1
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Nosil P, de Carvalho CF, Villoutreix R, Zamorano LS, Sinclair-Waters M, Planidin NP, Parchman TL, Feder J, Gompert Z. Evolution repeats itself in replicate long-term studies in the wild. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl3149. [PMID: 38787954 PMCID: PMC11122682 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The extent to which evolution is repeatable remains debated. Here, we study changes over time in the frequency of cryptic color-pattern morphs in 10 replicate long-term field studies of a stick insect, each spanning at least a decade (across 30 years of total data). We find predictable "up-and-down" fluctuations in stripe frequency in all populations, representing repeatable evolutionary dynamics based on standing genetic variation. A field experiment demonstrates that these fluctuations involve negative frequency-dependent natural selection (NFDS). These fluctuations rely on demographic and selective variability that pushes populations away from equilibrium, such that they can reliably move back toward it via NFDS. Last, we show that the origin of new cryptic forms is associated with multiple structural genomic variants such that which mutations arise affects evolution at larger temporal scales. Thus, evolution from existing variation is predictable and repeatable, but mutation adds complexity even for traits evolving deterministically under natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Nosil
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology (SETE), CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Laura S. Zamorano
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology (SETE), CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Feder
- Department of Biology, Notre Dame University, South Bend, IN 11111, USA
| | - Zach Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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2
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Nosil P, Gompert Z, Funk DJ. Divergent dynamics of sexual and habitat isolation at the transition between stick insect populations and species. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2273. [PMID: 38480699 PMCID: PMC10937975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Speciation is often viewed as a continuum along which populations diverge until they become reproductively-isolated species. However, such divergence may be heterogeneous, proceeding in fits and bursts, rather than being uniform and gradual. We show in Timema stick insects that one component of reproductive isolation evolves non-uniformly across this continuum, whereas another does not. Specifically, we use thousands of host-preference and mating trials to study habitat and sexual isolation among 42 pairs of taxa spanning a range of genomic differentiation and divergence time. We find that habitat isolation is uncoupled from genomic differentiation within species, but accumulates linearly with it between species. In contrast, sexual isolation accumulates linearly across the speciation continuum, and thus exhibits similar dynamics to morphological traits not implicated in reproductive isolation. The results show different evolutionary dynamics for different components of reproductive isolation and highlight a special relevance for species status in the process of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Nosil
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Daniel J Funk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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de Carvalho CF, Slate J, Villoutreix R, Soria-Carrasco V, Riesch R, Feder JL, Gompert Z, Nosil P. DNA methylation differences between stick insect ecotypes. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6809-6823. [PMID: 37864542 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, can influence gene regulation and affect phenotypic variation, raising the possibility that they contribute to ecological adaptation. Beginning to address this issue requires high-resolution sequencing studies of natural populations to pinpoint epigenetic regions of potential ecological and evolutionary significance. However, such studies are still relatively uncommon, especially in insects, and are mainly restricted to a few model organisms. Here, we characterize patterns of DNA methylation for natural populations of Timema cristinae adapted to two host plant species (i.e. ecotypes). By integrating results from sequencing of whole transcriptomes, genomes and methylomes, we investigate whether environmental, host and genetic differences of these stick insects are associated with methylation levels of cytosine nucleotides in the CpG context. We report an overall genome-wide methylation level for T. cristinae of ~14%, with methylation being enriched in gene bodies and impoverished in repetitive elements. Genome-wide DNA methylation variation was strongly positively correlated with genetic distance (relatedness), but also exhibited significant host-plant effects. Using methylome-environment association analysis, we pinpointed specific genomic regions that are differentially methylated between ecotypes, with these regions being enriched for genes with functions in membrane processes. The observed association between methylation variation and genetic relatedness, and with the ecologically important variable of host plant, suggests a potential role for epigenetic modification in T. cristinae adaptation. To substantiate such adaptive significance, future studies could test whether methylation can be transmitted across generations and the extent to which it responds to experimental manipulation in field and laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Slate
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Rüdiger Riesch
- University of Montpellier, CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biology, Notre Dame University, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Patrik Nosil
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- University of Montpellier, CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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4
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McCulloch GA, Waters JM. Rapid adaptation in a fast-changing world: Emerging insights from insect genomics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:943-954. [PMID: 36333958 PMCID: PMC10100130 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers have questioned the ability of biota to adapt to rapid anthropogenic environmental shifts. Here, we synthesize emerging genomic evidence for rapid insect evolution in response to human pressure. These new data reveal diverse genomic mechanisms (single locus, polygenic, structural shifts; introgression) underpinning rapid adaptive responses to a variety of anthropogenic selective pressures. While the effects of some human impacts (e.g. pollution; pesticides) have been previously documented, here we highlight startling new evidence for rapid evolutionary responses to additional anthropogenic processes such as deforestation. These recent findings indicate that diverse insect assemblages can indeed respond dynamically to major anthropogenic evolutionary challenges. Our synthesis also emphasizes the critical roles of genomic architecture, standing variation and gene flow in maintaining future adaptive potential. Broadly, it is clear that genomic approaches are essential for predicting, monitoring and responding to ongoing anthropogenic biodiversity shifts in a fast-changing world.
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5
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Chaturvedi S, Gompert Z, Feder JL, Osborne OG, Muschick M, Riesch R, Soria-Carrasco V, Nosil P. Climatic similarity and genomic background shape the extent of parallel adaptation in Timema stick insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1952-1964. [PMID: 36280782 PMCID: PMC7613875 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evolution can repeat itself, resulting in parallel adaptations in independent lineages occupying similar environments. Moreover, parallel evolution sometimes, but not always, uses the same genes. Two main hypotheses have been put forth to explain the probability and extent of parallel evolution. First, parallel evolution is more likely when shared ecologies result in similar patterns of natural selection in different taxa. Second, parallelism is more likely when genomes are similar because of shared standing variation and similar mutational effects in closely related genomes. Here we combine ecological, genomic, experimental and phenotypic data with Bayesian modelling and randomization tests to quantify the degree of parallelism and its relationship with ecology and genetics. Our results show that the extent to which genomic regions associated with climate are parallel among species of Timema stick insects is shaped collectively by shared ecology and genomic background. Specifically, the extent of genomic parallelism decays with divergence in climatic conditions (that is, habitat or ecological similarity) and genomic similarity. Moreover, we find that climate-associated loci are likely subject to selection in a field experiment, overlap with genetic regions associated with cuticular hydrocarbon traits and are not strongly shaped by introgression between species. Our findings shed light on when evolution is most expected to repeat itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Chaturvedi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Owen G Osborne
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Bangor, Environment Centre Wales, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Moritz Muschick
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Rüdiger Riesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | | | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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6
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Thomas-Bulle C, Bertrand D, Nagarajan N, Copley RR, Corre E, Hourdez S, Bonnivard É, Claridge-Chang A, Jollivet D. Genomic patterns of divergence in the early and late steps of speciation of the deep-sea vent thermophilic worms of the genus Alvinella. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:106. [PMID: 36057769 PMCID: PMC9441076 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transient and fragmented nature of the deep-sea hydrothermal environment made of ridge subduction, plate collision and the emergence of new rifts is currently acting to separate of vent populations, promoting local adaptation and contributing to bursts of speciation and species specialization. The tube-dwelling worms Alvinella pompejana called the Pompeii worm and its sister species A. caudata live syntopically on the hottest part of deep-sea hydrothermal chimneys along the East Pacific Rise. They are exposed to extreme thermal and chemical gradients, which vary greatly in space and time, and thus represent ideal candidates for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms at play in the vent fauna evolution. Results We explored genomic patterns of divergence in the early and late stages of speciation of these emblematic worms using transcriptome assemblies and the first draft genome to better understand the relative role of geographic isolation and habitat preference in their genome evolution. Analyses were conducted on allopatric populations of Alvinella pompejana (early stage of separation) and between A. pompejana and its syntopic species Alvinella caudata (late stage of speciation). We first identified divergent genomic regions and targets of selection as well as their position in the genome over collections of orthologous genes and, then, described the speciation dynamics by documenting the annotation of the most divergent and/or positively selected genes involved in the isolation process. Gene mapping clearly indicated that divergent genes associated with the early stage of speciation, although accounting for nearly 30% of genes, are highly scattered in the genome without any island of divergence and not involved in gamete recognition or mito-nuclear incompatibilities. By contrast, genomes of A. pompejana and A. caudata are clearly separated with nearly all genes (96%) exhibiting high divergence. This congealing effect however seems to be linked to habitat specialization and still allows positive selection on genes involved in gamete recognition, as a possible long-duration process of species reinforcement.
Conclusion Our analyses highlight the non-negligible role of natural selection on both the early and late stages of speciation in the iconic thermophilic worms living on the walls of deep-sea hydrothermal chimneys. They shed light on the evolution of gene divergence during the process of speciation and species specialization over a very long period of time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-02057-y.
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7
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Payne C, Bovio R, Powell DL, Gunn TR, Banerjee SM, Grant V, Rosenthal GG, Schumer M. Genomic insights into variation in thermotolerance between hybridizing swordtail fishes. Mol Ecol 2022. [PMID: 35510780 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how organisms adapt to changing environments is a core focus of research in evolutionary biology. One common mechanism is adaptive introgression, which has received increasing attention as a potential route to rapid adaptation in populations struggling in the face of ecological change, particularly global climate change. However, hybridization can also result in deleterious genetic interactions that may limit the benefits of adaptive introgression. Here, we used a combination of genome-wide quantitative trait locus mapping and differential gene expression analyses between the swordtail fish species Xiphophorus malinche and X. birchmanni to study the consequences of hybridization on thermotolerance. While these two species are adapted to different thermal environments, we document a complicated architecture of thermotolerance in hybrids. We identify a region of the genome that contributes to reduced thermotolerance in individuals heterozygous for X. malinche and X. birchmanni ancestry, as well as widespread misexpression in hybrids of genes that respond to thermal stress in the parental species, particularly in the circadian clock pathway. We also show that a previously mapped hybrid incompatibility between X. malinche and X. birchmanni contributes to reduced thermotolerance in hybrids. Together, our results highlight the challenges of understanding the impact of hybridization on complex ecological traits and its potential impact on adaptive introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Payne
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Richard Bovio
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel L Powell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Theresa R Gunn
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Shreya M Banerjee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Victoria Grant
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Gil G Rosenthal
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Molly Schumer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
- Hanna H. Gray Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California, USA
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8
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Gompert Z, Feder JL, Nosil P. Natural selection drives genome-wide evolution via chance genetic associations. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:467-481. [PMID: 34704650 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding selection's impact on the genome is a major theme in biology. Functionally neutral genetic regions can be affected indirectly by natural selection, via their statistical association with genes under direct selection. The genomic extent of such indirect selection, particularly across loci not physically linked to those under direct selection, remains poorly understood, as does the time scale at which indirect selection occurs. Here, we use field experiments and genomic data in stick insects, deer mice and stickleback fish to show that widespread statistical associations with genes known to affect fitness cause many genetic loci across the genome to be impacted indirectly by selection. This includes regions physically distant from those directly under selection. Then, focusing on the stick insect system, we show that statistical associations between SNPs and other unknown, causal variants result in additional indirect selection in general and specifically within genomic regions of physically linked loci. This widespread indirect selection necessarily makes aspects of evolution more predictable. Thus, natural selection combines with chance genetic associations to affect genome-wide evolution across linked and unlinked loci and even in modest-sized populations. This process has implications for the application of evolutionary principles in basic and applied science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Patrik Nosil
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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9
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Bank S, Cumming RT, Li Y, Henze K, Le Tirant S, Bradler S. A tree of leaves: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae). Commun Biol 2021; 4:932. [PMID: 34341467 PMCID: PMC8329230 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect order Phasmatodea is known for large slender insects masquerading as twigs or bark. In contrast to these so-called stick insects, the subordinated clade of leaf insects (Phylliidae) are dorso-ventrally flattened and therefore resemble leaves in a unique way. Here we show that the origin of extant leaf insects lies in the Australasian/Pacific region with subsequent dispersal westwards to mainland Asia and colonisation of most Southeast Asian landmasses. We further hypothesise that the clade originated in the Early Eocene after the emergence of angiosperm-dominated rainforests. The genus Phyllium to which most of the ~100 described species pertain is recovered as paraphyletic and its three non-nominate subgenera are recovered as distinct, monophyletic groups and are consequently elevated to genus rank. This first phylogeny covering all major phylliid groups provides the basis for future studies on their taxonomy and a framework to unveil more of their cryptic and underestimated diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bank
- Department for Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Royce T Cumming
- Montréal Insectarium, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.
- The Graduate Center, City University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yunchang Li
- Department for Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Katharina Henze
- Department for Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sven Bradler
- Department for Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Lin YP, Mitchell-Olds T, Lee CR. The ecological, genetic and genomic architecture of local adaptation and population differentiation in Boechera stricta. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202472. [PMID: 33878927 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential local adaptation restricts gene flow between populations inhabiting distinct environments, resulting in isolation by adaptation. In addition to the statistical inferences of genotype-environment associations, an integrative approach is needed to investigate the effect of local adaptation on population divergence at the ecological, genetic and genomic scale. Here, we combine reciprocal transplant, genome-environment association and QTL mapping to investigate local adaptation in Boechera stricta (Drummond's rockcress). With reciprocal transplant experiment, we found local genetic groups exhibit phenotypic characteristics corresponding to the distinct selection forces from different water availability. At the genetic level, the local allele of a major fitness QTL confers higher and sturdier flowering stalks, maximizing the fecundity fitness component under sufficient water supply, and its genetic variation is associated with precipitation across the landscape. At the genomewide scale, we further showed that multiple loci associated with precipitation are highly differentiated between genetic groups, suggesting that local adaptation has a widespread effect on reducing gene flow. This study provides one of the few comprehensive examples demonstrating how local adaptation facilitates population divergence at the trait, gene and genome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Lin
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Cheng-Ruei Lee
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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11
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Talavera JB, Collosi E, Clark MI, Robertson JM, Gray DA. Minimal prezygotic isolation between ecologically divergent sibling species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021; 132:32-43. [PMID: 33390615 PMCID: PMC7761596 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Divergence in mating signals typically accompanies speciation. We examine two ecologically divergent sibling species of crickets to assess the degree and timing of the evolution of prezygotic reproductive isolation. Gryllus saxatilis occurs in rocky habitats throughout western North America with long-winged individuals capable of long-distance dispersal; Gryllus navajo is endemic to red-rock sandstone areas of south-eastern Utah and north-eastern Arizona and has short-winged individuals only capable of limited dispersal. Previous genetic work suggested some degree of introgression and/or incomplete lineage sorting is likely. Here we: (1) use restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) genetic data to describe the degree of genetic divergence among species and populations; (2) examine the strength of prezygotic isolation by (i) quantifying differences among male mating songs, and (ii) testing whether females prefer G. saxatilis or G. navajo calling songs. Our results show that genetically distinct "pure" species populations and genetically intermediate populations exist. Male mating songs are statistically distinguishable, but the absolute differences are small. In playback experiments, females from pure populations had no preference based on song; however, females from a genetically intermediate population preferred G. navajo song. Together these results suggest that prezygotic isolation is minimal, and mediated by female behaviour in admixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle B Talavera
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Emma Collosi
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Meaghan I Clark
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne M Robertson
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - David A Gray
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
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12
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Zhang L, Hood GR, Roush AM, Shzu SA, Comerford MS, Ott JR, Egan SP. Asymmetric, but opposing reductions in immigrant viability and fecundity promote reproductive isolation among host-associated populations of an insect herbivore. Evolution 2020; 75:476-489. [PMID: 33330984 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immigrant inviability can contribute to reproductive isolation (RI) during ecological speciation by reducing the survival of immigrants in non-native environments. However, studies that assess the fitness consequence of immigrants moving from native to non-native environments typically fail to explore the potential role of concomitant reductions in immigrant fecundity despite recent evidence suggesting its prominent role during local adaptation. Here, we evaluate the directionality and magnitude of both immigrant viability and fecundity to RI in a host-specific gall-forming wasp, Belonocnema treatae. Using reciprocal transplant experiments replicated across sites, we measure immigrant viability and fecundity by comparing differences in the incidence of gall formation (viability) and predicted the number of eggs per female (fecundity) between residents and immigrants in each of two host-plant environments. Reduced immigrant viability was found in one host environment while reduced immigrant fecundity was found in the other. Such habitat-dependent barriers resulted in asymmetric RI between populations. By surveying recent literature on local adaptation, we find that asymmetry in immigrant viability and fecundity are widespread across disparate taxa, which highlights the need to combine estimates of both common and overlooked barriers in cases of potential bi-directional gene flow to create a more comprehensive view of the evolution of RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Zhang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - Amy M Roush
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005
| | - Shih An Shzu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005
| | | | - James R Ott
- Population and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005
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13
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Rosser N, Queste LM, Cama B, Edelman NB, Mann F, Mori Pezo R, Morris J, Segami C, Velado P, Schulz S, Mallet JLB, Dasmahapatra KK. Geographic contrasts between pre- and postzygotic barriers are consistent with reinforcement in Heliconius butterflies. Evolution 2020; 73:1821-1838. [PMID: 31334832 PMCID: PMC6771877 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the traits causing reproductive isolation and the order in which they evolve is fundamental to understanding speciation. Here, we quantify prezygotic and intrinsic postzygotic isolation among allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric populations of the butterflies Heliconius elevatus and Heliconius pardalinus. Sympatric populations from the Amazon (H. elevatus and H. p. butleri) exhibit strong prezygotic isolation and rarely mate in captivity; however, hybrids are fertile. Allopatric populations from the Amazon (H. p. butleri) and Andes (H. p. sergestus) mate freely when brought together in captivity, but the female F1 hybrids are sterile. Parapatric populations (H. elevatus and H. p. sergestus) exhibit both assortative mating and sterility of female F1s. Assortative mating in sympatric populations is consistent with reinforcement in the face of gene flow, where the driving force, selection against hybrids, is due to disruption of mimicry and other ecological traits rather than hybrid sterility. In contrast, the lack of assortative mating and hybrid sterility observed in allopatric populations suggests that geographic isolation enables the evolution of intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation. Our results show how the types of reproductive barriers that evolve between species may depend on geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Lucie M Queste
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna Cama
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel B Edelman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Florian Mann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ronald Mori Pezo
- URKU Estudios Amazónicos, Jr. Saposoa 181, Tarapoto, San Martín, Perú
| | - Jake Morris
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Segami
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patricia Velado
- Department for Quality Assurance Analytics, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Lange Point 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - James L B Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Kanchon K Dasmahapatra
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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14
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Muschick M, Soria-Carrasco V, Feder JL, Gompert Z, Nosil P. Adaptive zones shape the magnitude of premating reproductive isolation in Timema stick insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190541. [PMID: 32654646 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simpson's fossil-record inspired model of 'adaptive zones' proposes that evolution is dominated by small fluctuations within adaptive zones, occasionally punctuated by larger shifts between zones. This model can help explain why the process of population divergence often results in weak or moderate reproductive isolation (RI), rather than strong RI and distinct species. Applied to the speciation process, the adaptive zones hypothesis makes two inter-related predictions: (i) large shifts between zones are relatively rare, (ii) when large shifts do occur they generate stronger RI than shifts within zones. Here, we use ecological, phylogenetic and behavioural data to test these predictions in Timema stick insects. We show that host use in Timema is dominated by moderate shifts within the systematic divisions of flowering plants and conifers, with only a few extreme shifts between these divisions. However, when extreme shifts occur, they generate greater RI than do more moderate shifts. Our results support the adaptive zones model, and suggest that the net contribution of ecological shifts to diversification is dependent on both their magnitude and frequency. We discuss the generality of our findings in the light of emerging evidence from diverse taxa that the evolution of RI is not always the only factor determining the origin of species diversity. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Muschick
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Víctor Soria-Carrasco
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Zach Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Center for Evolution and Functional Ecology, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
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15
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Gillespie RG, Bennett GM, De Meester L, Feder JL, Fleischer RC, Harmon LJ, Hendry AP, Knope ML, Mallet J, Martin C, Parent CE, Patton AH, Pfennig KS, Rubinoff D, Schluter D, Seehausen O, Shaw KL, Stacy E, Stervander M, Stroud JT, Wagner C, Wogan GOU. Comparing Adaptive Radiations Across Space, Time, and Taxa. J Hered 2020; 111:1-20. [PMID: 31958131 PMCID: PMC7931853 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiation plays a fundamental role in our understanding of the evolutionary process. However, the concept has provoked strong and differing opinions concerning its definition and nature among researchers studying a wide diversity of systems. Here, we take a broad view of what constitutes an adaptive radiation, and seek to find commonalities among disparate examples, ranging from plants to invertebrate and vertebrate animals, and remote islands to lakes and continents, to better understand processes shared across adaptive radiations. We surveyed many groups to evaluate factors considered important in a large variety of species radiations. In each of these studies, ecological opportunity of some form is identified as a prerequisite for adaptive radiation. However, evolvability, which can be enhanced by hybridization between distantly related species, may play a role in seeding entire radiations. Within radiations, the processes that lead to speciation depend largely on (1) whether the primary drivers of ecological shifts are (a) external to the membership of the radiation itself (mostly divergent or disruptive ecological selection) or (b) due to competition within the radiation membership (interactions among members) subsequent to reproductive isolation in similar environments, and (2) the extent and timing of admixture. These differences translate into different patterns of species accumulation and subsequent patterns of diversity across an adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiations occur in an extraordinary diversity of different ways, and continue to provide rich data for a better understanding of the diversification of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary G Gillespie
- University of California, Berkeley, Essig Museum of Entomology & Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA
| | - Gordon M Bennett
- University of California Merced, Life and Environmental Sciences Unit, Merced, CA
| | - Luc De Meester
- University of Leuven, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Leuven, Belguim
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- University of Notre Dame, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
| | - Luke J Harmon
- University of Idaho, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Moscow, ID
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Martin
- University of California Berkeley, Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, CA
| | | | - Austin H Patton
- Washington State University, School of Biological Sciences, Pullman, WA
| | - Karin S Pfennig
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Biology, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel Rubinoff
- University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, Honolulu, HI
| | | | - Ole Seehausen
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, BE, Switzerland
- Center for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, LU, Switzerland
| | - Kerry L Shaw
- Cornell University, Neurobiology and Behavior, Tower Road,, Ithaca, NY
| | - Elizabeth Stacy
- University of Nevada Las Vegas, School of Life Sciences, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Martin Stervander
- University of Oregon, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Eugene, OR
| | - James T Stroud
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Biology, Saint Louis, MO
| | | | - Guinevere O U Wogan
- University of California Berkeley, Environmental Science Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA
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16
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Simmonds SE, Fritts‐Penniman AL, Cheng SH, Mahardika GN, Barber PH. Genomic signatures of host-associated divergence and adaptation in a coral-eating snail, Coralliophila violacea (Kiener, 1836). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1817-1837. [PMID: 32128119 PMCID: PMC7042750 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluid nature of the ocean, combined with planktonic dispersal of marine larvae, lowers physical barriers to gene flow. However, divergence can still occur despite gene flow if strong selection acts on populations occupying different ecological niches. Here, we examined the population genomics of an ectoparasitic snail, Coralliophila violacea (Kiener 1836), that specializes on Porites corals in the Indo-Pacific. Previous genetic analyses revealed two sympatric lineages associated with different coral hosts. In this study, we examined the mechanisms promoting and maintaining the snails' adaptation to their coral hosts. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from type II restriction site-associated DNA (2b-RAD) sequencing revealed two differentiated clusters of C. violacea that were largely concordant with coral host, consistent with previous genetic results. However, the presence of some admixed genotypes indicates gene flow from one lineage to the other. Combined, these results suggest that differentiation between host-associated lineages of C. violacea is occurring in the face of ongoing gene flow, requiring strong selection. Indeed, 2.7% of all SNP loci were outlier loci (73/2,718), indicative of divergence with gene flow, driven by adaptation of each C. violacea lineage to their specific coral hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Simmonds
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Samantha H. Cheng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
- Center for Biodiversity and ConservationAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Gusti Ngurah Mahardika
- Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology LaboratoryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUdayana University BaliDenpasarIndonesia
| | - Paul H. Barber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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17
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Popovic D, Lowry DB. Contrasting environmental factors drive local adaptation at opposite ends of an environmental gradient in the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:298-307. [PMID: 31989586 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Identifying the environmental factors responsible for natural selection across different habitats is crucial for understanding the process of local adaptation in plants. Despite its importance, few studies have successfully isolated the environmental factors driving local adaptation in nature. In this study, we evaluated the agents of selection responsible for local adaptation of the monkeyflower Mimulus guttatus to California's coastal and inland habitats. METHODS We implemented a manipulative reciprocal transplant experiment at coastal and inland sites, where we excluded aboveground stressors in an effort to elucidate their role in the evolution of local adaptation. RESULTS Excluding aboveground stressors, most likely a combination of salt spray and herbivory, completely rescued inland annual plant fitness when transplanted to coastal habitat. The exclosures in inland habitat provided a benefit to the performance of coastal perennial plants. However, the exclosures are unlikely to provide much fitness benefit to the coastal plants at the inland site because of their general inability to flower in time to escape from the summer drought. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that a distinct set of selective agents (aboveground vs. belowground) are responsible for local adaptation at opposite ends of an environmental gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Popovic
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David B Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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18
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Raffini F, Schneider RF, Franchini P, Kautt AF, Meyer A. Diving into divergence: Differentiation in swimming performances, physiology and gene expression between locally‐adapted sympatric cichlid fishes. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:1219-1234. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Raffini
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Organismal Biology Max‐Planck‐Institut für Ornithologie Radolfzell Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Radolfzell Germany
| | - Ralf F. Schneider
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Organismal Biology Max‐Planck‐Institut für Ornithologie Radolfzell Germany
| | - Paolo Franchini
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Andreas F. Kautt
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Organismal Biology Max‐Planck‐Institut für Ornithologie Radolfzell Germany
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19
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Walsh J, Clucas GV, MacManes MD, Thomas WK, Kovach AI. Divergent selection and drift shape the genomes of two avian sister species spanning a saline-freshwater ecotone. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13477-13494. [PMID: 31871659 PMCID: PMC6912898 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of species divergence due to ecologically based divergent selection-or ecological speciation-in generating and maintaining biodiversity is a central question in evolutionary biology. Comparison of the genomes of phylogenetically related taxa spanning a selective habitat gradient enables discovery of divergent signatures of selection and thereby provides valuable insight into the role of divergent ecological selection in speciation. Tidal marsh ecosystems provide tractable opportunities for studying organisms' adaptations to selective pressures that underlie ecological divergence. Sharp environmental gradients across the saline-freshwater ecotone within tidal marshes present extreme adaptive challenges to terrestrial vertebrates. Here, we sequence 20 whole genomes of two avian sister species endemic to tidal marshes-the saltmarsh sparrow (Ammospiza caudacutus) and Nelson's sparrow (A. nelsoni)-to evaluate the influence of selective and demographic processes in shaping genome-wide patterns of divergence. Genome-wide divergence between these two recently diverged sister species was notably high (genome-wide F ST = 0.32). Against a background of high genome-wide divergence, regions of elevated divergence were widespread throughout the genome, as opposed to focused within islands of differentiation. These patterns may be the result of genetic drift resulting from past tidal march colonization events in conjunction with divergent selection to different environments. We identified several candidate genes that exhibited elevated divergence between saltmarsh and Nelson's sparrows, including genes linked to osmotic regulation, circadian rhythm, and plumage melanism-all putative candidates linked to adaptation to tidal marsh environments. These findings provide new insights into the roles of divergent selection and genetic drift in generating and maintaining biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Walsh
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology ProgramCornell Laboratory of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Gemma V. Clucas
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
- Present address:
Cornell Lab of OrnithologyIthacaNYUSA
| | - Matthew D. MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
- Hubbard Center for Genome StudiesDurhamNHUSA
| | - W. Kelley Thomas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
- Hubbard Center for Genome StudiesDurhamNHUSA
| | - Adrienne I. Kovach
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
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20
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Sibly RM, Pagel M, Curnow RN, Edwards J. How phenotypic matching based on neutral mating cues enables speciation in locally adapted populations. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13506-13514. [PMID: 31871661 PMCID: PMC6912886 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Maynard Smith's (American Naturalist, 1966, 100, 637) suggestion that in some cases a prerequisite for speciation is the existence of local ecological adaptations has not received much attention to date. Here, we test the hypothesis using a model like that of Maynard Smith but differing in the way animals disperse between niches. In previous studies, males disperse randomly between niches but females stay put in their natal niche. As a first step toward generalizing the model, we here analyze the case that equal proportions of the two sexes disperse between niches before breeding. Supporting Maynard Smith's (1966) hypothesis, we find that once local adaptations are established, a neutral mating cue at an independent locus can rapidly enable speciation in populations with a suitable mechanism for phenotype matching. We find that stable ecological polymorphisms are relatively insensitive to the strength of selection, but depend crucially on the extent of dispersal between niches, with a threshold of ~5% if population sizes in two niches are equal. At higher levels of dispersal, ecological differentiation is lost. These results contrast with those of earlier studies and shed light on why parapatric speciation is limited by the extent of gene flow. Our testable model provides a candidate explanation for the rapid speciation rates, diversity of appearance and occurrence of "species flocks" observed among some African cichlids and neotropical birds and may also have implications for the occurrence of punctuational change on phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Pagel
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Robert N. Curnow
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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21
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Lucek K, Gompert Z, Nosil P. The role of structural genomic variants in population differentiation and ecotype formation in Timema cristinae walking sticks. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1224-1237. [PMID: 30636326 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that structural genomic variants such as inversions can promote adaptive diversification and speciation. Despite increasing empirical evidence that adaptive divergence can be triggered by one or a few large inversions, the degree to which widespread genomic regions under divergent selection are associated with structural variants remains unclear. Here we test for an association between structural variants and genomic regions that underlie parallel host-plant-associated ecotype formation in Timema cristinae stick insects. Using mate-pair resequencing of 20 new whole genomes we find that moderately sized structural variants such as inversions, deletions and duplications are widespread across the genome, being retained as standing variation within and among populations. Using 160 previously published, standard-orientation whole genome sequences we find little to no evidence that the DNA sequences within inversions exhibit accentuated differentiation between ecotypes. In contrast, a formerly described large region of reduced recombination that harbours genes controlling colour-pattern exhibits evidence for accentuated differentiation between ecotypes, which is consistent with differences in the frequency of colour-pattern morphs between host-associated ecotypes. Our results suggest that some types of structural variants (e.g., large inversions) are more likely to underlie adaptive divergence than others, and that structural variants are not required for subtle yet genome-wide genetic differentiation with gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Lucek
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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22
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Arostegui MC, Quinn TP. Ontogenetic and ecotypic variation in the coloration and morphology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a stream–lake system. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alternative ecotypes of diverse animal taxa exhibit distinct, habitat-specific phenotypes. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a salmonid fish, exhibits stream-resident (fluvial), lake-migrant (adfluvial) and ocean-migrant (anadromous) ecotypes throughout its range. We investigated the coloration, and morphology associated with swimming performance of wild, native non-anadromous rainbow trout in connected stream and lake habitats of a south-west Alaskan watershed to assess if they exhibited phenotypic diversity consistent with the presence of alternative fluvial and adfluvial ecotypes. Colour differences among rainbow trout of different size classes and habitats (stream or lake) indicated ecotype-specific pathways, diverging at the same point in ontogeny and resulting in different terminal coloration patterns. Specifically, lake-caught fish exhibited distinct silvering of the body, whereas stream-caught fish displayed banded coloration when small and bronze colour when larger. The morphology of lake-caught rainbow trout also differed from that of stream-caught fish in features associated with swimming performance, and they exhibited both shared and unique morphological patterns compared to sympatric Salvelinus species in those habitats [Dolly Varden (S. malma) in streams, and Arctic char (S. alpinus) in the lake]. Greater morphological variation within stream- than lake-caught rainbow trout, and their limited overlap in morphology, suggested population-specific partial migration. This study highlights the intraspecific diversity of migratory behaviour and how conservation of particular phenotypes depends on managing both for genotypes and for habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Arostegui
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T P Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Unexpected endemism in the Daphnia longispina complex (Crustacea: Cladocera) in Southern Siberia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221527. [PMID: 31479467 PMCID: PMC6719860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological significance of regional cladoceran morphotypes in the montane regions of the central Palearctic remains poorly understood. In the Holarctic Daphnia longispina complex (Cladocera: Daphniidae), several variants, lineages and species have been proposed as endemic for Southern Siberia. Daphnia turbinata Sars, for example, named after its unusual head shape, is known only from Southern Siberia. Here we sequence DNA of Daphnia from three mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, ND2) from 57 localities in Russia and Mongolia (the majority being from Southern Siberia) and place them in evolutionary context with existing data. Our aim was to examine regional endemism of the Daphnia longispina complex in Southern Siberian; to improve the phylogenetic understanding with improved taxonomic and regional sampling, and to better understand the influence of Pleistocene glaciation on the biogeography of these lineages. At least three lineages showed genetic evidence for endemism in Southern Siberia. There was strong support for D. turbinata as a sister lineage to to D. longispina/D. dentifera. Another endemic, Siberian D. cf. longispina, is a sister group to the longispina group in general. Within D. longispina s. str. there was an endemic Siberian clade with a western range boundary near the Yenisei River Basin. Gene flow estimates among populations (based on FST values) were very low for clades of D. longispina on a regional (the original 12S dataset), and on a pan-Eurasian (the extended 12S dataset) scale. Negative values of Fu’s FS and Tajima’s D tests prevailed for the species examined with significant values found for two D. longispina clades, D. dentifera, D. galeata and D. cristata. Our results support the notion that Southern Siberia is an important biogeographic region for cladocerans as it contained unexpected diversity of endemics (such as D. turbinata, D. cf. longispina and lineages of D. umbra and D. longsipina s.str.) and from being the geographic meeting place of expanding postglacial lineages from eastern and western refugia.
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24
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Wang X, Que P, Heckel G, Hu J, Zhang X, Chiang CY, Zhang N, Huang Q, Liu S, Martinez J, Pagani-Núñez E, Dingle C, Leung YY, Székely T, Zhang Z, Liu Y. Genetic, phenotypic and ecological differentiation suggests incipient speciation in two Charadrius plovers along the Chinese coast. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:135. [PMID: 31248363 PMCID: PMC6598359 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Speciation with gene flow is an alternative to the nascence of new taxa in strict allopatric separation. Indeed, many taxa have parapatric distributions at present. It is often unclear if these are secondary contacts, e.g. caused by past glaciation cycles or the manifestation of speciation with gene flow, which hampers our understanding of how different forces drive diversification. Here we studied genetic, phenotypic and ecological aspects of divergence in a pair of incipient shorebird species, the Kentish (Charadrius alexandrinus) and the White-faced Plovers (C. dealbatus), shorebirds with parapatric breeding ranges along the Chinese coast. We assessed divergence based on molecular markers with different modes of inheritance and quantified phenotypic and ecological divergence in aspects of morphometric, dietary and climatic niches. Results Our integrative analyses revealed small to moderate levels of genetic and phenotypic distinctiveness with symmetric gene flow across the contact area at the Chinese coast. The two species diverged approximately half a million years ago in dynamic isolation with secondary contact occurring due to cycling sea level changes between the Eastern and Southern China Sea in the mid-late Pleistocene. We found evidence of character displacement and ecological niche differentiation between the two species, invoking the role of selection in facilitating divergence despite gene flow. Conclusion These findings imply that ecology can indeed counter gene flow through divergent selection and thus contributes to incipient speciation in these plovers. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of using integrative datasets to reveal the evolutionary history and assist the inference of mechanisms of speciation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1449-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pinjia Que
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Gerald Heckel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Genopode, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junhua Hu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuecong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chung-Yu Chiang
- Department of Environmental Science, Tunhai University, Taichun, Taiwan
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Simin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | | | - Emilio Pagani-Núñez
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Caroline Dingle
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yu Yan Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tamás Székely
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,Milner Center for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA1 7AY, UK
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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25
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Nash W, Mohorianu I, Chapman T. Mate choice and gene expression signatures associated with nutritional adaptation in the medfly (Ceratitis capitata). Sci Rep 2019; 9:6704. [PMID: 31040302 PMCID: PMC6491435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary responses to nutrition are key to understanding host shifts and the resulting potential for reproductive isolation. Experimental evolution has previously been used to describe the responses of the medfly (Ceratitis capitata) to larval diets with different nutritional properties. Within 30 generations this led to divergence in larval development time, egg to adult survival and adaptation in adult body size. Here we used mRNA-seq to identify differences in gene expression patterns in these same populations, using males from the 60th generation of nutritional selection. We validated differential expression by using qRT-PCR and found that genes linked to metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation and proteolysis were significantly over-represented among the differentially expressed genes. The results provide the first genome-wide survey of the putative mechanisms underpinning evolved responses to nutritional adaptation. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that nutritional adaptation can alter mating patterns. We found evidence for assortative mating by diet at generation 60, but not 90. Hence, the pattern was variable across generations and there was no evidence overall for any isolating mating divergence between the lines. Overall, the results provide insight into the mechanisms underpinning dietary adaptation and extend our knowledge of which traits represent core responses to nutritional selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Nash
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Irina Mohorianu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK. .,School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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26
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Poikela N, Kinnunen J, Wurdack M, Kauranen H, Schmitt T, Kankare M, Snook RR, Hoikkala A. Strength of sexual and postmating prezygotic barriers varies between sympatric populations with different histories and species abundances. Evolution 2019; 73:1182-1199. [PMID: 30957216 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of different reproductive barriers on species or population isolation may vary in different stages of speciation depending on evolutionary forces acting within species and through species' interactions. Genetic incompatibilities between interacting species are expected to reinforce prezygotic barriers in sympatric populations and lead to cascade reinforcement between conspecific populations living within and outside the areas of sympatry. We tested these predictions and studied whether and how the strength and target of reinforcement between Drosophila montana and Drosophila flavomontana vary between sympatric populations with different histories and species abundances. All barriers between D. montana females and D. flavomontana males were nearly complete, while in the reciprocal cross strong postzygotic isolation was accompanied by prezygotic barriers whose strength varied according to population composition. Sexual isolation between D. flavomontana females and D. montana males was increased in long-established sympatric populations, where D. flavomontana is abundant, while postmating prezygotic (PMPZ) barriers were stronger in populations where this species is a new invader and still rare and where female discrimination against heterospecific males was lower. Strengthening of sexual and PMPZ barriers in this cross also induced cascade reinforcement of respective barriers between D. flavomontana populations, which is a classic signature of reinforcement process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Poikela
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Kinnunen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mareike Wurdack
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hannele Kauranen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maaria Kankare
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Rhonda R Snook
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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27
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Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T. Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies. Evolution 2019; 73:278-292. [PMID: 30592536 PMCID: PMC6492002 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Individual responses to dietary variation represent a fundamental component of fitness, and nutritional adaptation can occur over just a few generations. Maternal effects can show marked proximate responses to nutrition, but whether they contribute to longer term dietary adaptation is unclear. Here, we tested the hypotheses that maternal effects: (i) contribute to dietary adaptation, (ii) diminish when dietary conditions are constant between generations, (iii) are trait-specific and (iv) interact with high- and low-quality food. We used experimental evolution regimes in the medfly (Ceratitis capitata) to test these predictions by subjecting an outbred laboratory-adapted population to replicated experimental evolution on either constant high calorie sugar ('A') or low-calorie starch ('S') larval diets, with a standard adult diet across both regimes. We measured the contribution of maternal effects by comparing developmental and adult phenotypes of individuals reared on their own diet with those swapped onto the opposite diet for either one or two generations (high and low maternal effect conditions, respectively), both at the start and after 30 generations of selection. Initially, there were strong maternal effects on female body mass and male mating success but not larval survival. Interestingly, the initial maternal effects observed in female body mass and male mating success showed sex-specific interactions when individuals from high calorie regimes were tested on low calorie diets. However, as populations responded to selection, the effects of maternal provisioning on all traits diminished. The results broadly supported the predictions. They show how the contribution of maternal effects to dietary responses evolves in a context-dependent manner, with significant variation across different fitness-related traits. We conclude that maternal effects can evolve during nutritional adaptation and hence may be an important life history trait to measure, rather than to routinely minimize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T. Leftwich
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUnited Kingdom
- The Pirbright InstituteWokingSurreyGU24 0NFUnited Kingdom
| | - William J. Nash
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUnited Kingdom
- Evolutionary Genomics GroupEarlham InstituteNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UZUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucy A. Friend
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUnited Kingdom
| | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUnited Kingdom
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28
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Liu Y, Dietrich CH, Wei C. Genetic divergence, population differentiation and phylogeography of the cicada Subpsaltria yangi based on molecular and acoustic data: an example of the early stage of speciation? BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:5. [PMID: 30621591 PMCID: PMC6323834 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Geographical isolation combined with historical climatic fluctuations have been identified as two major factors that contribute to the formation of new species. On the other hand, biotic factors such as competition and predation are also able to drive the evolution and diversification of organisms. To determine whether geographical barriers contributed to population divergence or speciation in the rare endemic cicada Subpsaltria yangi the population differentiation, genetic structure and phylogeography of the species were investigated in the Loess Plateau and adjacent areas of northwestern China by analysing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and comparing the calling song structure of 161 male individuals. Results The results reveal a low level of genetic differentiation and relatively simple phylogeographic structure for this species, but two independent clades corresponding to geographically isolated populations were recognised. Genetic and geographical distances were significantly correlated among lineages. Results of divergence-time estimation are consistent with a scenario of isolation due to glacial refugia and interglacial climate oscillation in northwestern China. Significant genetic divergence was found between the population occurring in the Helan Mountains and other populations, and recent population expansion has occurred in the Helan Mountains and/or adjacent areas. This population is also significantly different in calling song structure from other populations. Conclusions Geographical barriers (i.e., the deserts and semi-deserts surrounding the Helan Mountains), possibly coupled with related ecological differences, may have driven population divergence and allopatric speciation. This provides a possible example of incipient speciation in Cicadidae, improves understanding of population differentiation, acoustic signal diversification and phylogeographic relationships of this rare cicada species of conservation concern, and informs future studies on population differentiation, speciation and phylogeography of other insects with a high degree of endemism in the Helan Mountains and adjacent areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1317-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Christopher H Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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29
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Larose C, Rasmann S, Schwander T. Evolutionary dynamics of specialisation in herbivorous stick insects. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:354-364. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Larose
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology; University of Neuchatel; Rue Emile-Argand 11 CH-2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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30
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Kahnt B, Theodorou P, Soro A, Hollens-Kuhr H, Kuhlmann M, Pauw A, Paxton RJ. Small and genetically highly structured populations in a long-legged bee, Rediviva longimanus, as inferred by pooled RAD-seq. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:196. [PMID: 30567486 PMCID: PMC6300007 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to local host plants may impact a pollinator's population genetic structure by reducing gene flow and driving population genetic differentiation, representing an early stage of ecological speciation. South African Rediviva longimanus bees exhibit elongated forelegs, a bizarre adaptation for collecting oil from floral spurs of their Diascia hosts. Furthermore, R. longimanus foreleg length (FLL) differs significantly among populations, which has been hypothesised to result from selection imposed by inter-population variation in Diascia floral spur length. Here, we used a pooled restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (pooled RAD-seq) approach to investigate the population genetic structure of R. longimanus and to test if phenotypic differences in FLL translate into increased genetic differentiation (i) between R. longimanus populations and (ii) between phenotypes across populations. We also inferred the effects of demographic processes on population genetic structure and tested for genetic markers underpinning local adaptation. RESULTS: Populations showed marked genetic differentiation (average FST = 0.165), though differentiation was not statistically associated with differences between populations in FLL. All populations exhibited very low genetic diversity and were inferred to have gone through recent bottleneck events, suggesting extremely low effective population sizes. Genetic differentiation between samples pooled by leg length (short versus long) rather than by population of origin was even higher (FST = 0.260) than between populations, suggesting reduced interbreeding between long and short-legged individuals. Signatures of selection were detected in 1119 (3.8%) of a total of 29,721 SNP markers, CONCLUSIONS: Populations of R. longimanus appear to be small, bottlenecked and isolated. Though we could not detect the effect of local adaptation (FLL in response to floral spurs of host plants) on population genetic differentiation, short and long legged bees appeared to be partially differentiated, suggesting incipient ecological speciation. To test this hypothesis, greater resolution through the use of individual-based whole-genome analyses is now needed to quantify the degree of reproductive isolation between long and short legged bees between and even within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Kahnt
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Panagiotis Theodorou
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antonella Soro
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hilke Hollens-Kuhr
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum, Kiel University, Hegewischstr. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Anton Pauw
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Robert J Paxton
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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31
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Feder JL, Nosil P, Gompert Z, Flaxman SM, Schilling MP. Barnacles, barrier loci and the systematic building of species. J Evol Biol 2018; 30:1494-1497. [PMID: 28786183 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - P Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Z Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - S M Flaxman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M P Schilling
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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32
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Montero-Pau J, Gómez A, Serra M. Founder effects drive the genetic structure of passively dispersed aquatic invertebrates. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6094. [PMID: 30581680 PMCID: PMC6294052 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of passively dispersed organisms in continental aquatic habitats typically show high levels of neutral genetic differentiation despite their high dispersal capabilities. Several evolutionary factors, including founder events, local adaptation, and life cycle features such as high population growth rates and the presence of propagule banks, have been proposed to be responsible for this paradox. Here, we have modeled the colonization process to assess the impact of migration rate, population growth rate, population size, local adaptation and life-cycle features on the population genetic structure in these organisms. Our simulations show that the strongest effect on population structure are persistent founder effects, resulting from the interaction of a few population founders, high population growth rates, large population sizes and the presence of diapausing egg banks. In contrast, the role of local adaptation, genetic hitchhiking and migration is limited to small populations in these organisms. Our results indicate that local adaptation could have different impact on genetic structure in different groups of zooplankters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Montero-Pau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Africa Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Serra
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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33
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St. John ME, Fuller RC. The effects of experimental design on mating preferences and reproductive isolation in killifish. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E St. John
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana – Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fuller
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana – Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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34
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Larose C, Parker DJ, Schwander T. Fundamental and realized feeding niche breadths of sexual and asexual stick insects. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181805. [PMID: 30487310 PMCID: PMC6283937 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors contributing to the maintenance of sex over asexuality in natural populations remain unclear. Ecological divergences between sexual and asexual lineages could help to maintain reproductive polymorphisms, at least transiently, but the consequences of asexuality for the evolution of ecological niches are unknown. Here, we investigated how niche breadths change in transitions from sexual reproduction to asexuality. We used host plant ranges as a proxy to compare the realized feeding niche breadths of five independently derived asexual Timema stick insect species and their sexual relatives at both the species and population levels. Asexual species had systematically narrower realized niches than sexual species, though this pattern was not apparent at the population level. To investigate how the narrower realized niches of asexual species arise, we performed feeding experiments to estimate fundamental niche breadths but found no systematic differences between reproductive modes. The narrow realized niches found in asexual species are therefore probably a consequence of biotic interactions such as predation or competition, that constrain realized niche size in asexuals more strongly than in sexuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Larose
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Quartier Unil-Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darren J Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Quartier Unil-Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Quartier Unil-Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Mlynarek JJ, Heard SB. Strong and complex host- and habitat-associated genetic differentiation in an apparently polyphagous leaf mining insect. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Mlynarek
- University of New Brunswick, Department of Biology, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Stephen B Heard
- University of New Brunswick, Department of Biology, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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36
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Cisneros‐de la Cruz DJ, Martínez‐Castillo J, Herrera‐Silveira J, Yáñez‐Espinosa L, Ortiz‐García M, Us‐Santamaria R, Andrade JL. Short-distance barriers affect genetic variability of Rhizophora mangle L. in the Yucatan Peninsula. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:11083-11099. [PMID: 30519427 PMCID: PMC6262909 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental variability at local scale results in different physiognomic types of mangrove forest. However, this variability has never been considered in studies of mangrove genetic variability. This study analyzed the genetic and morphological variability and structure of Rhizophora mangle at regional and local scales in the Yucatan Peninsula. Thirteen mangrove populations (eight scrub and five tall), located in seven sites, were sampled, and their morphological variability and relationship with the availability of phosphorus and salinity were analyzed. The diversity and genetic structure were estimated at different hierarchical levels with nine microsatellites, also Bayesian inference and Principal Coordinates Analysis were used. We found a great morphological variability of R. mangle that responded to local environmental variability and not to the precipitation gradient of the peninsula. The genetic diversity found in the peninsula was greater than that reported for other populations in Mexico and was grouped into two regions: the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. At a local scale, tall and scrub mangroves had significant genetic differentiation suggesting that ecological barriers promote genetic differentiation within sites. These results need to be considered in future population genetic studies and for mangrove management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Yáñez‐Espinosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Zonas DesérticasUniversidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP)San Luis PotosíMexico
| | | | | | - José L. Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY)MéridaMéxico
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37
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Dupuis JR, Peigler RS, Geib SM, Rubinoff D. Phylogenomics supports incongruence between ecological specialization and taxonomy in a charismatic clade of buck moths. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4417-4429. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian R. Dupuis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Services; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; Honolulu Hawaii
- Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center; U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service; Hilo Hawaii
| | - Richard S. Peigler
- Department of Biology; University of the Incarnate Word; San Antonio Texas
| | - Scott M. Geib
- Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center; U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service; Hilo Hawaii
| | - Daniel Rubinoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Services; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; Honolulu Hawaii
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Schär S, Eastwood R, Arnaldi KG, Talavera G, Kaliszewska ZA, Boyle JH, Espeland M, Nash DR, Vila R, Pierce NE. Ecological specialization is associated with genetic structure in the ant-associated butterfly family Lycaenidae. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1158. [PMID: 30209224 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of specialization in diversification can be explored along two geological axes in the butterfly family Lycaenidae. In addition to variation in host-plant specialization normally exhibited by butterflies, the caterpillars of most Lycaenidae have symbioses with ants ranging from no interactions through to obligate and specific associations, increasing niche dimensionality in ant-associated taxa. Based on mitochondrial sequences from 8282 specimens from 967 species and 249 genera, we show that the degree of ecological specialization of lycaenid species is positively correlated with genetic divergence, haplotype diversity and an increase in isolation by distance. Nucleotide substitution rate is higher in carnivorous than phytophagous lycaenids. The effects documented here for both micro- and macroevolutionary processes could result from increased spatial segregation as a consequence of reduced connectivity in specialists, niche-based divergence or a combination of both. They could also provide an explanation for the extraordinary diversity of the Lycaenidae and, more generally, for diversity in groups of organisms with similar multi-dimensional ecological specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sämi Schär
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Rodney Eastwood
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Institute for Agricultural Sciences Biocommunication and Entomology, Weinbergstrasse 56-58, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Kimberly G Arnaldi
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Zofia A Kaliszewska
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - John H Boyle
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Marianne Espeland
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Arthropoda Department, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauer Allee 160, Bonn 53113, Germany
| | - David R Nash
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Cooper BS, Sedghifar A, Nash WT, Comeault AA, Matute DR. A Maladaptive Combination of Traits Contributes to the Maintenance of a Drosophila Hybrid Zone. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2940-2947.e6. [PMID: 30174184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila teissieri and D. yakuba diverged approximately 3 mya and are thought to share a large, ancestral, African range [1-3]. These species now co-occur in parts of continental Africa and in west Africa on the island of Bioko [1, 4]. While D. yakuba is a human commensal, D. teissieri seems to be associated with Parinari fruits, restricting its range to forests [4-6]. Genome data indicate introgression, despite no evidence of contemporary hybridization. Here we report the discovery of D. yakuba-D. teissieri hybrids at the interface of secondary forests and disturbed, open habitats on Bioko. We demonstrate that hybrids are the F1 progeny of D. yakuba females and D. teissieri males. At high temperatures like those found on Bioko, D. teissieri females are generally less receptive to mating, and in combination with temperature effects on egg lay and egg-to-adult viability, this decreases the potential for gene flow between female D. teissieri and male D. yakuba relative to the reciprocal cross. Field and laboratory experiments demonstrate that F1 hybrids have a maladaptive combination of D. yakuba behavior and D. teissieri physiology, generating additional barriers to gene flow. Nevertheless, analysis of introgressed and non-introgressed regions of the genome indicate that, while rare, gene flow is relatively recent. Our observations identify precise intrinsic and extrinsic factors that, along with hybrid male sterility, limit gene flow and maintain these species. These data contribute to a growing body of literature that suggests the Gulf of Guinea may be a hotspot for hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Alisa Sedghifar
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - W Thurston Nash
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aaron A Comeault
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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40
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Dyer KA, Bewick ER, White BE, Bray MJ, Humphreys DP. Fine-scale geographic patterns of gene flow and reproductive character displacement in Drosophila subquinaria and Drosophila recens. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:10.1111/mec.14825. [PMID: 30074656 PMCID: PMC6360132 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When two species are incompletely isolated, strengthening premating isolation barriers in response to the production of low fitness hybrids may complete the speciation process. Here, we use the sister species Drosophila subquinaria and Drosophila recens to study the conditions under which this reinforcement of species boundaries occurs in natural populations. We first extend the region of known sympatry between these species, and then we conduct a fine-scale geographic survey of mate discrimination coupled with estimates of gene flow within and admixture between species. Within D. subquinaria, reinforcement is extremely effective: we find variation in mate discrimination both against D. recens males and against conspecific allopatric males on the scale of a few kilometres and in the face of gene flow both from conspecific populations and introgression from D. recens. In D. recens, we do not find evidence for increased mate discrimination in sympatry, even where D. recens is rare, consistent with substantial gene flow throughout the species' range. Finally, we find that introgression between species is asymmetric, with more from D. recens into D. subquinaria than vice versa. Within each species, admixture is highest in the geographic region where it is rare relative to the other species, suggesting that when hybrids are produced they are of low fitness. In sum, reinforcement within D. subquinaria is effective at maintaining species boundaries, but even when reinforcing selection is strong it may not always result in a pattern of strong reproductive character displacement due to variation in the frequency of hybridization and gene flow from neighbouring populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Dyer
- Department of Genetics; University of Georgia; Athens, GA 30602; USA
| | | | - Brooke E. White
- Department of Genetics; University of Georgia; Athens, GA 30602; USA
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41
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Kristensen NP, Johansson J, Chisholm RA, Smith HG, Kokko H. Carryover effects from natal habitat type upon competitive ability lead to trait divergence or source-sink dynamics. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1341-1352. [PMID: 29938889 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Local adaptation to rare habitats is difficult due to gene flow, but can occur if the habitat has higher productivity. Differences in offspring phenotypes have attracted little attention in this context. We model a scenario where the rarer habitat improves offspring's later competitive ability - a carryover effect that operates on top of local adaptation to one or the other habitat type. Assuming localised dispersal, so the offspring tend to settle in similar habitat to the natal type, the superior competitive ability of offspring remaining in the rarer habitat hampers immigration from the majority habitat. This initiates a positive feedback between local adaptation and trait divergence, which can thereafter be reinforced by coevolution with dispersal traits that match ecotype to habitat type. Rarity strengthens selection on dispersal traits and promotes linkage disequilibrium between locally adapted traits and ecotype-habitat matching dispersal. We propose that carryover effects may initiate isolation by ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan A Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Henrik G Smith
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Centre of Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Nosil P, Villoutreix R, de Carvalho CF, Farkas TE, Soria-Carrasco V, Feder JL, Crespi BJ, Gompert Z. Natural selection and the predictability of evolution in Timema stick insects. Science 2018; 359:765-770. [PMID: 29449486 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Predicting evolution remains difficult. We studied the evolution of cryptic body coloration and pattern in a stick insect using 25 years of field data, experiments, and genomics. We found that evolution is more difficult to predict when it involves a balance between multiple selective factors and uncertainty in environmental conditions than when it involves feedback loops that cause consistent back-and-forth fluctuations. Specifically, changes in color-morph frequencies are modestly predictable through time (r2 = 0.14) and driven by complex selective regimes and yearly fluctuations in climate. In contrast, temporal changes in pattern-morph frequencies are highly predictable due to negative frequency-dependent selection (r2 = 0.86). For both traits, however, natural selection drives evolution around a dynamic equilibrium, providing some predictability to the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Romain Villoutreix
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Timothy E Farkas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06369, USA
| | - Víctor Soria-Carrasco
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Bernard J Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Zach Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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43
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Delaney EK, Hoekstra HE. Sexual imprinting and speciation between two Peromyscus species. Evolution 2018; 72:274-287. [PMID: 29231989 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sexual isolation, a reproductive barrier, can prevent interbreeding between diverging populations or species. Sexual isolation can have a clear genetic basis; however, it may also result from learned mate preferences that form via sexual imprinting. Here, we demonstrate that two sympatric species of mice-the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and its sister species, the cotton mouse (P. gossypinus)-hybridize only rarely in the wild despite co-occurrence in the same habitat and lack of any measurable intrinsic postzygotic barriers in laboratory crosses. We present evidence that strong conspecific mating preferences in each species result in significant sexual isolation. We find that these preferences are learned in at least one species: P. gossypinus sexually imprints on its parents, but in P. leucopus, additional factors influence mating preferences. Our study demonstrates that sexual imprinting contributes to reproductive isolation that reduces hybridization between otherwise interfertile species, supporting the role for learning in mammalian speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Delaney
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Current Address: Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hopi E Hoekstra
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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44
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Massatti R, Doherty KD, Wood TE. Resolving neutral and deterministic contributions to genomic structure in Syntrichia ruralis (Bryophyta, Pottiaceae) informs propagule sourcing for dryland restoration. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-1026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Experimental studies of the evolution of reproductive isolation (RI) in real time are a powerful way in which to reveal fundamental, early processes that initiate divergence. In a classic speciation experiment, populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura were subjected to divergent dietary selection and evolved significant positive assortative mating by diet. More recently, a direct role for the gut microbiome in determining this type of RI in Drosophila melanogaster has been proposed. Manipulation of the diet, and hence the gut microbiome, was reported to result in immediate assortative mating by diet, which could be eliminated by reducing gut microbes using antibiotics and recreated by adding back Lactobacillus plantarum We suggest that the evolutionary significance of this result is unclear. For example, in D. melanogaster, the microbiome is reported as flexible and largely environmentally determined. Therefore, microbiome-mediated RI would be transient and would break down under dietary variation. In the absence of evolutionary coassociation or recurrent exposure between host and microbiome, there are no advantages for the gut bacteria or host in effecting RI. To explore these puzzling effects and their mechanisms further, we repeated the tests for RI associated with diet-specific gut microbiomes in D. melanogaster Despite observing replicable differences in the gut microbiomes of flies maintained on different diets, we found no evidence for diet-associated RI, for any role of gut bacteria, or for L. plantarum specifically. The results suggest that there is no general role for gut bacteria in driving the evolution of RI in this species and resolve an evolutionary riddle.
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46
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Jarvis WMC, Comeau SM, Colborne SF, Robinson BW. Flexible mate choice may contribute to ecotype assortative mating in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1810-1820. [PMID: 28590579 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene flow is expected to limit adaptive divergence, but the ecological and behavioural factors that govern gene flow are still poorly understood, particularly at the earliest stages of population divergence. Reduced gene flow through mate choice (sexual isolation) can evolve even under conditions of subtle population divergence if intermediate phenotypes have reduced fitness. We indirectly tested the hypothesis that mate choice has evolved between coexisting littoral and pelagic ecotypes of polyphenic pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) that have diverged in morphology and resource use and where intermediate phenotypes have reduced performance. We assessed the ecotype of nesting males and females using stable isotope estimates of diet and a divergent male morphological trait, oral jaw width. We found positive assortative mating between ecotypes in a common spawning habitat along exposed lake shorelines, but contrary to expectations, assortative mating was variably expressed between two sampling years. Although the factors that influence variable assortative mating remain unclear, our results are consistent with mate choice being expressed by ecotypes. Despite being variably expressed, mate choice will reduce gene flow between ecotypes and could contribute to further adaptive divergence depending on its frequency and strength in the population. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence indicating mate choice behaviour can be a plastic trait, an idea that should be more explicitly considered in empirical studies of mate choice as well as conceptual frameworks of mate choice evolution and adaptive divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M C Jarvis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S M Comeau
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S F Colborne
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - B W Robinson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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47
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Matsubayashi KW, Kohyama TI, Kobayashi N, Yamasaki S, Kuwajima M, Katakura H. Genetic divergence with ongoing gene flow is maintained by the use of different hosts in phytophagous ladybird beetles genus Henosepilachna. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1110-1123. [PMID: 28306172 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to different environments can promote population divergence via natural selection even in the presence of gene flow - a phenomenon that typically occurs during ecological speciation. To elucidate how natural selection promotes and maintains population divergence during speciation, we investigated the population genetic structure, degree of gene flow and heterogeneous genomic divergence in three closely related Japanese phytophagous ladybird beetles: Henosepilachna pustulosa, H. niponica and H. yasutomii. These species act as a generalist, a wild thistle (Cirsium spp.) specialist and a blue cohosh (Caulophyllum robustum) specialist, respectively, and their ranges differ accordingly. The two specialist species widely co-occur but are reproductively isolated solely due to their high specialization to a particular host plant. Genomewide amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences demonstrated obvious genomewide divergence associated with both geographic distance and ecological divergence. However, a hybridization assessment for both AFLP loci and the mitochondrial sequences revealed a certain degree of unidirectional gene flow between the two sympatric specialist species. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on all of the variable AFLP loci demonstrated that there are genetic similarities between populations from adjacent localities irrespective of the species (i.e. host range). However, a further comparative genome scan identified a few fractions of loci representing approximately 1% of all loci as different host-associated outliers. These results suggest that these three species had a complex origin, which could be obscured by current gene flow, and that ecological divergence can be maintained with only a small fraction of the genome is related to different host use even when there is a certain degree of gene flow between sympatric species pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Matsubayashi
- The Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T I Kohyama
- Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N Kobayashi
- Saitama Prefecture University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Yamasaki
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Kuwajima
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - H Katakura
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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48
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Brothers AN, Delph LF. Divergence in style length and pollen size leads to a postmating-prezygotic reproductive barrier among populations of Silene latifolia. Evolution 2017; 71:1532-1540. [PMID: 28394403 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A central tenet of speciation research is the need to identify reproductive isolating barriers. One approach to this line of research is to identify the phenotypes that lead to reproductive isolation. Several studies on flowering plants have shown that differences in style length contribute to reproductive isolation between species, leading us to consider whether style length could act as a reproductive barrier among populations of a single species. This could occur if style length varied sufficiently and pollen size covaried with style length. Populations of Silene latifolia exhibit variation in flower size, including style length, that is negatively correlated with annual precipitation. We show that this divergence in style length has a genetic basis and acts as a reproductive barrier: males from small-flowered populations produced relatively small pollen grains that were poor at fertilizing ovules when crossed to females from large-flowered populations, leading to a significant reduction in seed production. Manipulating the distance pollen tubes had to travel revealed that this failure was purely mechanical and not the result of other incompatibilities. These results show that style length acts as a postmating-prezygotic reproductive barrier and indicate a potential link between ecotypic differentiation and reproductive isolation within a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Brothers
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Lynda F Delph
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
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49
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Dal Grande F, Sharma R, Meiser A, Rolshausen G, Büdel B, Mishra B, Thines M, Otte J, Pfenninger M, Schmitt I. Adaptive differentiation coincides with local bioclimatic conditions along an elevational cline in populations of a lichen-forming fungus. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:93. [PMID: 28359299 PMCID: PMC5374679 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many fungal species occur across a variety of habitats. Particularly lichens, fungi forming symbioses with photosynthetic partners, have evolved remarkable tolerances for environmental extremes. Despite their ecological importance and ubiquity, little is known about the genetic basis of adaption in lichen populations. Here we studied patterns of genome-wide differentiation in the lichen-forming fungus Lasallia pustulata along an altitudinal gradient in the Mediterranean region. We resequenced six populations as pools and identified highly differentiated genomic regions. We then detected gene-environment correlations while controlling for shared population history and pooled sequencing bias, and performed ecophysiological experiments to assess fitness differences of individuals from different environments. Results We detected two strongly differentiated genetic clusters linked to Mediterranean and temperate-oceanic climate, and an admixture zone, which coincided with the transition between the two bioclimates. High altitude individuals showed ecophysiological adaptations to wetter and more shaded conditions. Highly differentiated genome regions contained a number of genes associated with stress response, local environmental adaptation, and sexual reproduction. Conclusions Taken together our results provide evidence for a complex interplay between demographic history and spatially varying selection acting on a number of key biological processes, suggesting a scenario of ecological speciation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0929-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dal Grande
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anjuli Meiser
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gregor Rolshausen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology Department, University of Kaiserslautern, 67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bagdevi Mishra
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Thines
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Pfenninger
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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50
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Vertacnik KL, Linnen CR. Evolutionary genetics of host shifts in herbivorous insects: insights from the age of genomics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1389:186-212. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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