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Gale J, Aizenman E. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of copper in the nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3505-3543. [PMID: 38747014 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Copper is a critical trace element in biological systems due the vast number of essential enzymes that require the metal as a cofactor, including cytochrome c oxidase, superoxide dismutase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Due its key role in oxidative metabolism, antioxidant defence and neurotransmitter synthesis, copper is particularly important for neuronal development and proper neuronal function. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that copper also serves important functions in synaptic and network activity, the regulation of circadian rhythms, and arousal. However, it is important to note that because of copper's ability to redox cycle and generate reactive species, cellular levels of the metal must be tightly regulated to meet cellular needs while avoiding copper-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, it is essential that the intricate system of copper transporters, exporters, copper chaperones and copper trafficking proteins function properly and in coordinate fashion. Indeed, disorders of copper metabolism such as Menkes disease and Wilson disease, as well as diseases linked to dysfunction of copper-requiring enzymes, such as SOD1-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, demonstrate the dramatic neurological consequences of altered copper homeostasis. In this review, we explore the physiological importance of copper in the nervous system as well as pathologies related to improper copper handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Gale
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Harkness JR, Thomas HB, Urquhart JE, Jamieson P, O'Keefe RT, Kingston HM, Deshpande C, Newman WG. Deep intronic variant causes aberrant splicing of ATP7A in a family with a variable occipital horn syndrome phenotype. Eur J Med Genet 2024; 67:104907. [PMID: 38141875 PMCID: PMC10918460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants in ATP7A are associated with a spectrum of X-linked disorders. In descending order of severity, these are Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome, and X-linked distal spinal muscular atrophy. After 30 years of diagnostic investigation, we identified a deep intronic ATP7A variant in four males from a family affected to variable degrees by a predominantly skeletal phenotype, featuring bowing of long bones, elbow joints with restricted mobility which dislocate frequently, coarse curly hair, chronic diarrhoea, and motor coordination difficulties. Analysis of whole genome sequencing data from the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project following clinical re-evaluation identified a deep intronic ATP7A variant, which was predicted by SpliceAI to have a modest splicing effect. Using a mini-gene splicing assay, we determined that the intronic variant results in aberrant splicing. Sanger sequencing of patient cDNA revealed ATP7A transcripts with exon 5 skipping, or inclusion of a novel intron 4 pseudoexon. In both instances, frameshift leading to premature termination are predicted. Quantification of ATP7A mRNA transcripts using a qPCR assay indicated that the majority of transcripts (86.1 %) have non-canonical splicing, with 68.0 % featuring exon 5 skipping, and 18.1 % featuring the novel pseudoexon. We suggest that the variability of the phenotypes within the affected males results from the stochastic effects of splicing. This deep intronic variant, resulting in aberrant ATP7A splicing, expands the understanding of intronic variation on the ATP7A-related disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Robert Harkness
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Huw B Thomas
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill E Urquhart
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Jamieson
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Raymond T O'Keefe
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen M Kingston
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Charulata Deshpande
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William G Newman
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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3
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Hellicar J, Stevenson NL, Stephens DJ, Lowe M. Supply chain logistics - the role of the Golgi complex in extracellular matrix production and maintenance. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273996. [PMID: 35023559 PMCID: PMC8767278 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical and biochemical properties of connective tissues are determined by the composition and quality of their extracellular matrix. This, in turn, is highly dependent on the function and organisation of the secretory pathway. The Golgi complex plays a vital role in directing matrix output by co-ordinating the post-translational modification and proteolytic processing of matrix components prior to their secretion. These modifications have broad impacts on the secretion and subsequent assembly of matrix components, as well as their function in the extracellular environment. In this Review, we highlight the role of the Golgi in the formation of an adaptable, healthy matrix, with a focus on proteoglycan and procollagen secretion as example cargoes. We then discuss the impact of Golgi dysfunction on connective tissue in the context of human disease and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hellicar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673
| | - Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Maung MT, Carlson A, Olea-Flores M, Elkhadragy L, Schachtschneider KM, Navarro-Tito N, Padilla-Benavides T. The molecular and cellular basis of copper dysregulation and its relationship with human pathologies. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21810. [PMID: 34390520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100273rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for the activity of redox-active enzymes involved in critical metabolic reactions, signaling pathways, and biological functions. Transporters and chaperones control Cu ion levels and bioavailability to ensure proper subcellular and systemic Cu distribution. Intensive research has focused on understanding how mammalian cells maintain Cu homeostasis, and how molecular signals coordinate Cu acquisition and storage within organs. In humans, mutations of genes that regulate Cu homeostasis or facilitate interactions with Cu ions lead to numerous pathologic conditions. Malfunctions of the Cu+ -transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B cause Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Additionally, defects in the mitochondrial and cellular distributions and homeostasis of Cu lead to severe neurodegenerative conditions, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic diseases. Cu has a dual nature in carcinogenesis as a promotor of tumor growth and an inducer of redox stress in cancer cells. Cu also plays role in cancer treatment as a component of drugs and a regulator of drug sensitivity and uptake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of Cu metabolism and transport and its relation to various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May T Maung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Napoleon Navarro-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
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Copper Toxicity Associated With an ATP7A-Related Complex Phenotype. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 119:40-44. [PMID: 33894639 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ATP7A gene encodes a copper transporter whose mutations cause Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome (OHS), and, less frequently, ATP7A-related distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN). Here we describe a family with OHS caused by a novel mutation in the ATP7A gene, including a patient with a comorbid dHMN that worsened markedly after being treated with copper histidinate. METHODS We studied in detail the clinical features of the patients and performed a genomic analysis by using TruSight One Expanded Sequencing Panel. Subsequently, we determined the ATP7A and ATP7B expression levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and redox balance in cultured fibroblasts of Patient 1. RESULTS We found a novel ATP7A late truncated mutation p.Lys1412AsnfsX15 in the two affected members of this family. The co-occurrence of OHS and dHMN in Patient 1 reveals the variable phenotypic expressivity of the variant. A severe clinical and neurophysiologic worsening was observed in the dHMN of Patient 1 when he was treated with copper replacement therapy, with a subsequent fast recovery after the copper histidinate was withdrawn. Functional studies revealed that the patient had low levels of both ATP7A and ATP7B, the other copper transporter, and high levels of superoxide ion in the mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS Our findings broaden the clinical spectrum of ATP7A-related disorders and demonstrate that two clinical phenotypes can occur in the same patient. The copper-induced toxicity and low levels of both ATP7A and ATP7B in our patient suggest that copper accumulation in motor neurons is the pathogenic mechanism in ATP7A-related dHMN.
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6
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Møller LB, Mogensen M, Weaver DD, Pedersen PA. Occipital Horn Syndrome as a Result of Splice Site Mutations in ATP7A. No Activity of ATP7A Splice Variants Missing Exon 10 or Exon 15. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:532291. [PMID: 33967692 PMCID: PMC8097048 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.532291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-causing variants in ATP7A lead to two different phenotypes associated with copper deficiency; a lethal form called Menkes disease (MD), leading to early death, and a much milder form called occipital horn syndrome (OHS). Some investigators have proposed that an ATP7A transcript missing exon 10 leads to a partly active protein product resulting in the OHS phenotype. Here, we describe an individual with OHS, a biology professor, who survived until age 62 despite a splice site mutation, leading to skipping of exon 15. ATP7A transcripts missing exon 10, or exon 15 preserve the reading frame, but it is unknown if either of these alternative transcripts encode functional protein variants. We have investigated the molecular consequence of splice site mutations leading to skipping of exon 10 or exon 15 which have been identified in individuals with OHS, or MD. By comparing ATP7A expression in fibroblasts from three individuals with OHS (OHS-fibroblasts) to ATP7A expression in fibroblasts from two individuals with MD (MD-fibroblasts), we demonstrate that transcripts missing either exon 10 or exon 15 were present in similar amounts in OHS-fibroblasts and MD-fibroblasts. No ATP7A protein encoded from these transcripts could be detected in the OHS and MD fibroblast. These results, combined with the observation that constructs encoding ATP7A cDNA sequences missing either exon 10, or exon 15 were unable to complement the high iron requirement of the ccc2Δ yeast strain, provide evidence that neither a transcript missing exon 10 nor a transcript missing exon 15 results in functional ATP7A protein. In contrast, higher amounts of wild-type ATP7A transcript were present in the OHS-fibroblasts compared with the MD-fibroblasts. We found that the MD-fibroblasts contained between 0 and 0.5% of wild-type ATP7A transcript, whereas the OHS-fibroblasts contained between 3 and 5% wild-type transcripts compared with the control fibroblasts. In summary these results indicate that protein variants encoded by ATP7A transcripts missing either exon 10 or exon 15 are not functional and not responsible for the OHS phenotype. In contrast, expression of only 3-5% of wild-type transcript compared with the controls permits the OHS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Birk Møller
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mie Mogensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - David D Weaver
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Gharesouran J, Hosseinzadeh H, Ghafouri-Fard S, Jabbari Moghadam Y, Ahmadian Heris J, Jafari-Rouhi AH, Taheri M, Rezazadeh M. New insight into clinical heterogeneity and inheritance diversity of FBLN5-related cutis laxa. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:51. [PMID: 33509220 PMCID: PMC7845118 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FBLN5-related cutis laxa (CL) is a rare disorder that involves elastic fiber-enriched tissues and is characterized by lax skin and variable systemic involvement such as pulmonary emphysema, arterial involvement, inguinal hernias, hollow viscus diverticula and pyloric stenosis. This type of CL follows mostly autosomal recessive (AR) and less commonly autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance. Results In this study, we detected a novel homozygous missense variant in exon 6 of FBLN5 gene (c.G544C, p.A182P) by using whole exome sequencing in a consanguineous Iranian family with two affected members. Our twin patients showed some of the clinical manifestation of FBLN5-related CL but they did not present pulmonary complications, gastrointestinal and genitourinary abnormalities. The notable thing about this monozygotic twin sisters is that only one of them showed ventricular septal defect, suggesting that this type of CL has intrafamilial variability. Co-segregation analysis showed the patients’ parents and relatives were heterozygous for detected variation suggesting AR form of the CL. In silico prediction tools showed that this mutation is pathogenic and 3D modeling of the normal and mutant protein revealed relative structural alteration of fibulin-5 suggesting that the A182P can contribute to the CL phenotype via the combined effect of lack of protein function and partly misfolding-associated toxicity. Conclusion We underlined the probable roles and functions of the involved domain of fibulin-5 and proposed some possible mechanisms involved in AR form of FBLN5-related CL. However, further functional studies and subsequent clinical and molecular investigations are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Gharesouran
- Molecular Genetics Division, GMG Center, Tabriz, Iran.,Division of Medical Genetics, Tabriz Children's Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Hosseinzadeh
- Molecular Genetics Division, GMG Center, Tabriz, Iran.,Division of Medical Genetics, Tabriz Children's Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda Jabbari Moghadam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Sina Medical Research and Training Hospital, Children Medical Research and Training Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Ahmadian Heris
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Children Medical Research and Training Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Petruzzelli R, Polishchuk RS. Activity and Trafficking of Copper-Transporting ATPases in Tumor Development and Defense against Platinum-Based Drugs. Cells 2019; 8:E1080. [PMID: 31540259 PMCID: PMC6769697 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways emanating from the Golgi regulate a wide range of cellular processes. One of these is the maintenance of copper (Cu) homeostasis operated by the Golgi-localized Cu-transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B. At the Golgi, these proteins supply Cu to newly synthesized enzymes which use this metal as a cofactor to catalyze a number of vitally important biochemical reactions. However, in response to elevated Cu, the Golgi exports ATP7A/B to post-Golgi sites where they promote sequestration and efflux of excess Cu to limit its potential toxicity. Growing tumors actively consume Cu and employ ATP7A/B to regulate the availability of this metal for oncogenic enzymes such as LOX and LOX-like proteins, which confer higher invasiveness to malignant cells. Furthermore, ATP7A/B activity and trafficking allow tumor cells to detoxify platinum (Pt)-based drugs (like cisplatin), which are used for the chemotherapy of different solid tumors. Despite these noted activities of ATP7A/B that favor oncogenic processes, the mechanisms that regulate the expression and trafficking of Cu ATPases in malignant cells are far from being completely understood. This review summarizes current data on the role of ATP7A/B in the regulation of Cu and Pt metabolism in malignant cells and outlines questions and challenges that should be addressed to understand how ATP7A and ATP7B trafficking mechanisms might be targeted to counteract tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Petruzzelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
| | - Roman S Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
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Beyens A, Van Meensel K, Pottie L, De Rycke R, De Bruyne M, Baeke F, Hoebeke P, Plasschaert F, Loeys B, De Schepper S, Symoens S, Callewaert B. Defining the Clinical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Characteristics in Occipital Horn Syndrome: Two New Cases and Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070528. [PMID: 31336972 PMCID: PMC6678539 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Occipital horn syndrome (OHS) is a rare connective tissue disorder caused by pathogenic variants in ATP7A, encoding a copper transporter. The main clinical features, including cutis laxa, bony exostoses, and bladder diverticula are attributed to a decreased activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a cupro-enzyme involved in collagen crosslinking. The absence of large case series and natural history studies precludes efficient diagnosis and management of OHS patients. This study describes the clinical and molecular characteristics of two new patients and 32 patients previously reported in the literature. We report on the need for long-term specialized care and follow-up, in which MR angiography, echocardiography and spirometry should be incorporated into standard follow-up guidelines for OHS patients, next to neurodevelopmental, orthopedic and urological follow-up. Furthermore, we report on ultrastructural abnormalities including increased collagen diameter, mild elastic fiber abnormalities and multiple autophagolysosomes reflecting the role of lysyl oxidase and defective ATP7A trafficking as pathomechanisms of OHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Beyens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kyaran Van Meensel
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Pottie
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging Core, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel De Bruyne
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging Core, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Femke Baeke
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging Core, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Hoebeke
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Plasschaert
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Loeys
- Center for Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Schepper
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Symoens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Fujisawa C, Kodama H, Hiroki T, Akasaka Y, Hamanoue M. ATP7A mutations in 66 Japanese patients with Menkes disease and carrier detection: A gene analysis. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:345-350. [PMID: 30809870 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menkes disease (MNK; MIN 309400) is an X-linked recessive lethal disorder of copper metabolism caused by mutations in ATP7A (MIM 300011), which encodes a transmembrane copper-transporting P-type ATPase. This study assessed mutations in ATP7A in Japanese patients with MNK and their families using gene analysis. METHODS A total of 66 patients with MNK born between 1975 and 2013 in Japan were investigated in this study. Definite diagnosis of MNK was carried out on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and direct sequencing of each exon. Genetic analysis was also performed on 39 women for carrier diagnosis, and on nine fetuses and 10 neonates for the diagnosis of MNK. RESULTS We detected 55 different mutations, of which 20 were de novo mutations. The mutations were located around the six copper binding sites, first to third and six transmembrane domains, and the ATP binding site. Of 30 mothers, 23 (76.7%) were carriers. Approximately half of the male siblings of patients with MNK were also diagnosed with MNK. CONCLUSION Mutations in ATP7A varied widely across patients, although approximately half of the mutations were located in exons 4, 9, 10, and 15. Approximately 23% of patients did not inherit the mutations from their mothers, but had de novo mutations. An early definite diagnosis is necessary for the early treatment of MNK, and gene analysis serves as an effective method for detecting mutations in ATP7A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kodama
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hiroki
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Akasaka
- Regenerative Disease Research Unit, Advanced Research Center, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hamanoue
- Department of Physiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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de Gemmis P, Enzo MV, Lorenzetto E, Cattelan P, Segat D, Hladnik U. 13 novel putative mutations in ATP7A found in a cohort of 25 Italian families. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1173-1183. [PMID: 28451781 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ATP7A is a copper-transporting P-type adenosine triphosphatase whose loss of function leads to the Menkes disease, an X-linked copper metabolism multi-organ disorder (1 in 100.000 births). Here we document our experience with the ATP7A linked diseases in Italy. We analyzed the exonic structure of the ATP7A gene in 25 unrelated Italian families and studied the variants of unknown significance. We identified 22 different DNA alterations, 13 of which first reported in this study. The classical Menkes phenotype was present in 21 of the 25 families and was linked with highly damaging mutations (7 nonsense; 4 frame-shift; 2 small in-frame deletions, 2 splice site alterations, 2 gross deletions, and 1 gross duplication). Of the 4 cases with milder variants of the Menkes disease two had a missense mutation, one a leaky splice site alteration and one a nonsense mutation in exon 22. We determined in silico that all the mutations leading to the classical Menkes disease leave no residual activity of ATP7A including the apparently less severe in-frame deletions. Whereas milder forms of the disease are characterized by mutations that allow a limited residual activity of ATP7A, including the nonsense mutation observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Gemmis
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Enzo
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Elisa Lorenzetto
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paola Cattelan
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Segat
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Uros Hladnik
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy.
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12
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Bonati MT, Verde F, Hladnik U, Cattelan P, Campana L, Castronovo C, Ticozzi N, Maderna L, Colombrita C, Papa S, Banfi P, Silani V. A novel nonsense ATP7A pathogenic variant in a family exhibiting a variable occipital horn syndrome phenotype. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 13:14-17. [PMID: 28761814 PMCID: PMC5522958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a family with occipital horn syndrome (OHS) diagnosed in the proband's late fifties. A novel ATP7A pathogenic variant (c.4222A > T, p.(Lys1408*)), representing the first nonsense variant and the second late truncation causing OHS rather than classic Menkes disease, was found to segregate in the family. The predicted maintenance of transmembrane domains is consistent with a residual protein activity, which may explain the mild clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Bonati
- Clinic of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Verde
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan Medical School, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Uros Hladnik
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Mauro Baschirotto Institute for Rare Diseases, Via Bartolomeo Bizio 1, 36023 Costozza di Longare (Vicenza), Italy
| | - Paola Cattelan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Mauro Baschirotto Institute for Rare Diseases, Via Bartolomeo Bizio 1, 36023 Costozza di Longare (Vicenza), Italy
| | - Luca Campana
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castronovo
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, via L. Ariosto 13, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan Medical School, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Maderna
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Colombrita
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Papa
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Via Saint Bon 20, 20147 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Banfi
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS-ONLUS, Piazzale Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan Medical School, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Disorders of copper homeostasis are currently recognized across the life span. Their recognition and links to human disease have spanned several decades, beginning with the recognition of a degenerative disorder in the offspring of sheep grazing in copper-deficient pastures, through to the description of infants suffering from a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by epileptic seizures, developmental regression, failure to thrive, and an unusual hair quality (giving the condition its distinctive label of “kinky hair disease”). In this review, we trace the historical background and describe the biochemistry and physiology of copper metabolism and transport, inheritance patterns, molecular genetics, and genotype–phenotype correlations based on current understanding of the disorder. It is clear from the clinical presentations and variants that disorders of copper homeostasis include phenotypes ranging from mild occipital horn syndrome to intermediate and severe forms of classical Menkes disease. The symptoms involve multiple organ systems such as brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, connective tissue, and skin. A multisystem disorder needs a multidisciplinary approach to care, as treatment interventions permit longer survival for some individuals. Animal models have been developed to help screen treatment options and provide a better understanding of these disorders in the laboratory. Finally, we propose a multidisciplinary approach to promote continued research (both basic and clinical) to improve survival, quality of life, and care for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asuri N Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics; Section of Pediatric Neurology; Division of Clinical Neurological Sciences; Child Health Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Zhu S, Shanbhag V, Hodgkinson VL, Petris MJ. Multiple di-leucines in the ATP7A copper transporter are required for retrograde trafficking to the trans-Golgi network. Metallomics 2016; 8:993-1001. [PMID: 27337370 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00093b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ATP7A protein is a ubiquitous copper-transporting P-type ATPase that is mutated in the lethal pediatric disorder of copper metabolism, Menkes disease. The steady-state location of ATP7A is within the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where it delivers copper to copper-dependent enzymes within the secretory pathway. However, ATP7A constantly cycles between the TGN and the plasma membrane, and in the presence of high copper concentrations, the exocytic arm of this cycling pathway is enhanced to promote a steady-state distribution of ATP7A to post-Golgi vesicles and the plasma membrane. A single di-leucine endocytic motif within the cytosolic carboxy tail of ATP7A (1487LL) was previously shown to be essential for TGN localization by functioning in retrieval from the plasma membrane, however, the requirement of other di-leucine signals in this region has not been fully investigated. While there has been some success in identifying sequence elements within ATP7A required for trafficking and catalysis, progress has been hampered by the instability of the ATP7A cDNA in high-copy plasmids during replication in Escherichia coli. In this study, we find that the use of DNA synthesis to generate silent mutations across the majority of both mouse and human ATP7A open reading frames was sufficient to stabilize these genes in high-copy plasmids, thus permitting the generation of full-length expression constructs. Using the stabilized mouse Atp7a construct, we identify a second di-leucine motif in the carboxy tail of ATP7A (1459LL) as essential for steady-state localization in the TGN by functioning in endosome-to-TGN trafficking. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that multiple di-leucine signals are required for recycling ATP7A from the plasma membrane to the TGN and illustrate the utility of large-scale codon reassignment as a simple and effective approach to circumvent cDNA instability in high-copy plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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15
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Moizard MP, Ronce N, Blesson S, Bieth E, Burglen L, Mignot C, Mortemousque I, Marmin N, Dessay B, Danesino C, Feillet F, Castelnau P, Toutain A, Moraine C, Raynaud M. Twenty-five novel mutations including duplications in the ATP7A gene. Clin Genet 2015; 79:243-53. [PMID: 21208200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five novel mutations including duplications in the ATP7A gene. Menkes disease (MD) and occipital horn syndrome (OHS) are allelic X-linked recessive copper deficiency disorders resulting from ATP7A gene mutations. MD is a severe condition leading to progressive neurological degeneration and death in early childhood, whereas OHS has a milder phenotype with mainly connective tissue abnormalities. Until now, molecular analyses have revealed only deletions and point mutations in both diseases. This study reports new molecular data in a series of 40 patients referred for either MD or OHS. We describe 23 point mutations (9 missense mutations, 7 splice site variants, 4 nonsense mutations, and 3 small insertions or deletions) and 7 intragenic deletions. Of these, 18 point mutations and 3 deletions are novel. Furthermore, our finding of four whole exon duplications enlarges the mutation spectrum in the ATP7A gene. ATP7A alterations were found in 85% of cases. Of these alterations, two thirds were point mutations and the remaining one third consisted of large rearrangements. We found that 66.6% of point mutations resulted in impaired ATP7A transcript splicing, a phenomenon more frequent than expected. This finding enabled us to confirm the pathogenic role of ATP7A mutations, particularly in missense and splice site variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P Moizard
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, F-37044, France INSERM U930, Tours, F-37044, France CHU Hôpital Purpan, Service de Génétique médicale, Toulouse, F-31059, France CHU Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Service de Génétique et Embryologie médicales, Paris, F-75571, France CHU Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Paris, F-75012, France Genetica Medica, Università di Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS S. Matteo, Pavia, I-27100, Italie Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, INSERM U954. Hôpital d'Enfants, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, F-54511, France CHRU de Tours, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Tours, F-37044 France; Université François Rabelais Tours, F-37044, France
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16
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with occipital horn syndrome. J Vasc Surg Cases 2015; 1:138-140. [PMID: 31725130 PMCID: PMC6849971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsc.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Occipital horn syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive connective tissue disorder caused by deficient copper transport. Our patient presented with abdominal pain, and a computed tomography scan demonstrated a 15-cm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm and bilateral common iliac artery aneurysms. After discussion of surgical management, he wished to proceed with comfort measures only. We report the first known case of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with occipital horn syndrome.
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17
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Møller LB. Small amounts of functional ATP7A protein permit mild phenotype. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:173-7. [PMID: 25172213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in ATP7A lead to at least three allelic disorders: Menkes disease (MD), Occipital horn syndrome and X-linked distal motor neuropathy. These disorders are mainly seen in male individuals, but a few affected females have been described. More than 400 different mutations have been identified in the ATP7A gene. We have conducted several studies in the hope of uncovering the relationship between genotype and phenotype. We have examined the X-inactivation pattern in affected females, the effect of exon-deletions and--duplications, and splice-site mutations on the composition and amount of ATP7A transcript, and we have examined the structural location of missense mutations. The X-inactivation pattern did not fully explain the manifestation of MD in a small fraction of carriers. Most of the affected females had preferential inactivation of the X-chromosome with the normal ATP7A gene, but a few individuals exhibited preferential inactivation of the X-chromosome with the mutated ATP7A gene. The observed mild phenotype in some patients with mutations that effect the composition of the ATP7A transcript, seems to be explained by the presence of a small amount of normal ATP7A transcript. The location of missense mutations on structural models of the ATP7A protein suggests that affected conserved residues generally lead to a severe phenotype. The ATP7A protein traffics within the cells. At low copper levels, ATP7A locates to the Trans-Golgi Network (TGN) to load cuproenzymes with copper, whereas at higher concentrations, ATP7A shifts to the post-Golgi compartments or to the plasma membrane to export copper out of the cell. Impaired copper-regulation trafficking has been observed for ATP7A mutants, but its impact on the clinical outcome is not clear. The major problem in patients with MD seems to be insufficient amounts of copper in the brain. In fact, prenatal treatment of mottled mice as a model for human MD with a combination of chelator and copper, produces a slight increase in copper levels in the brain which perhaps leads to longer survival and more active behavior. In conclusion, small amounts of copper at the right location seem to relieve the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Birk Møller
- Center for Applied Human Genetics, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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18
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Verrotti A, Carelli A, Coppola G. Epilepsy in children with Menkes disease: a systematic review of literature. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:1757-64. [PMID: 25038123 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814541469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Menkes disease is a lethal multisystemic disorder of copper metabolism characterized by connective tissue abnormalities, progressive neurodegeneration and peculiar "kinky hair." Epilepsy is one of the main clinical features of this disease but it has been described in detail by only a few authors. Most patients develop seizures from 2 to 3 months of age, accompanied by a neurodevelopmental regression. The history of epilepsy is usually characterized by 3 stages: an early stage with focal clonic seizures and status epilepticus, an intermediate stage with infantile spasms, and a late stage with multifocal, myoclonic, and tonic seizures. At the onset, epilepsy can be controlled with anticonvulsant therapy, whereas with the progression of disease, it becomes extremely resistant to all antiepileptic drugs. In this article, we analyze clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics of epilepsy in patients with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Carelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
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19
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Tümer Z. An overview and update of ATP7A mutations leading to Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:417-29. [PMID: 23281160 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Menkes disease (MD) is a lethal multisystemic disorder of copper metabolism. Progressive neurodegeneration and connective tissue disturbances, together with the peculiar "kinky" hair, are the main manifestations. MD is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, and as expected the vast majority of patients are males. MD occurs because of mutations in the ATP7A gene and the vast majority of ATP7A mutations are intragenic mutations or partial gene deletions. ATP7A is an energy-dependent transmembrane protein, which is involved in the delivery of copper to the secreted copper enzymes and in the export of surplus copper from cells. Severely affected MD patients die usually before the third year of life. A cure for the disease does not exist, but very early copper-histidine treatment may correct some of the neurological symptoms. This study reviews 274 published and 18 novel disease causing mutations identified in 370 unrelated MD patients, nonpathogenic variants of ATP7A, functional studies of the ATP7A mutations, and animal models of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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20
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Berk DR, Bentley DD, Bayliss SJ, Lind A, Urban Z. Cutis laxa: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66:842.e1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Abstract
This Review summarizes recent advances in understanding copper-transporting ATPase 1 (ATP7A), and examines the neurological phenotypes associated with dysfunction of this protein. Involvement of ATP7A in axonal outgrowth, synapse integrity and neuronal activation underscores the fundamental importance of copper metabolism to neurological function. Defects in ATP7A cause Menkes disease, an infantile-onset, lethal condition. Neonatal diagnosis and early treatment with copper injections enhance survival in patients with this disease, and can normalize clinical outcomes if mutant ATP7A molecules retain small amounts of residual activity. Gene replacement rescues a mouse model of Menkes disease, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for patients with complete loss-of-function ATP7A mutations. Remarkably, a newly discovered ATP7A disorder-isolated distal motor neuropathy-has none of the characteristic clinical or biochemical abnormalities of Menkes disease or its milder allelic variant occipital horn syndrome (OHS), instead resembling Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2. These findings indicate that ATP7A has a crucial but previously unappreciated role in motor neuron maintenance, and that the mechanism underlying ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy is distinct from Menkes disease and OHS pathophysiology. Collectively, these insights refine our knowledge of the neurology of ATP7A-related copper transport diseases and pave the way for further progress in understanding ATP7A function.
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22
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Tümer Z, Møller LB. Menkes disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:511-8. [PMID: 19888294 PMCID: PMC2987322 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Menkes disease (MD) is a lethal multisystemic disorder of copper metabolism. Progressive neurodegeneration and connective tissue disturbances, together with the peculiar 'kinky' hair are the main manifestations. MD is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, and as expected the vast majority of patients are males. MD occurs due to mutations in the ATP7A gene and the vast majority of ATP7A mutations are intragenic mutations or partial gene deletions. ATP7A is an energy dependent transmembrane protein, which is involved in the delivery of copper to the secreted copper enzymes and in the export of surplus copper from cells. Severely affected MD patients die usually before the third year of life. A cure for the disease does not exist, but very early copper-histidine treatment may correct some of the neurological symptoms.
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24
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Haider M, Alfadley A, Kadry R, Almutawa A. Acquired cutis laxa type II (Marshall syndrome) in an 18-month-old child: a case report. Pediatr Dermatol 2010; 27:89-91. [PMID: 20199420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutis laxa is a rare disorder resulting from degradation and clumping of elastic fibers in dermis. Type II acquired cutis laxa, shows only cutaneous changes without any systemic involvement. We describe an infant with acquired cutis laxa type II following a generalized inflammatory dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Haider
- Dermatology Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Un retard de croissance intra-utérin d’allure banale mais de pronostic sévère : la maladie de Menkes à révélation périnatale. Arch Pediatr 2009; 16:41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Kadaveru K, Vyas J, Schiller MR. Viral infection and human disease--insights from minimotifs. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:6455-71. [PMID: 18508672 DOI: 10.2741/3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Short functional peptide motifs cooperate in many molecular functions including protein interactions, protein trafficking, and posttranslational modifications. Viruses exploit these motifs as a principal mechanism for hijacking cells and many motifs are necessary for the viral life-cycle. A virus can accommodate many short motifs in its small genome size providing a plethora of ways for the virus to acquire host molecular machinery. Host enzymes that act on motifs such as kinases, proteases, and lipidation enzymes, as well as protein interaction domains, are commonly mutated in human disease, suggesting that the short peptide motif targets of these enzymes may also be mutated in disease; however, this is not observed. How can we explain why viruses have evolved to be so dependent on motifs, yet these motifs, in general do not seem to be as necessary for human viability? We propose that short motifs are used at the system level. This system architecture allows viruses to exploit a motif, whereas the viability of the host is not affected by mutation of a single motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kadaveru
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological Systems Modeling Group, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030-3305, USA
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Lutsenko S, Barnes NL, Bartee MY, Dmitriev OY. Function and regulation of human copper-transporting ATPases. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:1011-46. [PMID: 17615395 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-transporting ATPases (Cu-ATPases) ATP7A and ATP7B are evolutionarily conserved polytopic membrane proteins with essential roles in human physiology. The Cu-ATPases are expressed in most tissues, and their transport activity is crucial for central nervous system development, liver function, connective tissue formation, and many other physiological processes. The loss of ATP7A or ATP7B function is associated with severe metabolic disorders, Menkes disease, and Wilson disease. In cells, the Cu-ATPases maintain intracellular copper concentration by transporting copper from the cytosol across cellular membranes. They also contribute to protein biosynthesis by delivering copper into the lumen of the secretory pathway where metal ion is incorporated into copper-dependent enzymes. The biosynthetic and homeostatic functions of Cu-ATPases are performed in different cell compartments; targeting to these compartments and the functional activity of Cu-ATPase are both regulated by copper. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the structure, function, and regulation of these essential transporters. These studies raised many new questions related to specific physiological roles of Cu-ATPases in various tissues and complex mechanisms that control the Cu-ATPase function. This review summarizes current data on the structural organization and functional properties of ATP7A and ATP7B as well as their localization and functions in various tissues, and discusses the current models of regulated trafficking of human Cu-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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28
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Lutsenko S, LeShane ES, Shinde U. Biochemical basis of regulation of human copper-transporting ATPases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 463:134-48. [PMID: 17562324 PMCID: PMC2025638 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper is essential for cell metabolism as a cofactor of key metabolic enzymes. The biosynthetic incorporation of copper into secreted and plasma membrane-bound proteins requires activity of the copper-transporting ATPases (Cu-ATPases) ATP7A and ATP7B. The Cu-ATPases also export excess copper from the cell and thus critically contribute to the homeostatic control of copper. The trafficking of Cu-ATPases from the trans-Golgi network to endocytic vesicles in response to various signals allows for the balance between the biosynthetic and copper exporting functions of these transporters. Although significant progress has been made towards understanding the biochemical characteristics of human Cu-ATPase, the mechanisms that control their function and intracellular localization remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current information on structural features and functional properties of ATP7A and ATP7B. We also describe sequence motifs unique for each Cu-ATPase and speculate about their role in regulating ATP7A and ATP7B activity and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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29
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Tang J, Robertson S, Lem KE, Godwin SC, Kaler SG. Functional copper transport explains neurologic sparing in occipital horn syndrome. Genet Med 2007; 8:711-8. [PMID: 17108763 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000245578.94312.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A range of neurologic morbidity characterizes childhood-onset copper transport defects, including severe Menkes disease and milder occipital horn syndrome. Both phenotypes are caused by mutations in ATP7A, which encodes a copper-transporting adenosine triphosphatase, although defects causing occipital horn syndrome are rarely reported and nearly always involve exon-skipping (six of eight prior reports). Our objective was to characterize a novel occipital horn syndrome mutation (N1304S) not associated with aberrant splicing and to determine whether functional copper transport was associated with this allele. METHODS We studied two brothers with typical occipital horn syndrome and used yeast complementation and timed growth assays, exploiting a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain, to assess in vitro N1304S copper transport. RESULTS We documented that N1304S has approximately 33% residual copper transport, a result not inconsistent with a similar patient we reported with an exon-skipping mutation whose cells showed correctly spliced mRNA transcripts 36% of normal. CONCLUSION These patients' mild neurologic phenotypes, together with our yeast complementation and growth experiments, imply that N1304S does not completely block copper transport to the developing brain early in life. The findings suggest that neurologic sparing in untreated occipital horn syndrome is associated with approximately 30% residual functional activity of ATP7A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Tang
- Unit on Pediatric Genetics, Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1832, USA
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30
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Mototani Y, Miyoshi I, Okamura T, Moriya T, Meng Y, Yuan Pei X, Kameo S, Kasai N. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the Atp7a(Mo-Tohm) mottled mouse: a new murine model of Menkes disease. Genomics 2005; 87:191-9. [PMID: 16338116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mottled Tohoku (Atp7a(Mo-Tohm) or Mo(Tohm)) is an X-linked mutation with mottled pigmentation in heterozygous (Mo(Tohm)/+) females and is embryonic lethal at E11 in hemizygous (Mo(Tohm)/Y) males. Copper levels were low in the brain and high in the intestine of Mo(Tohm) mice. Two congenic strains with ICR or C57BL/6 (B6) background were produced for genetic and phenotypic analyses and revealed that Mo(Tohm)/+ females with ICR background survived until adulthood, while most with B6 background died within 2 days after birth. The Mo(Tohm)/Y males with both backgrounds died at around E11. Massive hemorrhage was shown in the yolk sac cavity with irregular attachment between the mesoderm and the endothelial cells of blood vessels in the embryos at E10.5, suggesting that this irregular attachment causes embryonic lethality. The Mo(Tohm) mutant had a 1440-bp deletion between intron 22 and exon 23 of the Atp7a gene. Mo(Tohm)/Y males with the wild-type Atp7a cDNA transgene were rescued from embryonic lethality, confirming that the Mo(Tohm) mutant is caused by the defect in the Atp7a gene. This mutant mouse is the most severe model of human Menkes disease in mottled mice established to date and one of the useful models for understanding the gene function of Menkes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Mototani
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-7585, Japan
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Banci L, Bertini I, Cantini F, Migliardi M, Rosato A, Wang S. An Atomic-level Investigation of the Disease-causing A629P Mutant of the Menkes Protein, ATP7A. J Mol Biol 2005; 352:409-17. [PMID: 16083905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Menkes disease is a fatal disease that can be induced by various mutations in the ATP7A gene, leading to unpaired uptake of dietary copper. The ATP7A gene encodes a copper(I)-translocating ATPase. Here the disease-causing A629P mutation, which occurs in the last of the six copper(I)-binding soluble domains of the ATPase (hereafter MNK6), was investigated. To understand why this apparently minor amino acid replacement is pathogenic, the solution structures and dynamics on various time-scales of wild-type and A629P-MNK6 were determined both in the apo- and copper(I)-loaded forms. The interaction in vitro with the physiological ATP7A copper(I)-donor (HAH1) was additionally studied. The A629P mutation makes the protein beta-sheet more solvent accessible, possibly resulting in an enhanced susceptibility of ATP7A to proteolytic cleavage and/or in reduced capability of copper(I)-translocation. A small reduction of the affinity for copper(I) is also observed. Both effects could concur to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Pase L, Voskoboinik I, Greenough M, Camakaris J. Copper stimulates trafficking of a distinct pool of the Menkes copper ATPase (ATP7A) to the plasma membrane and diverts it into a rapid recycling pool. Biochem J 2004; 378:1031-7. [PMID: 14640979 PMCID: PMC1224002 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Revised: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 11/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MNK (Menkes copper-translocating P-type ATPase, or the Menkes protein; ATP7A) plays a key role in regulating copper homoeostasis in humans. MNK has been shown to have a dual role in the cell: it delivers copper to cuproenzymes in the Golgi compartment and effluxes excess copper from the cell. These roles can be achieved through copper-regulated trafficking of MNK. It has previously been shown to undergo trafficking from the trans -Golgi network to the plasma membrane in response to elevated copper concentrations, and to be endocytosed from the plasma membrane to the trans -Golgi network upon the removal of elevated copper. However, the fundamental question as to whether copper influences trafficking of MNK to or from the plasma membrane remained unanswered. In this study we utilized various methods of cell-surface biotinylation to attempt to resolve this issue. These studies suggest that copper induces trafficking of MNK to the plasma membrane but does not affect its rate of internalization from the plasma membrane. We also found that only a specific pool of MNK can traffic to the plasma membrane in response to elevated copper. Significantly, copper appeared to divert MNK into a fast-recycling pool and prevented it from recycling to the Golgi compartment, thus maintaining a high level of MNK in the proximity of the plasma membrane. These findings shed new light on the cell biology of MNK and the mechanism of copper homoeostasis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Pase
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Tümer Z, Birk Møller L, Horn N. Screening of 383 unrelated patients affected with Menkes disease and finding of 57 gross deletions inATP7A. Hum Mutat 2003; 22:457-64. [PMID: 14635105 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Menkes disease (MD) is an X-linked multisystemic lethal disorder of copper metabolism dominated by neurodegenerative symptoms and connective tissue disturbances. MD results from mutations in the ATP7A gene, which encodes a membrane-bound copper transporting P-type ATPase located in the trans-Golgi network. In this study we describe screening of 383 unrelated patients affected with Menkes disease for gross deletions in ATP7A gene and finding of 57 patients. The present data suggests that gross deletion of ATP7A is the disease-causing mutation in 14.9% of the Menkes disease patients. Except for a few cases, gross gene deletions result in the classical form of Menkes disease with death in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Tümer
- Wilhelm Johannsen Center for Functional Genome Research, Department of Medical Genetics, IMBG, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hsi G, Cox DW. A comparison of the mutation spectra of Menkes disease and Wilson disease. Hum Genet 2003; 114:165-72. [PMID: 14579150 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-003-1045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2003] [Accepted: 09/22/2003] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The genes for two copper-transporting ATPases, ATP7A and ATP7B, are defective in the heritable disorders of copper imbalance, Menkes disease (MNK) and Wilson disease (WND), respectively. A comparison of the two proteins shows extensive conservation in the signature domains, with amino acid identities outside of the conserved domains being limited. The mutation spectra of MNK and WND were compared to confirm and refine further regions critical for normal function. Mutations were found to be relatively widespread; however, the majority was concentrated within defined functional domains and membrane-spanning segments, reinforcing the importance of these regions for protein function. Of the total published point mutations in ATP7A, 23.0% are splice-site, 20.7% nonsense, 17.2% missense, and 39.1% small insertions/deletions. There is a high prevalence (58.2%) of missense mutations in ATP7B. For the other mutations in ATP7B, 7.4% are splice-site, 7.4% nonsense, and 27.0% small insertions/deletions. A region of possible importance is the intervening sequence between the last copper-binding domain and the first transmembrane helix, as this region has a high percentage of MNK mutations. Similarly, the region containing the ATP-binding domain has 24.6% of all WND mutations. The study of mutation locations is useful for defining critical regions or residues and for efficient molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Hsi
- Department of Medical Genetics, 8-39 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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Voskoboinik I, Camakaris J, Mercer JFB. Understanding the mechanism and function of copper P-type ATPases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2003; 60:123-50. [PMID: 12418177 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(02)60053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Voskoboinik
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Voskoboinik I, Camakaris J. Menkes copper-translocating P-type ATPase (ATP7A): biochemical and cell biology properties, and role in Menkes disease. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2002; 34:363-71. [PMID: 12539963 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021250003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Menkes copper-translocating P-type ATPase (ATP7A; MNK) is a ubiquitous protein that regulates the absorption of copper in the gastrointestinal tract. Inside cells the protein has a dual function: it delivers copper to cuproenzymes in the Golgi compartment and effluxes excess copper. The latter property is achieved through copper-dependent vesicular trafficking of the Menkes protein to the plasma membrane of the cell. The trafficking mechanism and catalytic activity combine to facilitate absorption and intercellular transport of copper. The mechanism of catalysis and copper-dependent trafficking of the Menkes protein are the subjects of this review. Menkes disease, a systemic copper deficiency disorder, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Menkes protein. The effect of these mutations on the catalytic cycle and the cell biology of the Menkes protein, as well as predictions of the effect of particular mutant MNKs on observed Menkes disease symptoms will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Voskoboinik
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Kanumakala S, Boneh A, Zacharin M. Pamidronate treatment improves bone mineral density in children with Menkes disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2002; 25:391-8. [PMID: 12408189 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020103901969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Menkes disease is a severe multisystem disorder due to defective bioavailability and transport of copper at the cellular level. Deficient activity of lysyl oxidase, a copper-dependent enzyme, causes defective collagen cross-linking leading to osteoporosis and pathological fractures in these children. The objective of the study was to evaluate the changes in bone mineral density following pamidronate treatment in children with Menkes disease. The study design was an open observational study of three children with Menkes disease and significant osteoporosis with or without pathological fractures, all of whom received pamidronate treatment for 1 year. There were 34-55% and 16-36% increases in lumbar spine bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density, respectively, following 1 year of treatment with pamidronate. There were no further fractures in two of the three children treated. No adverse effects of pamidronate treatment were noted. Pamidronate treatment was associated with an increase in bone mineral density and may be an effective treatment modality for the management of osteoporosis in children with Menkes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanumakala
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Genetic Health Services Victoria, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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