1
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Borta S, Popetiu R, Donath-Miklos I, Puschita M. Genetic Polymorphism of MBL 2 in Patients with Allergic Bronchial Asthma. MAEDICA 2019; 14:208-212. [PMID: 31798734 PMCID: PMC6861717 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2019.14.3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) belongs to a family of glycoproteins called lectins or collectins, which possess many of the functional features of immunoglobulins. Mannose-binding lectin is a very important component of the innate immune system, which recognizes distinct pathogens and activates the classical path of the complement-fixation method. In humans, the serum levels of collectins vary widely, and their variability is correlated with susceptibility and resistance to infection and other diseases. Recent studys show that MBL gene polymorphism is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including infectious and allergic illnesses. Our study aims to determine the role of MBL polymorphism in children diagnosed with allergic bronchial asthma, especially in acute episodes. We conclude that MBL2 gene polymorphism is associated with atopy, allergic diseases and acute respiratory tract infections with MBL deficiency in early childhood. In terms of genetic polymorphism, most of the studied alleles were type A, these being the most frequently present in the studied groups, while alleles B, C or D have been explored to a lesser extent. Studies are also required for adult patients with allergic and atopic conditions, because so far, most of the research has been done on pediatric population only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Borta
- "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Romania
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2
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Ekşi F, Pehlivan S, Erdoğan MB, Bayram A, Oğuzkan-Balcı S, Yamak B, Pehlivan M. MBL2 and MIF gene polymorphisms in cardiovascular patients with atherosclerotic lesions undergoing heart valve replacement. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1375864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fahriye Ekşi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sacide Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bilge Erdoğan
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bahçesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Bayram
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sibel Oğuzkan-Balcı
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Birol Yamak
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Park Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Pehlivan
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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3
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Fraser IP, Stuart L, Ezekowitz RAB. TLR-independent pattern recognition receptors and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519040100020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors recognize molecular patterns associated with the surfaces of microbes and apoptotic cells. These receptors act alone and in concert to bind, phagocytose, and transduce cellular signals derived from these molecular patterns. The outcome of these interactions is dependent on the nature of the ligands, and upon the nature and combination of the ligated receptors. Whereas much attention has been focused on the properties and activities of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in this process, many other pattern recognition molecules have been described. Here we review some of these non-TLR receptors and their ligands, and focus attention on the mannose binding lectin, a humoral pattern recognition molecule. In addition, we describe how recognition of apopotic cells via pattern recognition receptors appears to result in responses that differ from those elicited by microbial ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain P. Fraser
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Lynda Stuart
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R. Alan B. Ezekowitz
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bally S, Debiec H, Ponard D, Dijoud F, Rendu J, Fauré J, Ronco P, Dumestre-Perard C. Phospholipase A2 Receptor-Related Membranous Nephropathy and Mannan-Binding Lectin Deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3539-3544. [PMID: 27153925 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) have IgG4 autoantibodies against phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R). C3 and C5b-9 are found in immune deposits of IMN kidney biopsy specimens, but the pathway of complement activation in IMN remains elusive. We report the case of a patient who developed IMN with intense staining for PLA2R, IgG4, C3, C5b-9, factor B, and properdin and very weak staining for C1q, C4d, and IgG1. Measurement of mannan binding lectin (MBL) antigenic level and activity revealed MBL deficiency. Genotyping revealed a heterozygous (A/C) polymorphism in codon 57 of MBL2 exon 1 associated with homozygous and heterozygous variations in the promoter region at -550 (L/L) and -221 (X/Y), respectively, suggesting that the patient harbored the LXA/LYC haplotypes linked to MBL deficiency. Genetic sequencing in 77 consecutive patients with IMN identified four patients with MBL2 promoter and coding region variations associated with MBL deficiency and the same complement pattern in immune deposits as the index patient. In contrast, patients with wild-type MBL2 had immune deposits with intense Cd4 staining. Thus, IMN can develop in patients with complete MBL deficiency, with complement activated mainly by the alternative pathway, whereas the lectin pathway is also activated in those with wild-type MBL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bally
- Service de Néphrologie Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Métropole Savoie, Chambery, France;
| | - Hanna Debiec
- Sorbonne Universités, Universitè Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 06, Paris, France; .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S1155, Paris, France
| | - Denise Ponard
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitalier de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - John Rendu
- Département de Biochimie Pharmacologie, Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Université de Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France; and
| | - Julien Fauré
- Département de Biochimie Pharmacologie, Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Université de Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France; and
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Sorbonne Universités, Universitè Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 06, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S1155, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Néphrologie et Dialyses, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Dumestre-Perard
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitalier de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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Huang Q, Shang G, Deng H, Liu J, Mei Y, Xu Y. High Mannose-Binding Lectin Serum Levels Are Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130665. [PMID: 26136138 PMCID: PMC4489651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate mannose-binding lectin (MBL) serum levels in type 2 diabetic patients with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS Serum MBL levels were determined in type 2 diabetic patients (N=324) as well as in 300 healthy control Subjects. Multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression models. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) was used to test the overall predict accuracy of MBL and other markers. RESULTS Diabetic patients with DR and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) had significantly higher MBL levels on admission (P<0.0001 and P<0.0001). MBL improved the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the diabetes duration for DRfrom 0.82(95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-0.86) to 0.88(95% CI, 0.82-0.96; P<0.01) and for VDTR from 0.85(95% CI, 0.77-0.92) to 0.90(95% CI, 0.83-0.96; P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for common risk factors showed that serum MBL levels(per log-unit increase) was an independent predictor of DR (OR=3.45; 95%CI: 1.42-7.05) and VTDR (OR=4.42; 95%CI: 1.51-8.18). CONCLUSION MBL is a novel, independent diagnostic marker of DR in type 2 diabetic patients, suggesting that MBL may be involved in the pathogenesis of DR in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province, P. R. China
| | - Guilian Shang
- Department of Rheumatology, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Scienceand Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, P.R. China
| | - Haohua Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province, P. R. China
| | - Yan Mei
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province, P.R. China
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Geng P, Ding Y, Qiu L, Lu Y. Serum mannose-binding lectin is a strong biomarker of diabetic retinopathy in chinese patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:868-75. [PMID: 25758771 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation and complement activation initiated by mannose-binding lectin (MBL) may be implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. We investigated serum MBL levels in patients with diabetes with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Serum MBL levels were determined in 348 patients with diabetes and in 100 healthy control subjects. The prediction value of MBL was compared with diabetes duration, hs-CRP, and other known predictors. Multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression models. RESULTS MBL levels on admission were significantly increased in patients with diabetes with DR (P < 0.0001) and vision-threatening DR (VTDR; P < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for common indictors showed that serum MBL levels ≥3,385 μg/L were an independent predictor of DR (odds ratio [OR] 3.14, 95% CI 1.77-5.57) and VTDR (OR 7.83, 95% CI 3.35-18.31). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of MBL was 0.81 (95% CI 0.76-0.86) for DR and 0.84 (95% CI 0.74-0.93) for VTDR. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated that MBL appears to be an independent biomarker for DR in the Chinese population, suggesting a possible role of MBL in the pathogenesis of DR complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Geng
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Division of Internal Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China Center of Therapeutic Research for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Beijing Military Area Command, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Area Command, Beijing, China
| | - Yinying Lu
- Center of Therapeutic Research for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Beurel E. A Primer on Inflammation for Psychiatrists. Psychiatr Ann 2015. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20150501-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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von Toerne C, Kahle M, Schäfer A, Ispiryan R, Blindert M, Hrabe De Angelis M, Neschen S, Ueffing M, Hauck SM. Apoe, Mbl2, and Psp Plasma Protein Levels Correlate with Diabetic Phenotype in NZO Mice—An Optimized Rapid Workflow for SRM-Based Quantification. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1331-43. [DOI: 10.1021/pr3009836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute
for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Araújo MS, Graça ES, Azevedo VN, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Machado LFA, Ishak MO, Ishak R, Vallinoto AC. No evidence of association between MBL2A/O polymorphisms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in populations from the Brazilian Amazon region. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:82-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Elkind MSV. Infectious burden: a new risk factor and treatment target for atherosclerosis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2011; 10:84-90. [PMID: 20166973 DOI: 10.2174/187152610790963519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process, and several common bacterial and viral infections have been hypothesized to contribute to the inflammation of the vascular wall that leads to atherosclerosis. More recently, investigators have found preliminary evidence that the aggregate burden of these chronic infections, rather than any single organism, may contribute to atherosclerosis and risk of clinical vascular events, including ischemic stroke. This aggregate burden of infections, which has been variably labeled "infectious burden" or "pathogen burden," may be associated with stroke through mechanisms independent of atherosclerosis, as well, including platelet aggregation and endothelial dysfunction. Host factors, moreover, may interact with infectious burden to modify the risk of disease associated with these infections. Currently there is no commonly accepted group of organisms or method of assessing infectious burden, and not all studies confirm an association of infection and stroke risk. Nonetheless, if infectious burden does play a role in atherosclerosis or stroke, it is plausible that preventive anti-infective treatment, such as vaccination, or antibiotics, would reduce the risk of incident or recurrent stroke. While influenza vaccination has been recommended to prevent recurrence among those with coronary disease, similar recommendations for stroke patients have not yet been made. Large scale randomized clinical trials of macrolide antibiotics for coronary patients, moreover, have been negative. Further studies are needed, however, to determine whether an association between infectious burden and stroke exists, and whether infectious burden may be a target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S V Elkind
- Neurological Institute, 710 West 168th Street, Box 182, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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11
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Fortpied J, Vertommen D, Van Schaftingen E. Binding of mannose-binding lectin to fructosamines: a potential link between hyperglycaemia and complement activation in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:254-60. [PMID: 20503257 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement activation via the MBL pathway has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. As protein glycation is increased in diabetes, we tested the possibility that the glycation product fructoselysine is a ligand for MBL and that its interaction with this protein may initiate complement activation. METHODS We investigated the binding of MBL to fructoselysine by chromatography of human serum on fructoselysine-Sepharose, followed by Western blot and mass spectrometry analysis. We also performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using purified MBL and fructoselysine-derivatized (binding assay) or mannan-coated plates (inhibition assay). Complement activation was determined by the fixation of C3d following incubation of fructoselysine-derivatized plates with serum from subjects with different levels of MBL. RESULTS MBL and its associated proteases were selectively purified from serum by chromatography on fructoselysine-Sepharose. Competition experiments indicated that MBL had a similar affinity for mannose, fructose and fructoselysine. MBL bound, in a highly cooperative manner, to fructoselysine-derivatized plates. This binding was associated with complement activation and was much lower with serum from subjects with low-MBL genotypes. CONCLUSIONS MBL binding to fructoselysine and the ensuing complement activation may provide a physiopathological link between enhanced glycation and complement activation in diabetes. The cooperative character of this binding may explain the high sensitivity of diabetic complications to hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Fortpied
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Dossou-Yovo OP, Zaccaria I, Benkerrou M, Hauchecorne M, Alberti C, Rahimy MC, Elion J, Lapoumeroulie C. Effects of RANTES and MBL2 gene polymorphisms in sickle cell disease clinical outcomes: association of the g.In1.1T>C RANTES variant with protection against infections. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:378-80. [PMID: 19425063 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Best LG, Ferrell RE, Decroo S, North KE, Maccluer JW, Zhang Y, Lee ET, Howard BV, Umans J, Palmieri V, Garred P. Genetic and other factors determining mannose-binding lectin levels in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:5. [PMID: 19161617 PMCID: PMC2637849 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) forms an integral part of the innate immune system. Persistent, subclinical infections and chronic inflammatory states are hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. MBL gene (MBL2) variants with between 12 to 25% allele frequency in Caucasian and other populations, result in markedly reduced expression of functional protein. Prospective epidemiologic studies, including a nested, case-control study from the present population, have demonstrated the ability of MBL2 genotypes to predict complications of atherosclerosis,. The genetic control of MBL2 expression is complex and genetic background effects in specific populations are largely unknown. Methods The Strong Heart Study is a longitudinal, cohort study of cardiovascular disease among American Indians. A subset of individuals genotyped for the above mentioned case-control study were selected for analysis of circulating MBL levels by double sandwich ELISA method. Mean MBL levels were compared between genotypic groups and multivariate regression was used to determine other independent factors influencing MBL2 expression. Results Our results confirm the effects of variant structural (B, C, and D) and promoter (H and Y) alleles that have been seen in other populations. In addition, MBL levels were found to be positively associated with male gender and hemoglobin A1c levels, but inversely related to triglyceride levels. Correlation was not found between MBL and other markers of inflammation. Conclusion New data is presented concerning the effects of known genetic variants on MBL levels in an American Indian population, as well as the relationship of MBL2 expression to clinical and environmental factors, including inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle G Best
- Missouri Breaks Industries Research Inc, Timber Lake, SD, USA.
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14
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Abstract
R. L. Stevenson's novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a prominent example of Victorian fiction. The names Jekyll and Hyde have become synonymous with multiple personality disorder. This article seeks to examine the novel from the view point of dualism as a system of philosophy and as a religious framework and also from the view point of Freud's structural theory of the mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubh M Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh - 160 012, India
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15
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Worrall BB, Degraba TJ. The genetics of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 11:220-9. [PMID: 17903880 DOI: 10.1053/jscd.2002.129600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke attributable to atherosclerosis remains a major public health problem. Genetic factors are increasingly recognized as influencing risk for atherosclerosis directly and indirectly. Genetic makeup may influence the development of major vascular risk factors or alter susceptibility of the cerebral vasculature to these risk factors. More recently, newly identified risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as plasma homocysteine and infection, have also been reported to be influenced by important genetic determinants. This article reviews the current nature on genetics of cerebral and precerebral atherosclerosis and seeks to identify areas of promise for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford B Worrall
- University of Virginia Department of Neurology, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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16
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Meschia JF, Worrall BB. New advances in identifying genetic anomalies in stroke-prone probands. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004; 4:420-6. [PMID: 15324609 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-004-0090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The past several years have been marked by significant progress in identifying genetic anomalies in stroke-prone probands. These advances have occurred in both highly penetrant single-gene disorders and in common stroke, which is influenced by risk/susceptibility genes. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) can be challenging to diagnose because of the wide range of notch 3 mutations that can cause disease, but a new immunohistochemical technique using a skin biopsy sample appears to be highly sensitive and specific. In a landmark Icelandic study, linkage was established between stroke and a locus on chromosome 5q12 designated STRK1. Association studies continue to identify polymorphisms that predispose to stroke and to markers for cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, such as intima-media thickness. Intense interest now surrounds genes involved in inflammation, including genes that encode for the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and paraoxonase-1. In the foreseeable future, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment will incorporate genetic data to refine and individualize management of cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Meschia
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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17
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Hansen TK, Tarnow L, Thiel S, Steffensen R, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk CG, Parving HH, Flyvbjerg A. Association between mannose-binding lectin and vascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 53:1570-6. [PMID: 15161763 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation and inflammation have been suggested in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular lesions. We investigated serum mannose-binding lectin (MBL) levels and polymorphisms in the MBL gene in type 1 diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy and associated macrovascular complications. Polymorphisms in the MBL gene and serum MBL levels were determined in 199 type 1 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy and 192 type 1 diabetic patients with persistent normoalbuminuria matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes, as well as in 100 healthy control subjects. The frequencies of high- and low-expression MBL genotypes were similar in patients with type 1 diabetic and healthy control subjects. High MBL genotypes were significantly more frequent in diabetic patients with nephropathy than in the normoalbuminuric group, and the risk of having nephropathy given a high MBL genotype assessed by odds ratio (OR) was 1.52 (1.02-2.27, P = 0.04). Median serum MBL concentrations were significantly higher in patients with nephropathy than in patients with normoalbuminuria: 2,306 microg/l (interquartile range [IQR] 753-4,867 microg/l) vs. 1,491 microg/l (577-2,944 microg/l), P = 0.0003. In addition, even when comparing patients with identical genotypes, serum MBL levels were higher in the nephropathy group than in the normoalbuminuric group. Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease had significantly elevated MBL levels independent of nephropathy status (3,178 microg/l [IQR 636-5,231 microg/l] vs. 1,741 microg/l [656-3,149 microg/l], P = 0.02). The differences in MBL levels between patients with and without vascular complications were driven primarily by pronounced differences among carriers of high MBL genotypes (P < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that MBL may be involved in the pathogenesis of micro- and macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetes, and that determination of MBL status might be used to identify patients at increased risk of developing these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels K Hansen
- Immunoendocrine Research Unit, Medical Department M (Endocrinology & Diabetes), Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 42-44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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18
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Meschia JF, Worrall BB. New advances in identifying genetic anomalies in stroke-prone probands. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003; 5:317-23. [PMID: 12793973 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-003-0055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The past several years have been marked by significant progress in identifying genetic anomalies in stroke-prone probands. These advances have occurred in both highly penetrant single-gene disorders and in common stroke, which is influenced by risk/susceptibility genes. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) can be challenging to diagnose because of the wide range of notch 3 mutations that can cause disease, but a new immunohistochemical technique using a skin biopsy sample appears to be highly sensitive and specific. In a landmark Icelandic study, linkage was established between stroke and a locus on chromosome 5q12 designated STRK1. Association studies continue to identify polymorphisms that predispose to stroke and to markers for cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, such as intima-media thickness. Intense interest now surrounds genes involved in inflammation, including genes that encode for the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and paraoxonase-1. In the foreseeable future, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment will incorporate genetic data to refine and individualize management of cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Meschia
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The ability to recognize infectious agents from self is intrinsic to innate immunity. One basic tenet of innate immunity is the evolution of classes of molecules that are termed "pattern-recognition" receptors and molecules. Many pattern-recognition molecules conspire together to protect the host in the first minutes and hours after exposure to an infectious challenge. The mannose-binding lectin (MBL; also termed "mannose-binding protein") is a prototypic pattern-recognition molecule that appears to play a role as an "ante-antibody" in first line host defense. The serum levels of the human MBL are regulated in serum so that any one person will display a phenotype of low, intermediate, or high levels. There appears to be a relationship between circulating MBL and susceptibility and resistance to infection. MBL levels also appear to be regulated by distinct haplotypes. Thus, the question to be answered is what constitutes the innate immunity haplotype in any individual and how does this impact on the relationship between the host and infectious agents?
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Ezekowitz
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Spence
- Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Takahashi K, Gordon J, Liu H, Sastry KN, Epstein JE, Motwani M, Laursen I, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, Carroll M, Ezekowitz RAB. Lack of mannose-binding lectin-A enhances survival in a mouse model of acute septic peritonitis. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:773-84. [PMID: 12270724 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mannose-binding lectin (MBL) (also known as the mannose-binding protein) is a serum protein that plays a role as an "ante-antibody" in innate immunity. In man, MBL is encoded by a single gene, whereas in mice there are two homologous proteins, MBL-A and MBL-C. In order to evaluate the relative roles of these two forms of MBL, we created MBL-A null mice that were MBL-C sufficient. We found MBL-A null mice had enhanced survival in a septic peritonitis model compared to wild-type mice and complement 3 null mice at 24 h, 48 h and 10 d (P < 0.05). Reconstitution of these mice with human MBL reversed the phenotype. Surviving mice had significantly decreased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels in the blood and peritoneal cavity (P < 0.01). In vitro studies indicate that bacteria opsonized with MBL-A-deficient serum induced significantly less cytokine by peritoneal macrophages compared to those with wild-type serum. Our results indicate that MBL-A is a modulator of inflammation in vivo and in vitro in the mouse and that the role of MBL may extend beyond its role as an opsonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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22
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Albert MA, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Plasma levels of cystatin-C and mannose binding protein are not associated with risk of developing systemic atherosclerosis. Vasc Med 2002; 6:145-9. [PMID: 11789968 DOI: 10.1177/1358836x0100600304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin-C, a cysteine protease inhibitor, and mannose binding lectin, an innate defense protein involved in microbial clearance, have both been hypothesized to mediate atherosclerotic plaque progression. Prospective data evaluating whether levels of these proteins are associated with incident cardiovascular disease are sparse. Employing a prospective, nested, case-control study design, baseline levels of cystatin-C and mannose binding protein were evaluated among 133 apparently healthy men who subsequently developed symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (cases) and among 133 age- and smoking-matched controls who remained free of reported vascular disease during 5 years of follow-up. Overall, median baseline levels of cystatin-C were virtually identical among case and control subjects (0.83 mg/l, p = 0.84), whereas median baseline levels of mannose binding protein among cases and controls were 2.32 mg/l and 2.20 mg/l respectively (p = 0.69). No evidence of association was found between either cystatin-C or mannose binding protein and the development of peripheral arterial disease in analyses evaluating for linear trends or for threshold effects (all p-values > 0.05). In contrast with prior retrospective and cross-sectional studies, no evidence was found that baseline levels of cystatin-C or mannose binding protein are associated with an increased risk of future arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Albert
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Sayers EW, Prestegard JH. Conformation of a trimannoside bound to mannose-binding protein by nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics simulations. Biophys J 2002; 82:2683-99. [PMID: 11964255 PMCID: PMC1302057 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A model of the carbohydrate recognition domain of the serum form of mannose-binding protein (MBP) from rat complexed with methyl 3,6-di-O-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside is presented. Allowed conformations for the bound sugar were derived from simulated annealing protocols incorporating distance restraints computed from transferred NOESY spectra. The resulting sugar conformations were then modeled into the MBP binding site, and these models of the complex were refined using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the presence of solvent water. These studies indicate that only one of the two major conformations of the alpha(1-->6) linkage found in solution is significantly populated in the bound state (omega = 60 degrees ), whereas the alpha(1-->3) linkage samples at least two states, similar to its behavior in free solution. The bound conformation allows direct hydrogen bonds to form between the sugar and K182 of MBP, in addition to other water-mediated hydrogen bonds. Estimates of binding constants of candidate complexes based on changes in solvent-accessible surface areas upon binding support the NMR and MD results. These estimates further suggest that the enthalpic gains of the additional sugar-MBP interactions in a trisaccharide as opposed to a monosaccharide are offset by entropic penalties, offering an explanation for previous binding data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Sayers
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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24
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Spence JD. Ultrasound measurement of carotid plaque as a surrogate outcome for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89:10B-15B; discussion 15B-16B. [PMID: 11879661 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(01)02327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intima-media thickness (IMT) is commonly used as a surrogate marker for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, use of this parameter is a problem because (1) it assumes uniform thickness throughout the blood vessel, and (2) it detects changes primarily in the media, whereas atherosclerosis is a focal phenomenon that is confined to the intima. As an alternative to IMT, we have investigated the use of ultrasound measurements of plaque area and plaque volume as surrogate outcomes for CAD. Plaque area is a sensitive predictor of coronary disease progression and is closely associated with CAD. Clinical studies have shown that the sample size needed to detect atherosclerosis progression is sufficiently small to make this a useful assessment in clinical trials. Plaque volume, as measured by 3-dimensional ultrasound, may offer an even better means of assessing atherosclerosis. Plaque volume assessments are highly accurate and the data can be saved on a compact disc for central reading. Because of the high degree of accuracy and the increased size of plaque volume relative to plaque area or IMT, it is likely that only a small sample size will be required to detect clinically meaningful differences in plaque volume in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Spence
- Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Abstract
Explosion of knowledge both in human genomics and in host inflammatory response explains the increasing interest in infectious disease genetics over the last 5 years. However, twin and adoptee studies have suggested more than 15 years ago, that host genetic factors are major determinants of susceptibility to infectious diseases in humans. Recently, candidate gene studies (association studies) and human genomewide analysis have been used to identify infectious diseases susceptibility and resistance genes. Rarely, a single gene defect has been directly related to devastating consequences such as interferon-gamma receptor mutations leading to fatal infections with ubiquitous mycobacteria. For clinical practice, gene polymorphisms of specific host immune defence elements appear to be of major importance. These genetic variants, which modify the regulation or function of the mediators, have been associated with susceptibility and/or outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock. All steps of the host response to bacteria may be affected by genetic factors. For example, Fc gamma receptor, Toll like receptor or mannose binding protein mutations have been shown to modify the detection of pathogens leading to pneumococcal severe infections, Gram-negative bacteria septic shock, and meningococcal disease, respectively. Polymorphisms of cytokine genes (TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, IL-1-ra) have been reported to influence the level of secreted mediators and to unbalance the inflammatory cascade. Coagulation response to sepsis may also be affected by gene variants such as the plaminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) common functional polymorphism which increases the risk of death from meningococcal infection or severe trauma. The impact of these findings on the understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis and on the design of future preventive and therapeutic strategies should be considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charpentier
- Service de réanimation médicale, Institut Cochin de génétique moléculaire, Centre hospitalier universitaire Cochin Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, 27, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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Hegele RA, Busch CP, Young TK, Connelly PW, Cao H. Mannose-binding Lectin Gene Variation and Cardiovascular Disease in Canadian Inuit. Clin Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/45.8.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
| | - Christopher P Busch
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
| | - T Kue Young
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E OW2
| | - Philip W Connelly
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, St. Michael’s Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1A6
| | - Henian Cao
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
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27
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Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Snow K, Ten RM. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency. Variant alleles in a midwestern population of the United States. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 82:134-8, 141; quiz 142-3. [PMID: 10071515 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe a method for the genotype analysis of mutations in the gene encoding mannose binding lectin (MBL), study the incidence of MBL gene mutations in a population of the Midwest of the United States, and compare it with previous reports in other populations. The objective of this report is also an extensive review of the literature to analyze the importance of MBL deficiency in human disease. DATA SOURCES Blood samples were obtained from the blood bank of the Mayo Clinic. They represented a population of blood donors living in the Midwest of the United States. A review of the literature was performed by selection of articles from Medline database. STUDY SELECTION Blood samples, 148, were randomly selected from a pool of blood donors. They included both females and males. Blood donors had been previously screened by a questionnaire and were found to be generally healthy. For the literature review, articles containing original data on MBL in humans were selected. RESULTS Forty-five (30.4%) of the analyzed blood donors carried one variant allele, while 8 donors (5.4%) showed homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for MBL gene mutations. Allele frequency for the different MBL variants is provided. Our results are similar to those reported for the Danish population. Literature review provides evidence for a significant role of MBL deficiency in the innate immunity. The incidence of MBL mutations is higher among patients with recurrent infections and autoimmune disorders. CONCLUSIONS Mannose binding lectin deficiency has a definite role in the pathogenesis of primary immunodeficiency in humans and screening patients with recurrent infections and autoimmunity might be beneficial. The significance of MBL deficiency among apparently healthy blood donors remains to be determined.
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Dushay MS, Eldon ED. Drosophila immune responses as models for human immunity. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:10-4. [PMID: 9443887 PMCID: PMC1376818 DOI: 10.1086/301694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M S Dushay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA
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