1
|
Brown AL, Casarez GA, Moeller HV. Acquired Phototrophy as an Evolutionary Path to Mixotrophy. Am Nat 2023; 202:458-470. [PMID: 37792914 DOI: 10.1086/725918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAcquired photosynthesis transforms genotypically heterotrophic lineages into autotrophs. Transient acquisitions of eukaryotic chloroplasts may provide key evolutionary insight into the endosymbiosis process-the hypothesized mechanism by which eukaryotic cells obtained new functions via organelle retention. Here, we use an eco-evolutionary model to study the environmental conditions under which chloroplast retention is evolutionarily favorable. We focus on kleptoplastidic lineages-which steal functional chloroplasts from their prey-as hypothetical evolutionary intermediates. Our adaptive dynamics analysis reveals a spectrum of evolutionarily stable strategies ranging from phagotrophy to phototrophy to obligate kleptoplasty. Our model suggests that a low-light niche and weak (or absent) trade-offs between chloroplast retention and overall digestive ability favor the evolution of phototrophy. In contrast, when consumers experience strong trade-offs, obligate kleptoplasty emerges as an evolutionary end point. Therefore, the preevolved trade-offs that underlie an evolving lineage's physiology will likely constrain its evolutionary trajectory.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ban H, Sato S, Yoshikawa S, Yamada K, Nakamura Y, Ichinomiya M, Sato N, Blanc-Mathieu R, Endo H, Kuwata A, Ogata H. Genome analysis of Parmales, the sister group of diatoms, reveals the evolutionary specialization of diatoms from phago-mixotrophs to photoautotrophs. Commun Biol 2023; 6:697. [PMID: 37420035 PMCID: PMC10328945 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Parmales (class Bolidophyceae) is a minor group of pico-sized eukaryotic marine phytoplankton that contains species with cells surrounded by silica plates. Previous studies revealed that Parmales is a member of ochrophytes and sister to diatoms (phylum Bacillariophyta), the most successful phytoplankton group in the modern ocean. Therefore, parmalean genomes can serve as a reference to elucidate both the evolutionary events that differentiated these two lineages and the genomic basis for the ecological success of diatoms vs. the more cryptic lifestyle of parmaleans. Here, we compare the genomes of eight parmaleans and five diatoms to explore their physiological and evolutionary differences. Parmaleans are predicted to be phago-mixotrophs. By contrast, diatoms have lost genes related to phagocytosis, indicating the ecological specialization from phago-mixotrophy to photoautotrophy in their early evolution. Furthermore, diatoms show significant enrichment in gene sets involved in nutrient uptake and metabolism, including iron and silica, in comparison with parmaleans. Overall, our results suggest a strong evolutionary link between the loss of phago-mixotrophy and specialization to a silicified photoautotrophic life stage early in diatom evolution after diverging from the Parmales lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ban
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama City, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Shinya Yoshikawa
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama City, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yamada
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama City, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Yoji Nakamura
- Bioinformatics and Biosciences Division, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Ichinomiya
- Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100 Tsukide, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Sato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Romain Blanc-Mathieu
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, IRIG, Grenoble, France
| | - Hisashi Endo
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Kuwata
- Shiogama field station, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 3-27-5 Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Millette NC, Gast RJ, Luo JY, Moeller HV, Stamieszkin K, Andersen KH, Brownlee EF, Cohen NR, Duhamel S, Dutkiewicz S, Glibert PM, Johnson MD, Leles SG, Maloney AE, Mcmanus GB, Poulton N, Princiotta SD, Sanders RW, Wilken S. Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2023; 45:576-596. [PMID: 37483910 PMCID: PMC10361813 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Phago-mixotrophy, the combination of photoautotrophy and phagotrophy in mixoplankton, organisms that can combine both trophic strategies, have gained increasing attention over the past decade. It is now recognized that a substantial number of protistan plankton species engage in phago-mixotrophy to obtain nutrients for growth and reproduction under a range of environmental conditions. Unfortunately, our current understanding of mixoplankton in aquatic systems significantly lags behind our understanding of zooplankton and phytoplankton, limiting our ability to fully comprehend the role of mixoplankton (and phago-mixotrophy) in the plankton food web and biogeochemical cycling. Here, we put forward five research directions that we believe will lead to major advancement in the field: (i) evolution: understanding mixotrophy in the context of the evolutionary transition from phagotrophy to photoautotrophy; (ii) traits and trade-offs: identifying the key traits and trade-offs constraining mixotrophic metabolisms; (iii) biogeography: large-scale patterns of mixoplankton distribution; (iv) biogeochemistry and trophic transfer: understanding mixoplankton as conduits of nutrients and energy; and (v) in situ methods: improving the identification of in situ mixoplankton and their phago-mixotrophic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca J Gast
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Jessica Y Luo
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 201 Forrestal Rd., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Holly V Moeller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1120 Noble Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Karen Stamieszkin
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Ken H Andersen
- Center for Ocean Life, Natl. Inst. of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Bygning 202, Kongens Lyngby 2840, Denmark
| | - Emily F Brownlee
- Department of Biology, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, 18952 E. Fisher Road, St. Mary’s City, MD 20686, USA
| | - Natalie R Cohen
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411, USA
| | - Solange Duhamel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, 1007 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02874, USA
| | - Patricia M Glibert
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 2020 Horns Point Rd, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Suzana G Leles
- Department of Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ashley E Maloney
- Geosciences Department, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - George B Mcmanus
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Nicole Poulton
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Sarah D Princiotta
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, Schuylkill Campus, 200 University Drive, Schuylkill Haven, PA 17972, USA
| | - Robert W Sanders
- Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Susanne Wilken
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Competition between phytoplankton and mixotrophs leads to metabolic character displacement. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
|
5
|
Wickman J, Koffel T, Klausmeier CA. A Theoretical Framework for Trait-Based Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics: Population Structure, Intraspecific Variation, and Community Assembly. Am Nat 2023; 201:501-522. [PMID: 36958005 DOI: 10.1086/723406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHow is trait diversity in a community apportioned between and within coevolving species? Disruptive selection may result in either a few species with large intraspecific trait variation (ITV) or many species with different mean traits but little ITV. Similar questions arise in spatially structured communities: heterogeneous environments could result in either a few species that exhibit local adaptation or many species with different mean traits but little local adaptation. To date, theory has been well-equipped to either include ITV or to dynamically determine the number of coexisting species, but not both. Here, we devise a theoretical framework that combines these facets and apply it to the above questions of how trait variation is apportioned within and between species in unstructured and structured populations, using two simple models of Lotka-Volterra competition. For unstructured communities, we find that as the breadth of the resource spectrum increases, ITV goes from being unimportant to crucial for characterizing the community. For spatially structured communities on two patches, we find no local adaptation, symmetric local adaptation, or asymmetric local adaptation, depending on how much the patches differ. Our framework provides a general approach to incorporate ITV in models of eco-evolutionary community assembly.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ardichvili AN, Loeuille N, Dakos V. Evolutionary emergence of alternative stable states in shallow lakes. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:692-705. [PMID: 36893479 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems under stress may respond abruptly and irreversibly through tipping points. Although mechanisms leading to alternative stable states are much studied, little is known about how such ecosystems could have emerged in the first place. We investigate whether evolution by natural selection along resource gradients leads to bistability, using shallow lakes as an example. There, tipping points occur between two alternative states dominated by either submersed or floating macrophytes depending on nutrient loading. We model the evolution of macrophyte depth in the lake, identify the conditions under which the ancestor population diversifies and investigate whether alternative stable states dominated by different macrophyte phenotypes occur. We find that eco-evolutionary dynamics may lead to alternative stable states, but under restrictive conditions. Such dynamics require sufficient asymmetries in the acquisition of both light and nutrient. Our analysis suggests that competitive asymmetries along opposing resource gradients may allow bistability to emerge by natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nadia Ardichvili
- Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris-Cité, UPEC, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris-Cité, UPEC, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris-Cité, UPEC, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Paris, France.,Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schenone L, Balseiro E, Modenutti B. Light dependence in the phototrophy-phagotrophy balance of constitutive and non-constitutive mixotrophic protists. Oecologia 2022; 200:295-306. [PMID: 35962828 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixotrophic protists display contrasting nutritional strategies and are key groups connecting planktonic food webs. They comprise constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) that have an innate photosynthetic ability and non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) that acquire it from their prey. We modelled phototrophy and phagotrophy of two mixotrophic protists as a function of irradiance and prey abundance. We hypothesised that differences in their physiology (constitutive versus non-constitutive mixotrophy) can result in different responses to light gradients. We fitted the models with primary production and bacterivory data from laboratory and field experiments with the nanoflagellate Chrysochromulina parva (CM) and the ciliate Ophrydium naumanni (NCM) from north Andean Patagonian lakes. We found a non-monotonic response of phototrophy and phagotrophy to irradiance in both mixotrophs, which was successfully represented by our models. Maximum values for phototrophy and phagotrophy were found at intermediate irradiance coinciding with the light at the deep chlorophyll maxima in these lakes. At lower and higher irradiances, we found a decoupling between phototrophy and phagotrophy in the NCM while these functions were more coupled in the CM. Our modelling approach revealed the difference between both mixotrophic functional types on the balance between their nutritional strategies under different light scenarios. Thus, our proposed models can be applied to account how changing environmental conditions affect both primary and secondary production within the planktonic microbial food web.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schenone
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Esteban Balseiro
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Modenutti
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Du X, Song D, Ming K, Yang J, Jin X, Wang H, Liu H, Wang L, Zhao C, Huo T. Functional Responses of Phytoplankton Assemblages to Watershed Land Use and Environmental Gradients. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.819252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Watershed land-use changes have been identified as major threats to lake fauna, subsequently affecting ecosystem functioning. In this study, the functional-based approach was used to examine the effects of land use and environmental changes on phytoplankton communities in four selected lakes in Northeast China. We also identified the sensitive functional traits as indicators of environmental stressors. The integration of RLQ analysis with the fourth-corner approach significantly identified five of 18 functional trait categories, including flagella, filamentous, unicellular, mixotrophic, and chlorophyll c, as potential indicators to changes in watershed land-use intensity and environmental gradients. Significant relationships between traits and land use and water quality highlighted the consequential indirect impact of extensive agricultural and urban development on phytoplankton via allochthonous nutrient inputs and various contaminants. In addition, the functional richness of phytoplankton assemblages generally increased along with surface area and forests, but decreased along with intensive agricultural and urban land use, implying that functional homogenization may cause a reduction in ecosystem productivity and reliability to land-use intensity. Given the superior performance of the functional-based approach, our findings also highlighted the importance of the application of both the biological traits and functional diversity index in monitoring programs for lake ecosystems.
Collapse
|
9
|
Livanou E, Barsakis K, Psarra S, Lika K. Modelling the nutritional strategies in mixotrophic nanoflagellates. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Moresco GA, Bortolini JC, Rodrigues LC, Jati S, Machado Velho LF. A functional deconstructive approach to mixotrophic phytoplankton responds better to local, regional and biogeographic predictors than species. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geovani Arnhold Moresco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Continentais; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - Jascieli Carla Bortolini
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Goiás; ICB; Avenida Esperança, s/n 74690-900 Goiânia GO Brazil
| | - Luzia Cleide Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Continentais; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia; Ictiologia e Aquicultura; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Avenida Colombo; 5790, Bloco H-90, Sala 23 87020-900 Maringá PR Brazil
| | - Susicley Jati
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia; Ictiologia e Aquicultura; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Avenida Colombo; 5790, Bloco H-90, Sala 23 87020-900 Maringá PR Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Machado Velho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Continentais; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia; Ictiologia e Aquicultura; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Avenida Colombo; 5790, Bloco H-90, Sala 23 87020-900 Maringá PR Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Limpas (PPGTL); Centro Universitário de Maringá; Avenida Guedner, 1610 Maringá 87050-390 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Endo H, Ogata H, Suzuki K. Contrasting biogeography and diversity patterns between diatoms and haptophytes in the central Pacific Ocean. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10916. [PMID: 30026492 PMCID: PMC6053411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms and haptophytes are two major phytoplankton groups, playing pivotal roles in global biogeochemical cycles and marine ecosystems. In general, diatoms have higher growth rates than haptophytes, whereas haptophytes tend to have higher nutrient uptake affinity. However, precise linkages between their ecological traits and geographical distributions remain poorly understood. Herein, we examined the basin-scale variability of the abundance and taxonomic composition of these two phytoplankton groups across 35 sites in the Pacific Ocean using DNA metabarcoding. The diatom community was generally dominated by a few genera at each sample site, whereas the haptophyte community consisted of a large number of genera in most of the sites. The coexistence of various haptophyte genera might be achieved by diversification of their ecophysiological traits such as mixotrophy. On the other hand, the diatom community might experience greater inter-genus competition due to the rapid uptake of nutrients. Our data further supports the notion that their distinct ecological strategies underlie the emergence of contrasting diversity patterns of these phytoplankton groups in the central Pacific at a basin scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Endo
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan. .,CREST, Japan Science and Technology, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan. .,Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan. .,CREST, Japan Science and Technology, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chakraborty S, Nielsen LT, Andersen KH. Trophic Strategies of Unicellular Plankton. Am Nat 2017; 189:E77-E90. [DOI: 10.1086/690764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
13
|
Wickman J, Diehl S, Blasius B, Klausmeier CA, Ryabov AB, Brännström Å. Determining Selection across Heterogeneous Landscapes: A Perturbation-Based Method and Its Application to Modeling Evolution in Space. Am Nat 2017; 189:381-395. [DOI: 10.1086/690908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
14
|
Nisbet RM. Challenges for dynamic energy budget theory: Comment on "Physics of metabolic organization" by Marko Jusup et al. Phys Life Rev 2017; 20:72-74. [PMID: 28117237 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Nisbet
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gagat P, Mackiewicz P. Cymbomonas tetramitiformis - a peculiar prasinophyte with a taste for bacteria sheds light on plastid evolution. Symbiosis 2016; 71:1-7. [PMID: 28066124 PMCID: PMC5167767 DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cymbomonas tetramitiformis is a peculiar green alga that unites in one cell the abilities of photosynthesis and phagocytosis, which makes it a very useful model for the study of the evolution of plastid endosymbiosis. We have pondered over this issue and propose an evolutionary scenario of trophic strategies in eukaryotes, including primary and secondary plastid endosymbioses. C. tetramitiformis is a prototroph, just like the common ancestor of Archaeplastida was, and can synthesize most small organic molecules contrary to other eukaryotic phagotrophs, e.g. some metazoans, amoebozoans, and ciliates, which have not evolved tight endosymbiotic relationships. In order to establish a permanent photosynthetic endosymbiont they do not have to become prototrophs, but have to acquire the genes necessary for plastid retention via horizontal (including endosymbiotic) gene transfer. Such processes occurred successfully in the ancestors of eukaryotes with permanent secondary plastids and thus led to their great diversification. The preservation of phagocytosis in Cymbomonas (and some other prasinophytes as well) seems to result from nutrient deficiency in their oligotrophic habitats. This forces them to supplement their diet with phagocytized prey, in contrasts to the thecate amoeba Paulinella chromatophora, which also successfully transformed cyanobacteria into permanent organelles. Although Paulinella endosymbionts were acquired very recently in comparison to primary plastids, Paulinella has lost the ability to phagocytose, most probably due to the fact that it inhabits nutrient-rich environments, which renders the phagotrophy nonessential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Gagat
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Ryabov AB, Blasius B. Depth of the biomass maximum affects the rules of resource competition in a water column. Am Nat 2014; 184:E132-46. [PMID: 25481931 DOI: 10.1086/677544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The theory of resource competition in spatially extended systems with resources and biomass fluxes is far from trivial. Here, we analyze the competition between two phytoplankton species for light and a nutrient in a weakly mixed water column. We develop a general framework for such an analysis and show that the competition outcome can be largely understood from a single parameter, the slope of the invasion threshold in the plane of resources. Using this approach, we show that the competition outcome crucially depends on the depth of the biomass maximum. Under eutrophic conditions, when the phytoplankton production peaks on the surface, species composition depends on the ratio of resource supplies, and the competition outcome follows the “classic” rule: coexistence is possible if each competitor has the greatest effect on its most limiting resource. By contrast, in oligotrophic systems, characterized by deep biomass maxima, the absolute level of resource supplies drives species composition, and coexistence becomes more feasible if each competitor mostly consumes its least limiting resource. Finally, when the production peaks in the subsurface, good nutrient competitors are favored. Our findings are supported by empirical data.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang Z, Liu J, Chen J, Chen Q, Yan X, Xuan J, Zeng J. Responses of summer phytoplankton community to drastic environmental changes in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary during the past 50 years. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 54:1-11. [PMID: 24531075 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The phytoplankton community in the Changjiang Estuary is subject to intensive physical and chemical stresses because of human- and climate-driven changes. We obtained historical data on summer phytoplankton communities from 1959 to 2009 to explore responses to long-term environmental changes. The nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and ratios (N/P and N/Si) increased because of persistent riverine loading, but silicon (Si) levels remained constant. Climatic changes and extensive water diversions and withdrawals (sediment retention) resulted in a series of physical alterations, including increased temperature, turbidity reduction, and river plume shrinkage. These changes induced a dramatic increase in microalgal biomass (cell density and chlorophyll a) with a decreasing diatom-dinoflagellate ratio, and exacerbated harmful algal blooms. In the past dominant net-collected species were usually chain-forming diatoms; however, more recently, large dinoflagellates and filamentous cyanobacteria dominate. This was not consistent with information from water samples (co-dominated by small dinoflagellates), because of the loss of solitary species collected using a 76-μm net. The dominant species shifted from temperate-subtropical/eurythermal to subtropical-tropical/eurythermal taxa in the warmer water caused by global warming and hydrographic changes. There was also an increased dominance of euryhaline/high-salinity species due to increase in Kuroshio transport and the northward Taiwan Warm Current and reduction in Changjiang Diluted Water. All these changes in phytoplankton communities appear to be closely related to an increase in anthropogenic activities and climatic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Marine College of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Quanzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Marine College of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Jiliang Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Jiangning Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kooijman SALM. Waste to hurry: dynamic energy budgets explain the need of wasting to fully exploit blooming resources. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Ward BA, Dutkiewicz S, Barton AD, Follows MJ. Biophysical aspects of resource acquisition and competition in algal mixotrophs. Am Nat 2011; 178:98-112. [PMID: 21670581 DOI: 10.1086/660284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mixotrophic organisms combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition and are abundant in both freshwater and marine environments. Recent observations indicate that mixotrophs constitute a large fraction of the biomass, bacterivory, and primary production in oligotrophic environments. While mixotrophy allows greater flexibility in terms of resource acquisition, any advantage must be traded off against an associated increase in metabolic costs, which appear to make mixotrophs uncompetitive relative to obligate autotrophs and heterotrophs. Using an idealized model of cell physiology and community competition, we identify one mechanism by which mixotrophs can effectively outcompete specialists for nutrient elements. At low resource concentrations, when the uptake of nutrients is limited by diffusion toward the cell, the investment in cell membrane transporters can be minimized. In this situation, mixotrophs can acquire limiting elements in both organic and inorganic forms, outcompeting their specialist competitors that can utilize only one of these forms. This advantage can be enough to offset as much as a twofold increase in additional metabolic costs incurred by mixotrophs. This mechanism is particularly relevant for the maintenance of mixotrophic populations and productivity in the highly oligotrophic subtropical oceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Ward
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muller EB. Synthesizing units as modeling tool for photosynthesizing organisms with photoinhibition and nutrient limitation. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
Sasaki A, Dieckmann U. Oligomorphic dynamics for analyzing the quantitative genetics of adaptive speciation. J Math Biol 2010; 63:601-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-010-0380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
Lepère C, Masquelier S, Mangot JF, Debroas D, Domaizon I. Vertical structure of small eukaryotes in three lakes that differ by their trophic status: a quantitative approach. ISME JOURNAL 2010; 4:1509-19. [DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2010.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Crane KW, Grover JP. Coexistence of mixotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs in planktonic microbial communities. J Theor Biol 2009; 262:517-27. [PMID: 19878684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examine what circumstances allow the coexistence of microorganisms following different nutritional strategies, using a mathematical model. This model incorporates four nutritional types commonly found in planktonic ecosystems: (1) heterotrophic bacteria that consume dissolved organic matter and are prey to some of the other organisms; (2) heterotrophic zooflagellates that depend entirely on bacterial prey; (3) phototrophic algae that depend only on light and inorganic nutrients, and (4) mixotrophs that photosynthesize, take up inorganic nutrients, and consume bacterial prey. Mixotrophs are characterized by a parameter representing proportional mixing of phototrophic and heterotrophic nutritional strategies. Varying this parameter, a range of mixotrophic strategies was examined in hypothetical habitats differing in supplies of light, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved inorganic phosphorous. Mixotrophs expressing a wide range of mixotrophic strategies persisted in model habitats with low phosphorus supply, but only those with a strategy that is mostly autotrophic persisted with high nutrient supply, and then only when light supply was also high. Organisms representing all four nutritional strategies were predicted to coexist in habitats with high phosphorus and light supplies. Coexistence involves predation by zooflagellates and mixotrophs balancing the high competitive ability of bacteria for phosphorus, the partitioning of partially overlapping resources between all populations, and possibly nonequlibrium dynamics. In most habitats, the strategy predicted to maximize the abundance of mixotrophs is to be mostly photosynthetic and supplement nutritional needs by consuming bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Crane
- University of Texas at Arlington, Biology Department Box 19498, Arlington, TX 76019-0498, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Litchman E, Klausmeier CA. Trait-Based Community Ecology of Phytoplankton. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2008. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Litchman
- Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060;
| | - Christopher A. Klausmeier
- Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ito HC, Dieckmann U. A new mechanism for recurrent adaptive radiations. Am Nat 2007; 170:E96-111. [PMID: 17891728 DOI: 10.1086/521229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Models of adaptive radiation through intraspecific competition have attracted mounting attention. Here we show how extending such models in a simple manner, by including a quantitative trait under weak directional selection, naturally leads to rich macroevolutionary patterns involving recurrent adaptive radiations and extinctions. Extensive tests demonstrate the robustness of this finding to a wide range of variations in model assumptions. In particular, recurrent adaptive radiations and extinctions readily unfold both for asexual and for sexual populations. Since the mechanisms driving the investigated processes of endogenous diversification result from generic geometric features of the underlying fitness landscapes--frequency-dependent disruptive selection in one trait and weak directional selection in another--the reported phenomena can be expected to occur in a wide variety of eco-evolutionary settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi C Ito
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Troost T, Kooi B, Kooijman S. Bifurcation analysis of ecological and evolutionary processes in ecosystems. Ecol Modell 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
29
|
Kooijman SALM, Troost TA. Quantitative steps in the evolution of metabolic organisation as specified by the Dynamic Energy Budget theory. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007; 82:113-42. [PMID: 17313526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2006.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory quantifies the metabolic organisation of organisms on the basis of mechanistically inspired assumptions. We here sketch a scenario for how its various modules, such as maintenance, storage dynamics, development, differentiation and life stages could have evolved since the beginning of life. We argue that the combination of homeostasis and maintenance induced the development of reserves and that subsequent increases in the maintenance costs came with increases of the reserve capacity. Life evolved from a multiple reserves - single structure system (prokaryotes, many protoctists) to systems with multiple reserves and two structures (plants) or single reserve and single structure (animals). This had profound consequences for the possible effects of temperature on rates. We present an alternative explanation for what became known as the down-regulation of maintenance at high growth rates in microorganisms; the density of the limiting reserve increases with the growth rate, and reserves do not require maintenance while structure-specific maintenance costs are independent of the growth rate. This is also the mechanism behind the variation of the respiration rate with body size among species. The DEB theory specifies reserve dynamics on the basis of the requirements of weak homeostasis and partitionability. We here present a new and simple mechanism for this dynamics which accounts for the rejection of mobilised reserve by busy maintenance/growth machinery. This module, like quite a few other modules of DEB theory, uses the theory of Synthesising Units; we review recent progress in this field. The plasticity of membranes that evolved in early eukaryotes is a major step forward in metabolic evolution; we discuss quantitative aspects of the efficiency of phagocytosis relative to the excretion of digestive enzymes to illustrate its importance. Some processes of adaptation and gene expression can be understood in terms of allocation linked to the relative workload of metabolic modules in (unicellular) prokaryotes and organs in (multicellular) eukaryotes. We argue that the evolution of demand systems can only be understood in the light of that of supply systems. We illustrate some important points with data from the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A L M Kooijman
- Department of Theoretical Biology Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cloern JE. Habitat Connectivity and Ecosystem Productivity: Implications from a Simple Model. Am Nat 2007; 169:E21-33. [PMID: 17206578 DOI: 10.1086/510258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The import of resources (food, nutrients) sustains biological production and food webs in resource-limited habitats. Resource export from donor habitats subsidizes production in recipient habitats, but the ecosystem-scale consequences of resource translocation are generally unknown. Here, I use a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model to show how dispersive connectivity between a shallow autotrophic habitat and a deep heterotrophic pelagic habitat can amplify overall system production in metazoan food webs. This result derives from the finite capacity of suspension feeders to capture and assimilate food particles: excess primary production in closed autotrophic habitats cannot be assimilated by consumers; however, if excess phytoplankton production is exported to food-limited heterotrophic habitats, it can be assimilated by zooplankton to support additional secondary production. Transport of regenerated nutrients from heterotrophic to autotrophic habitats sustains higher system primary production. These simulation results imply that the ecosystem-scale efficiency of nutrient transformation into metazoan biomass can be constrained by the rate of resource exchange across habitats and that it is optimized when the transport rate matches the growth rate of primary producers. Slower transport (i.e., reduced connectivity) leads to nutrient limitation of primary production in autotrophic habitats and food limitation of secondary production in heterotrophic habitats. Habitat fragmentation can therefore impose energetic constraints on the carrying capacity of aquatic ecosystems. The outcomes of ecosystem restoration through habitat creation will be determined by both functions provided by newly created aquatic habitats and the rates of hydraulic connectivity between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Cloern
- U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|