1
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Yamaguchi M. [Investigation of pneumococcal virulence factors in the infection process]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2020; 75:173-183. [PMID: 33361653 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.75.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the pathological mechanism of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a major cause of pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis, with focus on our previously presented studies.To identify pneumococcal adhesins or invasins on cell surfaces, we investigated several proteins with an LPXTG anchoring motif and identified one showing interaction with human fibronectin, which was designated PfbA. Next, the mechanism of pneumococcal evasion form host immunity system in blood was examined and pneumococcal α-Enolase was found to function as a neutrophil extracellular trap induction factor. Although S. pneumoniae organisms are partially killed by iron ion-induced free radicals, they have an ability to invade red blood cells and then evade antibiotics, neutrophil phagocytosis, and H2O2 killing. In addition, our findings have indicated that zinc metalloprotease ZmpC suppresses pneumococcal virulence by inhibiting bacterial invasion of the central nervous system. Since evolutionarily conserved virulence factors are potential candidate therapeutic targets, we performed molecular evolutionary analyses, which revealed that cbpJ had the highest rate of codons under negative selection to total number of codons among genes encoding choline-binding proteins. Our experimental analysis results indicated that CbpJ functions as a virulence factor in pneumococcal pneumonia by contributing to evasion of neutrophil killing.Use of a molecular biological approach based on bacterial genome sequences, clinical disease states, and molecular evolutionary analysis is an effective strategy for revealing virulence factors and important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
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2
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Woehl JL, Kitamura S, Dillon N, Han Z, Edgar LJ, Nizet V, Wolan DW. An Irreversible Inhibitor to Probe the Role of Streptococcus pyogenes Cysteine Protease SpeB in Evasion of Host Complement Defenses. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2060-2069. [PMID: 32662975 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Members of the CA class of cysteine proteases have multifaceted roles in physiology and virulence for many bacteria. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) is secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes and implicated in the pathogenesis of the bacterium through degradation of key human immune effector proteins. Here, we developed and characterized a clickable inhibitor, 2S-alkyne, based on X-ray crystallographic analysis and structure-activity relationships. Our SpeB probe showed irreversible enzyme inhibition in biochemical assays and labeled endogenous SpeB in cultured S. pyogenes supernatants. Importantly, application of 2S-alkyne decreased S. pyogenes survival in the presence of human neutrophils and supports the role of SpeB-mediated proteolysis as a mechanism to limit complement-mediated host defense. We posit that our SpeB inhibitor will be a useful chemical tool to regulate, label, and quantitate secreted cysteine proteases with SpeB-like activity in complex biological samples and a lead candidate for new therapeutics designed to sensitize S. pyogenes to host immune clearance.
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Integrin α5β1, as a Receptor of Fibronectin, Binds the FbaA Protein of Group A Streptococcus To Initiate Autophagy during Infection. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00771-20. [PMID: 32518187 PMCID: PMC7371361 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00771-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is generally considered a strategy used by the innate immune system to eliminate invasive pathogens through capturing and transferring them to lysosomes. Currently, researchers pay more attention to how virulence factors secreted by GAS regulate the autophagic process. Here, we provide the first evidence that the structural protein FbaA of M1 GAS strain SF370 is a potent inducer of autophagy in epithelial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that integrin α5β1 in epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo acts as a receptor to initiate the signaling for inducing autophagy by binding to FbaA of M1 GAS strain SF370 via Fn. Our study reveals the underlying mechanisms by which pathogens induce Fn-integrin α5β1 to trigger autophagy in a conserved pattern in epithelial cells. Group A Streptococcus (GAS), one of the most common extracellular pathogens, has been reported to invade epithelial and endothelial cells. Our results reveal that M1 GAS strain SF370 can be effectively eliminated by respiratory epithelial cells. Emerging evidence indicates that autophagy is an important strategy for nonphagocytes to eliminate intracellular bacteria. Upon pathogen recognition, cell surface receptors can directly trigger autophagy, which is a critical step in controlling infection. However, the mechanisms of how cells sense invading bacteria and use this information specifically to trigger autophagy remain unclear. In this study, we stimulated cells and infected mice with M and FbaA mutants of M1 GAS strain SF370 or with purified M and FbaA proteins (two critical surface structural proteins of GAS), and found that only FbaA protein was involved in autophagy induction. Furthermore, the FbaA protein induced autophagy independent of common pattern recognition receptors (such as Toll-like receptors); rather, it relies on binding to integrin α5β1 expressed on the cell surface, which is mediated by extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (Fn). The FbaA-Fn-integrin α5β1 complex activates Beclin-1 through the mTOR-ULK1–Beclin-1 pathway, which enables the Beclin-1/Vps34 complex to recruit Rab7 and, ultimately, to promote the formation of autophagosomes. By knocking down integrin α5β1, Fn, Atg5, Beclin-1, and ULK1 in Hep2 cells and deleting Atg5 or integrin α5β1 in mice, we reveal a novel role for integrin α5β1 in inducing autophagy. Our study demonstrates that integrin α5β1, through interacting with pathogen components, initiates effective host innate immunity against invading intracellular pathogens.
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4
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A quantitative Streptococcus pyogenes-human protein-protein interaction map reveals localization of opsonizing antibodies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2727. [PMID: 31227708 PMCID: PMC6588558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in medical microbiology is to characterize the dynamic protein–protein interaction networks formed at the host–pathogen interface. Here, we generate a quantitative interaction map between the significant human pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes, and proteins from human saliva and plasma obtained via complementary affinity-purification and bacterial-surface centered enrichment strategies and quantitative mass spectrometry. Perturbation of the network using immunoglobulin protease cleavage, mixtures of different concentrations of saliva and plasma, and different S. pyogenes serotypes and their isogenic mutants, reveals how changing microenvironments alter the interconnectivity of the interaction map. The importance of host immunoglobulins for the interaction with human complement proteins is demonstrated and potential protective epitopes of importance for phagocytosis of S. pyogenes cells are localized. The interaction map confirms several previously described protein–protein interactions; however, it also reveals a multitude of additional interactions, with possible implications for host–pathogen interactions involving other bacterial species. Characterizing host-pathogen protein interactions can help elucidate the molecular basis of bacterial infections. Here, the authors use an integrative proteomics approach to generate a quantitative map of protein interactions between Streptococcus pyogenes and human saliva and plasma.
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5
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Huang J, Zhu H, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhi Y, Wei H, Li H, Guo A, Liu D, Chen X. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is involved in Mycoplasma bovis colonization as a fibronectin-binding adhesin. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:70-78. [PMID: 30852357 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a common pathogenic microorganism of cattle and represents an important hazard on the cattle industry. Adherence to host cells is a significant component of mycoplasma-pathogenesis research. Fibronectin (Fn), an extracellular matrix protein, is a common host cell factor that can interact with the adhesions of pathogens. The aims of this study were to investigate the Fn-binding properties of M. bovis fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) and evaluate its role as a cell adhesion factor during mycoplasma colonization. The fba (MBOV_RS00435) gene of M. bovis was cloned and expressed, with the resulting recombinant protein used to prepare rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The purified recombinant FBA (rFBA) was shown to have fructose bisphosphate aldolase activity. Western blot indicated that FBA was an antigenically conserved protein in several M. bovis strains. Western blot combined with immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed that FBA was dual-localized to both cytoplasm and membrane in M. bovis. IFA showed that rFBA was able to adhere to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells. Meanwhile, an adhesion inhibition assay demonstrated that anti-rFBA antibodies could significantly block the adhesion of M. bovis to EBL cells. Moreover, a dose-dependent binding of rFBA to Fn was found by dot blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Together these results provided evidence that FBA is a surface-localized and antigenic protein of M. bovis, suggesting that it may function as a virulence determinant through interacting with host Fn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiayao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ye Zhi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haohua Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hanxiong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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6
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Wilde S, Jiang Y, Tafoya AM, Horsman J, Yousif M, Vazquez LA, Roland KL. Salmonella-vectored vaccine delivering three Clostridium perfringens antigens protects poultry against necrotic enteritis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0197721. [PMID: 30753181 PMCID: PMC6372158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis is an economically important poultry disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens. There are currently no necrotic enteritis vaccines commercially available for use in broiler birds, the most important target population. Salmonella-vectored vaccines represent a convenient and effective option for controlling this disease. We used a single attenuated Salmonella vaccine strain, engineered to lyse within the host, to deliver up to three C. perfringens antigens. Two of the antigens were toxoids, based on C. perfringens α-toxin and NetB toxin. The third antigen was fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba), a metabolic enzyme with an unknown role in virulence. Oral immunization with a single Salmonella vaccine strain producing either Fba, α-toxoid and NetB toxoid, or all three antigens, was immunogenic, inducing serum, cellular and mucosal responses against Salmonella and the vectored C. perfringens antigens. All three vaccine strains were partially protective against virulent C. perfringens challenge. The strains delivering Fba only or all three antigens provided the best protection. We also demonstrate that both toxins and Fba are present on the C. perfringens cell surface. The presence of Fba on the cell surface suggests that Fba may function as an adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyra Wilde
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Amanda M. Tafoya
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jamie Horsman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Miranda Yousif
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Luis Armando Vazquez
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Roland
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Kurosawa M, Oda M, Domon H, Isono T, Nakamura Y, Saitoh I, Hayasaki H, Yamaguchi M, Kawabata S, Terao Y. Streptococcus pyogenes CAMP factor promotes calcium ion uptake in RAW264.7 cells. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:617-623. [PMID: 30211957 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a bacterium that causes systemic diseases such as pharyngitis and toxic shock syndrome. S. pyogenes produces molecules that inhibit the function of the human immune system, thus allowing growth and spread of the pathogen in tissues. It is known that S. pyogenes CAMP factor induces vacuolation in macrophages; however, the mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, the mechanism by which CAMP factor induces vacuolation in macrophages was investigated. CAMP factor was found to induce calcium ion uptake in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. In addition, EDTA inhibited calcium ion uptake and vacuolation in the cells. The L-type voltage-dependent calcium ion channel blockers nifedipine and verapamil reduced vacuolation. Furthermore, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin also inhibited the vacuolation induced by CAMP factor. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that clathrin localized to the vacuoles. These results suggest that the vacuolation is related to calcium ion uptake by RAW264.7 cells via L-type voltage-dependent calcium ion channels. Therefore, it was concluded that the vacuoles induced by S. pyogenes CAMP factor in macrophages are clathrin-dependent endosomes induced by activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway through calcium ion uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kurosawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Masataka Oda
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi, nakauchimachi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Toshihito Isono
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Haruaki Hayasaki
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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8
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Zhu W, Wu C, Kang C, Cai C, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang Q, Sun X, Jin M. Evaluation of the protective efficacy of four newly identified surface proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Vaccine 2018; 36:8079-8083. [PMID: 30446176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. Bacterial surface proteins are promising vaccine candidates. We recently identified 3 E. rhusiopathiae surface proteins (GAPDH, HP0728, and HP1472) and characterized their roles as virulence factors. However, their efficacy as protective antigens is still unknown. The N-terminal region of a previously identified surface protein, CbpB (CbpB-N), is speculated to be a protective antigen, but this needs to be verified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of GAPDH, HP0728, HP1472, and CbpB-N. Immunization with recombinant GAPDH provided complete protection in a mouse model, recombinant CbpB-N provided partial protection, while recombinant HP0728 and HP1472 provided no protection. Recombinant GAPDH also provided good protection in a pig model. GAPDH antiserum exhibited significant blood bactericidal activity against E. rhusiopathiae. In conclusion, GAPDH and CbpB-N were found to be protective antigens of E. rhusiopathiae, and GAPDH is a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingtao Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Life Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- Animal Infectious Disease Unit, National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Okamoto S, Nagase S. Pathogenic mechanisms of invasive group AStreptococcusinfections by influenza virus-group AStreptococcussuperinfection. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:141-149. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University; 5-11-80 Kodatsuno Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-0942 Japan
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; 5-11-80 Kodatsuno Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-0942 Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagase
- Department of Laboratory Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University; 5-11-80 Kodatsuno Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-0942 Japan
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10
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Incremental Contributions of FbaA and Other Impetigo-Associated Surface Proteins to Fitness and Virulence of a Classical Group A Streptococcal Skin Strain. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00374-17. [PMID: 28808160 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00374-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococci (GAS) are highly prevalent human pathogens whose primary ecological niche is the superficial epithelial layers of the throat and/or skin. Many GAS strains with a strong tendency to cause pharyngitis are distinct from strains that tend to cause impetigo; thus, genetic differences between them may confer host tissue-specific virulence. In this study, the FbaA surface protein gene was found to be present in most skin specialist strains but largely absent from a genetically related subset of pharyngitis isolates. In an ΔfbaA mutant constructed in the impetigo strain Alab49, loss of FbaA resulted in a slight but significant decrease in GAS fitness in a humanized mouse model of impetigo; the ΔfbaA mutant also exhibited decreased survival in whole human blood due to phagocytosis. In assays with highly sensitive outcome measures, Alab49ΔfbaA was compared to other isogenic mutants lacking virulence genes known to be disproportionately associated with classical skin strains. FbaA and PAM (i.e., the M53 protein) had additive effects in promoting GAS survival in whole blood. The pilus adhesin tip protein Cpa promoted Alab49 survival in whole blood and appears to fully account for the antiphagocytic effect attributable to pili. The finding that numerous skin strain-associated virulence factors make slight but significant contributions to virulence underscores the incremental contributions to fitness of individual surface protein genes and the multifactorial nature of GAS-host interactions.
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11
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Gandhi GD, Krishnamoorthy N, Motal UMA, Yacoub M. Towards developing a vaccine for rheumatic heart disease. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2017; 2017:e201704. [PMID: 28971103 PMCID: PMC5621712 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2017.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the most serious manifestations of rheumatic fever, which is caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS or Streptococcus pyogenes) infection. RHD is an auto immune sequelae of GAS pharyngitis, rather than the direct bacterial infection of the heart, which leads to chronic heart valve damage. Although antibiotics like penicillin are effective against GAS infection, improper medical care such as poor patient compliance, overcrowding, poverty, and repeated exposure to GAS, leads to acute rheumatic fever and RHD. Thus, efforts have been put forth towards developing a vaccine. However, a potential global vaccine is yet to be identified due to the widespread diversity of S. pyogenes strains and cross reactivity of streptococcal proteins with host tissues. In this review, we discuss the available vaccine targets of S. pyogenes and the significance of in silico approaches in designing a vaccine for RHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethanjali Devadoss Gandhi
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Experimental Genetics, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Navaneethakrishnan Krishnamoorthy
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Experimental Genetics, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar.,Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ussama M Abdel Motal
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Magdi Yacoub
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Brouwer S, Barnett TC, Rivera-Hernandez T, Rohde M, Walker MJ. Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and colonization. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3739-3757. [PMID: 27312939 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is a human-adapted pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of disease. GAS can cause relatively mild illnesses, such as strep throat or impetigo, and less frequent but severe life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. GAS is an important public health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main route of GAS transmission between humans is through close or direct physical contact, and particularly via respiratory droplets. The upper respiratory tract and skin are major reservoirs for GAS infections. The ability of GAS to establish an infection in the new host at these anatomical sites primarily results from two distinct physiological processes, namely bacterial adhesion and colonization. These fundamental aspects of pathogenesis rely upon a variety of GAS virulence factors, which are usually under strict transcriptional regulation. Considerable progress has been made in better understanding these initial infection steps. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of GAS adhesion and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre For Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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13
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Good MF, Pandey M, Batzloff MR, Tyrrell GJ. Strategic development of the conserved region of the M protein and other candidates as vaccines to prevent infection with group A streptococci. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1459-70. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1081817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Kurosawa M, Oda M, Domon H, Saitoh I, Hayasaki H, Terao Y. Streptococcus pyogenes CAMP factor attenuates phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells. Microbes Infect 2015; 18:118-27. [PMID: 26482504 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes produces molecules that inhibit the function of human immune system, thus allowing the pathogen to grow and spread in tissues. It is known that S. pyogenes CAMP factor increases erythrocytosis induced by Staphylococcus aureus β-hemolysin. However, the effects of CAMP factor for immune cells are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of CAMP factor to macrophages. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that all examined strains expressed CAMP factor protein. In the presence of calcium or magnesium ion, CAMP factor was significantly released in the supernatant. In addition, both culture supernatant from S. pyogenes strain SSI-9 and recombinant CAMP factor dose-dependently induced vacuolation in RAW 264.7 cells, but the culture supernatant from Δcfa isogenic mutant strain did not. CAMP factor formed oligomers in RAW 264.7 cells in a time-dependent manner. CAMP factor suppressed cell proliferation via G2 phase cell cycle arrest without inducing cell death. Furthermore, CAMP factor reduced the uptake of S. pyogenes and phagocytic activity indicator by RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that CAMP factor works as a macrophage dysfunction factor. Therefore, we conclude that CAMP factor allows S. pyogenes to escape the host immune system, and contribute to the spread of streptococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kurosawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan; Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Masataka Oda
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Haruaki Hayasaki
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
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15
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Identification of a group B streptococcal fibronectin binding protein, SfbA, that contributes to invasion of brain endothelium and development of meningitis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2276-86. [PMID: 24643538 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01559-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is currently the leading cause of neonatal meningitis. This is due to its ability to survive and multiply in the bloodstream and interact with specialized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The exact mechanism(s) of GBS-BBB penetration is still largely unknown. We and others have shown that GBS interacts with components of the extracellular matrix. In this study, we demonstrate that GBS of representative serotypes binds immobilized and cell surface fibronectin and identify a putative fibronectin binding protein, streptococcal fibronectin binding protein A (SfbA). Allelic replacement of sfbA in the GBS chromosome resulted in a significant decrease in ability to bind fibronection and invade hBMEC compared with the wild-type (WT) parental strain. Expression of SfbA in the noninvasive strain Lactococcus lactis was sufficient to promote fibronectin binding and hBMEC invasion. Furthermore, the addition of an antifibronectin antibody or an RGD peptide that blocks fibronectin binding to integrins significantly reduced invasion of the WT but not the sfbA-deficient mutant strain, demonstrating the importance of an SfbA-fibronectin-integrin interaction for GBS cellular invasion. Using a murine model of GBS meningitis, we also observed that WT GBS penetrated the brain and established meningitis more frequently than did the ΔsfbA mutant strain. Our data suggest that GBS SfbA plays an important role in bacterial interaction with BBB endothelium and the pathogenesis of streptococcal meningitis.
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16
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Oral biosciences: The annual review 2012. J Oral Biosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Yamaguchi M, Terao Y, Kawabata S. Pleiotropic virulence factor - Streptococcus pyogenes fibronectin-binding proteins. Cell Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23190012 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes a broad spectrum of infectious diseases, including pharyngitis, skin infections and invasive necrotizing fasciitis. The initial phase of infection involves colonization, followed by intimate contact with the host cells, thus promoting bacterial uptake by them. S. pyogenes recognizes fibronectin (Fn) through its own Fn-binding proteins to obtain access to epithelial and endothelial cells in host tissue. Fn-binding proteins bind to Fn to form a bridge to α5 β1 -integrins, which leads to rearrangement of cytoskeletal actin in host cells and uptake of invading S. pyogenes. Recently, several structural analyses of the invasion mechanism showed molecular interactions by which Fn converts from a compact plasma protein to a fibrillar component of the extracellular matrix. After colonization, S. pyogenes must evade the host innate immune system to spread into blood vessels and deeper organs. Some Fn-binding proteins contribute to evasion of host innate immunity, such as the complement system and phagocytosis. In addition, Fn-binding proteins have received focus as non-M protein vaccine candidates, because of their localization and conservation among different M serotypes.Here, we review the roles of Fn-binding proteins in the pathogenesis and speculate regarding possible vaccine antigen candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
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18
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Cole JN, Henningham A, Gillen CM, Ramachandran V, Walker MJ. Human pathogenic streptococcal proteomics and vaccine development. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 2:387-410. [PMID: 21136841 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gram-positive streptococci are non-motile, chain-forming bacteria commonly found in the normal oral and bowel flora of warm-blooded animals. Over the past decade, a proteomic approach combining 2-DE and MS has been used to systematically map the cellular, surface-associated and secreted proteins of human pathogenic streptococcal species. The public availability of complete streptococcal genomic sequences and the amalgamation of proteomic, genomic and bioinformatic technologies have recently facilitated the identification of novel streptococcal vaccine candidate antigens and therapeutic agents. The objective of this review is to examine the constituents of the streptococcal cell wall and secreted proteome, the mechanisms of transport of surface and secreted proteins, and describe the current methodologies employed for the identification of novel surface-displayed proteins and potential vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Cole
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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20
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Mori Y, Yamaguchi M, Terao Y, Hamada S, Ooshima T, Kawabata S. α-Enolase of Streptococcus pneumoniae induces formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:10472-10481. [PMID: 22262863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.280321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia throughout the world, with high morbidity and mortality rates. A major feature of pneumococcal pneumonia is abundant neutrophil infiltration. In this study, we identified S. pneumoniae α-enolase as a neutrophil binding protein in ligand blot assay and mass spectrometry findings. Scanning electron microscopic and fluorescence microscopic analyses also revealed that S. pneumoniae α-enolase induces formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, which have been reported to bind and kill microbes. In addition, cytotoxic assay results showed that α-enolase dose-dependently increased the release of extracellular lactate dehydrogenase from human neutrophils as compared with untreated neutrophils. Furthermore, an in vitro cell migration assay using Chemotaxicell culture chambers demonstrated that α-enolase possesses neutrophil migrating activity. Interestingly, bactericidal assay findings showed that α-enolase increased neutrophil extracellular trap-dependent killing of S. pneumoniae in human blood. Moreover, pulldown assay and mass spectrometry results identified myoblast antigen 24.1D5 as an α-enolase-binding protein on human neutrophils, whereas flow cytometric analysis revealed that 24.1D5 was expressed on human neutrophils, but not on human monocytes or T cells. Together, our results indicate that α-enolase from S. pneumoniae increases neutrophil migrating activity and induces cell death of human neutrophils by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps. Furthermore, we found that myoblast antigen 24.1D5, which expressed on the surface of neutrophils, bound to α-enolase of S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Mori
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan, and
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Reemerging Infections 6F, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Muang Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Takashi Ooshima
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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21
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Henningham A, Gillen CM, Walker MJ. Group a streptococcal vaccine candidates: potential for the development of a human vaccine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 368:207-42. [PMID: 23250780 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is no commercial Group A Streptococcus (GAS; S. pyogenes) vaccine available. The development of safe GAS vaccines is challenging, researchers are confronted with obstacles such as the occurrence of many unique serotypes (there are greater than 150 M types), antigenic variation within the same serotype, large variations in the geographical distribution of serotypes, and the production of antibodies cross-reactive with human tissue which can lead to host auto-immune disease. Cell wall anchored, cell membrane associated, secreted and anchorless proteins have all been targeted as GAS vaccine candidates. As GAS is an exclusively human pathogen, the quest for an efficacious vaccine is further complicated by the lack of an animal model which mimics human disease and can be consistently and reproducibly colonized by multiple GAS strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henningham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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22
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Ogawa T, Terao Y, Okuni H, Ninomiya K, Sakata H, Ikebe K, Maeda Y, Kawabata S. Biofilm formation or internalization into epithelial cells enable Streptococcus pyogenes to evade antibiotic eradication in patients with pharyngitis. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Henderson B, Nair S, Pallas J, Williams MA. Fibronectin: a multidomain host adhesin targeted by bacterial fibronectin-binding proteins. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:147-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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24
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Shao Z, Pan X, Li X, Liu W, Han M, Wang C, Wang J, Zheng F, Cao M, Tang J. HtpS, a novel immunogenic cell surface-exposed protein of Streptococcus suis, confers protection in mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 314:174-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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25
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Nakagaki H, Sekine S, Terao Y, Toe M, Tanaka M, Ito HO, Kawabata S, Shizukuishi S, Fujihashi K, Kataoka K. Fusobacterium nucleatum envelope protein FomA is immunogenic and binds to the salivary statherin-derived peptide. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1185-92. [PMID: 20008529 PMCID: PMC2825909 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01224-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that one of the minimal active regions of statherin, a human salivary protein, for binding to Fusobacterium nucleatum is a YQPVPE amino acid sequence. In this study, we identified the FomA protein of F. nucleatum, which is responsible for binding to the statherin-derived YQPVPE peptide. Overlay analysis showed that a 40-kDa protein of the F. nucleatum cell envelope (40-kDa CE) specifically bound to the YQPVPE peptide. The equilibrium association constant between the affinity-purified 40-kDa CE and the YQPVPE peptide was 4.30 x 10(6). Further, the purity and amino acid sequence analyses of the purified 40-kDa CE revealed approximately 98.7% (wt/wt) purity and a high degree of homology with FomA, a major porin protein of F. nucleatum. Thus, a FomA-deficient mutant failed to bind to the YQPVPE peptide. In addition, increased levels of a FomA-specific mucosal IgA antibody (Ab) and plasma IgG and IgA Abs were seen only in mice immunized nasally with cholera toxin (CT) and the purified 40-kDa FomA protein. Interestingly, saliva from mice that received FomA plus CT as a mucosal adjuvant nasally prevented in vitro binding of F. nucleatum to statherin-coated polyvinyl chloride plates. Taken together, these results suggest that induction of specific immunity to the 40-kDa FomA protein of F. nucleatum, which specifically binds to the statherin-derived peptide, may be an effective tool for preventing the formation of F. nucleatum biofilms in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Nakagaki
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shinichi Sekine
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Masahiro Toe
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Muneo Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hiro-O Ito
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Satoshi Shizukuishi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kosuke Kataoka
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Research Institute of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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26
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Papasergi S, Garibaldi M, Tuscano G, Signorino G, Ricci S, Peppoloni S, Pernice I, Lo Passo C, Teti G, Felici F, Beninati C. Plasminogen- and fibronectin-binding protein B is involved in the adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to human epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7517-24. [PMID: 20048164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.062075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The ability of this bacterium to adhere to epithelial cells is considered as an essential early step in colonization and infection. By screening a whole genome phage display library with sera from infected patients, we previously identified three antigenic fragments matching open reading frame spr0075 of the strain R6 genome. This locus encodes for an approximately 120-kDa protein, herein referred to as plasminogen- and fibronectin-binding protein B (PfbB), which displays an LPXTG cell wall anchoring motif and six repetitive domains. In this study, by using isogenic pfbB-deleted mutants of the encapsulated D39 and of the unencapsulated DP1004 type 2 pneumococcal strains, we show that PfbB is involved in S. pneumoniae adherence to various epithelial respiratory tract cell lines. Our data suggest that PfbB directly mediates bacterial adhesion, because fluorescent beads coated with the recombinant PfbB sp17 fragment (encompassing one of the six repetitive domains and the C-terminal region) efficiently bound to epithelial cells. Mutants lacking PfbB bound to fibronectin and plasminogen considerably less efficiently than wild type bacteria, whereas sp17-coated beads specifically bound to both of these substrates. Taken together, our data suggest that, by directly interacting with fibronectin, PfbB significantly increases the ability of S. pneumoniae to adhere to human epithelial cells.
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Abstract
Streptococci are clinically important Gram-positive bacteria that are capable to cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences of the streptococcal species reveal a clustering pattern, reflecting, with a few exceptions, their pathogenic potential and ecological preferences. Microbial adhesion to host tissues is the initial critical event in the pathogenesis of most infections. Streptococci use multiple adhesins to attach to the epithelium, and their expression is regulated in response to environmental and growth conditions. Bacterial adhesins recognize and bind cell surface molecules and extracellular matrix components through specific domains that for certain adhesin families have been well defined and found conserved across the streptococcal species. In this review, we present the different streptococcal adhesin families categorized on the basis of their adhesive properties and structural characteristics, and, when available, we focus the attention on conserved functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Moschioni
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
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28
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Novel strategies for controlling
Streptococcus pyogenes
infection and associated diseases: from potential peptide vaccines to antibody immunotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:391-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Streptococcal Infections. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7121349 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The streptococci are a large heterogeneous group of gram-positive spherically shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. They include some of the most important agents of human disease as well as members of the normal human flora. Some streptococci have been associated mainly with disease in animals, while others have been domesticated and used for the culture of buttermilk, yogurt, and certain cheeses. Those known to cause human disease comprise two broad categories: First are the pyogenic streptococci, including the familiar β-hemolytic streptococci and the pneumococcus. These organisms are not generally part of the normal flora but cause acute, often severe, infections in normal hosts. Second are the more diverse enteric and oral streptococci, which are nearly always part of the normal flora and which are more frequently associated with opportunistic infections.
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30
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Okamoto S, Terao Y, Hasuike K, Hamada S, Kawabata S. A novel streptococcal leucine zipper protein (Lzp) binds to human immunoglobulins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:1128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Yamaguchi M, Terao Y, Mori Y, Hamada S, Kawabata S. PfbA, a novel plasmin- and fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, contributes to fibronectin-dependent adhesion and antiphagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36272-9. [PMID: 18974092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807087200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major causative agent of mortality throughout the world. The initial event in invasive pneumococcal disease is the attachment of pneumococci to epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract. Several bacterial proteins can bind to host extracellular matrix proteins and function as adhesins and invasins. To identify adhesins or invasins on the pneumococcal cell surface, we searched for several proteins with an LPXTG anchoring motif in the whole-genome sequence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and identified one, which we called PfbA (plasmin- and fibronectin-binding protein A), that bound to human serum proteins. Immunofluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis revealed that PfbA was expressed on the pneumococcal cell surface. A DeltapfbA mutant strain was only half as competent as the wild-type strain at adhering to and invading lung and laryngeal epithelial cells. In addition, epithelial cells infected with DeltapfbA showed morphological changes, including cell flattening and a loss of microvilli, that did not occur in cells infected with the wild-type strain. The mutant strain also exhibited a weaker antiphagocytotic activity than wild type in human peripheral blood. Moreover, the growth of wild-type bacteria in human whole blood containing anti-PfbA antibodies was reduced by approximately 50% after 3 h compared with its growth without the antibody. These results suggest that PfbA is an important factor in the development of pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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32
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Terao Y, Mori Y, Yamaguchi M, Shimizu Y, Ooe K, Hamada S, Kawabata S. Group A Streptococcal Cysteine Protease Degrades C3 (C3b) and Contributes to Evasion of Innate Immunity. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6253-60. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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33
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Kunitomo E, Terao Y, Okamoto S, Rikimaru T, Hamada S, Kawabata S. Molecular and biological characterization of histidine triad protein in group A streptococci. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:414-23. [PMID: 18403236 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Four Streptococcus pneumoniae genes, phtA, phtB, phtD, and phtE, as well as the slr gene of group A streptococci (GAS), encode proteins with a histidine triad motif (HxxHxH). Pht proteins function as protective antigens against S. pneumoniae infection. A search of the GAS genome database identified a novel protein, HtpA, possessing five histidine triad motifs. The htpA gene was shown to encode a 92.5-kDa protein located downstream of the fbaA and lbp genes, while Western blot analyses revealed that HtpA protein was expressed on the cell surfaces of all group A, B, C, and G streptococcal isolates tested. Immunization of mice with rHtpA induced antigen-specific antibody production and was effective after a single immunization, with antibody titers remaining constant for at least 84days. In addition, HtpA-immunized mice survived after challenge with GAS strains isolated from patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome for significantly longer periods than sham-immunized mice. In that experiment, the HtpA-specific antibody was effectively induced by a single immunization and the specific antibody titer remained constant for at least 84days. These results indicate that the novel histidine triad protein HtpA is a candidate vaccine for GAS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kunitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Terao Y, Yamaguchi M, Hamada S, Kawabata S. Multifunctional glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Streptococcus pyogenes is essential for evasion from neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14215-23. [PMID: 16565520 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513408200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is an important pathogen that causes pharyngitis, sepsis, and rheumatic fever. Cell-associated streptococcal C5a peptidase (ScpA) protects S. pyogenes from phagocytosis and has been suggested to interrupt host defenses by enzymatically cleaving complement C5a, a major factor in the accumulation of neutrophils at sites of infection. How S. pyogenes recognizes and binds to C5a, however, is unclear. We detected a C5a-binding protein in 8 M urea extracts of S. pyogenes by ligand blotting using biotinylated C5a. Searching of genome databases showed that the C5a-binding protein is identical to the streptococcal plasmin receptor (Plr), also known as streptococcal surface dehydrogenase (SDH) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). In the present study we identified a novel function of this multifunctional protein. Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy with anti-Plr/SDH/GAPDH showed that Plr/SDH/GAPDH is located on the bacterial surface and released into the culture supernatant. Next, we examined whether the streptococcal Plr/SDH/GAPDH inhibits the biological effects of C5a on human neutrophils. We found that soluble Plr/SDH/GAPDH inhibits C5a-activated chemotaxis and H2O2 production. Furthermore, our results suggested that soluble Plr/SDH/GAPDH captures C5a, inhibiting its chemotactic function. Also, cell-associated Plr/SDH/GAPDH and ScpA were both necessary for the cleavage of C5a on the bacterial surface. Together, these results indicate that the multifunctional protein Plr/SDH/GAPDH has additional functions that help S. pyogenes escape detection by the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Terao
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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