1
|
Labbé AC, Bualombai P, Pillai DR, Zhong KJY, Vanisaveth V, Hongvanthong B, Looareesuwan S, Kain KC. Molecular markers for chloroquine-resistantPlasmodium falciparummalaria in Thailand and Laos. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
2
|
Awasthi G, Das A. Genetics of chloroquine-resistant malaria: a haplotypic view. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 108:947-61. [PMID: 24402147 PMCID: PMC4005552 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and rapid spread of chloroquine resistance (CQR) in
Plasmodium falciparum have triggered the identification of
several genetic target(s) in the P. falciparum genome. In
particular, mutations in the Pfcrt gene, specifically, K76T and
mutations in three other amino acids in the region adjoining K76 (residues 72, 74, 75
and 76), are considered to be highly related to CQR. These various mutations form
several different haplotypes and Pfcrt gene polymorphisms and the
global distribution of the different CQR- Pfcrt haplotypes in
endemic and non-endemic regions of P. falciparum malaria have been
the subject of extensive study. Despite the fact that the Pfcrt gene
is considered to be the primary CQR gene in P. falciparum , several
studies have suggested that this may not be the case. Furthermore, there is a poor
correlation between the evolutionary implications of the Pfcrt
haplotypes and the inferred migration of CQR P. falciparum based on
CQR epidemiological surveillance data. The present paper aims to clarify the existing
knowledge on the genetic basis of the different CQR- Pfcrt
haplotypes that are prevalent in worldwide populations based on the published
literature and to analyse the data to generate hypotheses on the genetics and
evolution of CQR malaria.
Collapse
|
3
|
Malaria parasite genome scan: insights into antimalarial resistance. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:495-9. [PMID: 20499094 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Genome scan and genotype-phenotype association study offer excellent opportunities to unearth drug/vaccine targets in human pathogens including malaria parasites. A recently conducted such study in worldwide isolates in the most devastating malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has reported important genomic information on genetic basis of antimalarial resistance. Several unknown genes were also found to be under strong influence of natural selection. The findings provide important insights into the malaria parasite genome evolution in general and to use this information to develop more focused malaria control strategies, in particular.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cojean S, Noël A, Garnier D, Hubert V, Le Bras J, Durand R. Lack of association between putative transporter gene polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum and chloroquine resistance in imported malaria isolates from Africa. Malar J 2006; 5:24. [PMID: 16569231 PMCID: PMC1448192 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance represents a major health problem in malaria endemic countries. The mechanisms of resistance are not fully elucidated. Recently, an association between putative transporter gene polymorphisms and in vitro response to chloroquine (CQ) and quinine has been reported in culture-adapted, cloned isolates from various geographical origins. However, this was not confirmed in another study performed on isolates from a defined region in Thailand. Methods This study tried to find an association between putative transporters gene polymorphisms with in vitro response to CQ and pfcrt genotype in isolates originating from various African countries. To avoid biases of parasites adaptation in culture, fresh isolates obtained from symptomatic, malaria-infected travellers returning from Africa to France were used. Monoclonal isolates included in the study were selected using a msp-2 fragment analysis method. In vitro susceptibility to CQ, single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellite polymorphisms in pfcrt, pfmdr1 and six putative transporter genes were established in 27 isolates and three reference strains. Results Polymorphism of pfcrt at positions 76 and 220 showed a significant association with in vitro chloroquine resistance (P < .02 and P < .05 respectively). Polymorphism of pfmdr1 at position 86 showed an equally significant association with in vitro chloroquine response (P < .05). No association was found between SNPs or microsatellite polymorphisms of putative transporter genes and in vitro CQR or pfcrt genotype in imported malaria isolates from Africa. Conclusion The previously described association between putative transporter gene polymorphisms and in vitro response to chloroquine (CQ) was not confirmed in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Cojean
- Centre National de Référence pour la Chimiosensibilité du Paludisme, APHP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Animale et Parasitaire, Université Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Alain Noël
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Hôpital Avicenne, 125 rue de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny Cedex, and Université Paris 13, EA 3406, Bobigny, France
| | - Dimitri Garnier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Hôpital Avicenne, 125 rue de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny Cedex, and Université Paris 13, EA 3406, Bobigny, France
| | - Véronique Hubert
- Centre National de Référence pour la Chimiosensibilité du Paludisme, APHP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Le Bras
- Centre National de Référence pour la Chimiosensibilité du Paludisme, APHP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Animale et Parasitaire, Université Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Hôpital Avicenne, 125 rue de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny Cedex, and Université Paris 13, EA 3406, Bobigny, France
| | - Rémy Durand
- Centre National de Référence pour la Chimiosensibilité du Paludisme, APHP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Hôpital Avicenne, 125 rue de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny Cedex, and Université Paris 13, EA 3406, Bobigny, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cooper RA, Papakrivos J, Lane KD, Fujioka H, Lingelbach K, Wellems TE. PfCG2, a Plasmodium falciparum protein peripherally associated with the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane, is expressed in the period of maximum hemoglobin uptake and digestion by trophozoites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 144:167-76. [PMID: 16183150 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 07/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A Plasmodium falciparum gene closely linked to the chloroquine resistance locus encodes PfCG2, a predicted 320-330kDa protein. In the parasitized erythrocyte, PfCG2 expression rises sharply in the trophozoite stage and is detected in electron-dense patches along the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM), in the cytoplasm and in the digestive vacuole (DV). Results of extraction and partitioning experiments show that PfCG2 is a peripheral membrane protein. Exposure of trophozoite-infected erythrocytes to trypsin-containing buffer after streptolysin O permeabilization indicates that PfCG2 is exposed to the erythrocyte cytosol at the outer face of the PVM. PfCG2 is highly susceptible to hydrolysis by aspartic and cysteine proteases and shows dose-dependent accumulation in the presence of protease inhibitors. These results suggest that PfCG2 is delivered from the outside face of the PVM to the DV, where it is broken down by parasite proteases. PfCG2 interacts with erythrocyte cytoplasm and may be associated with processes of hemoglobin uptake and digestion by erythrocytic-stage parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland A Cooper
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Twinbrook III, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
González IJ, Varela RE, Murillo C, Ferro BE, Salas J, Giraldo LE, Zalis MG, Saravia NG. Polymorphisms in cg2 and pfcrt genes and resistance to chloroquine and other antimalarials in vitro in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Colombia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 97:318-24. [PMID: 15228252 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(03)90160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum cg2 and pfcrt genes and their association with chloroquine resistance in vitro in Colombian parasites were evaluated in this study. Association of chloroquine resistance with resistance to other antimalarial drugs in vitro was also examined. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) for kappa and omega cg2 regions and nested PCR and digestion with ApoI enzyme for K-76T pfcrt point mutation defined corresponding polymorphisms in 83 samples collected between 1995 and 1999. The isotopic microtest was used to evaluate sensitivity in vitro in a subgroup of 18 isolates. The predominant cg2 pattern observed was 13K/14omega repeats (46/83 [55.4%]) and all samples presented the K-76T mutant allele. Seventy-eight percent of samples were resistant to chloroquine in vitro, 35.3% to amodiaquine, 16.7% to mefloquine, and 5.6% to quinine. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between the IC50s of chloroquine and arteether, and among IC50s of arteether, mefloquine, and quinine. These results suggest the development of multiple and cross-resistance of Colombian P. falciparum isolates to second- and third-line antimalarials and new alternative drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iveth J González
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Avenida IN # 3-03, Cali, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Basco LK, Ringwald P. Point mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum cg2 gene, polymorphism of the kappa repeat region, and their relationship with chloroquine resistance. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95:309-14. [PMID: 11499408 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(01)90247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the available DNA sequence data of the Plasmodium falciparum cg2 gene, we have hypothesized that 3 amino-acid substitutions, His275Gln, Gly281Ala, and His299Gln, may represent the key mutations that confer resistance to chloroquine. The presence of 14 tandemly repeated hexamer units in the kappa region has also been suggested to be indicative of chloroquine resistance. These 2 hypotheses were tested by determining the sequence of DNA fragments containing all 3 codons and kappa repetitive region (approximately 450-basepairs) for 53 randomly selected clinical isolates (obtained in Cameroon in 1994-97) with known response in vivo and/or in vitro to chloroquine. The cg2 genotypes based on the 3 codons and the response in vitro to chloroquine, as well as the number of kappa repeat units and responses in vivo and in vitro to chloroquine, were associated (P < 0.05). cg2 gene mutations were more common in parasites from patients with failure in vivo. However, this difference did not achieve statistical significance (P = 0.055). The sensitivity and specificity of the 3 codons and kappa repeat region to predict the response in vitro to chloroquine ranged between 75% and 85%. The sensitivity and specificity of these genetic markers to predict the response in vivo to chloroquine were of lower values. The kappa repeat region of the clinical isolates is polymorphic but characterized by several conserved features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L K Basco
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
For 40 years scientists have hotly debated the questions of how chloroquine kills malarial parasites and how resistance to this once first-line antimalarial drug has evolved. While an end to these debates is not in sight, as a result of the complexity of the subject, new findings have come forward that give the discussion a new direction. In this paper we will summarize current knowledge on chloroquine's antimalarial mode of action and the genesis of the resistant phenotype in the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, with special emphasis on the most recent developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Abteilung Parasitologie, Hygiene Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Cooper RA, Su X, Talley AK, Wellems TE. Allelic modifications of the cg2 and cg1 genes do not alter the chloroquine response of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2000; 110:1-10. [PMID: 10989140 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(00)00249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determinant of chloroquine resistance (CQR) in a Plasmodium falciparum cross was previously mapped by linkage analysis to a 36 kb segment of chromosome 7. Candidate genes within this segment have been previously shown to include two genes, cg2 and cg1, that have complex polymorphisms linked to the CQR phenotype. Using DNA transfection and allelic exchange, we have replaced these polymorphisms in CQR parasites with cg2 and cg1 sequences from chloroquine sensitive parasites. Drug assays of the allelically-modified lines show no change in the degree of CQR, providing evidence against the hypothesis that these polymorphisms are important to the CQR phenotype. Similarly, no change was found in the degree to which verapamil or other chloroquine sensitizers reverse CQR in the transformants. These results and the high though not complete degree of association of CQR with cg2 and cg1 polymorphisms in field isolates suggest involvement of another nearby gene in the P. falciparum CQR mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Fidock
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive MSC 0425, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|