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Hutchins M, Douglas T, Pollack L, Saltz JB. Genetic Variation in Male Aggression Is Influenced by Genotype of Prior Social Partners in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 2024; 203:551-561. [PMID: 38635366 DOI: 10.1086/729463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
AbstractSocial behaviors can be influenced by the genotypes of interacting individuals through indirect genetic effects (IGEs) and can also display developmental plasticity. We investigated how developmental IGEs, which describe the effects of a prior social partner's genotype on later behavior, can influence aggression in male Drosophila melanogaster. We predicted that developmental IGEs cannot be estimated by simply extending the effects of contextual IGEs over time and instead have their own unique effects on behavior. On day 1 of the experiment, we measured aggressive behavior in 15 genotypic pairings (n = 600 males). On day 2, each of the males was paired with a new opponent, and aggressive behavior was again measured. We found contextual IGEs on day 1 of the experiment and developmental IGEs on day 2 of the experiment: the influence of the day 1 partner's genotype on the focal individual's day 2 behavior depended on the genotypic identity of both the day 1 partner and the focal male. Importantly, the developmental IGEs in our system produced fundamentally different dynamics than the contextual IGEs, as the presence of IGEs was altered over time. These findings represent some of the first empirical evidence demonstrating developmental IGEs, a first step toward incorporating developmental IGEs into our understanding of behavioral evolution.
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2
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da Silveira DD, Pereira RJ, Roso VM, de Souza FRP, Boligon AA. Genetic parameters, genetic trends and correlated responses of growth traits considering maternal ability in Nelore cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:143. [PMID: 38664282 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The growth of Nelore cattle was analysed considering the following performance parameters; the effect of the calving order of cows on the phenotypic expression of birth weight (BW), average daily gain from birth to weaning (BWG), and weaning weight (WW), the estimated genetic parameters for the traits, including the covariance components between direct and maternal genetic effects. Genetic trends and correlated responses were also obtained for the studied traits. The calving order of cows, as well as other fixed effects used to obtain the adjusted phenotypic means, were statistically significant (p < 0.001) for studied traits. Direct heritability was estimated at 0.24 ± 0.01 (BW), 0.15 ± 0.01 (BWG), and 0.18 ± 0.01 (WW), while maternal heritability was 0.06 ± 0.01 (BW), 0.12 ± 0.01 (BWG), and 0.11 ± 0.01 (WW). The correlations between direct and maternal effects within the same trait were negligible. Moderate to higher direct genetic correlations (ranging from 0.54 ± 0.04 to 0.98 ± 0.01) and maternal genetic correlations (ranging from 0.34 ± 0.09 to 0.99 ± 0.002) were estimated between the studied traits. Unlike direct genetic effects, there was no significant change in maternal genetic effects over time (p > 0.05). These results indicated the need for revising selection indexes for enhancing maternal ability. Correlated responses were generally lower compared to direct responses, except for BWG. The selection for BWG, considering the maternal genetic effect, would be more efficient to improve maternal ability of the cows for pre-weaning growth in relation to selection for WW. Our results found that direct genetic merit improves pre-weaning weight and this trait can be incorporated into the breeding goal as reflected in the WW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Junqueira Pereira
- Animal Improvement Group of Mato Grosso (GMAT), Federal University of Rondonópolis, Avenida Dos Estudantes, 5055, Cidade Universitária, Rondonópolis, MT, CEP 78736-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Arione Augusti Boligon
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq, Brasília, DF, 71605-001, Brazil
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3
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Godoy I, Korsten P, Perry SE. Mother of all bonds: Influences on spatial association across the lifespan in capuchins. Dev Sci 2024:e13486. [PMID: 38414216 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In humans, being more socially integrated is associated with better physical and mental health and/or with lower mortality. This link between sociality and health may have ancient roots: sociality also predicts survival or reproduction in other mammals, such as rats, dolphins, and non-human primates. A key question, therefore, is which factors influence the degree of sociality over the life course. Longitudinal data can provide valuable insight into how environmental variability drives individual differences in sociality and associated outcomes. The first year of life-when long-lived mammals are the most reliant on others for nourishment and protection-is likely to play an important role in how individuals learn to integrate into groups. Using behavioral, demographic, and pedigree information on 376 wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator) across 20 years, we address how changes in group composition influence spatial association. We further try to determine the extent to which early maternal social environments have downstream effects on sociality across the juvenile and (sub)adult stages. We find a positive effect of early maternal spatial association, where female infants whose mothers spent more time around others also later spent more time around others as juveniles and subadults. Our results also highlight the importance of kin availability and other aspects of group composition (e.g., group size) in dynamically influencing spatial association across developmental stages. We bring attention to the importance of-and difficulty in-determining the social versus genetic influences that parents have on offspring phenotypes. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Having more maternal kin (mother and siblings) is associated with spending more time near others across developmental stages in both male and female capuchins. Having more offspring as a subadult or adult female is additionally associated with spending more time near others. A mother's average sociality (time near others) is predictive of how social her daughters (but not sons) become as juveniles and subadults (a between-mother effect). Additional variation within sibling sets in this same maternal phenotype is not predictive of how social they become later relative to each other (no within-mother effect).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Godoy
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Lomas Barbudal Monkey Project, Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
| | - Peter Korsten
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Susan E Perry
- Lomas Barbudal Monkey Project, Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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4
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Kar F, Nakagawa S, Noble DWA. Heritability and developmental plasticity of growth in an oviparous lizard. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:67-76. [PMID: 37968348 PMCID: PMC10844306 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective processes act on phenotypic variation although the evolutionary potential of a trait relies on the underlying heritable variation. Developmental plasticity is an important source of phenotypic variation, but it can also promote changes in genetic variation, yet we have a limited understanding of how they are both impacted. Here, we quantified the influence of developmental temperature on growth in delicate skinks (Lampropholis delicata) and partitioned total phenotypic variance using an animal model fitted with a genomic relatedness matrix. We measured mass for 261 individuals (nhot = 125, ncold = 136) over 16 months (nobservations = 3002) and estimated heritability and maternal effects over time. Our results show that lizards reared in cold developmental temperatures had consistently higher mass across development compared to lizards that were reared in hot developmental temperatures. However, developmental temperature did not impact the rate of growth. On average, additive genetic variance, maternal effects and heritability were higher in the hot developmental temperature treatment; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Heritability increased with age, whereas maternal effects decreased upon hatching but increased again at a later age, which could be driven by social competition or intrinsic changes in the expression of variation as an individual's growth. Our work suggests that the evolutionary potential of growth is complex, age-dependent and not overtly affected by extremes in natural nest temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fonti Kar
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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5
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Menário Costa W, King WJ, Bonnet T, Festa-Bianchet M, Kruuk LEB. Early-life behavior, survival, and maternal personality in a wild marsupial. Behav Ecol 2023; 34:1002-1012. [PMID: 37969552 PMCID: PMC10636729 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual behavior varies for many reasons, but how early in life are such differences apparent, and are they under selection? We investigated variation in early-life behavior in a wild eastern gray kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) population, and quantified associations of behavior with early survival. Behavior of young was measured while still in the pouch and as subadults, and survival to weaning was monitored. We found consistent variation between offspring of different mothers in levels of activity at the pouch stage, in flight initiation distance (FID) as subadults, and in subadult survival, indicating similarity between siblings. There was no evidence of covariance between the measures of behavior at the pouch young versus subadult stages, nor of covariance of the early-life behavioral traits with subadult survival. However, there was a strong covariance between FIDs of mothers and those of their offspring tested at different times. Further, of the total repeatability of subadult FID (51.5%), more than half could be attributed to differences between offspring of different mothers. Our results indicate that 1) behavioral variation is apparent at a very early stage of development (still in the pouch in the case of this marsupial); 2) between-mother differences can explain much of the repeatability (or "personality") of juvenile behavior; and 3) mothers and offspring exhibit similar behavioral responses to stimuli. However, 4) we found no evidence of selection via covariance between early-life or maternal behavioral traits and juvenile survival in this wild marsupial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weliton Menário Costa
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Wendy J King
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Timothée Bonnet
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- French National Centre for Scientific Research, Centre d’Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Loeske E B Kruuk
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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6
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Badger JJ, Bowen WD, den Heyer CE, Breed GA. Large offspring have enhanced lifetime reproductive success: Long-term carry-over effects of weaning size in gray seals ( Halichoerus grypus). Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10095. [PMID: 37293121 PMCID: PMC10244896 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An individual's size in early stages of life may be an important source of individual variation in lifetime reproductive performance, as size effects on ontogenetic development can have cascading physiological and behavioral consequences throughout life. Here, we explored how size-at-young influences subsequent reproductive performance in gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) using repeated encounter and reproductive data on a marked sample of 363 females that were measured for length after weaning, at ~4 weeks of age, and eventually recruited to the Sable Island breeding colony. Two reproductive traits were considered: provisioning performance (mass of weaned offspring), modeled using linear mixed effects models; and reproductive frequency (rate at which a female returns to breed), modeled using mixed effects multistate mark-recapture models. Mothers with the longest weaning lengths produced pups 8 kg heavier and were 20% more likely to breed in a given year than mothers with the shortest lengths. Correlation in body lengths between weaning and adult life stages, however, is weak: Longer pups do not grow to be longer than average adults. Thus, covariation between weaning length and future reproductive performance appears to be a carry-over effect, where the size advantages afforded in early juvenile stages may allow enhanced long-term performance in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle J. Badger
- Department of Biology and WildlifeUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaskaUSA
- Present address:
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science CenterNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - W. Don Bowen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Cornelia E. den Heyer
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Greg A. Breed
- Department of Biology and WildlifeUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaskaUSA
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaskaUSA
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Jiménez JM, Morales RM, Menéndez-Buxadera A, Demyda-Peyrás S, Laseca N, Molina A. Estimation of the Genetic Components of (Co)variance and Preliminary Genome-Wide Association Study for Reproductive Efficiency in Retinta Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030501. [PMID: 36766391 PMCID: PMC9913610 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the variation of reproductive efficiency, estimated as the deviation between the optimal and real parity number of females at each stage of the cow's life, in 12,554 cows belonging to the Retinta Spanish cattle breed, using classical repeatability and random regression models. The results of the analyses using repeatability model and the random regression model suggest that reproductive efficiency is not homogeneous throughout the cow's life. The h2 estimate for this model was 0.30, while for the random regression model it increased across the parities, from 0.24 at the first calving to 0.51 at calving number 9. Additionally, we performed a preliminary genome-wide association study for this trait in a population of 252 Retinta cows genotyped using the Axiom Bovine Genotyping v3 Array. The results showed 5 SNPs significantly associated with reproductive efficiency, located in two genomic regions (BTA4 and BTA28). The functional analysis revealed the presence of 5 candidate genes located within these regions, which were previously involved in different aspects related to fertility in cattle and mice models. This new information could give us a better understanding of the genetic architecture of reproductive traits in this species, as well as allow us to accurately select more fertile cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa María Morales
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary School, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-957-21-10-70
| | - Alberto Menéndez-Buxadera
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary School, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sebastián Demyda-Peyrás
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Nora Laseca
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary School, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary School, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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8
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Palacios MG, Bronikowski AM, Amer A, Gangloff EJ. Transgenerational effects of maternal corticosterone across early life in a viviparous snake. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 331:114162. [PMID: 36356645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are central mediators of vertebrate responses to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Among the sources of variation in circulating GCs are transgenerational effects mediated by mothers. Here we studied potential maternal effects mediated by GCs on offspring phenotype in a live-bearing reptile, the western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans). We evaluated the association between baseline corticosterone (CORT) levels during gestation (i.e., preparturition) in field-captured mothers and 1) reproductive success and offspring sex ratios, 2) birth phenotypic traits of offspring born under common-garden laboratory conditions, and 3) neonate (age 3 months) and juvenile (age 12 months) traits of offspring raised under two thermal regimes ('warm' and 'cool') during their first year of life. Reproductive success and offspring sex ratios were not associated with preparturition maternal CORT, but pregnant snakes with higher CORT levels gave birth to smaller, lighter offspring, which tended to grow faster to age three months. Neonate baseline CORT varied with preparturition maternal CORT in a sex-specific manner (positive trend for females, negative for males). Maternal CORT effects on offspring phenotype were no longer detectable in juveniles at age one year. Instead, juvenile phenotypes were most influenced by rearing environment, with offspring raised under the cool regime showing higher baseline CORT and slower growth than those raised under warmer conditions. Our findings support the notion that offspring phenotype might be continuously adjusted in response to environmental cues -both pre- and post-natal- and that the strength of maternal CORT effects declines as offspring develop and experience unique environmental challenges. Our results contribute to a growing literature on transgenerational effects of hormones and help to fill a gap in our knowledge of these effects in ectothermic amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Palacios
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Centro Para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Blvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Anne M Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
| | - Ali Amer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, USA
| | - Eric J Gangloff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, USA
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9
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Predator-induced transgenerational plasticity in animals: a meta-analysis. Oecologia 2022; 200:371-383. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThere is growing evidence that the environment experienced by one generation can influence phenotypes in the next generation via transgenerational plasticity (TGP). One of the best-studied examples of TGP in animals is predator-induced transgenerational plasticity, whereby exposing parents to predation risk triggers changes in offspring phenotypes. Yet, there is a lack of general consensus synthesizing the predator–prey literature with existing theory pertaining to ecology and evolution of TGP. Here, we apply a meta-analysis to the sizable literature on predator-induced TGP (441 effect sizes from 29 species and 49 studies) to explore five hypotheses about the magnitude, form and direction of predator-induced TGP. Hypothesis #1: the strength of predator-induced TGP should vary with the number of predator cues. Hypothesis #2: the strength of predator-induced TGP should vary with reproductive mode. Hypothesis #3: the strength and direction of predator-induced TGP should vary among offspring phenotypic traits because some traits are more plastic than others. Hypothesis #4: the strength of predator-induced TGP should wane over ontogeny. Hypothesis #5: predator-induced TGP should generate adaptive phenotypes that should be more evident when offspring are themselves exposed to risk. We found strong evidence for predator-induced TGP overall, but no evidence that parental predator exposure causes offspring traits to change in a particular direction. Additionally, we found little evidence in support of any of the specific hypotheses. We infer that the failure to find consistent evidence reflects the heterogeneous nature of the phenomena, and the highly diverse experimental designs used to study it. Together, these findings set an agenda for future work in this area.
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10
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Gauzere J, Pemberton JM, Kruuk LEB, Morris A, Morris S, Walling CA. Maternal effects do not resolve the paradox of stasis in birth weight in a wild red deer populaton. Evolution 2022; 76:2605-2617. [PMID: 36111977 PMCID: PMC9828841 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In natural populations, quantitative traits seldom show short-term evolution at the rate predicted by evolutionary models. Resolving this "paradox of stasis" is a key goal in evolutionary biology, as it directly challenges our capacity to predict evolutionary change. One particularly promising hypothesis to explain the lack of evolutionary responses in a key offspring trait, body weight, is that positive selection on juveniles is counterbalanced by selection against maternal investment in offspring growth, given that reproduction is costly for the mothers. Here, we used data from one of the longest individual-based studies of a wild mammal population to test this hypothesis. We first showed that despite positive directional selection on birth weight, and heritable variation for this trait, no genetic change has been observed for birth weight over the past 47 years in the study population. Contrarily to our expectation, we found no evidence of selection against maternal investment in birth weight-if anything, selection favors mothers that produce large calves. Accordingly, we show that genetic change in birth weight over the study period is actually lower than that predicted from models including selection on maternal performance; ultimately our analysis here only deepens rather than resolves the paradox of stasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gauzere
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
| | - Josephine M. Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 0200Australia
| | - Alison Morris
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
| | - Sean Morris
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
| | - Craig A. Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
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11
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Molina A, Demyda‐Peyrás S, Sánchez M, Serradilla JM, Menéndez‐Buxadera A. Genetic analysis of the effects of heat stress before and after lambing on pre‐weaning live weight in Spanish Merino lambs. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1721-1734. [PMID: 35715950 PMCID: PMC9297792 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental effect on sheep production. Hereby, we estimated the genetic (co)variance component of HS on the pre‐weaning performance of 19,022 Merino lambs by analysing the climatological index of temperature and relative humidity (recorded 30 days before lambing and after lambing) using transversal and longitudinal mixed linear models. Methods and Results The global impact of HS during the last 30 days of pregnancy was −17% for birthweight and ranged between −4% and −8% for live weight at 15, 30 days of age (W30), and average daily gain from birth at 30 days. The results from both statistical approaches showed very similar heritabilities (h2), ranging from 0.192 to 0.237 for the direct genetic (D) effects and from 0.072 to 0.082 for the maternal genetic (M) effects, but the antagonism between (D) and (M) was higher when a longitudinal model was used. A significant genotype‐environmental effect was also found regardless of whether the climatological covariables were considered in the model. In addition, we employed D and M breeding values for W30 as an example to create a new subjacent index by first using a principal component analysis and employing the leading eigenvalues as a weighted factor that provides the information needed to identify those genotypes that maximise the response for both genetic effects over a wide range of climate–environment levels. Conclusions Our study revealed that the HS indexes of the mother during the gestation period have a significant effect on the growth of the lambs during the early stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Grupo MERAGEM, Departamento de Genética Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba España
| | - Sebastián Demyda‐Peyrás
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Nacional de La Plata La Plata Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), CCT La Plata La Plata Argentina
| | - Manuel Sánchez
- Departamento de Producción Animal Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba España
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12
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Fraimout A, Li Z, Sillanpää MJ, Merilä J. Age-dependent genetic architecture across ontogeny of body size in sticklebacks. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220352. [PMID: 35582807 PMCID: PMC9118060 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable variation in traits under natural selection is a prerequisite for evolutionary response. While it is recognized that trait heritability may vary spatially and temporally depending on which environmental conditions traits are expressed under, less is known about the possibility that genetic variance contributing to the expected selection response in a given trait may vary at different stages of ontogeny. Specifically, whether different loci underlie the expression of a trait throughout development and thus providing an additional source of variation for selection to act on in the wild, is unclear. Here we show that body size, an important life-history trait, is heritable throughout ontogeny in the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius). Nevertheless, both analyses of quantitative trait loci and genetic correlations across ages show that different chromosomes/loci contribute to this heritability in different ontogenic time-points. This suggests that body size can respond to selection at different stages of ontogeny but that this response is determined by different loci at different points of development. Hence, our study provides important results regarding our understanding of the genetics of ontogeny and opens an interesting avenue of research for studying age-specific genetic architecture as a source of non-parallel evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fraimout
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Zitong Li
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mikko J Sillanpää
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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13
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Fitzpatrick CL, Wade MJ. When is Offspring Viability Fitness a Measure of Paternal Fitness and When is it not? J Hered 2022; 113:48-53. [PMID: 34850026 PMCID: PMC8851674 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We use population genetics to model the evolution of a gene with an indirect effect owing to paternal care and with a second pleiotropic, direct effect on offspring viability. We use the model to illustrate how the common empirical practice of considering offspring viability as a component of parent fitness can confound a gene's direct and indirect fitness effects. We investigate when this confounding results in a distorted picture of overall evolution and when it does not. We find that the practice has no effect on mean fitness, W, but it does have an effect on the dynamics of gene frequency change, ∆q. We also find that, for some regions of parameter space associated with fitness trade-offs, the distortion is not only quantitative but also qualitative, obscuring the direction of gene frequency change. Because it affects the evolutionary dynamics, it also affects the expected amount of genetic variation at mutation-selection balance, an important consideration in molecular evolution. We discuss empirical techniques for separating direct from indirect effects and how field studies measuring the value of male paternal care might be improved by using them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.,Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Michael J Wade
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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14
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Comparative evaluation of different animal models for genetic analysis of body weight traits in an organized Corriedale sheep population. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Brodie ED, Cook PA, Costello RA, Formica VA. Phenotypic Assortment Changes the Landscape of Selection. J Hered 2021; 113:91-101. [PMID: 34878556 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interactions with conspecifics can dramatically affect an individual's fitness. The positive or negative consequences of interacting with social partners typically depend on the value of traits that they express. These pathways of social selection connect the traits and genes expressed in some individuals to the fitness realized by others, thereby altering the total phenotypic selection on and evolutionary response of traits across the multivariate phenotype. The downstream effects of social selection are mediated by the patterns of phenotypic assortment between focal individuals and their social partners (the interactant covariance, Cij', or the multivariate form, CI). Depending on the sign and magnitude of the interactant covariance, the direction of social selection can be reinforced, reversed, or erased. We report estimates of Cij' from a variety of studies of forked fungus beetles to address the largely unexplored questions of consistency and plasticity of phenotypic assortment in natural populations. We found that phenotypic assortment of male beetles based on body size or horn length was highly variable among subpopulations, but that those differences also were broadly consistent from year to year. At the same time, the strength and direction of Cij' changed quickly in response to experimental changes in resource distribution and social properties of populations. Generally, interactant covariances were more negative in contexts in which the number of social interactions was greater in both field and experimental situations. These results suggest that patterns of phenotypic assortment could be important contributors to variability in multilevel selection through their mediation of social selection gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund D Brodie
- Mountain Lake Biological Station and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Phoebe A Cook
- Mountain Lake Biological Station and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robin A Costello
- Mountain Lake Biological Station and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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16
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MacLeod KJ, While GM, Uller T. Viviparous mothers impose stronger glucocorticoid-mediated maternal stress effects on their offspring than oviparous mothers. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17238-17259. [PMID: 34938505 PMCID: PMC8668768 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal stress during gestation has the potential to affect offspring development via changes in maternal physiology, such as increases in circulating levels of glucocorticoid hormones that are typical after exposure to a stressor. While the effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype (i.e., "glucocorticoid-mediated maternal effects") have been relatively well established in laboratory studies, it remains poorly understood how strong and consistent such effects are in natural populations. Using a meta-analysis of studies of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles, we investigate the evidence for effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype and investigate key moderators that might influence the strength and direction of these effects. In particular, we investigate the potential importance of reproductive mode (viviparity vs. oviparity). We show that glucocorticoid-mediated maternal effects are stronger, and likely more deleterious, in mammals and viviparous squamate reptiles compared with birds, turtles, and oviparous squamates. No other moderators (timing and type of manipulation, age at offspring measurement, or type of trait measured) were significant predictors of the strength or direction of the phenotypic effects on offspring. These results provide evidence that the evolution of a prolonged physiological association between embryo and mother sets the stage for maladaptive, or adaptive, prenatal stress effects in vertebrates driven by glucocorticoid elevation.
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17
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Santostefano F, Allegue H, Garant D, Bergeron P, Réale D. Indirect genetic and environmental effects on behaviors, morphology, and life-history traits in a wild Eastern chipmunk population. Evolution 2021; 75:1492-1512. [PMID: 33855713 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Additive genetic variance in a trait reflects its potential to respond to selection, which is key for adaptive evolution in the wild. Social interactions contribute to this genetic variation through indirect genetic effects-the effect of an individual's genotype on the expression of a trait in a conspecific. However, our understanding of the evolutionary importance of indirect genetic effects in the wild and of their strength relative to direct genetic effects is limited. In this study, we assessed how indirect genetic effects contribute to genetic variation of behavioral, morphological, and life-history traits in a wild Eastern chipmunk population. We also compared the contribution of direct and indirect genetic effects to traits evolvabilities and related these effects to selection strength across traits. We implemented a novel approach integrating the spatial structure of social interactions in quantitative genetic analyses, and supported the reliability of our results with power analyses. We found indirect genetic effects for trappability and relative fecundity, little direct genetic effects in all traits and a large role for direct and indirect permanent environmental effects. Our study highlights the potential evolutionary role of social permanent environmental effects in shaping phenotypes of conspecifics through adaptive phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santostefano
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hassen Allegue
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Bergeron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Henriques JF, Lacava M, Guzmán C, Gavín-Centol MP, Ruiz-Lupión D, De Mas E, Magalhães S, Moya-Laraño J. The sources of variation for individual prey-to-predator size ratios. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:684-694. [PMID: 33452465 PMCID: PMC8115045 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative body size at which predators are willing to attack prey, a key trait for predator-prey interactions, is usually considered invariant. However, this ratio can vary widely among individuals or populations. Identifying the range and origin of such variation is key to understanding the strength and constraints on selection in both predators and prey. Still, these sources of variation remain largely unknown. We filled this gap by measuring the genetic, maternal and environmental variation of the maximum prey-to-predator size ratio (PPSRmax) in juveniles of the wolf spider Lycosa fasciiventris using a paternal half-sib split-brood design, in which each male was paired with two females and the offspring reared in two food environments: poor and rich. Each juvenile spider was then sequentially offered crickets of decreasing size and the maximum prey size killed was determined. We also measured body size and body condition of spiders upon emergence and just before the trial. We found low, but significant heritability (h2 = 0.069) and dominance and common environmental variance (d2 + 4c2 = 0.056). PPSRmax was also partially explained by body condition (during trial) but there was no effect of the rearing food environment. Finally, a maternal correlation between body size early in life and PPSRmax indicated that offspring born larger were less predisposed to feed on larger prey later in life. Therefore, PPSRmax, a central trait in ecosystems, can vary widely and this variation is due to different sources, with important consequences for changes in this trait in the short and long terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F. Henriques
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal ,grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Mariángeles Lacava
- grid.11630.350000000121657640CENUR Noreste Sede Rivera, Universidad de la República, Ituzaingó, 667 Rivera Uruguay
| | - Celeste Guzmán
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Gavín-Centol
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Dolores Ruiz-Lupión
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Eva De Mas
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Sara Magalhães
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jordi Moya-Laraño
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
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19
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Mitteroecker P, Stansfield E. A model of developmental canalization, applied to human cranial form. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008381. [PMID: 33591964 PMCID: PMC7909690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental mechanisms that canalize or compensate perturbations of organismal development (targeted or compensatory growth) are widely considered a prerequisite of individual health and the evolution of complex life, but little is known about the nature of these mechanisms. It is even unclear if and how a “target trajectory” of individual development is encoded in the organism’s genetic-developmental system or, instead, emerges as an epiphenomenon. Here we develop a statistical model of developmental canalization based on an extended autoregressive model. We show that under certain assumptions the strength of canalization and the amount of canalized variance in a population can be estimated, or at least approximated, from longitudinal phenotypic measurements, even if the target trajectories are unobserved. We extend this model to multivariate measures and discuss reifications of the ensuing parameter matrix. We apply these approaches to longitudinal geometric morphometric data on human postnatal craniofacial size and shape as well as to the size of the frontal sinuses. Craniofacial size showed strong developmental canalization during the first 5 years of life, leading to a 50% reduction of cross-sectional size variance, followed by a continual increase in variance during puberty. Frontal sinus size, by contrast, did not show any signs of canalization. Total variance of craniofacial shape decreased slightly until about 5 years of age and increased thereafter. However, different features of craniofacial shape showed very different developmental dynamics. Whereas the relative dimensions of the nasopharynx showed strong canalization and a reduction of variance throughout postnatal development, facial orientation continually increased in variance. Some of the signals of canalization may owe to independent variation in developmental timing of cranial components, but our results indicate evolved, partly mechanically induced mechanisms of canalization that ensure properly sized upper airways and facial dimensions. Developmental mechanisms that canalize or compensate perturbations of organismal development are a prerequisite of individual health and the evolution of complex life. However, surprisingly little is known about these mechanisms, partly because the “target trajectories” of individual development cannot be directly observed. Here we develop a statistical model of developmental canalization that allows one to estimate the strength of canalization and the amount of canalized variance in a population even if the target trajectories are unobserved. We applied these approaches to data on human postnatal craniofacial growth. Whereas overall craniofacial size was strongly canalized during the first 5 years of age, frontal sinus size did not show any signs of canalization. The relative dimensions of the nasopharynx showed strong canalization and a reduction of variance throughout postnatal development, whereas other shape features, such as facial orientation, continually increased in variance. Our results indicate evolved, partly mechanically induced mechanisms of canalization that ensure properly sized upper airways and facial dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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20
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Tigreros N, Agrawal AA, Thaler JS. Genetic Variation in Parental Effects Contributes to the Evolutionary Potential of Prey Responses to Predation Risk. Am Nat 2021; 197:164-175. [PMID: 33523783 DOI: 10.1086/712341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDespite the ubiquity of parental effects and their potential effect on evolutionary dynamics, their contribution to the evolution of predator-prey interactions remains poorly understood. Using quantitative genetics, here we demonstrate that parental effects substantially contribute to the evolutionary potential of larval antipredator responses in a leaf beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Previous research showed that larger L. decemlineata larvae elicit stronger antipredator responses, and mothers perceiving predators improved offspring responses by increasing intraclutch cannibalism-an extreme form of offspring provisioning. We now report substantial additive genetic variation underlying maternal ability to induce intraclutch cannibalism, indicating the potential of this adaptive maternal effect to evolve by natural selection. We also show that paternal size, a heritable trait, affected larval responses to predation risk but that larval responses themselves had little additive genetic variation. Together, these results demonstrate how larval responses to predation risk can evolve via two types of parental effects, both of which provide indirect sources of genetic variation for offspring traits.
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21
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Delaney DM, Hoekstra LA, Janzen FJ. Becoming creatures of habit: Among- and within-individual variation in nesting behaviour shift with age. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1614-1624. [PMID: 32897610 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of repeatability has enabled behavioural and evolutionary ecologists to assess the heritable potential of traits. For behavioural traits that vary across life, age-related variation should be accounted for to prevent biasing the microevolutionary estimate of interest. Moreover, to gain a mechanistic understanding of ontogenetic variation in behaviour, among- and within-individual variance should be quantified across life. We leveraged a 30-year study of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) to assess how age contributes to variation in the repeatability of nesting behaviours. We found that four components of nesting behaviour were repeatable and that accounting for age increased the repeatability estimate for maternal choice of canopy cover over nests. We detected canalization (diminished within-individual variance with age) of canopy cover choice in a reduced data set despite no shift in repeatability. Additionally, random regression analysis revealed that females became more divergent from each other in their choice of canopy cover with age. Thus, properly modelling age-related variance should more precisely estimate heritable potential, and assessing among- and within-individual variance components in addition to repeatability will offer a more mechanistic understanding of behavioural variation across age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Delaney
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Luke A Hoekstra
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Fredric J Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
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22
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Gauzere J, Pemberton JM, Morris S, Morris A, Kruuk LEB, Walling CA. The genetic architecture of maternal effects across ontogeny in the red deer. Evolution 2020; 74:1378-1391. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gauzere
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL United Kingdom
| | - Josephine M. Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL United Kingdom
| | - Sean Morris
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL United Kingdom
| | - Alison Morris
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL United Kingdom
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Research School of Biology The Australian National University ACT 0200 Canberra Australia
| | - Craig A. Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL United Kingdom
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23
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Moore MP, Whiteman HH, Martin RA. A mother’s legacy: the strength of maternal effects in animal populations. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1620-1628. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Moore
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH44106
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences Murray State University Murray KY42071
| | - Howard H. Whiteman
- Watershed Studies Institute and Department of Biological Sciences Murray State University Murray KY42071
| | - Ryan A. Martin
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH44106
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24
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Kasper C, Schreier T, Taborsky B. Heritabilities, social environment effects and genetic correlations of social behaviours in a cooperatively breeding vertebrate. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:955-973. [PMID: 31152617 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social animals interact frequently with conspecifics, and their behaviour is influenced by social context, environmental cues and the behaviours of interaction partners, allowing for adaptive, flexible adjustments to social encounters. This flexibility can be limited by part of the behavioural variation being genetically determined. Furthermore, behaviours can be genetically correlated, potentially constraining independent evolution. Understanding social behaviour thus requires carefully disentangling genetic, environmental, maternal and social sources of variations as well as the correlation structure between behaviours. Here, we assessed heritability, maternal, common environment and social effects of eight social behaviours in Neolamprologus pulcher, a cooperatively breeding cichlid. We bred wild-caught fish in a paternal half-sibling design and scored ability to defend a resource against conspecifics, to integrate into a group and the propensity to help defending the group territory ("helping behaviour"). We assessed genetic, social and phenotypic correlations within clusters of behaviours predicted to be functionally related, namely "competition," "aggression," "aggression-sociability," "integration" and "integration-help." Helping behaviour and two affiliative behaviours were heritable, whereas there was little evidence for a genetic basis in all other traits. Phenotypic social effects explained part of the variation in a sociable and a submissive behaviour, but there were no maternal or common environment effects. Genetic and phenotypic correlation within clusters was mostly positive. A group's social environment influenced covariances of social behaviours. Genetic correlations were similar in magnitude but usually exceeding the phenotypic ones, indicating that conclusions about the evolution of social behaviours in this species could be provisionally drawn from phenotypic data in cases where data for genetic analyses are unobtainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kasper
- Behavioural Ecology, University of Bern, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schreier
- Behavioural Ecology, University of Bern, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Taborsky
- Behavioural Ecology, University of Bern, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
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25
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Evans ML, Hard JJ, Black AN, Sard NM, O’Malley KG. A quantitative genetic analysis of life-history traits and lifetime reproductive success in reintroduced Chinook salmon. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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26
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Fisher DN, Wilson AJ, Boutin S, Dantzer B, Lane JE, Coltman DW, Gorrell JC, McAdam AG. Social effects of territorial neighbours on the timing of spring breeding in North American red squirrels. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:559-571. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N. Fisher
- Department for Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Alastair J. Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Cornwall UK
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbour Michigan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbour Michigan
| | - Jeffrey E. Lane
- Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - David W. Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Jamie C. Gorrell
- Biology Department University of Vancouver Island Nanaimo British Columbia Canada
| | - Andrew G. McAdam
- Department for Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
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27
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Potter HG, Ashbrook DG, Hager R. Offspring genetic effects on maternal care. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:195-205. [PMID: 30576700 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parental care is found widely across animal taxa and is manifest in a range of behaviours from basic provisioning in cockroaches to highly complex behaviours seen in mammals. The evolution of parental care is viewed as the outcome of an evolutionary cost/benefit trade-off between investing in current and future offspring, leading to the selection of traits in offspring that influence parental behaviour. Thus, level and quality of parental care are affected by both parental and offspring genetic differences that directly and indirectly influence parental care behaviour. While significant research effort has gone into understanding how parental genomes affect parental, and mostly maternal, behaviour, few studies have investigated how offspring genomes affect parental care. In this review, we bring together recent findings across different fields focussing on the mechanism and genetics of offspring effects on maternal care in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Potter
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - David G Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, Translational Science Research Building, Room 415, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S Manassas St, Memphis, TN 38103, United States
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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28
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Ghafouri-Kesbi F, Gholizadeh M. Random regression models to explore genetic variation and genetic variability in the growth curve of Baluchi lambs. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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29
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Galloway LF, Watson RHB, Prendeville HR. Response to joint selection on germination and flowering phenology depends on the direction of selection. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7688-7696. [PMID: 30151182 PMCID: PMC6106181 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering and germination time are components of phenology, a complex phenotype that incorporates a number of traits. In natural populations, selection is likely to occur on multiple components of phenology at once. However, we have little knowledge of how joint selection on several phenological traits influences evolutionary response. We conducted one generation of artificial selection for all combinations of early and late germination and flowering on replicated lines within two independent base populations in the herb Campanula americana. We then measured response to selection and realized heritability for each trait. Response to selection and heritability were greater for flowering time than germination time, indicating greater evolutionary potential of this trait. Selection for earlier phenology, both flowering and germination, did not depend on the direction of selection on the other trait, whereas response to selection to delay germination and flowering was greater when selection on the other trait was in the opposite direction (e.g., early germination and late flowering), indicating a negative genetic correlation between the traits. Therefore, the extent to which correlations shaped response to selection depended on the direction of selection. Furthermore, the genetic correlation between timing of germination and flowering varies across the trait distributions. The negative correlation between germination and flowering time found when selecting for delayed phenology follows theoretical predictions of constraint for traits that jointly determine life history schedule. In contrast, the lack of constraint found when selecting for an accelerated phenology suggests a reduction of the covariance due to strong selection favoring earlier flowering and a shorter life cycle. This genetic architecture, in turn, will facilitate further evolution of the early phenology often favored in warm climates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ray H. B. Watson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Holly R. Prendeville
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
- Present address:
USDA FS Pacific Northwest Research StationCorvallisOregon
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Vega‐Trejo R, Kruuk LEB, Jennions MD, Head ML. What happens to offspring when parents are inbred, old or had a poor start in life? Evidence for sex‐specific parental effects. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1138-1151. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Vega‐Trejo
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University, Acton Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University, Acton Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Michael D. Jennions
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University, Acton Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Megan L. Head
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University, Acton Canberra ACT Australia
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White SJ, Wilson AJ. Evolutionary genetics of personality in the Trinidadian guppy I: maternal and additive genetic effects across ontogeny. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:1-14. [PMID: 29773896 PMCID: PMC6288082 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Among-individual variation in behaviour is a widespread phenomenon, with several frameworks developed to explain its existence. Maternal effects, which can have significant influence over evolutionary processes, are an understudied source of behavioural variation. Maternal effects are not necessarily static, however, since their importance can change over offspring ontogeny, typically declining with age relative to additive genetic effects. Here, using a quantitative genetics approach, we test the prediction that maternal effects will influence age-specific risk-taking behaviour in Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata. Individuals were subject to a single open-field trial as juveniles and up to four repeat trials as adults, with five traits indicative of risk-taking behaviour measured in each trial. We then partitioned phenotypic variance into additive genetic (VA) and maternal identity (VM) components, in addition to testing brood size and maternal weight as specific sources of maternal effects. We found that VM had significant influence over juvenile traits, with very low VA estimates. Whereas, in adults, all traits were significantly heritable, with little support for VM. We also found a strong influence of maternal traits on juvenile behaviours as predicted, with significant, albeit smaller, effects found in adults. Maternal weight was heritable and itself subject to maternal effects. Thus, maternal weight is a likely source of maternal genetic effects that are expected to alter response to selection on personality in this system. More generally, our study highlights that while maternal effects can be an important source of personality variation, this varies over ontogeny of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen John White
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter (Penryn Campus), Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Alastair James Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter (Penryn Campus), Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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32
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Quéméré E, Gaillard JM, Galan M, Vanpé C, David I, Pellerin M, Kjellander P, Hewison AJM, Pemberton JM. Between-population differences in the genetic and maternal components of body mass in roe deer. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:39. [PMID: 29592799 PMCID: PMC5872551 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the genetic and environmental mechanisms governing variation in morphology or phenology in wild populations is currently an important challenge. While there is a general consensus that selection is stronger under stressful conditions, it remains unclear whether the evolutionary potential of traits should increase or decrease with increasingly stressful conditions. Here, we investigate how contrasting environmental conditions during growth may affect the maternal and genetic components of body mass in roe deer, the most abundant and widespread wild ungulate in Western Europe. Body mass is a key life history trait that strongly influences both survival and reproductive performance in large herbivores. We used pedigrees and animal models to determine the variance components of juvenile and adult winter body mass in two populations experiencing contrasting early-life conditions. Results Our analyses showed that roe deer at Chizé, where habitat was poor and unpredictable, exhibited very low genetic variance in juvenile body mass. Instead, variance in mass was mainly driven by among-cohort differences in early-life conditions and maternal environment. In contrast, roe deer at Bogesund, where resource availability during the critical period of fawn rearing was higher, displayed a substantial level of genetic variance in body mass. We discuss the potential role of past demography and viability selection on fawn body mass on the erosion of genetic variance in the poor habitat. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of accounting for both spatial (i.e. between-population variation) and temporal (i.e. cohort variation) heterogeneity in environmental conditions, especially in early life, to understand the potential for adaptive responses of wild populations to selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1154-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Quéméré
- CEFS, INRA, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, F-31326, France.
| | - J M Gaillard
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Galan
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France
| | - C Vanpé
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - I David
- GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - M Pellerin
- ONCFS, DER, UR Cervidés-Sanglier, Paris, France
| | - P Kjellander
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - A J M Hewison
- CEFS, INRA, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, F-31326, France
| | - J M Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
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Morrissey MB, Janeiro MJ, Sparks AM, White S, Pigeon G, Teplitsky C, Réale D, Milot E. Into the wild-WAMBAM goes to Canada. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1098-1102. [PMID: 29411456 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sixth Wild Animal Models Bi-Annual Meeting was held in July 2017 in Québec, with 42 participants. This report documents the evolution of questions asked and approaches used in evolutionary quantitative genetic studies of wild populations in recent decades, and how these questions and approaches were represented at the recent meeting. We explore how ideas from previous meetings in this series have developed to their present states, and consider how the format of the meetings may be particularly useful at fostering the rapid development and proliferation of ideas and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria João Janeiro
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.,CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M Sparks
- Institutes of Evolutionary Biology, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen White
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter (Penryn Campus), Cornwall, UK
| | - Gabriel Pigeon
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Céline Teplitsky
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Milot
- Department of chemistry, biochemistry and physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Sakthivel M, Balasubramanyam D, Kumarasamy P, Gopi H, Raja A, Anilkumar R, Devaki A. Estimates of (co)variance components and genetic parameters for body weights and growth efficiency traits in the New Zealand white rabbit. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2017.7057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The genetic parameters of growth traits in the New Zealand White rabbits kept at Sheep Breeding and Research Station, Sandynallah, The Nilgiris, India were estimated by partitioning the variance and covariance components. The (co)variance components of body weights at weaning (W42), post-weaning (W70) and marketing (W135) age and growth efficiency traits viz., average daily gain (ADG), relative growth rate (RGR) and Kleiber ratio (KR) estimated on a daily basis at different age intervals (42 to 70 d; 70 to 135 d and 42 to 135 d) from weaning to marketing were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood, fitting 6 animal models with various combinations of direct and maternal effects. Data were collected over a period of 15 yr (1998 to 2012). A log-likelihood ratio test was used to select the most appropriate univariate model for each trait, which was subsequently used in bivariate analysis. Heritability estimates for W42, W70 and W135 were 0.42±0.07, 0.40±0.08 and 0.27±0.07, respectively. Heritability estimates of growth efficiency traits were moderate to high (0.18 to 0.42). Of the total phenotypic variation, maternal genetic effect contributed 14 to 32% for early body weight traits (W42 and W70) and ADG1. The contribution of maternal permanent environmental effect varied from 6 to 18% for W42 and for all the growth efficiency traits except for KR2. Maternal permanent environmental effect on most of the growth efficiency traits was a carryover effect of maternal care during weaning. Direct maternal genetic correlations, for the traits in which maternal genetic effect was significant, were moderate to high in magnitude and negative in direction. Maternal effect declined as the age of the animal increased. The estimates of total heritability and maternal across year repeatability for growth traits were moderate and an optimum rate of genetic progress seems possible in the herd by mass selection. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among body weights and between growth efficiency traits were also estimated. Moderate to high heritability and higher genetic correlation in body weight traits promise good scope for genetic improvement provided measures are taken to keep the inbreeding at the lowest level.
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Bacigalupe LD, Moore AJ, Nespolo RF, Rezende EL, Bozinovic F. Quantitative Genetic Modeling of the Parental Care Hypothesis for the Evolution of Endothermy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1005. [PMID: 29311952 PMCID: PMC5732359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two heuristic explanations proposed for the evolution of endothermy in vertebrates: a correlated response to selection for stable body temperatures, or as a correlated response to increased activity. Parental care has been suggested as a major driving force in this context given its impact on the parents' activity levels and energy budgets, and in the offspring's growth rates due to food provisioning and controlled incubation temperature. This results in a complex scenario involving multiple traits and transgenerational fitness benefits that can be hard to disentangle, quantify and ultimately test. Here we demonstrate how standard quantitative genetic models of maternal effects can be applied to study the evolution of endothermy, focusing on the interplay between daily energy expenditure (DEE) of the mother and growth rates of the offspring. Our model shows that maternal effects can dramatically exacerbate evolutionary responses to selection in comparison to regular univariate models (breeder's equation). This effect would emerge from indirect selection mediated by maternal effects concomitantly with a positive genetic covariance between DEE and growth rates. The multivariate nature of selection, which could favor a higher DEE, higher growth rates or both, might partly explain how high turnover rates were continuously favored in a self-reinforcing process. Overall, our quantitative genetic analysis provides support for the parental care hypothesis for the evolution of endothermy. We contend that much has to be gained from quantifying maternal and developmental effects on metabolic and thermoregulatory variation during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Allen J Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kielland ØN, Bech C, Einum S. Is there plasticity in developmental instability? The effect of daily thermal fluctuations in an ectotherm. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10567-10574. [PMID: 29299238 PMCID: PMC5743494 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversified bet-hedging (DBH) by production of within-genotype phenotypic variance may evolve to maximize fitness in stochastic environments. Bet-hedging is generally associated with parental effects, but phenotypic variation may also develop throughout life via developmental instability (DI). This opens for the possibility of a within-generation mechanism creating DBH during the lifetime of individuals. If so, DI could in fact be a plastic trait itself; if a fluctuating environment indicates uncertainty about future conditions, sensing such fluctuations could trigger DI as a DBH response. However, this possibility has received little empirical attention. Here, we test whether fluctuating environments may elicit such a response in the clonally reproducing crustacean Daphnia magna. Specifically, we exposed genetically identical individuals to two environments of different thermal stability (stable vs. pronounced daily realistic temperature fluctuations) and tested for effects on DI in body mass and metabolic rate shortly before maturation. Furthermore, we also estimated the genetic variation in DI. Interestingly, fluctuating temperatures did not affect body mass, but metabolic rate decreased. We found no evidence for plasticity in DI in response to environmental fluctuations. The lack of plasticity was common to all genotypes, and for both traits studied. However, we found considerable evolvability for DI, which implies a general evolutionary potential for DBH under selection for increased phenotypic variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Nordeide Kielland
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - Claus Bech
- Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - Sigurd Einum
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNUTrondheimNorway
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Canario L, Lundeheim N, Bijma P. The early-life environment of a pig shapes the phenotypes of its social partners in adulthood. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 118:534-541. [PMID: 28327581 PMCID: PMC5436026 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interactions among individuals are abundant, both in natural and domestic populations, and may affect phenotypes of individuals. Recent research has demonstrated that the social effect of an individual on the phenotype of its social partners may have a genetic component, known as an indirect genetic effect (IGE). Little is known, however, of nongenetic factors underlying such social effects. Early-life environments often have large effects on phenotypes of the individuals themselves later in life. Offspring development in many mammalian species, for example, depends on interactions with the mother and siblings. In domestic pigs, individuals sharing the same juvenile environment develop similar body weight later in life. We, therefore, hypothesized that offspring originating from the same early-life environment also develop common social skills that generate early-life social effects (ELSEs) that affect the phenotypes of their social partners later in life. We, therefore, quantified IGEs and ELSEs on growth in domestic pigs. Results show that individuals from the same early-life environment express similar social effects on the growth of their social partners, and that such ELSEs shape the growth rate of social partners more than IGEs. Thus, the social skills that individuals develop in early life have a long-lasting impact on the phenotypes of social partners. Early-life and genetic social effects were independent of the corresponding direct effects of offspring on their own growth, indicating that individuals may enhance the growth of their social partners without a personal cost. Our findings also illustrate how research devoted to quantifying IGEs may miss nongenetic and potentially confounded social mechanisms which may bias the estimates of IGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Canario
- Department of Animal Genetics, INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - N Lundeheim
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Bijma
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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The phenotypic correlates and quantitative genetics of masculinization in the rodent, Octodon degus. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 119:136-141. [PMID: 28402328 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In some mammals, female characteristics have been shown to depend, in part, on the intrauterine position during development of female fetuses relative to male fetuses. Females developing in close proximity to males show behavioral, physiological and life history characteristics that are masculinized. With the exception of one inconclusive study, nothing is known of the genetic basis of this phenomenon. In this paper, we reported an analysis of the quantitative genetic basis of masculinization, as indicated by the anogenital distance (AGD) at birth and weaning, in the rodent Octodon degus. Because AGD is related to weight, we included a genetic analysis of pup weight at birth and weaning. Pairwise correlations showed that AGD at birth varied negatively with litter size and parturition number but positively with weaning AGD, birth weight, dam AGD and percentage of males in the litter. AGD at weaning varied similarly except that it tended to vary positively with litter size. Genetic (co)variances of AGD at birth and weight at birth differed in females and males. In females, the best genetic model included substantial effects of direct additive, additive maternal and a negative additive genetic covariance between these two. In males, variances were small and there was difficulty in discriminating between additive maternal and common environmental variances. By weaning, genetic (co)variances had somewhat declined in weight and were not statistically significant in AGD in either sex. This paper showed the occurrence of both phenotypic and genetic components in masculinization with effects being greater in females.
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Rowiński PK, Rogell B. Environmental stress correlates with increases in both genetic and residual variances: A meta-analysis of animal studies. Evolution 2017; 71:1339-1351. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K. Rowiński
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; Svante Arrhenius väg 18B 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; Svante Arrhenius väg 18B 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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Thomson CE, Bayer F, Crouch N, Farrell S, Heap E, Mittell E, Zurita-Cassinello M, Hadfield JD. Selection on parental performance opposes selection for larger body mass in a wild population of blue tits. Evolution 2017; 71:716-732. [PMID: 28106259 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is abundant evidence in many taxa for positive directional selection on body size, and yet little evidence for microevolutionary change. In many species, variation in body size is partly determined by the actions of parents, so a proposed explanation for stasis is the presence of a negative genetic correlation between direct and parental effects. Consequently, selecting genes for increased body size would result in a correlated decline in parental effects, reducing body size in the following generation. We show that these arguments implicitly assume that parental care is cost free, and that including a cost alters the predicted genetic architectures needed to explain stasis. Using a large cross-fostered population of blue tits, we estimate direct selection on parental effects for body mass, and show it is negative. Negative selection is consistent with a cost to parental care, mainly acting through a reduction in current fecundity rather than survival. Under these conditions, evolutionary stasis is possible for moderately negative genetic correlations between direct and parental effects. This is in contrast to the implausibly extreme correlations needed when care is assumed to be cost-free. Thus, we highlight the importance of accounting correctly for complete selection acting on traits across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Thomson
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Bayer
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Crouch
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois, Illinois, USA
| | - Samantha Farrell
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Heap
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Mittell
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Zurita-Cassinello
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jarrod D Hadfield
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Bourret A, Bélisle M, Pelletier F, Garant D. Evolutionary potential of morphological traits across different life-history stages. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:616-626. [PMID: 28000316 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bourret
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - M. Bélisle
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - F. Pelletier
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - D. Garant
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
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Pick JL, Ebneter C, Hutter P, Tschirren B. Disentangling Genetic and Prenatal Maternal Effects on Offspring Size and Survival. Am Nat 2016; 188:628-639. [PMID: 27860503 DOI: 10.1086/688918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Organizational processes during prenatal development can have long-term effects on an individual's phenotype. Because these early developmental stages are sensitive to environmental influences, mothers are in a unique position to alter their offspring's phenotype by differentially allocating resources to their developing young. However, such prenatal maternal effects are difficult to disentangle from other forms of parental care, additive genetic effects, and/or other forms of maternal inheritance, hampering our understanding of their evolutionary consequences. Here we used divergent selection lines for high and low prenatal maternal investment and their reciprocal line crosses in a precocial bird-the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)-to quantify the relative importance of genes and prenatal maternal effects in shaping offspring phenotype. Maternal but not paternal origin strongly affected offspring body size and survival throughout development. Although the effects of maternal egg investment faded over time, they were large at key life stages. Additionally, there was evidence for other forms of maternal inheritance affecting offspring phenotype at later stages of development. Our study is among the first to successfully disentangle prenatal maternal effects from all other sources of confounding variation and highlights the important role of prenatal maternal provisioning in shaping offspring traits closely linked to fitness.
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Beemelmanns A, Roth O. Bacteria-type-specific biparental immune priming in the pipefish Syngnathus typhle. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6735-6757. [PMID: 27777744 PMCID: PMC5058542 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of acquired and specific immunity against previously encountered bacteria from mothers to offspring boosts the immune response of the next generation and supports the development of a successful pathogen defense. While most studies claim that the transfer of immunity is a maternal trait, in the sex-role-reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle, fathers nurse the embryos over a placenta-like structure, which opens the door for additional paternal immune priming. We examined the potential and persistence of bacteria-type-specific parental immune priming in the pipefish S. typhle over maturation time using a fully reciprocal design with two different bacteria species (Vibrio spp. and Tenacibaculum maritimum). Our results suggest that S. typhle is able to specifically prime the next generation against prevalent local bacteria and to a limited extent even also against newly introduced bacteria species. Long-term protection was thereby maintained only against prevailing Vibrio bacteria. Maternal and paternal transgenerational immune priming can complement each other, as they affect different pathways of the offspring immune system and come with distinct degree of specificity. The differential regulation of DNA-methylation genes upon parental bacteria exposure in premature pipefish offspring indicates that epigenetic regulation processes are involved in transferring immune-related information across generations. The identified trade-offs between immune priming and reproduction determine TGIP as a costly trait, which might constrain the evolution of long-lasting TGIP, if parental and offspring generations do not share the same parasite assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beemelmanns
- Helmholtz‐Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)Evolutionary Ecology of Marine FishesDüsternbrooker Weg 2024105KielGermany
| | - Olivia Roth
- Helmholtz‐Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)Evolutionary Ecology of Marine FishesDüsternbrooker Weg 2024105KielGermany
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46
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Ruuskanen S, Gienapp P, Groothuis TGG, Schaper SV, Darras VM, Pereira C, de Vries B, Visser ME. Heritable variation in maternally derived yolk androgens, thyroid hormones and immune factors. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 117:184-90. [PMID: 27381323 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal reproductive investment can critically influence offspring phenotype, and thus these maternal effects are expected to be under strong natural selection. Knowledge on the extent of heritable variation in the physiological mechanisms underlying maternal effects is however limited. In birds, resource allocation to eggs is a key mechanism for mothers to affect their offspring and different components of the egg may or may not be independently adjusted. We studied the heritability of egg components and their genetic and phenotypic covariation in great tits (Parus major), using captive-bred full siblings of wild origin. Egg mass, testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A4) hormone concentrations showed moderate heritability, in agreement with earlier findings. Interestingly, yolk triiodothyronine hormone (T3), but not its precursor, thyroxine hormone (T4), concentration was heritable. An immune factor, albumen lysozyme, showed moderate heritability, but yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) did not. The genetic correlation estimates were moderate but statistically nonsignificant; a trend for a positive genetic correlation was found between A4 and egg mass, T and lysozyme and IgY and lysozyme, respectively. Interestingly, phenotypic correlations were found only between A4 and T, and T4 and T3, respectively. Given that these egg components are associated with fitness-related traits in the offspring (and mother), and that we show that some components are heritable, it opens the possibility that natural selection may shape the rate and direction of phenotypic change via egg composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ruuskanen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Gienapp
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T G G Groothuis
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S V Schaper
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Pereira
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B de Vries
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Kruuk LEB, Livingston J, Kahn A, Jennions MD. Sex-specific maternal effects in a viviparous fish. Biol Lett 2016; 11:rsbl.2015.0472. [PMID: 26289441 PMCID: PMC4571680 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers vary in their effects on their offspring, but studies of variation in maternal effects rarely ask whether differences between mothers are consistent for sons and daughters. Here, we analysed maternal effects in the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki for development time and adult size of sons and daughters, and a primary male sexual character (gonopodium length). We found substantial maternal effects on all traits, most notably for gonopodium length. There were significant correlations within each sex for maternal effects on different traits, indicative of trade-offs between development rate and adult size. By contrast, there was no evidence of any consistency in maternal effects on sons and daughters. This suggests that the evolution of maternal effects will follow independent trajectories dependent on sex-specific selection on offspring. Importantly, failure to recognize the sex-specific nature of maternal effects in this population would have substantially underestimated the extent of their variation between mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loeske E B Kruuk
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Julianne Livingston
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Andrew Kahn
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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48
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McFarlane SE, Gorrell JC, Coltman DW, Humphries MM, Boutin S, McAdam AG. The nature of nurture in a wild mammal's fitness. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20142422. [PMID: 25833849 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in fitness is required for the adaptive evolution of any trait but natural selection is thought to erode genetic variance in fitness. This paradox has motivated the search for mechanisms that might maintain a population's adaptive potential. Mothers make many contributions to the attributes of their developing offspring and these maternal effects can influence responses to natural selection if maternal effects are themselves heritable. Maternal genetic effects (MGEs) on fitness might, therefore, represent an underappreciated source of adaptive potential in wild populations. Here we used two decades of data from a pedigreed wild population of North American red squirrels to show that MGEs on offspring fitness increased the population's evolvability by over two orders of magnitude relative to expectations from direct genetic effects alone. MGEs are predicted to maintain more variation than direct genetic effects in the face of selection, but we also found evidence of maternal effect trade-offs. Mothers that raised high-fitness offspring in one environment raised low-fitness offspring in another environment. Such a fitness trade-off is expected to maintain maternal genetic variation in fitness, which provided additional capacity for adaptive evolution beyond that provided by direct genetic effects on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eryn McFarlane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jamieson C Gorrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - David W Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Murray M Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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49
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Wolf JB, Wade MJ. Evolutionary genetics of maternal effects. Evolution 2016; 70:827-39. [PMID: 26969266 PMCID: PMC4926267 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Maternal genetic effects (MGEs), where genes expressed by mothers affect the phenotype of their offspring, are important sources of phenotypic diversity in a myriad of organisms. We use a single‐locus model to examine how MGEs contribute patterns of heritable and nonheritable variation and influence evolutionary dynamics in randomly mating and inbreeding populations. We elucidate the influence of MGEs by examining the offspring genotype‐phenotype relationship, which determines how MGEs affect evolutionary dynamics in response to selection on offspring phenotypes. This approach reveals important results that are not apparent from classic quantitative genetic treatments of MGEs. We show that additive and dominance MGEs make different contributions to evolutionary dynamics and patterns of variation, which are differentially affected by inbreeding. Dominance MGEs make the offspring genotype‐phenotype relationship frequency dependent, resulting in the appearance of negative frequency‐dependent selection, while additive MGEs contribute a component of parent‐of‐origin dependent variation. Inbreeding amplifies the contribution of MGEs to the additive genetic variance and, therefore enhances their evolutionary response. Considering evolutionary dynamics of allele frequency change on an adaptive landscape, we show that this landscape differs from the mean fitness surface, and therefore, under some condition, fitness peaks can exist but not be “available” to the evolving population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Wolf
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael J Wade
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
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50
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Godde S, Côté SD, Réale D. Female mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus , associate according to kinship and reproductive status. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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