of the most abundant TRITC-modified protein in lymph nodes by tandem mass spectrometry revealed TRITC-modification of the N-terminal proline of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) – an evolutionary well-conserved protein involved in cell-mediated immunity and inflammation. This is the first time a hapten-modified protein has been identified in lymph nodes after topical administration of the hapten. Most haptens are electrophiles and can therefore modify the N-terminal proline of MIF, which has an unusually reactive amino group under physiological conditions; thus, modification of MIF by haptens may have an immunomodulating role in contact allergy as well as in other immunotoxicity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristin Samuelsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Simonsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Stenfeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leopold L Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Jonsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Ferreira I, Silva A, Martins JD, Neves BM, Cruz MT. Nature and kinetics of redox imbalance triggered by respiratory and skin chemical sensitizers on the human monocytic cell line THP-1. Redox Biol 2018; 16:75-86. [PMID: 29477863 PMCID: PMC5842329 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight reactive chemicals causing skin and respiratory allergies are known to activate dendritic cells (DC), an event considered to be a key step in both pathologies. Although generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered a major danger signal responsible for DC maturation, the mechanisms leading to cellular redox imbalance remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to unveil the origin and kinetics of redox imbalance elicited by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) and trimellitic anhydride chloride (TMAC), two golden standards of skin and chemical respiratory allergy, respectively. To track this goal, we addressed the time course modifications of ROS production and cellular antioxidant defenses as well as the modulation of MAPKs signaling pathways and transcription of pathophysiological relevant genes in THP-1 cells. Our data shows that the thiol-reactive sensitizer DNFB directly reacts with cytoplasmic glutathione (GSH) causing its rapid and marked depletion which results in a general increase in ROS accumulation. In turn, TMAC, which preferentially reacts with amine groups, induces a delayed GSH depletion as a consequence of increased mitochondrial ROS production. These divergences in ROS production seem to be correlated with the different extension of intracellular signaling pathways activation and, by consequence, with distinct transcription kinetics of genes such as HMOX1, IL8, IL1B and CD86. Ultimately, our observations may help explain the distinct DC phenotype and T-cell polarizing profile triggered by skin and respiratory sensitizers. Distinctive ROS origin and kinetics elicited by skin and respiratory sensitizers. ROS production elicited by DNFB results primarily from direct GSH haptenation. Distinct expression of genes involved in DC maturation and T-cell polarizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Demétrio Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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25
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Abstract
Immunotoxicological research and testing have evolved from early studies of anaphylaxis to the robust and diverse field of immunotoxicology as we know it today. Early studies connecting immune dysfunction with exposure to exogenous agents focused on adverse reactions to immunogenic agents present in vaccines. Over time, work done by immunologists and pathologists leads to descriptions of characteristics of immunogenic agents as well as mechanisms by which anaphylaxis occurs and an understanding of the concept of immunosuppression. These myriad achievements greatly improved public health and led the field of immunotoxicology, which addresses all aspects of adverse immunological responses following exposure to exogenous agents as well as the development of testing paradigms to understand immunological responses of designed agents such as drugs and biologics.
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26
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Sullivan KM, Enoch SJ, Ezendam J, Sewald K, Roggen EL, Cochrane S. An Adverse Outcome Pathway for Sensitization of the Respiratory Tract by Low-Molecular-Weight Chemicals: Building Evidence to Support the Utility ofIn VitroandIn SilicoMethods in a Regulatory Context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristie M. Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Steven J. Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
| | - Janine Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erwin L. Roggen
- 3Rs Management & Consulting ApS (3RsMC ApS), Lyngby, Denmark
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27
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Clouet E, Kerdine-Römer S, Ferret PJ. Comparison and validation of an in vitro skin sensitization strategy using a data set of 33 chemical references. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:374-385. [PMID: 28539215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an adverse health effect that develops following repeated exposure to skin sensitizing chemicals. An animal testing ban has been applied in EU, leading to development of reliably predictive non-animal methods. Several in vitro methods have been developed as alternatives but one single non-animal test method is not been sufficient to fully address since the LLNA test ban. Here, we have selected an ITS (Integrated Testing Strategy) for skin sensitization which focuses on three in vitro methods that covered the first three steps of the AOP (DPRA, SENS-IS or h-CLAT). The aim of this study was to compare these three methods due to the WoE approach based on a 2-out-of-3-assessment. The results of 33 references were compared to in vivo data (especially human). We have shown that tested firstly DPRA and SENS-IS have permitted to conclude on 29 of 33 chemicals, whereas DPRA and h-CLAT on 25, and SENS-IS and h-CLAT on 23. With this sequence, DPRA and SENS-IS and then h-CLAT in case of equivocal results, we conclude more quickly by performing fewer tests. Thereby, we have shown that it is better to follow a preferential sequence than testing chemicals simultaneously with these three methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Clouet
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmetics Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Safety Department, Toulouse, France; UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pierre-Jacques Ferret
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmetics Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Safety Department, Toulouse, France
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28
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Elzagallaai AA, Greff M, Rieder MJ. Adverse Drug Reactions in Children: The Double-Edged Sword of Therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 101:725-735. [PMID: 28295234 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major health problem worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rates. ADRs are classified into Type A (augmented) and Type B (bizarre) ADRs, with the former group being more common and the latter less common but often severe and clinically more problematic due to their unpredictable nature and occurrence at any dose. Pediatric populations are especially vulnerable to ADRs due to the lack of data for this age group from the drug development process and because of the wide use of off-label and unlicensed use of drugs. Children are more prone to specific types of ADRs because of the level of maturity of body systems involved in absorption, metabolism, transportation, and elimination of drugs. This state-of-the-art review provides an overview of definitions, classifications, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of ADRs and discusses the available evidence for related risk factors and causes of ADRs in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Elzagallaai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mje Greff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M J Rieder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Gerberick GF. The use of peptide reactivity assays for skin sensitisation hazard identification and risk assessment. Altern Lab Anim 2017; 44:437-442. [PMID: 27805826 DOI: 10.1177/026119291604400506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years or more, investigators have been developing non-animal test methods for use in assessing the skin sensitisation potential of chemicals. In parallel with this effort, the key biological events of skin sensitisation have been well-characterised in an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The key molecular initiating event of this AOP is haptenation or covalent modification of epidermal proteins. In this review, the strengths and limitations of the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) are described, and the more recently developed Peroxidase Peptide Reactivity Assay (PPRA). The DPRA has been formally validated and incorporated into an OECD Test Guideline (TG442C). The DPRA shows promise for assisting in hazard identification as well as for assessing skin sensitisation potency when used in an integrated testing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Frank Gerberick
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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30
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Blume-Peytavi U, Tan J, Tennstedt D, Boralevi F, Fabbrocini G, Torrelo A, Soares-Oliveira R, Haftek M, Rossi AB, Thouvenin MD, Mangold J, Galliano MF, Hernandez-Pigeon H, Aries MF, Rouvrais C, Bessou-Touya S, Duplan H, Castex-Rizzi N, Mengeaud V, Ferret PJ, Clouet E, Saint Aroman M, Carrasco C, Coutanceau C, Guiraud B, Boyal S, Herman A, Delga H, Biniek K, Dauskardt R. Fragility of epidermis in newborns, children and adolescents. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30 Suppl 4:3-56. [PMID: 27062556 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Within their first days of life, newborns' skin undergoes various adaptation processes needed to accommodate the transition from the wet uterine environment to the dry atmosphere. The skin of newborns and infants is considered as a physiological fragile skin, a skin with lower resistance to aggressions. Fragile skin is divided into four categories up to its origin: physiological fragile skin (age, location), pathological fragile skin (acute and chronic), circumstantial fragile skin (due to environmental extrinsic factors or intrinsic factors such as stress) and iatrogenic fragile skin. Extensive research of the past 10 years have proven evidence that at birth albeit showing a nearly perfect appearance, newborn skin is structurally and functionally immature compared to adult skin undergoing a physiological maturation process after birth at least throughout the first year of life. This article is an overview of all known data about fragility of epidermis in 'fragile populations': newborns, children and adolescents. It includes the recent pathological, pathophysiological and clinical data about fragility of epidermis in various dermatological diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, contact dermatitis, irritative dermatitis and focus on UV protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Blume-Peytavi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Tan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Windsor campus, Windsor, ON, Canada.,Windsor Clinical Research Inc., Windsor campus, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - D Tennstedt
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Boralevi
- Pediatric Dermatology, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - G Fabbrocini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Torrelo
- Pediatric Dermatology, Hospital del Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Haftek
- University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, EA4169, "Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function", Lyon, France
| | - A B Rossi
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Department of Dermatology, Toulouse University hospital, France
| | - M D Thouvenin
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France
| | - J Mangold
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France
| | - M F Galliano
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - H Hernandez-Pigeon
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - M F Aries
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - C Rouvrais
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France
| | - S Bessou-Touya
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Medical Department, Pierre Fabre Research and Laboratoires Dermatologiques A-Derma, Lavaur, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - H Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - N Castex-Rizzi
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - V Mengeaud
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - P J Ferret
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Vigoulet-Auzil, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Developement Center, Toxicology division, Vigoulet, France
| | - E Clouet
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Vigoulet-Auzil, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Developement Center, Toxicology division, Vigoulet, France
| | | | - C Carrasco
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - C Coutanceau
- Medical Department, Pierre Fabre Research and Laboratoires Dermatologiques A-Derma, Lavaur, France
| | - B Guiraud
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France
| | - S Boyal
- Windsor Clinical Research Inc., Windsor campus, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - A Herman
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Delga
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - K Biniek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
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31
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Pichler WJ, Hausmann O. Classification of Drug Hypersensitivity into Allergic, p-i, and Pseudo-Allergic Forms. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 171:166-179. [PMID: 27960170 DOI: 10.1159/000453265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are clinically and functionally heterogeneous. Different subclassifications based on timing of symptom appearance or type of immune mechanism have been proposed. Here, we show that the mode of action of drugs leading to immune/inflammatory cell stimulation is a further decisive factor in understanding and managing DHR. Three mechanisms can be delineated: (a) some drugs have or gain the ability to bind covalently to proteins, form new antigens, and thus elicit immune reactions to hapten-carrier complexes (allergic/immune reaction); (b) a substantial part of immune-mediated DHR is due to a typical off-target activity of drugs on immune receptors like HLA and TCR (pharmacological interaction with immune receptors, p-i reactions); such p-i reactions are linked to severe DHR; and (c) symptoms of DHR can also appear if the drug stimulates or inhibits receptors or enzymes of inflammatory cells (pseudo-allergy). These three distinct ways of stimulations of immune or inflammatory cells differ substantially in clinical manifestations, time of appearance, dose dependence, predictability, and cross-reactivity, and thus need to be differentiated.
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32
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Dimitrov SD, Low LK, Patlewicz GY, Kern PS, Dimitrova GD, Comber MHI, Phillips RD, Niemela J, Bailey PT, Mekenyan OG. Skin Sensitization: Modeling Based on Skin Metabolism Simulation and Formation of Protein Conjugates. Int J Toxicol 2016; 24:189-204. [PMID: 16126613 DOI: 10.1080/10915810591000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) system for estimating skin sensitization potency has been developed that incorporates skin metabolism and considers the potential of parent chemicals and/or their activated metabolites to react with skin proteins. A training set of diverse chemicals was compiled and their skin sensitization potency assigned to one of three classes. These three classes were, significant, weak, or nonsensitizing. Because skin sensitization potential depends upon the ability of chemicals to react with skin proteins either directly or after appropriate metabolism, a metabolic simulator was constructed to mimic the enzyme activation of chemicals in the skin. This simulator contains 203 hierarchically ordered spontaneous and enzyme controlled reactions. Phase I and phase II metabolism were simulated by using 102 and 9 principal transformations, respectively. The covalent interactions of chemicals and their metabolites with skin proteins were described by 83 reactions that fall within 39 alerting groups. The SAR/QSAR system developed was able to correctly classify about 80% of the chemicals with significant sensitizing effect and 72% of nonsensitizing chemicals. For some alerting groups, three-dimensional (3D)-QSARs were developed to describe the multiplicity of physicochemical, steric, and electronic parameters. These 3D-QSARs, so-called pattern recognition-type models, were applied each time a latent alerting group was identified in a parent chemical or its generated metabolite(s). The concept of the mutual influence amongst atoms in a molecule was used to define the structural domain of the skin sensitization model. The utility of the structural model domain and the predictability of the model were evaluated using sensitization potency data for 96 chemicals not used in the model building. The TIssue MEtabolism Simulator (TIMES) software was used to integrate a skin metabolism simulator and 3D-QSARs to evaluate the reactivity of chemicals thus predicting their likely skin sensitization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabcho D Dimitrov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University Prof. As. Zlatarov, Bourgas, Bulgaria
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33
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Natsch A, Emter R. Reaction Chemistry to Characterize the Molecular Initiating Event in Skin Sensitization: A Journey to Be Continued. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:315-331. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Biosciences, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roger Emter
- Biosciences, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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34
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Abstract
Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate is the sodium salt of a mixture of cetyl and stearyl sulfate which is used as a surfactant and cleansing agent in cosmetics at concentrations ranging from ≥ 0.1 to 25.0%. The LD50 was not achieved in two studies in which rats received a single oral dose of 5.0 ml/kg. In ocular irritation tests, 20.0% aqueous Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate was not irritating to the eyes of rabbits. Twenty percent Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate was not irritating to the skin of rabbits. In a guinea pig sensitization study, Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate was not a sensitizer. Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate is less irritating to the skin than Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, whose safety test data are summarized in the report. Due to the chemical similarity of these two cosmetic ingredients, the safety test data on Sodium Lauryl Sulfate was considered to be applicable to the safety evaluation of this ingredient. On the basis of the animal and clinical data on Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate as presented in the report, it is concluded that Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the present practices of use and concentration.
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35
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Peptide reactivity associated with skin sensitization: The QSAR Toolbox and TIMES compared to the DPRA. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:194-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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36
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Dimitrov S, Detroyer A, Piroird C, Gomes C, Eilstein J, Pauloin T, Kuseva C, Ivanova H, Popova I, Karakolev Y, Ringeissen S, Mekenyan O. Accounting for data variability, a key factor inin vivo/in vitrorelationships: application to the skin sensitization potency (in vivoLLNA versusin vitroDPRA) example. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1568-1578. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dimitrov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | | | | | - C. Gomes
- L'Oreal R&I; Aulnay-sous-Bois France
| | | | | | - C. Kuseva
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | - H. Ivanova
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | - I. Popova
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | - Y. Karakolev
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | | | - O. Mekenyan
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
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37
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Yun J, Cai F, Lee FJ, Pichler WJ. T-cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity: immune mechanisms and their clinical relevance. Asia Pac Allergy 2016; 6:77-89. [PMID: 27141480 PMCID: PMC4850339 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2016.6.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity represents a significant proportion of immune mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions. In the recent years, there has been an increase in understanding the immune mechanisms behind T-cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity. According to hapten mechanism, drug specific T-cell response is stimulated by drug-protein conjugate presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as it is presented as a new antigenic determinant. On the other hand, p-i concept suggests that a drug can stimulate T cells via noncovalent direct interaction with T-cell receptor and/or peptide-MHC. The drug binding site is quite variable and this leads to several different mechanisms within p-i concept. Altered peptide repertoire can be regarded as an 'atypical' subset of p-i concept since the mode of the drug binding and the binding site are essentially identical to p-i concept. However, the intracellular binding of abacavir to HLA-B(*)57:01 additionally results in alteration in peptide repertoire. Furthermore the T-cell response to altered peptide repertoire model is only shown for abacavir and HLA-B(*)57:01 and therefore it may not be generalised to other drug hypersensitivity. Danger hypothesis has been postulated to play an important role in drug hypersensitivity by providing signal 2 but its experimental data is lacking at this point in time. Furthermore, the recently described allo-immune response suggests that danger signal may be unnecessary. Finally, in view of these new understanding, the classification and the definition of type B adverse drug reaction should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yun
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Fenfen Cai
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Frederick J Lee
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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38
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Abstract
The ability to prepare hapten-carrier conjugates reproducibly with consistent lot-to-lot hapten densities and protein yields is a critical component of hapten vaccine development. This entails the development of appropriate coupling chemistries that do not cause protein precipitation and the development of methods to quantify hapten density. Recently, extensive efforts have been devoted to design vaccines against drugs of abuse. We describe, herein, a method for conjugation of a morphine-like hapten (MorHap) to tetanus toxoid (TT), which involves conjugation of MorHap to the surface lysines of TT through the N-hydroxysuccinimide portion of a heterobifunctional linker and the subsequent attachment of the thiol on MorHap to the maleimide portion of the cross-linker. Methods are described for the analytical quantification of the hapten density of the conjugates using modified Ellman's test, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
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39
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A simple nonradioactive method for the determination of the binding affinities of antibodies induced by hapten bioconjugates for drugs of abuse. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1191-204. [PMID: 26677020 PMCID: PMC4718952 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The accurate analytical measurement of binding affinities of polyclonal antibody in sera to heroin, 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), and morphine has been a challenging task. A simple nonradioactive method that uses deuterium-labeled drug tracers and equilibrium dialysis (ED) combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) to measure the apparent dissociation constant (K d) of antibodies to 6-AM and morphine is described. The method can readily detect antibodies with K d in the low nanomolar range. Since heroin is rapidly degraded in sera, esterase inhibitors were included in the assay, greatly reducing heroin hydrolysis. MS/MS detection directly measured the heroin in the assay after overnight ED, thereby allowing the quantitation of % bound heroin in lieu of K d as an alternative measurement to assess heroin binding to polyclonal antibody sera. This is the first report that utilizes a solution-based assay to quantify heroin-antibody binding without being confounded by the presence of 6-AM and morphine and to measure K d of polyclonal antibody to 6-AM. Hapten surrogates 6-AcMorHap, 6-PrOxyHap, MorHap, DiAmHap, and DiPrOxyHap coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT) were used to generate high affinity antibodies to heroin, 6-AM, and morphine. In comparison to competition ED-UPLC/MS/MS which gave K d values in the nanomolar range, the commonly used competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values in the micromolar range. Despite the differences in K d and IC50 values, similar trends in affinities of hapten antibodies to heroin, 6-AM, and morphine were observed by both methods. Competition ED-UPLC/MS/MS revealed that among the five TT-hapten bioconjugates, TT-6-AcMorHap and TT-6-PrOxyHap induced antibodies that bound heroin, 6-AM, and morphine. In contrast, TT-MorHap induced antibodies that poorly bound heroin, while TT-DiAmHap and TT-DiPrOxyHap induced antibodies either did not bind or poorly bound to heroin, 6-AM, and morphine. This simple and nonradioactive method can be extended to other platforms, such as oxycodone, cocaine, nicotine, and methamphetamine for the selection of the lead hapten design during substance abuse vaccine development.
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40
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Identification of epitopes on HLA-DRB alleles reacting with antibodies in sera from women sensitized during pregnancy. Hum Immunol 2015; 77:214-22. [PMID: 26686763 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a HLAMatchmaker-based antibody analysis of post-pregnancy sera with antibodies against child-specific HLA-DR epitopes. These sera were reactive in IgG-binding assays with single allele bead (SAB) panels on a Luminex platform. The antibody specificity analysis focused on DRB epitopes that have been recorded in the International HLA Epitope Registry (http://www.epregistry.com.br) as experimentally verified with informative antibodies but we also considered other eplets that predict potential epitopes. The SAB panel has in several instances two or more alleles corresponding to the same serologically defined DR antigen and we selected six sera were with different reactivity patterns with DR1, DR4, DR13 and/or DR52 alleles. We demonstrate here how amino acid differences between these alleles can provide useful information in the determination of new epitope specificities of antibodies in these sera. Eight newly antibody-verified epitopes were identified including three that correspond to eplets paired with self-residue configurations. Epitope specificity information appears to be useful in the prediction of mismatch acceptability of non-SAB alleles within serological DR antigen groups.
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Pichler WJ, Adam J, Watkins S, Wuillemin N, Yun J, Yerly D. Drug Hypersensitivity: How Drugs Stimulate T Cells via Pharmacological Interaction with Immune Receptors. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 168:13-24. [DOI: 10.1159/000441280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Debeuckelaere C, Berl V, Elbayed K, Moussallieh FM, Namer IJ, Lepoittevin JP. Matrix Effect of Human Reconstructed Epidermis on the Chemoselectivity of a Skin Sensitizing α-Methylene-γ-Butyrolactone: Consequences for the Development of in Chemico Alternative Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2192-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Debeuckelaere
- Institute
of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Berl
- Institute
of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Elbayed
- Institute
of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire
des sciences de l’ingénieur, de l’informatique
et de l’imagerie (ICube), CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - François-Marie Moussallieh
- Institute
of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire
des sciences de l’ingénieur, de l’informatique
et de l’imagerie (ICube), CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Izzie-Jacques Namer
- Laboratoire
des sciences de l’ingénieur, de l’informatique
et de l’imagerie (ICube), CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - J.-P. Lepoittevin
- Institute
of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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Ulaeto DO, Hutchinson AP, Nicklin S. Sub-Nanogram Detection of RDX Explosive by Monoclonal Antibodies. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 34:225-7. [PMID: 26252765 PMCID: PMC4554551 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2015.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were raised to protein carrier molecules haptenized with RDX, a major component of many plastic explosives including Semtex. Sera from immunized mice detected RDX protein conjugates in standard ELISA. Clonally purified monoclonal antibodies had detection limits in the sub-ng/mL range for underivatized RDX in competition ELISA. The monoclonal antibodies are not dependent on the presence of taggants added during the manufacturing process, and are likely to have utility in the detection of any explosive containing RDX, or RDX contamination of environmental sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Ulaeto
- 1 Biomedical Sciences Department, Dstl Porton Down , Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen Nicklin
- 2 Detection Department, Dstl Porton Down , Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Patlewicz G, Simon TW, Rowlands JC, Budinsky RA, Becker RA. Proposing a scientific confidence framework to help support the application of adverse outcome pathways for regulatory purposes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:463-77. [PMID: 25707856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) describes the causal linkage between initial molecular events and an adverse outcome at individual or population levels. Whilst there has been considerable momentum in AOP development, far less attention has been paid to how AOPs might be practically applied for different regulatory purposes. This paper proposes a scientific confidence framework (SCF) for evaluating and applying a given AOP for different regulatory purposes ranging from prioritizing chemicals for further evaluation, to hazard prediction, and ultimately, risk assessment. The framework is illustrated using three different AOPs for several typical regulatory applications. The AOPs chosen are ones that have been recently developed and/or published, namely those for estrogenic effects, skin sensitisation, and rodent liver tumor promotion. The examples confirm how critical the data-richness of an AOP is for driving its practical application. In terms of performing risk assessment, human dosimetry methods are necessary to inform meaningful comparisons with human exposures; dosimetry is applied to effect levels based on non-testing approaches and in vitro data. Such a comparison is presented in the form of an exposure:activity ratio (EAR) to interpret biological activity in the context of exposure and to provide a basis for product stewardship and regulatory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Patlewicz
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
| | - Ted W Simon
- Ted Simon LLC, 4184 Johnston Road, Winston, GA 30187, USA
| | - J Craig Rowlands
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, 1803 Building Washington Street, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Robert A Budinsky
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, 1803 Building Washington Street, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Richard A Becker
- Regulatory and Technical Affairs Department, American Chemistry Council (ACC), Washington, DC 20002, USA
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Ouyang Q, Wang L, Mu Y, Xie XQ. Modeling skin sensitization potential of mechanistically hard-to-be-classified aniline and phenol compounds with quantum mechanistic properties. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 15:76. [PMID: 25539579 PMCID: PMC4298069 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced structure-activity relationship (SAR) modeling can be used as an alternative tool for identification of skin sensitizers and in improvement of the medical diagnosis and more effective practical measures to reduce the causative chemical exposures. It can also circumvent ethical concern of using animals in toxicological tests, and reduce time and cost. Compounds with aniline or phenol moieties represent two large classes of frequently skin sensitizing chemicals but exhibiting very variable, and difficult to predict, potency. The mechanisms of action are not well-understood. Methods A group of mechanistically hard-to-be-classified aniline and phenol chemicals were collected. An in silico model was established by statistical analysis of quantum descriptors for the determination of the relationship between their chemical structures and skin sensitization potential. The sensitization mechanisms were investigated based on the features of the established model. Then the model was utilized to analyze a subset of FDA approved drugs containing aniline and/or phenol groups for prediction of their skin sensitization potential. Results and discussion A linear discriminant model using the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (ϵHOMO) as the descriptor yielded high prediction accuracy. The contribution of ϵHOMO as a major determinant may suggest that autoxidation or free radical binding could be involved. The model was further applied to predict allergic potential of a subset of FDA approved drugs containing aniline and/or phenol moiety. The predictions imply that similar mechanisms (autoxidation or free radical binding) may also play a role in the skin sensitization caused by these drugs. Conclusions An accurate and simple quantum mechanistic model has been developed to predict the skin sensitization potential of mechanistically hard-to-be-classified aniline and phenol chemicals. The model could be useful for the skin sensitization potential predictions of a subset of FDA approved drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2050-6511-15-76) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, NIH National Center, of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Delaine T, Ponting DJ, Niklasson IB, Emter R, Hagvall L, Norrby PO, Natsch A, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Epoxyalcohols: bioactivation and conjugation required for skin sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1860-70. [PMID: 25195701 DOI: 10.1021/tx500297d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Allylic alcohols, such as geraniol 1, are easily oxidized by varying mechanisms, including the formation of both 2,3-epoxides and/or aldehydes. These epoxides, aldehydes, and epoxy-aldehydes can be interconverted to each other, and the reactivity of them all must be considered when considering the sensitization potential of the parent allylic alcohol. An in-depth study of the possible metabolites and autoxidation products of allylic alcohols is described, covering the formation, interconversion, reactivity, and sensitizing potential thereof, using a combination of in vivo, in vitro, in chemico, and in silico methods. This multimodal study, using the integration of diverse techniques to investigate the sensitization potential of a molecule, allows the identification of potential candidate(s) for the true culprit(s) in allergic responses to allylic alcohols. Overall, the sensitization potential of the investigated epoxyalcohols and unsaturated alcohols was found to derive from metabolic oxidation to the more potent aldehyde where possible. Where this is less likely, the compound remains weakly or nonsensitizing. Metabolic activation of a double bond to form a nonconjugated, nonterminal epoxide moiety is not enough to turn a nonsensitizing alcohol into a sensitizer, as such epoxides have low reactivity and low sensitizing potency. In addition, even an allylic 2,3-epoxide moiety is not necessarily a potent sensitizer, as shown for 2, where formation of the epoxide weakens the sensitization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Torres OB, Jalah R, Rice KC, Li F, Antoline JFG, Iyer MR, Jacobson AE, Boutaghou MN, Alving CR, Matyas GR. Characterization and optimization of heroin hapten-BSA conjugates: method development for the synthesis of reproducible hapten-based vaccines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5927-37. [PMID: 25084736 PMCID: PMC4156789 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A potential new treatment for drug addiction is immunization with vaccines that induce antibodies that can abrogate the addictive effects of the drug of abuse. One of the challenges in the development of a vaccine against drugs of abuse is the availability of an optimum procedure that gives reproducible and high yielding hapten-protein conjugates. In this study, a heroin/morphine surrogate hapten (MorHap) was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using maleimide-thiol chemistry. MorHap-BSA conjugates with 3, 5, 10, 15, 22, 28, and 34 haptens were obtained using different linker and hapten ratios. Using this optimized procedure, MorHap-BSA conjugates were synthesized with highly reproducible results and in high yields. The number of haptens attached to BSA was compared by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay, modified Ellman's test and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Among the three methods, MALDI-TOF MS discriminated subtle differences in hapten density. The effect of hapten density on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performance was evaluated with seven MorHap-BSA conjugates of varying hapten densities, which were used as coating antigens. The highest antibody binding was obtained with MorHap-BSA conjugates containing 3-5 haptens. This is the first report that rigorously analyzes, optimizes and characterizes the conjugation of haptens to proteins that can be used for vaccines against drugs of abuse. The effect of hapten density on the ELISA detection of antibodies against haptens demonstrates the importance of careful characterization of the hapten density by the analytical techniques described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar B. Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Fuying Li
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Joshua F. G. Antoline
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Malliga R. Iyer
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | | | - Carl R. Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
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Vojdani A, Kharrazian D, Mukherjee PS. Elevated levels of antibodies against xenobiotics in a subgroup of healthy subjects. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:383-97. [PMID: 25042713 PMCID: PMC4365752 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In spite of numerous research efforts, the exact etiology of autoimmune diseases remains largely unknown. Genetics and environmental factors, including xenobiotics, are believed to be involved in the induction of autoimmune disease. Some environmental chemicals, acting as haptens, can bind to a high-molecular-weight carrier protein such as human serum albumin (HSA), causing the immune system to misidentify self-tissue as an invader and launch an immune response against it, leading to autoimmunity. This study aimed to examine the percentage of blood samples from healthy donors in which chemical agents mounted immune challenges and produced antibodies against HSA-bound chemicals. The levels of specific antibodies against 12 different chemicals bound to HSA were measured by ELISA in serum from 400 blood donors. We found that 10% (IgG) and 17% (IgM) of tested individuals showed significant antibody elevation against aflatoxin-HSA adduct. The percentage of elevation against the other 11 chemicals ranged from 8% to 22% (IgG) and 13% to 18% (IgM). Performance of serial dilution and inhibition of the chemical–antibody reaction by specific antigens but not by non-specific antigens were indicative of the specificity of these antibodies. Although we lack information about chemical exposure in the tested individuals, detection of antibodies against various protein adducts may indicate chronic exposure to these chemical haptens in about 20% of the tested individuals. Currently the pathological significance of these antibodies in human blood is still unclear, and this protein adduct formation could be one of the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals induce autoimmune reactivity in a significant percentage of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc., 822 S. Robertson Blvd., Ste. 312, Los Angeles, CA, 90035, USA
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Silva A, Nunes C, Martins J, Dinis TCP, Lopes C, Neves B, Cruz T. Respiratory sensitizer hexamethylene diisocyanate inhibits SOD 1 and induces ERK-dependent detoxifying and maturation pathways in dendritic-like cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:238-46. [PMID: 24742817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory allergy to low-molecular-weight chemicals is a current concern in the context of occupational health, and a certified method to identify respiratory allergens is still under investigation. The aim of this work was to unveil some of the poorly understood initial molecular events and toxicity pathways underlying respiratory sensitization, which might be crucial to disclosing the key building blocks of new testing strategies and may contribute to the development of a valid in vitro method for the identification of respiratory allergens. Immortalized human dendritic cell (DC)-like THP-1 cells were exposed to the respiratory allergen hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) for 6h, and the activation of several signaling pathways was analyzed. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alterations, superoxide anion (O2(-)) production, and gene expression modulation in HDI-treated cells were also evaluated. According to our results, HDI induces O2(-) increase (P < 0.001) through enzymatic inhibition of cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase 1 (P < 0.05), which might reduce MMP, further leading to mitochondrial O2(-) production. Increased O2(-) levels promote ERK phosphorylation (approx sixfold compared to control; P < 0.001) and downstream transcriptional increase of several genes: HMOX1 (P < 0.05), involved in the protection of chemical reactive species; MDR1 (P < 0.01), responsible for the efflux of xenobiotics in the cell; and CD83 (P < 0.05), a DC maturation marker. These results raise new perspectives on the action of respiratory allergens in DCs and point out key molecular events that are crucial for the development of the so-called adverse outcome pathways, particularly regarding O2(-) increase through enzymatic inhibition, and important for ERK activation. Furthermore, our results highlight the role of ERK signaling, but not p38 MAPK, in the activation of vital mechanisms in cells exposed to a respiratory allergen, such as cell detoxification, migration, and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Nunes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa C P Dinis
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celeste Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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50
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Pirmohamed M, Drummond NS, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK. Drug hypersensitivity reactions in patients with HIV disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:395-410. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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