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Wasserman S, Antilus-Sainte R, Abdelgawad N, Odjourian NM, Cristaldo M, Dougher M, Kaya F, Zimmerman M, Denti P, Gengenbacher M. Rifabutin central nervous system concentrations in a rabbit model of tuberculous meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0078324. [PMID: 39028192 PMCID: PMC11304741 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00783-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) has a high mortality, possibly due to suboptimal therapy. Drug exposure data of antituberculosis agents in the central nervous system (CNS) are required to develop more effective regimens. Rifabutin is a rifamycin equivalently potent to rifampin in human pulmonary tuberculosis. Here, we show that human-equivalent doses of rifabutin achieved potentially therapeutic exposure in relevant CNS tissues in a rabbit model of TBM, supporting further evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Wasserman
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Noha Abdelgawad
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Narineh M. Odjourian
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Melissa Cristaldo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maureen Dougher
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Firat Kaya
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paolo Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Wang TT, Hu YL, Li YF, Kong XL, Li YM, Sun PY, Wang DX, Li YY, Zhang YZ, Han QL, Zhu XH, An QQ, Liu LL, Liu Y, Li HC. Polyketide synthases mutation in tuberculosis transmission revealed by whole genomic sequence, China, 2011-2019. Front Genet 2024; 14:1217255. [PMID: 38259610 PMCID: PMC10800454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1217255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Previous studies have primarily focused on the transmissibility of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb. However, variations in virulence across Mtb lineages may also account for differences in transmissibility. In Mtb, polyketide synthase (PKS) genes encode large multifunctional proteins which have been shown to be major mycobacterial virulence factors. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the role of PKS mutations in TB transmission and assess its risk and characteristics. Methods: Whole genome sequences (WGSs) data from 3,204 Mtb isolates was collected from 2011 to 2019 in China. Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles were used for phylogenetic tree analysis. Putative transmission clusters (≤10 SNPs) were identified. To identify the role of PKS mutations in TB transmission, we compared SNPs in the PKS gene region between "clustered isolates" and "non-clustered isolates" in different lineages. Results: Cluster-associated mutations in ppsA, pks12, and pks13 were identified among different lineage isolates. They were statistically significant among clustered strains, indicating that they may enhance the transmissibility of Mtb. Conclusion: Overall, this study provides new insights into the function of PKS and its localization in M. tuberculosis. The study found that ppsA, pks12, and pks13 may contribute to disease progression and higher transmission of certain strains. We also discussed the prospective use of mutant ppsA, pks12, and pks13 genes as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan-Long Hu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xiang-Long Kong
- Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Meng Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | | | - Da-Xing Wang
- People’s Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Zhang
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qi-Lin Han
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xue-Han Zhu
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qi-Qi An
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to 11 Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- People’s Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to 11 Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huai-Chen Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to 11 Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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3
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Lanni F, Antilus Sainte R, Hansen, M, Parigi P, Kaya F, LoMauro K, Siow B, Wilkinson RJ, Wasserman S, Podell BK, Gengenbacher M, Dartois V. A preclinical model of TB meningitis to determine drug penetration and activity at the sites of disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0067123. [PMID: 37966227 PMCID: PMC10720511 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00671-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is essentially treated with the first-line regimen used against pulmonary tuberculosis, with a prolonged continuation phase. However, clinical outcomes are poor in comparison, for reasons that are only partially understood, highlighting the need for improved preclinical tools to measure drug distribution and activity at the site of disease. A predictive animal model of TBM would also be of great value to prioritize promising drug regimens to be tested in clinical trials, given the healthy state of the development pipeline for the first time in decades. Here, we report the optimization of a rabbit model of TBM disease induced via inoculation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the cisterna magna, recapitulating features typical of clinical TBM: neurological deterioration within months post-infection, acid-fast bacilli in necrotic lesions in the brain and spinal cord, and elevated lactate levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). None of the infected rabbits recovered or controlled the disease. We used young adult rabbits, the size of which allows for spatial drug quantitation in critical compartments of the central nervous system that cannot be collected in clinical studies. To illustrate the translational value of the model, we report the penetration of linezolid from plasma into the CSF, meninges, anatomically distinct brain areas, cervical spine, and lumbar spine. Across animals, we measured the bacterial burden concomitant with neurological deterioration, offering a useful readout for drug efficacy studies. The model thus forms the basis for building a preclinical platform to identify improved regimens and inform clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Lanni
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Mark Hansen,
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul Parigi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Firat Kaya
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katherine LoMauro
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bernard Siow
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brendan K. Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Schami A, Islam MN, Belisle JT, Torrelles JB. Drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: cell envelope profiles and interactions with the host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1274175. [PMID: 38029252 PMCID: PMC10664572 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1274175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, drug-resistant (DR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), have become increasingly prevalent and pose a threat to worldwide public health. These strains range from multi (MDR) to extensively (XDR) drug-resistant, making them very difficult to treat. Further, the current and future impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the development of DR-TB is still unknown. Although exhaustive studies have been conducted depicting the uniqueness of the M.tb cell envelope, little is known about how its composition changes in relation to drug resistance acquisition. This knowledge is critical to understanding the capacity of DR-M.tb strains to resist anti-TB drugs, and to inform us on the future design of anti-TB drugs to combat these difficult-to-treat strains. In this review, we discuss the complexities of the M.tb cell envelope along with recent studies investigating how M.tb structurally and biochemically changes in relation to drug resistance. Further, we will describe what is currently known about the influence of M.tb drug resistance on infection outcomes, focusing on its impact on fitness, persister-bacteria, and subclinical TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Schami
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - M. Nurul Islam
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John T. Belisle
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- International Center for the Advancement of Research & Education, International Center for the Advancement of Research & Education, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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5
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Zhang Y, Xu JC, Hu ZD, Fan XY. Advances in protein subunit vaccines against tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238586. [PMID: 37654500 PMCID: PMC10465801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), also known as the "White Plague", is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Before the COVID-19 epidemic, TB had the highest mortality rate of any single infectious disease. Vaccination is considered one of the most effective strategies for controlling TB. Despite the limitations of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in terms of protection against TB among adults, it is currently the only licensed TB vaccine. Recently, with the evolution of bioinformatics and structural biology techniques to screen and optimize protective antigens of Mtb, the tremendous potential of protein subunit vaccines is being exploited. Multistage subunit vaccines obtained by fusing immunodominant antigens from different stages of TB infection are being used both to prevent and to treat TB. Additionally, the development of novel adjuvants is compensating for weaknesses of immunogenicity, which is conducive to the flourishing of subunit vaccines. With advances in the development of animal models, preclinical vaccine protection assessments are becoming increasingly accurate. This review summarizes progress in the research of protein subunit TB vaccines during the past decades to facilitate the further optimization of protein subunit vaccines that may eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-chuan Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-dong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Grigg JC, Copp JN, Krekhno JMC, Liu J, Ibrahimova A, Eltis LD. Deciphering the biosynthesis of a novel lipid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis expands the known roles of the nitroreductase superfamily. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104924. [PMID: 37328106 PMCID: PMC10404671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis's (Mtb) success as a pathogen is due in part to its sophisticated lipid metabolic programs, both catabolic and biosynthetic. Several of Mtb lipids have specific roles in pathogenesis, but the identity and roles of many are unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the tyz gene cluster in Mtb, previously implicated in resistance to oxidative stress and survival in macrophages, encodes the biosynthesis of acyl-oxazolones. Heterologous expression of tyzA (Rv2336), tyzB (Rv2338c) and tyzC (Rv2337c) resulted in the biosynthesis of C12:0-tyrazolone as the predominant compound, and the C12:0-tyrazolone was identified in Mtb lipid extracts. TyzA catalyzed the N-acylation of l-amino acids, with highest specificity for l-Tyr and l-Phe and lauroyl-CoA (kcat/KM = 5.9 ± 0.8 × 103 M-1s-1). In cell extracts, TyzC, a flavin-dependent oxidase (FDO) of the nitroreductase (NTR) superfamily, catalyzed the O2-dependent desaturation of the N-acyl-L-Tyr produced by TyzA, while TyzB, a ThiF homolog, catalyzed its ATP-dependent cyclization. The substrate preference of TyzB and TyzC appear to determine the identity of the acyl-oxazolone. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the NTR superfamily includes a large number of broadly distributed FDOs, including five in Mtb that likely catalyze the desaturation of lipid species. Finally, TCA1, a molecule with activity against drug-resistant and persistent tuberculosis, failed to inhibit the cyclization activity of TyzB, the proposed secondary target of TCA1. Overall, this study identifies a novel class of Mtb lipids, clarifies the role of a potential drug target, and expands our understanding of the NTR superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Grigg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janine N Copp
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica M C Krekhno
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aygun Ibrahimova
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lindsay D Eltis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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7
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Stanley S, Spaulding CN, Liu Q, Chase MR, Ha DTM, Thai PVK, Lan NH, Thu DDA, Quang NL, Brown J, Hicks ND, Wang X, Marin M, Howard NC, Vickers AJ, Karpinski WM, Chao MC, Farhat MR, Caws M, Dunstan SJ, Thuong NTT, Fortune SM. High-throughput phenogenotyping of Mycobacteria tuberculosis clinical strains reveals bacterial determinants of treatment outcomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.09.536166. [PMID: 37090677 PMCID: PMC10120664 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.09.536166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Combatting the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) necessitates a better understanding of the factors contributing to patient clinical outcomes and transmission. While host and environmental factors have been evaluated, the impact of Mtb genetic background and phenotypic diversity is underexplored. Previous work has made associations between Mtb genetic lineages and some clinical and epidemiological features, but the bacterial traits underlying these connections are largely unknown. Methods We developed a high-throughput functional genomics platform for defining genotype-phenotype relationships across a panel of Mtb clinical isolates. These phenotypic fitness profiles function as intermediate traits which can be linked to Mtb genetic variants and associated with clinical and epidemiological outcomes. We applied this approach to a collection of 158 Mtb strains from a study of Mtb transmission in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Mtb strains were genetically tagged in multiplicate, which allowed us to pool the strains and assess in vitro competitive fitness using deep sequencing across a set of 14 host-relevant antibiotic and metabolic conditions. Phylogenetic and monogenic associations with these intermediate traits were identified and then associated with clinical outcomes. Findings Mtb clinical strains have a broad range of growth and drug response dynamics that can be clustered by their phylogenetic relationships. We identified novel monogenic associations with Mtb fitness in various metabolic and antibiotic conditions. Among these, we find that mutations in Rv1339 , a phosphodiesterase, which were identified through their association with slow growth in glycerol, are further associated with treatment failure. We also identify a previously uncharacterized subclade of Lineage 1 strains (L1.1.1.1) that is phenotypically distinguished by slow growth under most antibiotic and metabolic stress conditions in vitro . This clade is associated with cavitary disease, treatment failure, and demonstrates increased transmission potential. Interpretation High-throughput phenogenotyping of Mtb clinical strains enabled bacterial intermediate trait identification that can provide a mechanistic link between Mtb genetic variation and patient clinical outcomes. Mtb strains associated with cavitary disease, treatment failure, and transmission potential display intermediate phenotypes distinguished by slow growth under various antibiotic and metabolic conditions. These data suggest that Mtb growth regulation is an adaptive advantage for host bacterial success in human populations, in at least some circumstances. These data further suggest markers for the underlying bacterial processes that govern these clinical outcomes. Funding National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: P01 AI132130 (SS, SMF); P01 AI143575 (XW, SMF); U19 AI142793 (QL, SMF); 5T32AI132120-03 (SS); 5T32AI132120-04 (SS); 5T32AI049928-17 (SS) Wellcome Trust Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine: 097124/Z/11/Z (NTTT) National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/A*STAR joint call: APP1056689 (SJD) The funding sources had no involvement in study methodology, data collection, analysis, and interpretation nor in the writing or submission of the manuscript. Research in context Evidence before this study: We used different combinations of the words mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis, clinical strains, intermediate phenotypes, genetic barcoding, phenogenomics, cavitary disease, treatment failure, and transmission to search the PubMed database for all studies published up until January 20 th , 2022. We only considered English language publications, which biases our search. Previous work linking Mtb determinants to clinical or epidemiological data has made associations between bacterial lineage, or less frequently, genetic polymorphisms to in vitro or in vivo models of pathogenesis, transmission, and clinical outcomes such as cavitary disease, treatment failure, delayed culture conversion, and severity. Many of these studies focus on the global pandemic Lineage 2 and Lineage 4 Mtb strains due in part to a deletion in a polyketide synthase implicated in host-pathogen interactions. There are a number of Mtb GWAS studies that have led to novel genetic determinants of in vitro drug resistance and tolerance. Previous Mtb GWAS analyses with clinical outcomes did not experimentally test any predicted phenotypes of the clinical strains. Published laboratory-based studies of Mtb clinical strains involve relatively small numbers of strains, do not identify the genetic basis of relevant phenotypes, or link findings to the corresponding clinical outcomes. There are two recent studies of other pathogens that describe phenogenomic analyses. One study of 331 M. abscessus clinical strains performed one-by-one phenotyping to identify bacterial features associated with clearance of infection and another details a competition experiment utilizing three barcoded Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates to assay antimalarial fitness and resistance. Added value of this study: We developed a functional genomics platform to perform high-throughput phenotyping of Mtb clinical strains. We then used these phenotypes as intermediate traits to identify novel bacterial genetic features associated with clinical outcomes. We leveraged this platform with a sample of 158 Mtb clinical strains from a cross sectional study of Mtb transmission in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. To enable high-throughput phenotyping of large numbers of Mtb clinical isolates, we applied a DNA barcoding approach that has not been previously utilized for the high-throughput analysis of Mtb clinical strains. This approach allowed us to perform pooled competitive fitness assays, tracking strain fitness using deep sequencing. We measured the replicative fitness of the clinical strains in multiplicate under 14 metabolic and antibiotic stress condition. To our knowledge, this is the largest phenotypic screen of Mtb clinical isolates to date. We performed bacterial GWAS to delineate the Mtb genetic variants associated with each fitness phenotype, identifying monogenic associations with several conditions. We then defined Mtb phenotypic and genetic features associated with clinical outcomes. We find that a subclade of Mtb strains, defined by variants largely involved in fatty acid metabolic pathways, share a universal slow growth phenotype that is associated with cavitary disease, treatment failure and increased transmission potential in Vietnam. We also find that mutations in Rv1339 , a poorly characterized phosphodiesterase, also associate with slow growth in vitro and with treatment failure in patients. Implications of all the available evidence: Phenogenomic profiling demonstrates that Mtb strains exhibit distinct growth characteristics under metabolic and antibiotic stress conditions. These fitness profiles can serve as intermediate traits for GWAS and association with clinical outcomes. Intermediate phenotyping allows us to examine potential processes by which bacterial strain differences contribute to clinical outcomes. Our study identifies clinical strains with slow growth phenotypes under in vitro models of antibiotic and host-like metabolic conditions that are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. It is possible that the bacterial intermediate phenotypes we identified are directly related to the mechanisms of these outcomes, or they may serve as markers for the causal yet unidentified bacterial determinants. Via the intermediate phenotyping, we also discovered a surprising diversity in Mtb responses to the new anti-mycobacterial drugs that target central metabolic processes, which will be important in considering roll-out of these new agents. Our study and others that have identified Mtb determinants of TB clinical and epidemiological phenotypes should inform efforts to improve diagnostics and drug regimen design.
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BORC complex specific components and Kinesin-1 mediate autophagy evasion by the autophagy-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1663. [PMID: 36717601 PMCID: PMC9886903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy induction by starvation has been shown to enhance lysosomal delivery to mycobacterial phagosomes, resulting in the restriction of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis reference strain H37Rv. In contrast to H37Rv, our previous study showed that strains belonging to the notorious M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype could evade autophagic elimination. Our recent RNA-Seq analysis also discovered that the autophagy-resistant M. tuberculosis Beijing strain (BJN) evaded autophagic control by upregulating the expression of Kxd1, a BORC complex component, and Plekhm2, both of which function in lysosome positioning towards the cell periphery in host macrophages, thereby suppressing enhanced lysosomal delivery to its phagosome and sparing the BJN from elimination as a result. In this work, we further characterised the other specific components of the BORC complex, BORC5-8, and Kinesin proteins in autophagy resistance by the BJN. Depletion of BORCS5-8 and Kinesin-1, but not Kinesin-3, reverted autophagy avoidance by the BJN, resulting in increased lysosomal delivery to the BJN phagosomes. In addition, the augmented lysosome relocation towards the perinuclear region could now be observed in the BJN-infected host cells depleted in BORCS5-8 and Kinesin-1 expressions. Taken together, the data uncovered new roles for BORCS5-8 and Kinesin-1 in autophagy evasion by the BJN.
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9
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Prombutara P, Adriansyah Putra Siregar T, Laopanupong T, Kanjanasirirat P, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Rai A, Chaiprasert A, Palittapongarnpim P, Ponpuak M. Host cell transcriptomic response to the multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clonal outbreak Beijing strain reveals its pathogenic features. Virulence 2022; 13:1810-1826. [PMID: 36242542 PMCID: PMC9578452 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2135268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The upsurge of multidrug-resistant infections has rendered tuberculosis the principal cause of death among infectious diseases. A clonal outbreak multidrug-resistant triggering strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in Kanchanaburi Province, labelled "MKR superspreader," which was found to subsequently spread to other regions, as revealed by prior epidemiological reports in Thailand. Herein, we showed that the MKR displayed a higher growth rate upon infection into host macrophages in comparison with the H37Rv reference strain. To further elucidate MKR's biology, we utilized RNA-Seq and differential gene expression analyses to identify host factors involved in the intracellular viability of the MKR. A set of host genes function in the cellular response to lipid pathway was found to be uniquely up-regulated in host macrophages infected with the MKR, but not those infected with H37Rv. Within this set of genes, the IL-36 cytokines which regulate host cell cholesterol metabolism and resistance against mycobacteria attracted our interest, as our previous study revealed that the MKR elevated genes associated with cholesterol breakdown during its growth inside host macrophages. Indeed, when comparing macrophages infected with the MKR to H37Rv-infected cells, our RNA-Seq data showed that the expression ratio of IL-36RN, the negative regulator of the IL-36 pathway, to that of IL-36G was greater in macrophages infected with the MKR. Furthermore, the MKR's intracellular survival and increased intracellular cholesterol level in the MKR-infected macrophages were diminished with decreased IL-36RN expression. Overall, our results indicated that IL-36RN could serve as a new target against this emerging multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tegar Adriansyah Putra Siregar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Thanida Laopanupong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Awantika Rai
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pratumthani, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dormancy: How to Fight a Hidden Danger. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122334. [PMID: 36557586 PMCID: PMC9784227 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both latent and active TB infections are caused by a heterogeneous population of mycobacteria, which includes actively replicating and dormant bacilli in different proportions. Dormancy substantially affects M. tuberculosis drug tolerance and TB clinical management due to a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of bacilli, which leads to the complexity of both the diagnosis and the eradication of bacilli. Most diagnostic approaches to latent infection deal with a subpopulation of active M. tuberculosis, underestimating the contribution of dormant bacilli and leading to limited success in the fight against latent TB. Moreover, active TB appears not only as a primary form of infection but can also develop from latent TB, when resuscitation from dormancy is followed by bacterial multiplication, leading to disease progression. To win against latent infection, the identification of the Achilles' heel of dormant M. tuberculosis is urgently needed. Regulatory mechanisms and metabolic adaptation to growth arrest should be studied using in vitro and in vivo models that adequately imitate latent TB infection in macroorganisms. Understanding the mechanisms underlying M. tuberculosis dormancy and resuscitation may provide clues to help control latent infection, reduce disease severity in patients, and prevent pathogen transmission in the population.
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11
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Bucşan AN, Veatch A, Singh DK, Akter S, Golden NA, Kirkpatrick M, Threeton B, Moodley C, Ahmed M, Doyle LA, Russell-Lodrigue K, Norton EB, Didier PJ, Roy CJ, Abramovitch RB, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. Response to Hypoxia and the Ensuing Dysregulation of Inflammation Impacts Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenicity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:94-104. [PMID: 35412961 PMCID: PMC9718519 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202112-2747oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Different Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains exhibit variable degrees of virulence in humans and animal models. Differing stress response strategies used by different strains of Mtb could influence virulence. Objectives: We compared the virulence of two strains of Mtb with use in animal model research: CDC1551 and Erdman. Methods: Rhesus macaques, which develop human-like tuberculosis attributes and pathology, were infected with a high dose of either strain via aerosol, and virulence was compared by bacterial burden and pathology. Measurements and Main Results: Infection with Erdman resulted in significantly shorter times to euthanasia and higher bacterial burdens and greater systemic inflammation and lung pathology relative to those infected with CDC1551. Macaques infected with Erdman also exhibited significantly higher early inflammatory myeloid cell influx to the lung, greater macrophage and T cell activity, and higher expression of lung remodeling (extracellular matrix) genes, consistent with greater pathology. Expression of NOTCH4 (neurogenic locus notch homolog 4) signaling, which is induced in response to hypoxia and promotes undifferentiated cellular state, was also higher in Erdman-infected lungs. The granulomas generated by Erdman, and not CDC1551, infection appeared to have larger regions of necrosis, which is strongly associated with hypoxia. To better understand the mechanisms of differential hypoxia induction by these strains, we subjected both to hypoxia in vitro. Erdman induced higher concentrations of DosR regulon relative to CDC1551. The DosR regulon is the global regulator of response to hypoxia in Mtb and critical for its persistence in granulomas. Conclusions: Our results show that the response to hypoxia is a critical mediator of virulence determination in Mtb, with potential impacts on bacillary persistence, reactivation, and efficiency of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Bucşan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Ashley Veatch
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Dhiraj K. Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sadia Akter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nadia A. Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Melanie Kirkpatrick
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Breanna Threeton
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Chivonne Moodley
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lara A. Doyle
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Elizabeth B. Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Peter J. Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert B. Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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12
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Sánchez-Garibay C, Salinas-Lara C, Gómez-López MA, Soto-Rojas LO, Castillón-Benavides NK, Castillón-Benavides OJ, Hernández-Campos ME, Hernández-Pando R, Marquina-Castillo B, Flores-Barrada MA, Choreño-Parra JA, León-Contreras JC, Tena-Suck ML, Mata-Espinosa DA, Nava P, Medina-Mendoza J, Rodríguez-Balderas CA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Induces BCSFB Disruption but No BBB Disruption In Vivo: Implications in the Pathophysiology of Tuberculous Meningitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126436. [PMID: 35742886 PMCID: PMC9223849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis is the most lethal and devastating form among the diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis bacilli enter the CNS are still unclear. However, the BBB and the BCSFB have been proposed as possible routes of access into the brain. We previously reported that certain strains of M. tuberculosis possess an enhanced ability to cause secondary CNS infection in a mouse model of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis. Here, we evaluated the morphostructural and molecular integrity of CNS barriers. For this purpose, we analyzed through transmission electron microscopy the ultrastructure of brain parenchymal microvessels and choroid plexus epithelium from animals infected with two mycobacterial strains. Additionally, we determined the expression of junctional proteins and cytokines by immunological techniques. The results showed that the presence of M. tuberculosis induced disruption of the BCSFB but no disruption of the BBB, and that the severity of such damage was related to the strain used, suggesting that variations in the ability to cause CNS disease among distinct strains of bacteria may also be linked to their capacity to cause direct or indirect disruption of these barriers. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in CNS tuberculosis may facilitate the establishment of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.S.-G.); (M.L.T.-S.)
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Citlaltepetl Salinas-Lara
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.S.-G.); (M.L.T.-S.)
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
- Laboratorio de Patogenesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5606-3822
| | | | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
- Laboratorio de Patogenesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | | | | | - María Elena Hernández-Campos
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.H.-P.); (D.A.M.-E.)
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | | | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Genética, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City 14380, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Microscopia Electrónica, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Martha Lilia Tena-Suck
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.S.-G.); (M.L.T.-S.)
| | - Dulce Adriana Mata-Espinosa
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.H.-P.); (D.A.M.-E.)
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Jessica Medina-Mendoza
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Juarez de México, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
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13
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Multiplexed Strain Phenotyping Defines Consequences of Genetic Diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis for Infection and Vaccination Outcomes. mSystems 2022; 7:e0011022. [PMID: 35430871 PMCID: PMC9239107 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00110-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that genetic diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, contributes to the outcomes of infection and public health interventions, such as vaccination. Epidemiological studies suggest that among the phylogeographic lineages of M. tuberculosis, strains belonging to a sublineage of Lineage 2 (mL2) are associated with concerning clinical features, including hypervirulence, treatment failure, and vaccine escape. The global expansion and increasing prevalence of this sublineage has been attributed to the selective advantage conferred by these characteristics, yet confounding host and environmental factors make it difficult to identify the bacterial determinants driving these associations in human studies. Here, we developed a molecular barcoding strategy to facilitate high-throughput, experimental phenotyping of M. tuberculosis clinical isolates. This approach allowed us to characterize growth dynamics for a panel of genetically diverse M. tuberculosis strains during infection and after vaccination in the mouse model. We found that mL2 strains exhibit distinct growth dynamics in vivo and are resistant to the immune protection conferred by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. The latter finding corroborates epidemiological observations and demonstrates that mycobacterial features contribute to vaccine efficacy. To investigate the genetic and biological basis of mL2 strains’ distinctive phenotypes, we performed variant analysis, transcriptional studies, and genome-wide transposon sequencing. We identified functional genetic changes across multiple stress and host response pathways in a representative mL2 strain that are associated with variants in regulatory genes. These adaptive changes may underlie the distinct clinical characteristics and epidemiological success of this lineage. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a remarkably heterogeneous disease, a feature that complicates clinical care and public health interventions. The contributions of pathogen genetic diversity to this heterogeneity are uncertain, in part due to the challenges of experimentally manipulating M. tuberculosis, a slow-growing, biosafety level 3 organism. To overcome these challenges, we applied a molecular barcoding strategy to a panel of M. tuberculosis clinical isolates. This novel application of barcoding permitted the high-throughput characterization of M. tuberculosis strain growth dynamics and vaccine resistance in the mouse model of infection. Integrating these results with genomic analyses, we uncover bacterial pathways that contribute to infection outcomes, suggesting targets for improved therapeutics and vaccines.
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14
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Siregar TAP, Prombutara P, Kanjanasirirat P, Kunkaew N, Tubsuwan A, Boonmee A, Palaga T, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Chaiprasert A, Utaisincharoen P, Ponpuak M. The autophagy-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain upregulates KatG to evade starvation-induced autophagic restriction. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6509485. [PMID: 35038342 PMCID: PMC8829027 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis utilizes several mechanisms to block phagosome–lysosome fusion to evade host cell restriction. However, induction of host cell autophagy by starvation was shown to overcome this block, resulting in enhanced lysosomal delivery to mycobacterial phagosomes and the killing of the M. tuberculosis reference strain H37Rv. Nevertheless, our previous studies found that strains belonging to the M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype can resist starvation-induced autophagic elimination, though the mycobacterial factors involved remain unclear. In this study, we showed that KatG expression is upregulated in the autophagy-resistant M. tuberculosis Beijing strain (BJN) during autophagy induction by the starvation of host macrophages, while such increase was not observed in the H37Rv. KatG depletion using the CRISPR-dCas9 interference system in the BJN resulted in increased lysosomal delivery to its phagosome and decreased its survival upon autophagy induction by starvation. As KatG functions by catabolizing ROS, we determined the source of ROS contributing to the starvation-induced autophagic elimination of mycobacteria. Using siRNA-mediated knockdown, we found that Superoxide dismutase 2, which generates mitochondrial ROS but not NADPH oxidase 2, is important for the starvation-induced lysosomal delivery to mycobacterial phagosomes. Taken together, these findings showed that KatG is vital for the BJN to evade starvation-induced autophagic restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegar Adriansyah Putra Siregar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nawapol Kunkaew
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alisa Tubsuwan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Atsadang Boonmee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Sharma S, Kumar M, Kumar J, Srivastava N, Hussain MA, Shelly A, Mazumder S. M. fortuitum-induced CNS-pathology: Deciphering the role of canonical Wnt signaling, blood brain barrier components and cytokines. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104111. [PMID: 33933535 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular underpinning of mycobacteria-induced CNS-pathology is not well understood. In the present study, zebrafish were infected with Mycobacterium fortuitum and the prognosis of CNS-pathogenesis studied. We observed M. fortuitum triggers extensive brain-pathology. Evans blue extravasation demonstrated compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Further, decreased expression in tight-junction (TJ) and adherens junction complex (AJC) genes were noted in infected brain. Wnt-signaling has emerged as a major player in host-mycobacterial immunity but its involvement/role in brain-infection is not well studied. Sustained expression of wnt2, wnt3a, fzd5, lrp5/6 and β-catenin, with concordant decline in degradation complex components axin, gsk3β and β-catenin regulator capn2a were observed. The surge in ifng1 and tnfa expression preceding il10 and il4 suggested cytokine-interplay critical in M. fortuitum-induced brain-pathology. Therefore, we suggest adult zebrafish as a viable model for studying CNS-pathology and using the same, conclude that M. fortuitum infection is associated with repressed TJ-AJC gene expression and compromised BBB permeability. Our results implicate Wnt/β-catenin pathway in M. fortuitum-induced CNS-pathology wherein Th1-type signals facilitate bacterial clearance and Th2-type signals prevent the disease sequel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Sharma
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Manmohan Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Jai Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Department of Zoology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Maharaja Agrasen University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Md Arafat Hussain
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Asha Shelly
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Delhi, 110021, India.
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16
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Wu B, Zhu W, Wang Y, Wang Q, Zhou L, Liu Z, Bi L, Barun M, Kreiswirth BN, Chen L, Chen S, Wang X, Wang W. Genetic composition and evolution of the prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages 2 and 4 in the Chinese and Zhejiang Province populations. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:162. [PMID: 34419157 PMCID: PMC8379736 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are seven human-adaptation lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Tuberculosis (TB) dissemination is strongly influenced by human movements and host genetics. The detailed lineage distribution evolution of Mtb in Zhejiang Province is unknown. We aim to determine how different sub-lineages are transmitted and distributed within China and Zhejiang Province. Methods We analysed whole-genome sequencing data for a worldwide collection of 1154 isolates and a provincial collection of 1296 isolates, constructed the best-scoring maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree. Bayesian evolutionary analysis was used to calculate the latest common ancestor of lineages 2 and 4. The antigenic diversity of human T cell epitopes was evaluated by calculating the pairwise dN/dS ratios. Results Of the Zhejiang isolates, 964 (74.38%) belonged to lineage 2 and 332 (25.62%) belonged to lineage 4. The distributions of the sub-lineages varied across the geographic regions of Zhejiang Province. L2.2 is the most ancient sub-lineage in Zhejiang, first appearing approximately 6897 years ago (95% highest posterior density interval (HDI): 6513–7298). L4.4 is the most modern sub-lineage, first appearing approximately 2217 years ago (95% HDI: 1864–2581). The dN/dS ratios showed that the epitope and non-epitope regions of lineage 2 strains were significantly (P < 0.001) more conserved than those of lineage 4. Conclusions An increase in the frequency of lineage 4 may reflect its successful transmission over the last 20 years. The recent common ancestors of the sub-lineages and their transmission routes are relevant to the entry of humans into China and Zhejiang Province. Diversity in T cell epitopes may prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis from being recognized by the immune system. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00673-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wu
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenlong Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengwei Liu
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijun Bi
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mathema Barun
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Barry N Kreiswirth
- Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Songhua Chen
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weibing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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17
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Castro RAD, Borrell S, Gagneux S. The within-host evolution of antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa071. [PMID: 33320947 PMCID: PMC8371278 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been responsible for the greatest number of human deaths due to an infectious disease in general, and due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in particular. The etiological agents of human TB are a closely-related group of human-adapted bacteria that belong to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Understanding how MTBC populations evolve within-host may allow for improved TB treatment and control strategies. In this review, we highlight recent works that have shed light on how AMR evolves in MTBC populations within individual patients. We discuss the role of heteroresistance in AMR evolution, and review the bacterial, patient and environmental factors that likely modulate the magnitude of heteroresistance within-host. We further highlight recent works on the dynamics of MTBC genetic diversity within-host, and discuss how spatial substructures in patients' lungs, spatiotemporal heterogeneity in antimicrobial concentrations and phenotypic drug tolerance likely modulates the dynamics of MTBC genetic diversity in patients during treatment. We note the general characteristics that are shared between how the MTBC and other bacterial pathogens evolve in humans, and highlight the characteristics unique to the MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhastin A D Castro
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Borrell
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Rambaran S, Naidoo K, Lewis L, Hassan-Moosa R, Govender D, Samsunder N, Scriba TJ, Padayatchi N, Sivro A. Effect of Inflammatory Cytokines/Chemokines on Pulmonary Tuberculosis Culture Conversion and Disease Severity in HIV-Infected and -Uninfected Individuals From South Africa. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641065. [PMID: 33868272 PMCID: PMC8047115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control strategies are urgently required. Utilising specimens from the Improving Retreatment Success (NCT02114684) trial we assessed the associations between inflammatory markers, measured during active TB, with treatment response and disease severity in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. Multiplex immunoassays and ELISA were used to measure plasma expression of 24 cytokines/chemokines. Cytokines were log transformed to adjust for skewness. We conducted a nested, un-matched, case (n= 31) - control (n=101) study with cases defined as those participants who failed to sputum culture convert within 8-weeks of TB treatment initiation. Additionally, we examined the association between the measured cytokines and time to culture conversion and presence of lung cavitation using cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models, respectively. Multivariable analyses adjusted for a wide range of baseline clinical and demographic variables. IP-10 expression during active TB was associated with increased odds of sputum culture conversion by 8-weeks overall (aOR 4.255, 95% CI 1.025 – 17.544, p=0.046)) and among HIV-infected individuals (OR 10.204, 95% CI 1.247 – 83.333, p=0.030). Increased MCP-3 (aHR 1.723, 95% CI 1.040 – 2.855, p=0.035) and IL-6 (aHR 1.409, 95% CI 1.045 – 1.899, p=0.024) expression was associated with a shorter time to culture conversion in the total cohort. Higher plasma expression of IL-6 (aHR 1.783, 95% CI 1.128 – 2.820, p=0.013), IL-1RA (aHR 2.595, 95% CI 1.136 – 5.926, p=0.024), IP-10 (aHR 2.068, 95% CI 1.034 – 4.137, p=0.040) and IL-1α (aHR 2.008, 95% CI 1.053 – 3.831, p=0.035) were significantly associated with shorter time to culture conversion among HIV-infected individuals. Increased IL-6 and IL-1RA expression was significantly associated with the presence of lung cavitation during active TB in the total cohort (OR 2.543, 95% CI 1.254 – 5.160, p=0.010), (OR 4.639, 95% CI 1.203 – 21.031, p=0.047) and in HIV-infected individuals (OR 2.644, 95% CI 1.062 – 6.585, p=0.037), (OR 7.795, 95% CI 1.177 – 51.611, p=0.033) respectively. Our results indicate that inflammatory cytokines/chemokines play an important role in TB disease outcome. Importantly, the observed associations were stronger in multivariable models highlighting the impact of behavioural and clinical variables on the expression of immune markers as well as their potential effects on TB outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhuri Rambaran
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Kogieleum Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lara Lewis
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Razia Hassan-Moosa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Dhineshree Govender
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Natasha Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- Department of Pathology, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nesri Padayatchi
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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19
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Laopanupong T, Prombutara P, Kanjanasirirat P, Benjaskulluecha S, Boonmee A, Palaga T, Méresse S, Paha J, Siregar TAP, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Chaiprasert A, Utaisincharoen P, Ponpuak M. Lysosome repositioning as an autophagy escape mechanism by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4342. [PMID: 33619301 PMCID: PMC7900199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of host cell autophagy by starvation was shown to enhance lysosomal delivery to mycobacterial phagosomes, resulting in the restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reference strain H37Rv. Our previous study showed that strains belonging to M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype resisted starvation-induced autophagic elimination but the factors involved remained unclear. Here, we conducted RNA-Seq of macrophages infected with the autophagy-resistant Beijing strain (BJN) compared to macrophages infected with H37Rv upon autophagy induction by starvation. Results identified several genes uniquely upregulated in BJN-infected macrophages but not in H37Rv-infected cells, including those encoding Kxd1 and Plekhm2, which function in lysosome positioning towards the cell periphery. Unlike H37Rv, BJN suppressed enhanced lysosome positioning towards the perinuclear region and lysosomal delivery to its phagosome upon autophagy induction by starvation, while depletion of Kxd1 and Plekhm2 reverted such effects, resulting in restriction of BJN intracellular survival upon autophagy induction by starvation. Taken together, these data indicated that Kxd1 and Plekhm2 are important for the BJN strain to suppress lysosome positioning towards the perinuclear region and lysosomal delivery into its phagosome during autophagy induction by starvation to evade starvation-induced autophagic restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanida Laopanupong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Salisa Benjaskulluecha
- Inter-Disciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atsadang Boonmee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Inter-Disciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jiraporn Paha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Utaisincharoen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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20
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Pouget M, Coussens AK, Ruggiero A, Koch A, Thomas J, Besra GS, Wilkinson RJ, Bhatt A, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Generation of Liposomes to Study the Effect of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Lipids on HIV-1 cis- and trans-Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041945. [PMID: 33669411 PMCID: PMC7920488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among HIV-1-infected individuals and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) co-infection is an early precipitate to AIDS. We aimed to determine whether Mtb strains differentially modulate cellular susceptibility to HIV-1 infection (cis- and trans-infection), via surface receptor interaction by their cell envelope lipids. Total lipids from pathogenic (lineage 4 Mtb H37Rv, CDC1551 and lineage 2 Mtb HN878, EU127) and non-pathogenic (Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium smegmatis) Mycobacterium strains were integrated into liposomes mimicking the lipid distribution and antigen accessibility of the mycobacterial cell wall. The resulting liposomes were tested for modulating in vitro HIV-1 cis- and trans-infection of TZM-bl cells using single-cycle infectious virus particles. Mtb glycolipids did not affect HIV-1 direct infection however, trans-infection of both R5 and X4 tropic HIV-1 strains were impaired in the presence of glycolipids from M. bovis, Mtb H37Rv and Mtb EU127 strains when using Raji-DC-SIGN cells or immature and mature dendritic cells (DCs) to capture virus. SL1, PDIM and TDM lipids were identified to be involved in DC-SIGN recognition and impairment of HIV-1 trans-infection. These findings indicate that variant strains of Mtb have differential effect on HIV-1 trans-infection with the potential to influence HIV-1 disease course in co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Pouget
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna K. Coussens
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.K.C.); (A.K.); (R.J.W.)
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3279, Australia
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Koch
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.K.C.); (A.K.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.K.C.); (A.K.); (R.J.W.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (W.A.P.); Tel.: +44-151-795-9681 (G.P.); +44-151-795-9605 (W.A.P.)
| | - William A. Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (W.A.P.); Tel.: +44-151-795-9681 (G.P.); +44-151-795-9605 (W.A.P.)
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21
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Aiewsakun P, Prombutara P, Siregar TAP, Laopanupong T, Kanjanasirirat P, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Tong-Ngam P, Tubsuwan A, Srilohasin P, Chaiprasert A, Ruangchai W, Palittapongarnpim P, Prammananan T, VanderVen BC, Ponpuak M. Transcriptional response to the host cell environment of a multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clonal outbreak Beijing strain reveals its pathogenic features. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3199. [PMID: 33542438 PMCID: PMC7862621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global public health problem with emergence of multidrug-resistant infections. Previous epidemiological studies of tuberculosis in Thailand have identified a clonal outbreak multidrug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Kanchanaburi province, designated “MKR superspreader”, and this particular strain later was found to also spread to other regions. In this study, we elucidated its biology through RNA-Seq analyses and identified a set of genes involved in cholesterol degradation to be up-regulated in the MKR during the macrophage cell infection, but not in the H37Rv reference strain. We also found that the bacterium up-regulated genes associated with the ESX-1 secretion system during its intracellular growth phase, while the H37Rv did not. All results were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Moreover, we showed that compounds previously shown to inhibit the mycobacterial ESX-1 secretion system and cholesterol utilisation, and FDA-approved drugs known to interfere with the host cholesterol transportation were able to decrease the intracellular survival of the MKR when compared to the untreated control, while not that of the H37Rv. Altogether, our findings suggested that such pathways are important for the MKR’s intracellular growth, and potentially could be targets for the discovery of new drugs against this emerging multidrug-resistant strain of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thanida Laopanupong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pirut Tong-Ngam
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Alisa Tubsuwan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Srilohasin
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wuthiwat Ruangchai
- Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pratumthani, Thailand
| | - Therdsak Prammananan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pratumthani, Thailand
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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22
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Peters JS, Ismail N, Dippenaar A, Ma S, Sherman DR, Warren RM, Kana BD. Genetic Diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates and Resulting Outcomes of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease. Annu Rev Genet 2020; 54:511-537. [PMID: 32926793 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-022820-085940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis claims more human lives than any other bacterial infectious disease and represents a clear and present danger to global health as new tools for vaccination, treatment, and interruption of transmission have been slow to emerge. Additionally, tuberculosis presents with notable clinical heterogeneity, which complicates diagnosis, treatment, and the establishment of nonrelapsing cure. How this heterogeneity is driven by the diversity ofclinical isolates of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has recently garnered attention. Herein, we review advances in the understanding of how naturally occurring variation in clinical isolates affects transmissibility, pathogenesis, immune modulation, and drug resistance. We also summarize how specific changes in transcriptional responses can modulate infection or disease outcome, together with strain-specific effects on gene essentiality. Further understanding of how this diversity of M. tuberculosis isolates affects disease and treatment outcomes will enable the development of more effective therapeutic options and vaccines for this dreaded disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian S Peters
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; ,
| | - Nabila Ismail
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; ,
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; , .,Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium;
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; ,
| | - David R Sherman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; ,
| | - Robin M Warren
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; ,
| | - Bavesh D Kana
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; ,
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23
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Grandjean L, Monteserin J, Gilman R, Pauschardt J, Rokadiya S, Bonilla C, Ritacco V, Vidal JR, Parkhill J, Peacock S, Moore DA, Balloux F. Association between bacterial homoplastic variants and radiological pathology in tuberculosis. Thorax 2020; 75:584-591. [PMID: 32546574 PMCID: PMC7361023 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how pathogen genetic factors contribute to pathology in TB could enable tailored treatments to the most pathogenic and infectious strains. New strategies are needed to control drug-resistant TB, which requires longer and costlier treatment. We hypothesised that the severity of radiological pathology on the chest radiograph in TB disease was associated with variants arising independently, multiple times (homoplasies) in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. METHODS We performed whole genome sequencing (Illumina HiSeq2000 platform) on M. tuberculosis isolates from 103 patients with drug-resistant TB in Lima between 2010 and 2013. Variables including age, sex, HIV status, previous TB disease and the percentage of lung involvement on the pretreatment chest radiograph were collected from health posts of the national TB programme. Genomic variants were identified using standard pipelines. RESULTS Two mutations were significantly associated with more widespread radiological pathology in a multivariable regression model controlling for confounding variables (Rv2828c.141, RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.39, p<0.01; rpoC.1040 95% CI 1.77 to 2.16, RR 1.9, p<0.01). The rpoB.450 mutation was associated with less extensive radiological pathology (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.94, p=0.03), suggestive of a bacterial fitness cost for this mutation in vivo. Patients with a previous episode of TB disease and those between 10 and 30 years of age also had significantly increased radiological pathology. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to compare the M. tuberculosis genome to radiological pathology on the chest radiograph. We identified two variants significantly positively associated with more widespread radiological pathology and one with reduced pathology. Prospective studies are warranted to determine whether mutations associated with increased pathology also predict the spread of drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Grandjean
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK .,Laboratorio de Investigacion y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Cayetano Heredia Pervuvian University, Lima, Peru.,Institute of Child Health, UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Joha Monteserin
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas INEI-ANLIS, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr Carlos G Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Robert Gilman
- Laboratorio de Investigacion y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Cayetano Heredia Pervuvian University, Lima, Peru.,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Pauschardt
- Laboratorio de Investigacion y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Cayetano Heredia Pervuvian University, Lima, Peru
| | - Sakib Rokadiya
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cesar Bonilla
- Unidad Tecnica de Tuberculosis MDR, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Viviana Ritacco
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas INEI-ANLIS, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr Carlos G Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia Rios Vidal
- Unidad Tecnica de Tuberculosis MDR, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon Peacock
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Aj Moore
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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24
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Moopanar K, Mvubu NE. Lineage-specific differences in lipid metabolism and its impact on clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2020; 146:104250. [PMID: 32407863 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the causative agent of TB and its incidences has been on the rise since 1993. Lipid metabolism is an imperative metabolic process, which grants M. tb the ability to utilize host-derived lipids as a secondary source of nutrition during infection. In addition to degrading host lipids, M. tb is proficient at using lipids, such as cholesterol, to facilitate its entry into macrophages. Mycolic acids, constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall, offer protection and aid in persistence of the bacterium. These are effectively synthesized using a complex fatty acid synthase system. Many pathogenesis studies have reported differences in lipid-metabolism of clinical strains of M. tb that belongs to diverse lineages of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). East-Asian and Euro-American lineages possess "unique" cell wall-associated lipids compared to the less transmissible Ethiopian lineage, which may offer these lineages a competitive advantage. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the complexities among the MTBC lineages with lipid metabolism and their impact on virulence, transmissibility and pathogenesis. Thus, this review provides an insight into lipid metabolism in various lineages of the MTBC and their impact on virulence and persistence during infection, as this may provide critical insight into developing novel therapeutics to combat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moopanar
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - N E Mvubu
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
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25
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Bucsan AN, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. The current state of animal models and genomic approaches towards identifying and validating molecular determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5543892. [PMID: 31381766 PMCID: PMC6687098 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are important in understanding both the pathogenesis of and immunity to tuberculosis (TB). Unfortunately, we are beginning to understand that no animal model perfectly recapitulates the human TB syndrome, which encompasses numerous different stages. Furthermore, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is a very heterogeneous event at both the levels of pathogenesis and immunity. This review seeks to establish the current understanding of TB pathogenesis and immunity, as validated in the animal models of TB in active use today. We especially focus on the use of modern genomic approaches in these models to determine the mechanism and the role of specific molecular pathways. Animal models have significantly enhanced our understanding of TB. Incorporation of contemporary technologies such as single cell transcriptomics, high-parameter flow cytometric immune profiling, proteomics, proteomic flow cytometry and immunocytometry into the animal models in use will further enhance our understanding of TB and facilitate the development of treatment and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane Center for Tuberculosis Research, Covington, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane Center for Tuberculosis Research, Covington, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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26
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Tsenova L, Singhal A. Effects of host-directed therapies on the pathology of tuberculosis. J Pathol 2020; 250:636-646. [PMID: 32108337 DOI: 10.1002/path.5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), has co-evolved with the human immune system and utilizes multiple strategies to persist within infected cells, to hijack several immune mechanisms, and to cause severe pathology and tissue damage in the host. This delays the efficacy of current antibiotic therapy and contributes to the evolution of multi-drug-resistant strains. These challenges led to the development of the novel approach in TB treatment that involves therapeutic targeting of host immune response to control disease pathogenesis and pathogen growth, namely, host-directed therapies (HDTs). Such HDT approaches can (1) enhance the effect of antibiotics, (2) shorten treatment duration for any clinical form of TB, (3) promote development of immunological memory that could protect against relapse, and (4) ameliorate the immunopathology including matrix destruction and fibrosis associated with TB. In this review we discuss TB-HDT candidates shown to be of clinical relevance that thus could be developed to reduce pathology, tissue damage, and subsequent impairment of pulmonary function. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsenova
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre (VIDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
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27
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O'Brien P, Vinnard C, Subbian S. An improved protocol to establish experimental tuberculous meningitis in the rabbit. MethodsX 2020; 7:100832. [PMID: 32195146 PMCID: PMC7078415 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the deadliest form of tuberculosis in humans, particularly in children and the geriatric population. However, the host-pathogen interactions underlying TBM is not well understood. Rabbits are a valuable model system to study TB in humans. The rabbit model of TB recapitulates several pathophysiological characteristics, including heterogeneity, architecture, and development of granulomas at the site of infection as observed in Mtb-infected human organs. Previously, our group has established a rabbit model of TBM that has been used to understand the host immune response to Mtb infection and to evaluate novel intervention therapies for TBM. In this model, rabbits infected intracisternally with Mtb showed histopathologic manifestations in the brain and meninges that are hallmarks of TBM in humans, including inflammatory cell accumulation and thickening of the leptomeninges. However, in this model, a helmet made of dental acrylic was attached to rabbit's skull with screws under anesthesia. At 24 h post-procedure, the animals were injected intracisternally with Mtb using a spinal needle. The rabbits were necropsied at various experimental time points up to 2 weeks post-infection. Although this method has been successful in establishing TBM, placement of the dental acrylic helmet on rabbit skull with screws that stays until the experimental endpoint poses stress to the animals and increases the chances of secondary infection. To alleviate these issues, we have developed an improved protocol, in which sedated rabbits are placed on specialised stereotaxic equipment and injected with Mtb intracisternally. This method is less cumbersome, faster, and more efficient in delivering the bacteria. Besides, the animals are not stressed by this method, compared to the previous one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Brien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Cancer Biology, United States
| | - Christopher Vinnard
- Public Health Research Institute of New Jersey Medical School, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute of New Jersey Medical School, United States
- Corresponding author.
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28
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Tsenova L, Fallows D, Kolloli A, Singh P, O'Brien P, Kushner N, Kaplan G, Subbian S. Inoculum size and traits of the infecting clinical strain define the protection level against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a rabbit model. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:858-872. [PMID: 32130727 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Host protective immunity against pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is variable and poorly understood. Both prior Mtb infection and BCG vaccination have been reported to confer some protection against subsequent infection and/or disease. However, the immune correlates of host protection with or without BCG vaccination remain poorly understood. Similarly, the host response to concomitant infection with mixed Mtb strains is unclear. In this study, we used the rabbit model to examine the host response to various infectious doses of virulent Mtb HN878 with and without prior BCG vaccination, as well as simultaneous infection with a mixture of two Mtb clinical isolates HN878 and CDC1551. We demonstrate that both the ability of host immunity to control pulmonary Mtb infection and the protective efficacy of BCG vaccination against the progression of Mtb infection to disease is dependent on the infectious inoculum. The host response to infection with mixed Mtb strains mirrors the differential responses seen during infection with each of the strains alone. The protective response mounted against a hyperimmunogenic Mtb strain has a limited impact on the control of disease caused by a hypervirulent strain. This preclinical study will aid in predicting the success of any vaccination strategy and in optimizing TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsenova
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, NYC College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Dorothy Fallows
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pooja Singh
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Paul O'Brien
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Kushner
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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29
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.
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30
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Yang Y, Qu XH, Zhang KN, Wu XM, Wang XR, Wen A, Li LJ. A Diagnostic Formula for Discrimination of Tuberculous and Bacterial Meningitis Using Clinical and Laboratory Features. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:448. [PMID: 32010636 PMCID: PMC6978638 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The discrimination of tuberculous meningitis and bacterial meningitis remains difficult at present, even with the introduction of advanced diagnostic tools. This study aims to differentiate these two kinds of meningitis by using the rule of clinical and laboratory features. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted to collect the clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with tuberculous meningitis or bacterial meningitis. Logistic regression was used to define the diagnostic formula for the discrimination of tuberculous meningitis and bacterial meningitis. A receiver operator characteristic curve was established to determine the best cutoff point for the diagnostic formula. Results: Five parameters (duration of illness, coughing for two or more weeks, meningeal signs, blood sodium, and percentage of neutrophils in cerebrospinal fluid) were predictive of tuberculous meningitis. The diagnostic formula developed from these parameters was 98% sensitive and 82% specific, while these were 95% sensitive and 91% specific when prospectively applied to another 70 patients. Conclusion: The diagnostic formula developed in the present study can help physicians to differentiate tuberculous meningitis from bacterial meningitis in high-tuberculosis-incidence-areas, particularly in settings with limited microbiological and radiological resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin-Hui Qu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kun-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Mu Wu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin-Rong Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - An Wen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling-Juan Li
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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31
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Kumar R, Kolloli A, Singh P, Vinnard C, Kaplan G, Subbian S. Thalidomide and Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors as Host Directed Therapeutics for Tuberculous Meningitis: Insights From the Rabbit Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:450. [PMID: 32010638 PMCID: PMC6972508 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most devastating form of extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans. Severe inflammation and extensive tissue damage drive the morbidity and mortality of this manifestation of tuberculosis (TB). Antibiotic treatment is ineffective at curing TBM due to variable and incomplete drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers. Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy, used to dampen the inflammation, and the pathologic manifestation of TBM, improves overall survival but does not entirely prevent the morbidity of the disease and has significant toxicities, including immune-suppression. The rabbit has served as a fit for purpose experimental model of human TBM since the early 1900s due to the similarity in the developmental processes of the brain, including neuronal development, myelination, and microglial functions between humans and rabbits. Consistent with the observations made in humans, proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of TBM in rabbits focusing the attention on the utility of TNF-α inhibitors in treating the disease. Thalidomide, an inhibitor of monocyte-derived TNF-α, was evaluated in the rabbit model of TBM and shown to improve survival and reduce inflammation of the brain and the meninges. Clinical studies in humans have also shown a beneficial response to thalidomide. However, the teratogenicity and T-cell activation function of the drug limit the use of thalidomide in the clinic. Thus, new drugs with more selective anti-inflammatory properties and a better safety profile are being developed. Some of these candidate drugs, such as phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, have been shown to reduce the morbidity and increase the survival of rabbits with TBM. Future studies are needed to assess the beneficial effects of these drugs for their potential to improve the current treatment strategy for TBM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Public Health Research Institute, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Public Health Research Institute, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Pooja Singh
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Public Health Research Institute, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Christopher Vinnard
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Public Health Research Institute, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Public Health Research Institute, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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32
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Mourik BC, de Steenwinkel JEM, de Knegt GJ, Huizinga R, Verbon A, Ottenhoff THM, van Soolingen D, Leenen PJM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates of the Beijing and East-African Indian lineage induce fundamentally different host responses in mice compared to H37Rv. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19922. [PMID: 31882653 PMCID: PMC6934500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial differences exist in virulence among Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in preclinical TB models. In this study we show how virulence affects host responses in mice during the first four weeks of infection with a mycobacterial strain belonging to the Beijing, East-African-Indian or Euro-American lineage. BALB/c mice were infected with clinical isolates of the Beijing-1585 strain or the East-African Indian (EAI)-1627 strain and host responses were compared to mice infected with the non-clinical H37Rv strain of the Euro-American lineage. We found that H37Rv induced a ‘classical’ T-cell influx with high IFN-γ levels, while Beijing-1585 and EAI-1627 induced an influx of B-cells into the lungs together with elevated pulmonary IL-4 protein levels. Myeloid cells in the lungs appeared functionally impaired upon infection with Beijing-1585 and EAI-1627 with reduced iNOS and IL-12 expression levels compared to H37Rv infection. This impairment might be related to significantly reduced expression in the bone marrow of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IFN-β in mice infected with Beijing-1585 and EAI-1627, which could be detected from the third day post infection onwards. Our findings suggest that increased virulence of two clinical isolates compared to H37Rv is associated with a fundamentally different systemic immune response, which already can be detected early during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C Mourik
- Department Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J de Knegt
- Department Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Huizinga
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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33
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Saelens JW, Viswanathan G, Tobin DM. Mycobacterial Evolution Intersects With Host Tolerance. Front Immunol 2019; 10:528. [PMID: 30967867 PMCID: PMC6438904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 200 years, tuberculosis (TB) has caused more deaths than any other infectious disease, likely infecting more people than it has at any other time in human history. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiologic agent of TB, is an obligate human pathogen that has evolved through the millennia to become an archetypal human-adapted pathogen. This review focuses on the evolutionary framework by which Mtb emerged as a specialized human pathogen and applies this perspective to the emergence of specific lineages that drive global TB burden. We consider how evolutionary pressures, including transmission dynamics, host tolerance, and human population patterns, may have shaped the evolution of diverse mycobacterial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Saelens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gopinath Viswanathan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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34
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Woodman M, Haeusler IL, Grandjean L. Tuberculosis Genetic Epidemiology: A Latin American Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010053. [PMID: 30654542 PMCID: PMC6356704 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are an estimated 10 million new cases of tuberculosis worldwide annually, with 282,000 new or relapsed cases each year reported from the Americas. With improvements in genome sequencing technology, it is now possible to study the genetic diversity of tuberculosis with much greater resolution. Although tuberculosis bacteria do not engage in horizontal gene transfer, the genome is far more variable than previously thought. The study of genome-wide variation in tuberculosis has improved our understanding of the evolutionary origins of tuberculosis, the arrival of tuberculosis in Latin America, the genetic determinants of drug resistance, and lineage-specific associations with important clinical phenotypes. This article reviews what is known about the arrival of tuberculosis in Latin America, the genetic diversity of tuberculosis in Latin America, and the genotypic determinants of clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Woodman
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
| | - Ilsa L Haeusler
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
| | - Louis Grandjean
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
- Laboratorio de Investigacion y Desarollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres 15102, Lima, Peru.
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35
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Davis AG, Rohlwink UK, Proust A, Figaji AA, Wilkinson RJ. The pathogenesis of tuberculous meningitis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:267-280. [PMID: 30645042 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0318-102r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death globally. Dissemination of TB to the brain results in the most severe form of extrapulmonary TB, tuberculous meningitis (TBM), which represents a medical emergency associated with high rates of mortality and disability. Via various mechanisms the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) bacillus disseminates from the primary site of infection and overcomes protective barriers to enter the CNS. There it induces an inflammatory response involving both the peripheral and resident immune cells, which initiates a cascade of pathologic mechanisms that may either contain the disease or result in significant brain injury. Here we review the steps from primary infection to cerebral disease, factors that contribute to the virulence of the organism and the vulnerability of the host and discuss the immune response and the clinical manifestations arising. Priorities for future research directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angharad Grace Davis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ursula Karin Rohlwink
- Neuroscience Institute, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Alizé Proust
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A Figaji
- Neuroscience Institute, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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36
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van Leeuwen LM, Boot M, Kuijl C, Picavet DI, van Stempvoort G, van der Pol SM, de Vries HE, van der Wel NN, van der Kuip M, van Furth AM, van der Sar AM, Bitter W. Mycobacteria employ two different mechanisms to cross the blood-brain barrier. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12858. [PMID: 29749044 PMCID: PMC6175424 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most devastating complications of tuberculosis, in particular in early childhood. In order to induce CNS infection, M. tuberculosis needs to cross specialised barriers protecting the brain. How M. tuberculosis crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enters the CNS is not well understood. Here, we use transparent zebrafish larvae and the closely related pathogen Mycobacterium marinum to answer this question. We show that in the early stages of development, mycobacteria rapidly infect brain tissue, either as free mycobacteria or within circulating macrophages. After the formation of a functionally intact BBB, the infiltration of brain tissue by infected macrophages is delayed, but not blocked, suggesting that crossing the BBB via phagocytic cells is one of the mechanisms used by mycobacteria to invade the CNS. Interestingly, depletion of phagocytic cells did not prevent M. marinum from infecting the brain tissue, indicating that free mycobacteria can independently cause brain infection. Detailed analysis showed that mycobacteria are able to cause vasculitis by extracellular outgrowth in the smaller blood vessels and by infecting endothelial cells. Importantly, we could show that this second mechanism is an active process that depends on an intact ESX-1 secretion system, which extends the role of ESX-1 secretion beyond the macrophage infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M. van Leeuwen
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maikel Boot
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Coen Kuijl
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daisy I. Picavet
- Cell Biology and Histology, Electron Microscopy Centre AmsterdamAcademic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gunny van Stempvoort
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne M.A. van der Pol
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nicole N. van der Wel
- Cell Biology and Histology, Electron Microscopy Centre AmsterdamAcademic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wilbert Bitter
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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37
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Incipient and Subclinical Tuberculosis: a Clinical Review of Early Stages and Progression of Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:31/4/e00021-18. [PMID: 30021818 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00021-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of mortality worldwide, due in part to a limited understanding of its clinical pathogenic spectrum of infection and disease. Historically, scientific research, diagnostic testing, and drug treatment have focused on addressing one of two disease states: latent TB infection or active TB disease. Recent research has clearly demonstrated that human TB infection, from latent infection to active disease, exists within a continuous spectrum of metabolic bacterial activity and antagonistic immunological responses. This revised understanding leads us to propose two additional clinical states: incipient and subclinical TB. The recognition of incipient and subclinical TB, which helps divide latent and active TB along the clinical disease spectrum, provides opportunities for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to prevent progression to active TB disease and transmission of TB bacilli. In this report, we review the current understanding of the pathogenesis, immunology, clinical epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of both incipient and subclinical TB, two emerging clinical states of an ancient bacterium.
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38
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Husain AA, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Nayak AR, Chandak NH, Daginawla HF, Singh L, Kashyap RS. Modelling of cerebral tuberculosis in BALB/c mice using clinical strain from patients with CNS tuberculosis infection. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:833-839. [PMID: 29067986 PMCID: PMC5674554 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1930_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Central nervous system (CNS) infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the most severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) due to a high level of mortality and morbidity. Limited studies are available on CNS-TB animal model development. The present study describes the development of a murine model of CNS-TB using a clinical strain (C3) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of CNS-TB patients. Methods: Groups of mice were infected by the intravenous route with MTB C3 strain isolated from the CSF of CNS-TB patients. Brain and lung tissue were evaluated for bacterial burden, histopathology and surrogate markers of TB infection at 30 and 50 days post-infection. Results: Mice infected intravenously with MTB C3 strains showed progressive development of CNS disease with high bacillary burden in lungs at the initial stage (30 days), which eventually disseminated to the brain at a later stage (50 days). Similarly, high mortality (60%) was associated in mice infected with C3 strain compared to control. Interpretation & conclusions: The study showed development of a novel murine model of CNS-TB using the C3 strain of MTB that replicated events of extrapulmonary dissemination. The developed model would be helpful in understanding the pathogenesis of CNS-TB infection for the development of improved therapeutic interventions in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliabbas A Husain
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Umesh Datta Gupta
- ICMR- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- ICMR- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Amit R Nayak
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Nitin H Chandak
- Department of Neurology, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Hatim F Daginawla
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Lokendra Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Rajpal Singh Kashyap
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
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Experimental animal models of central nervous system tuberculosis: A historical review. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 110:1-6. [PMID: 29779764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are and will remain valuable tools in medical research because their use enables a deeper understanding of disease development, thus generating important knowledge for developing disease control strategies. Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) is the most devastating disease in humans. Moreover, as the variability of signs and symptoms delay a timely diagnosis, patients usually arrive at the hospital suffering from late stage disease. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain fresh human tissue for research before an autopsy. Because of these reasons, studies on human CNS TB are limited to case series, pharmacological response reports, and post mortem histopathological studies. Here, we review the contribution of the different animal models to understand the immunopathology of the disease and the host-parasitic relationship, as well as in the development of new strategies of vaccination and to test new drugs for the treatment of CNS TB.
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Large-scale genomic analysis shows association between homoplastic genetic variation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes and meningeal or pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:122. [PMID: 29402222 PMCID: PMC5800017 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningitis is the most severe manifestation of tuberculosis. It is largely unknown why some people develop pulmonary TB (PTB) and others TB meningitis (TBM); we examined if the genetic background of infecting M. tuberculosis strains may be relevant. Methods We whole-genome sequenced M. tuberculosis strains isolated from 322 HIV-negative tuberculosis patients from Indonesia and compared isolates from patients with TBM (n = 106) and PTB (n = 216). Using a phylogeny-adjusted genome-wide association method to count homoplasy events we examined phenotype-related changes at specific loci or genes in parallel branches of the phylogenetic tree. Enrichment scores for the TB phenotype were calculated on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene, and pathway level. Genetic associations were validated in an independent set of isolates. Results Strains belonged to the East-Asian lineage (36.0%), Euro-American lineage (61.5%), and Indo-Oceanic lineage (2.5%). We found no association between lineage and phenotype (Chi-square = 4.556; p = 0.207). Large genomic differences were observed between isolates; the minimum pairwise genetic distance varied from 17 to 689 SNPs. Using the phylogenetic tree, based on 28,544 common variable positions, we selected 54 TBM and 54 PTB isolates in terminal branch sets with distinct phenotypes. Genetic variation in Rv0218, and absence of Rv3343c, and nanK were significantly associated with disease phenotype in these terminal branch sets, and confirmed in the validation set of 214 unpaired isolates. Conclusions Using homoplasy counting we identified genetic variation in three separate genes to be associated with the TB phenotype, including one (Rv0218) which encodes a secreted protein that could play a role in host-pathogen interaction by altering pathogen recognition or acting as virulence effector. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4498-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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41
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Tucker EW, Pokkali S, Zhang Z, DeMarco VP, Klunk M, Smith ES, Ordonez AA, Penet MF, Bhujwalla Z, Jain SK, Kannan S. Microglia activation in a pediatric rabbit model of tuberculous meningitis. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:1497-1506. [PMID: 27935825 PMCID: PMC5200899 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) is the most severe form of extra-pulmonary TB and disproportionately affects young children where the developing brain has a unique host response. New Zealand white rabbits were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis via subarachnoid inoculation at postnatal day 4-8 and evaluated until 4-6 weeks post-infection. Control and infected rabbit kits were assessed for the development of neurological deficits, bacterial burden, and postmortem microbiologic and pathologic changes. The presence of meningitis and tuberculomas was demonstrated histologically and by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The extent of microglial activation was quantified by in vitro immunohistochemistry as well as non-invasive in vivo imaging of activated microglia/macrophages with positron emission tomography (PET). Subarachnoid infection induced characteristic leptomeningeal and perivascular inflammation and TB lesions with central necrosis, a cellular rim and numerous bacilli on pathologic examination. Meningeal and rim enhancement was visible on MRI. An intense microglial activation was noted in M. tuberculosis-infected animals in the white matter and around the TB lesions, as evidenced by a significant increase in uptake of the tracer 124I-DPA-713, which is specific for activated microglia/macrophages, and confirmed by quantification of Iba-1 immunohistochemistry. Neurobehavioral analyses demonstrated signs similar to those noted in children with delayed maturation and development of neurological deficits resulting in significantly worse composite behavior scores in M. tuberculosis-infected animals. We have established a rabbit model that mimics features of TB meningitis in young children. This model could provide a platform for evaluating novel therapies, including host-directed therapies, against TB meningitis relevant to a young child's developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Tucker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Supriya Pokkali
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Vincent P DeMarco
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mariah Klunk
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Marie-France Penet
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zaver Bhujwalla
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA .,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA .,Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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42
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Oldenburg R, Demangel C. Pathogenic and immunosuppressive properties of mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids. Biochimie 2017; 141:3-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2016, the WHO estimated 10.5 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths, making this disease the leading cause of death by an infectious agent. The current and projected TB situation necessitates the development of new vaccines with improved attributes compared to the traditional BCG method. Areas covered: In this review, the authors describe the most promising candidate vaccines against TB and discuss additional key elements in vaccine development, such as animal models, new adjuvants and immunization routes and new strategies for the identification of candidate vaccines. Expert opinion: At present, around 13 candidate vaccines for TB are in the clinical phase of evaluation; however, there is still no substitute for the BCG vaccine. One major impediment to developing an effective vaccine is our lack of understanding of several of the mechanisms associated with infection and the immune response against TB. However, the recent implementation of an entirely new set of technological advances will facilitate the proposal of new candidates. Finally, development of a new vaccine will require a major coordination of effort in order to achieve its effective administration to the people most in need of it.
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Shaping the niche in macrophages: Genetic diversity of the M. tuberculosis complex and its consequences for the infected host. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:118-128. [PMID: 28969988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) have co-evolved with their individual hosts and are able to transform the hostile environment of the macrophage into a permissive cellular habitat. The impact of MTBC genetic variability has long been considered largely unimportant in TB pathogenesis. Members of the MTBC can now be distinguished into three major phylogenetic groups consisting of 7 phylogenetic lineages and more than 30 so called sub-lineages/subgroups. MTBC genetic diversity indeed influences the transmissibility and virulence of clinical MTBC isolates as well as the immune response and the clinical outcome. Here we review the genetic diversity and epidemiology of MTBC strains and describe the current knowledge about the host immune response to infection with MTBC clinical isolates using human and murine experimental model systems in vivo and in vitro. We discuss the role of innate cytokines in detail and portray two in our group recently developed approaches to characterize the intracellular niches of MTBC strains. Characterizing the niches and deciphering the strategies of MTBC strains to transform an antibacterial effector cell into a permissive cellular habitat offers the opportunity to identify strain- and lineage-specific key factors which may represent targets for novel antimicrobial or host directed therapies for tuberculosis.
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Barnes DD, Lundahl MLE, Lavelle EC, Scanlan EM. The Emergence of Phenolic Glycans as Virulence Factors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1969-1979. [PMID: 28692249 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of mortality worldwide. The global epidemic, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has prompted renewed interest in the development of novel vaccines for disease prevention and control. The cell envelope of M. tuberculosis is decorated with an assortment of glycan structures, including glycolipids, that are involved in disease pathogenesis. Phenolic glycolipids and the structurally related para-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives display potent immunomodulatory activities and have particular relevance for both understanding the interaction of the bacterium with the host immune system and also in the design of new vaccine and therapeutic candidates. Interest in glycobiology has grown exponentially over the past decade, with advancements paving the way for effective carbohydrate based vaccines. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of phenolic glycans, including their biosynthesis and role as virulence factors in M. tuberculosis. Recent chemical synthesis approaches and biochemical analysis of synthetic glycans and their conjugates have led to fundamental insights into their roles in host-pathogen interactions. The applications of these synthetic glycans as potential vaccine candidates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D. Barnes
- School of Chemistry
and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Pearse
St., Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mimmi L. E. Lundahl
- School of Chemistry
and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Pearse
St., Dublin 2, Ireland
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity
Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ed C. Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity
Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- School of Chemistry
and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Pearse
St., Dublin 2, Ireland
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the most deadly bacterial infectious disease worldwide. Its treatment and control are threatened by increasing numbers of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or nearly untreatable extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains. New concepts are therefore urgently needed to understand the factors driving the TB epidemics and the spread of different strain populations, especially in association with drug resistance. Classical genotyping and, more recently, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that the world population of tubercle bacilli is more diverse than previously thought. Several major phylogenetic lineages can be distinguished, which are associated with their sympatric host population. Distinct clonal (sub)populations can even coexist within infected patients. WGS is now used as the ultimate approach for differentiating clinical isolates and for linking phenotypic to genomic variation from lineage to strain levels. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the genetic diversity of TB strains translates into pathobiological consequences, and key molecular mechanisms probably involved in differential pathoadaptation of some main lineages have recently been identified. Evidence also accumulates on molecular mechanisms putatively fostering the emergence and rapid expansion of particular MDR and XDR strain groups in some world regions. However, further integrative studies will be needed for complete elucidation of the mechanisms that allow the pathogen to infect its host, acquire multidrug resistance, and transmit so efficiently. Such knowledge will be key for the development of the most effective new diagnostics, drugs, and vaccination strategies.
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Dhatwalia SK, Yadav R, Behera D, Kaur H, Kumar M, Sethi S. High proportion of modern genotypes of M. tuberculosis and their affinity with drug resistance in northern region of India. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 10:84-87. [PMID: 28729202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Comparative genomics on the basis of TbD1 deletion has differentiated the members of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in two major genogroups. They exhibit differential distribution and virulence potential. The present study was carried out to see the proportion of these genogroups and their association with drug resistance. METHODS The drug resistance pattern of 205 culture positive cases of M. tuberculosis and their relation with TbD1 deletion was analysed from the tertiary care centre. Overall proportion of genotypes (TbD1- and Tbd1+) and their association with drug resistance was also observed from the various studies from India. RESULTS Our study reports that 85.4% of the isolates of M. tuberculosis were modern genotypes (TbD1-) and rest of 14.6% were ancient genotypes (TbD1+). 37 cases were of multiple drug resistant-TB (MDR-TB), 35 of them belongs to modern genogrop and rest of (2) were in ancient genogroup (p=0.12). Overall pooled estimate of proportion of modern genotype is 75.5% (CI 95%, 73.03-77.87) and 24.55% (CI 95%, 22.13-26.97) for ancient genotypes from the studies carried out in India. Modern genotypes were more rarely drug sensitive phenotypes with a relative risk (RR) of 0.89 (CI 95%, 0.74-1.07) while MDR cases were more in this group with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.27 (CI 95%, 0-1.07). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a higher proportion of modern genotypes in our region/India; which are more likely to be associated with drug resistance. Future, epidemiological/in vitro studies are required to ascertain the relationship between genotypes and their virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Dhatwalia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Yadav
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Digambar Behera
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, Pankab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Sethi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
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Chandramuki A, Khanna N, Shashkina E, Kurepina N, Mathema B, Kreiswirth BN, Venkataswamy MM. Genotypic characterisation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from tuberculous meningitis patients at a tertiary neurocare centre in Southern India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 35:211-215. [PMID: 28681808 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_16_166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Specific genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) have been reported to cause outbreaks of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in geographical areas that are endemic to TB. However, since there is little epidemiological evidence on the association of particular genotypes that cause tuberculous meningitis (TBM), we sought to investigate the association of specific MTB strains with infection of the central nervous system (CNS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a genetic characterisation of 89 MTB isolates from TBM patients at a Southern Indian tertiary neurocare centre and compared the genotypes with strains of pulmonary TB isolated from Indian immigrants in New York City. We applied the standard methods of genotyping of MTB, namely, IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and spoligotyping for strain identification, along with principal genetic grouping and single-nucleotide polymorphism cluster analysis. RESULTS The analysis revealed a high-level of diversity amongst the strain population. The genotypes of the isolates from TBM patients paralleled the pulmonary TB strain population recovered from the Indian immigrants in NYC. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that there is no apparent association between genotypes of MTB and propensity to infect CNS tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akepati Chandramuki
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Neelam Khanna
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Elena Shashkina
- Public Health Research Institute TB Center, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Natalia Kurepina
- Public Health Research Institute TB Center, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Barun Mathema
- Public Health Research Institute TB Center, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Barry N Kreiswirth
- Public Health Research Institute TB Center, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Manjunatha M Venkataswamy
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the animal models currently used in tuberculosis research, both for understanding the basic science of the disease process and also for practical issues such as testing new vaccine candidates and evaluating the activity of potential new drugs. Animals range in size, from zebrafish to cattle, and in degrees of similarity to the human disease from both an immunological and pathologic perspective. These models have provided a great wealth of information (impossible to obtain simply from observing infected humans), but we emphasize here that one must use care in interpreting or applying this information, and indeed the true art of animal modeling is in deciding what is pertinent information and what might not be. These ideas are discussed in the context of current approaches in vaccine and drug development, including a discussion of certain limitations the field is currently facing in such studies.
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50
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Grandjean L. Investigating the Pathogen Genomic Determinants of Tuberculosis Transmission. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1418-1420. [PMID: 28569581 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201701-0053ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Grandjean
- 1 Institute of Child Health University College London London, United Kingdom
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