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Ghodke-Puranik Y, Olferiev M, Crow MK. Systemic lupus erythematosus genetics: insights into pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024:10.1038/s41584-024-01152-2. [PMID: 39232240 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prime example of how the interplay between genetic and environmental factors can trigger systemic autoimmunity, particularly in young women. Although clinical disease can take years to manifest, risk is established by the unique genetic makeup of an individual. Genome-wide association studies have identified almost 200 SLE-associated risk loci, yet unravelling the functional effect of these loci remains a challenge. New analytic tools have enabled researchers to delve deeper, leveraging DNA sequencing and cell-specific and immune pathway analysis to elucidate the immunopathogenic mechanisms. Both common genetic variants and rare non-synonymous mutations can interact to increase SLE risk. Notably, variants strongly associated with SLE are often located in genome super-enhancers that regulate MHC class II gene expression. Additionally, the 3D conformations of DNA and RNA contribute to genome regulation and innate immune system activation. Improved therapies for SLE are urgently needed and current and future knowledge from genetic and genomic research should provide new tools to facilitate patient diagnosis, enhance the identification of therapeutic targets and optimize testing of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Ghodke-Puranik
- Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail Olferiev
- Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary K Crow
- Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Mariaselvam CM, Seth G, Kavadichanda C, Boukouaci W, Wu CL, Costes B, Thabah MM, Krishnamoorthy R, Leboyer M, Negi VS, Tamouza R. Low C4A copy numbers and higher HERV gene insertion contributes to increased risk of SLE, with absence of association with disease phenotype and disease activity. Immunol Res 2024; 72:697-706. [PMID: 38594415 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Low copy numbers (CNs) of C4 genes are associated with systemic autoimmune disorders and affects autoantibody diversity and disease subgroups. The primary objective of this study was to characterize diversity of complement (C4) and C4-Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV) gene copy numbers in SLE. We also sought to assess the association of C4 and C4-HERV CNs with serum complement levels, autoantibodies, disease phenotypes and activity. Finally, we checked the association of C4 and HERV CNs with specific HLA alleles. Genomic DNA from 70 SLE and 90 healthy controls of south Indian Tamil origin were included. Demographic, clinical and serological data was collected in a predetermined proforma. CNs of C4A and C4B genes and the frequency of insertion of 6.4kb HERV within C4 gene (C4AL, C4BL) was determined using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). A four digit high resolution HLA genotyping was done using next generation sequencing. In our cohort, the total C4 gene copies ranged from 2 to 6. Compared to controls, presence of two or less copies of C4A gene was associated with SLE risk (p = 0.005; OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.29-6.22). Higher frequency of HERV insertion in C4A than in C4B increases such risk (p = 0.000; OR = 12.67; 95% CI = 2.80-115.3). AL-AL-AL-BS genotype was significantly higher in controls than SLE (9%vs1%, p = 0.04; OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.00-0.16). Distribution of HLA alleles was not different in SLE compared to controls as well as in SLE subjects with ≤ 2 copies and > 2 copies of C4A, but HLA allele distribution was diverse in subjects with C4B ≤ 2 copies and > 2 copies. Finally, there was no correlation between the C4 and the C4-HERV diversity and complement levels, autoantibodies, disease phenotypes and activity. In conclusion, our data show that, low C4A copy number and higher insertion of HERV-K in C4A increases the risk for SLE. C4 and C4-HERV CNs did not correlate with serum complements, autoantibodies, disease phenotypes and activity in SLE. Further validation in a larger homogenous SLE cohort is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mary Mariaselvam
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605 006, India.
- AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Fondation FondaMental, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM UMR 955, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, F-94010, France.
| | - Gaurav Seth
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605 006, India
| | - Chengappa Kavadichanda
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605 006, India
| | - Wahid Boukouaci
- AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Fondation FondaMental, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM UMR 955, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Ching-Lien Wu
- AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Fondation FondaMental, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM UMR 955, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Bruno Costes
- IMRB, INSERM U955, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Molly Mary Thabah
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605 006, India
| | - Rajagopal Krishnamoorthy
- AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Fondation FondaMental, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM UMR 955, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Fondation FondaMental, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM UMR 955, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Vir Singh Negi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605 006, India
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Fondation FondaMental, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM UMR 955, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, F-94010, France
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3
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Jeong H, Dishuck PC, Yoo D, Harvey WT, Munson KM, Lewis AP, Kordosky J, Garcia GH, Yilmaz F, Hallast P, Lee C, Pastinen T, Eichler EE. Structural polymorphism and diversity of human segmental duplications. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597452. [PMID: 38895457 PMCID: PMC11185583 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Segmental duplications (SDs) contribute significantly to human disease, evolution, and diversity yet have been difficult to resolve at the sequence level. We present a population genetics survey of SDs by analyzing 170 human genome assemblies where the majority of SDs are fully resolved using long-read sequence assembly. Excluding the acrocentric short arms, we identify 173.2 Mbp of duplicated sequence (47.4 Mbp not present in the telomere-to-telomere reference) distinguishing fixed from structurally polymorphic events. We find that intrachromosomal SDs are among the most variable with rare events mapping near their progenitor sequences. African genomes harbor significantly more intrachromosomal SDs and are more likely to have recently duplicated gene families with higher copy number when compared to non-African samples. A comparison to a resource of 563 million full-length Iso-Seq reads identifies 201 novel, potentially protein-coding genes corresponding to these copy number polymorphic SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonsoo Jeong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Philip C. Dishuck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - DongAhn Yoo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William T. Harvey
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine M. Munson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexandra P. Lewis
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Kordosky
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gage H. Garcia
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Feyza Yilmaz
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Pille Hallast
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Charles Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Java A, Burwick R, Chang A. Thrombotic Microangiopathies and the Kidney. ADVANCES IN KIDNEY DISEASE AND HEALTH 2024; 31:255-264. [PMID: 39004465 DOI: 10.1053/j.akdh.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a pathological lesion that occurs due to endothelial injury. It can be seen in a heterogenous group of disorders, typically characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and end-organ ischemia. TMA can also be renal limited with no systemic manifestations. There are multiple etiologies of a TMA with complement activation being a core underlying mechanism, although the nature and extent of complement involvement can vary. A further complicated factor is the cross talk between complement, neutrophils, and coagulation pathways in the pathophysiology of TMAs. Therefore, a thorough and systematic clinical history and laboratory evaluation are critical to establish the cause and pathophysiology of a TMA. Furthermore, TMAs are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and timely diagnosis is key for appropriate management and to prevent end-stage kidney disease and other associated complications. In this review, we focus on the pathology, mechanisms, diagnostic work up and treatment of TMAs associated with various etiologies. We also define the complement evaluations that should be conducted in these patients and further highlight the currently approved complement therapies as well as others in the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Java
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Richard Burwick
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, San Gabriel Valley Perinatal Medical Group, Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center, Pomona, CA
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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5
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Krimpenfort LT, Degn SE, Heesters BA. The follicular dendritic cell: At the germinal center of autoimmunity? Cell Rep 2024; 43:113869. [PMID: 38431843 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases strain healthcare systems worldwide as their incidence rises, and current treatments put patients at risk for infections. An increased understanding of autoimmune diseases is required to develop targeted therapies that do not impair normal immune function. Many autoimmune diseases present with autoantibodies, which drive local or systemic inflammation. This indicates the presence of autoreactive B cells that have escaped tolerance. An important step in the development of autoreactive B cells is the germinal center (GC) reaction, where they undergo affinity maturation toward cognate self-antigen. Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) perform the essential task of antigen presentation to B cells during the affinity maturation process. However, in recent years, it has become clear that FDCs play a much more active role in regulation of GC processes. Here, we evaluate the biology of FDCs in the context of autoimmune disease, with the goal of informing future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc T Krimpenfort
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Søren E Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Yeo NKW, Lim CK, Yaung KN, Khoo NKH, Arkachaisri T, Albani S, Yeo JG. Genetic interrogation for sequence and copy number variants in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Genet 2024; 15:1341272. [PMID: 38501057 PMCID: PMC10944961 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1341272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-onset systemic lupus erythematosus presents with a more severe disease and is associated with a greater genetic burden, especially in patients from Black, Asian or Hispanic ancestries. Next-generation sequencing techniques, notably whole exome sequencing, have been extensively used in genomic interrogation studies to identify causal disease variants that are increasingly implicated in the development of autoimmunity. This Review discusses the known casual variants of polygenic and monogenic systemic lupus erythematosus and its implications under certain genetic disparities while suggesting an age-based sequencing strategy to aid in clinical diagnostics and patient management for improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kim-Wah Yeo
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Che Kang Lim
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Translation Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katherine Nay Yaung
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Kim Huat Khoo
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thaschawee Arkachaisri
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joo Guan Yeo
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Zou X, Yang M, Ye Z, Li T, Jiang Z, Xia Y, Tan S, Long Y, Wang X. Uncovering lupus nephritis-specific genes and the potential of TNFRSF17-targeted immunotherapy: a high-throughput sequencing study. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1303611. [PMID: 38440734 PMCID: PMC10909935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1303611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to identify LN specific-genes and potential therapeutic targets. Methods We performed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from LN patients. Healthy individuals and SLE patients without LN were used as controls. To validate the sequencing results, qRT-PCR was performed for 5 upregulated and 5 downregulated genes. Furthermore, the effect of the TNFRSF17-targeting drug IBI379 on patient plasma cells and B cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Results Our analysis identified 1493 and 205 differential genes in the LN group compared to the control and SLE without LN groups respectively, with 70 genes common to both sets, marking them as LN-specific. These LN-specific genes were significantly enriched in the 'regulation of biological quality' GO term and the cell cycle pathway. Notably, several genes including TNFRSF17 were significantly overexpressed in the kidneys of both LN patients and NZB/W mice. TNFRSF17 levels correlated positively with urinary protein levels, and negatively with complement C3 and C4 levels in LN patients. The TNFRSF17-targeting drug IBI379 effectively induced apoptosis in patient plasma cells without significantly affecting B cells. Discussion Our findings suggest that TNFRSF17 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for LN. Moreover, IBI379 is presented as a promising treatment option for LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuang Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tie Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shenghai Tan
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu Long
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Federici S, Cinicola BL, La Torre F, Castagnoli R, Lougaris V, Giardino G, Volpi S, Caorsi R, Leonardi L, Corrente S, Soresina A, Cancrini C, Insalaco A, Gattorno M, De Benedetti F, Marseglia GL, Del Giudice MM, Cardinale F. Vasculitis and vasculopathy associated with inborn errors of immunity: an overview. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1258301. [PMID: 38357265 PMCID: PMC10866297 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1258301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are disorders of innate immunity, which are characterized by unprovoked recurrent flares of systemic inflammation often characterized by fever associated with clinical manifestations mainly involving the musculoskeletal, mucocutaneous, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Several conditions also present with varied, sometimes prominent, involvement of the vascular system, with features of vasculitis characterized by variable target vessel involvement and organ damage. Here, we report a systematic review of vasculitis and vasculopathy associated with inborn errors of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Federici
- Division of Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Laura Cinicola
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco La Torre
- Department of Pediatrics, Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Caorsi
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucia Leonardi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Annarosa Soresina
- Unit of Pediatric Immunology, Pediatrics Clinic, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Insalaco
- Division of Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Cardinale
- Department of Pediatrics, Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Seddon JM, De D, Casazza W, Cheng SY, Punzo C, Daly M, Zhou D, Coss SL, Atkinson JP, Yu CY. Risk and protection of different rare protein-coding variants of complement component C4A in age-related macular degeneration. Front Genet 2024; 14:1274743. [PMID: 38348408 PMCID: PMC10859408 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1274743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss in the elderly. One-third of the genetic contribution to this disease remains unexplained. Methods: We analyzed targeted sequencing data from two independent cohorts (4,245 cases, 1,668 controls) which included genomic regions of known AMD loci in 49 genes. Results: At a false discovery rate of <0.01, we identified 11 low-frequency AMD variants (minor allele frequency <0.05). Two of those variants were present in the complement C4A gene, including the replacement of the residues that contribute to the Rodgers-1/Chido-1 blood group antigens: [VDLL1207-1210ADLR (V1207A)] with discovery odds ratio (OR) = 1.7 (p = 3.2 × 10-5) which was replicated in the UK Biobank dataset (3,294 cases, 200,086 controls, OR = 1.52, p = 0.037). A novel variant associated with reduced risk for AMD in our discovery cohort was P1120T, one of the four C4A-isotypic residues. Gene-based tests yielded aggregate effects of nonsynonymous variants in 10 genes including C4A, which were associated with increased risk of AMD. In human eye tissues, immunostaining demonstrated C4A protein accumulation in and around endothelial cells of retinal and choroidal vasculature, and total C4 in soft drusen. Conclusion: Our results indicate that C4A protein in the complement activation pathways may play a role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Seddon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Dikha De
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - William Casazza
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Shun-Yun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Claudio Punzo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Mark Daly
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Danlei Zhou
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Samantha L. Coss
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John P. Atkinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Chack-Yung Yu
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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10
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Marin WM, Augusto DG, Wade KJ, Hollenbach JA. High-throughput complement component 4 genomic sequence analysis with C4Investigator. HLA 2024; 103:e15273. [PMID: 37899688 PMCID: PMC11099535 DOI: 10.1111/tan.15273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The complement component 4 gene loci, composed of the C4A and C4B genes and located on chromosome 6, encodes for complement component 4 (C4) proteins, a key intermediate in the classical and lectin pathways of the complement system. The complement system is an important modulator of immune system activity and is also involved in the clearance of immune complexes and cellular debris. C4A and C4B gene loci exhibit copy number variation, with each composite gene varying between 0 and 5 copies per haplotype. C4A and C4B genes also vary in size depending on the presence of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) in intron 9, denoted by C4(L) for long-form and C4(S) for short-form, which affects expression and is found in both C4A and C4B. Additionally, human blood group antigens Rodgers and Chido are located on the C4 protein, with the Rodger epitope generally found on C4A protein, and the Chido epitope generally found on C4B protein. C4A and C4B copy number variation has been implicated in numerous autoimmune and pathogenic diseases. Despite the central role of C4 in immune function and regulation, high-throughput genomic sequence analysis of C4A and C4B variants has been impeded by the high degree of sequence similarity and complex genetic variation exhibited by these genes. To investigate C4 variation using genomic sequencing data, we have developed a novel bioinformatic pipeline for comprehensive, high-throughput characterization of human C4A and C4B sequences from short-read sequencing data, named C4Investigator. Using paired-end targeted or whole genome sequence data as input, C4Investigator determines the overall gene copy numbers, as well as C4A, C4B, C4(Rodger), C4(Ch), C4(L), and C4(S). Additionally, C4Ivestigator reports the full overall C4A and C4B aligned sequence, enabling nucleotide level analysis. To demonstrate the utility of this workflow we have analyzed C4A and C4B variation in the 1000 Genomes Project Data set, showing that these genes are highly poly-allelic with many variants that have the potential to impact C4 protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M. Marin
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Danillo G. Augusto
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Kristen J. Wade
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jill A. Hollenbach
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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11
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Tian D, Sun D, Ren Q, Zhang P, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Luo H, Li X, Han B, Liu D, Zhao K. Genome-wide identification of candidate copy number polymorphism genes associated with complex traits of Tibetan-sheep. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17283. [PMID: 37828092 PMCID: PMC10570297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) is a genetic structural polymorphism important for phenotypic diversity and important economic traits of livestock breeds, and it plays an important role in the desired genetic variation. This study used whole genome sequencing to detect the CNV variation in the genome of 6 local Tibetan sheep groups. We detected 69,166 CNV events and 7230 copy number variable regions (CNVRs) after merging the overlapping CNVs, accounting for 2.72% of the reference genome. The CNVR length detected ranged from 1.1 to 1693.5 Kb, with a total length of 118.69 Mb and an average length of 16.42 Kb per CNVR. Functional GO cluster analysis showed that the CNVR genes were mainly involved in sensory perception systems, response to stimulus, and signal transduction. Through CNVR-based Vst analysis, we found that the CACNA2D3 and CTBP1 genes related to hypoxia adaptation, the HTR1A gene related to coat color, and the TRNAS-GGA and PIK3C3 genes related to body weight were all strongly selected. The findings of our study will contribute novel insights into the genetic structural variation underlying hypoxia adaptation and economically important traits in Tibetan sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehong Tian
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - De Sun
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Huzhu County of Qinghai Province, Huzhu, 810500, Qinghai, China
| | - Qianben Ren
- Qinghai Sheep Breeding and Promotion Service Center, Gangcha, 812300, Qinghai, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Qinghai Animal and Plant Quarantine Station, Xining, 810000, Qinghai, China
| | - Zian Zhang
- Qinghai Sheep Breeding and Promotion Service Center, Gangcha, 812300, Qinghai, China
| | - Wenkui Zhang
- Qinghai Sheep Breeding and Promotion Service Center, Gangcha, 812300, Qinghai, China
| | - Haizhou Luo
- Qinghai Sheep Breeding and Promotion Service Center, Gangcha, 812300, Qinghai, China
| | - Xue Li
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Buying Han
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dehui Liu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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Jia X, Tan L, Chen S, Tang R, Chen W. Monogenic lupus: Tracing the therapeutic implications from single gene mutations. Clin Immunol 2023; 254:109699. [PMID: 37481012 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic lupus, a distinctive variant of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is characterized by early onset, family-centric clustering, and heightened disease severity. So far, over thirty genetic variations have been identified as single-gene etiology of SLE and lupus-like phenotypes. The critical role of these gene mutations in disrupting various immune pathways is increasingly recognized. In particular, single gene mutation-driven dysfunction within the innate immunity, notably deficiencies in the complement system, impedes the degradation of free nucleic acid and immune complexes, thereby promoting activation of innate immune cells. The accumulation of these components in various tissues and organs creates a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, characterized by a surge in pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and type I interferons. Concurrently, single gene mutation-associated defects in the adaptive immune system give rise to the emergence of autoreactive T cells, hyperactivated B cells and plasma cells. The ensuing spectrum of cytokines and autoimmune antibodies drives systemic disease manifestations, primarily including kidney, skin and central nervous system-related phenotypes. This review provides a thorough overview of the single gene mutations and potential consequent immune dysregulations in monogenic lupus, elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of monogenic lupus. Furthermore, it discusses the recent advances made in the therapeutic interventions for monogenic lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Jia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Sixiu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruihan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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13
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Marin WM, Augusto DG, Wade KJ, Hollenbach JA. High-throughput complement component 4 genomic sequence analysis with C4Investigator. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.18.549551. [PMID: 37503256 PMCID: PMC10370142 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.18.549551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The complement component 4 gene locus, composed of the C4A and C4B genes and located on chromosome 6, encodes for C4 protein, a key intermediate in the classical and lectin pathways of the complement system. The complement system is an important modulator of immune system activity and is also involved in the clearance of immune complexes and cellular debris. The C4 gene locus exhibits copy number variation, with each composite gene varying between 0-5 copies per haplotype, C4 genes also vary in size depending on the presence of the HERV retrovirus in intron 9, denoted by C4(L) for long-form and C4(S) for short-form, which modulates expression and is found in both C4A and C4B. Additionally, human blood group antigens Rodgers and Chido are located on the C4 protein, with the Rodger epitope generally found on C4A protein, and the Chido epitope generally found on C4B protein. C4 copy number variation has been implicated in numerous autoimmune and pathogenic diseases. Despite the central role of C4 in immune function and regulation, high-throughput genomic sequence analysis of C4 variants has been impeded by the high degree of sequence similarity and complex genetic variation exhibited by these genes. To investigate C4 variation using genomic sequencing data, we have developed a novel bioinformatic pipeline for comprehensive, high-throughput characterization of human C4 sequence from short-read sequencing data, named C4Investigator. Using paired-end targeted or whole genome sequence data as input, C4Investigator determines gene copy number for overall C4, C4A, C4B, C4(Rodger), C4(Ch), C4(L), and C4(S), additionally, C4Ivestigator reports the full overall C4 aligned sequence, enabling nucleotide level analysis of C4. To demonstrate the utility of this workflow we have analyzed C4 variation in the 1000 Genomes Project Dataset, showing that the C4 genes are highly poly-allelic with many variants that have the potential to impact C4 protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M. Marin
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Danillo G. Augusto
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Kristen J. Wade
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jill A. Hollenbach
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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14
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Guga S, Wang Y, Graham DC, Vyse TJ. A review of genetic risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:1247-1258. [PMID: 37496418 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2240959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multisystem autoimmune disease with a wide range of signs and symptoms in affected individuals. The utilization of genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology has led to an explosion in the number of genetic risk factors mapped for autoimmune diseases, including SLE. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the more recent genetic risk loci mapped in SLE, which bring the total number of loci mapped to approximately 200. We review prioritization analyses of the associated variants and experimental validation of the putative causal variants. This includes the implementation of new bioinformatic techniques to align genomic and functional data and the use of transcriptomics with single-cell RNA-sequencing, CRISPR genome editing, and Massive Parallel Reporter Assays to analyze non-coding regulatory genetics. EXPERT OPINION Despite progress in identifying more genetic risk loci and variant-gene pairs for SLE, understanding its pathogenesis and applying findings clinically remains challenging. The polygenic risk score (PRS) has been used as an application of SLE genetics, but with limited performance in non-EUR populations. In the next few years, advancements in proteomics, post-translational modification estimation, and whole-genome sequencing will enhance disease understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suri Guga
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Timothy J Vyse
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
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15
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Houwaart T, Scholz S, Pollock NR, Palmer WH, Kichula KM, Strelow D, Le DB, Belick D, Hülse L, Lautwein T, Wachtmeister T, Wollenweber TE, Henrich B, Köhrer K, Parham P, Guethlein LA, Norman PJ, Dilthey AT. Complete sequences of six major histocompatibility complex haplotypes, including all the major MHC class II structures. HLA 2023; 102:28-43. [PMID: 36932816 PMCID: PMC10986641 DOI: 10.1111/tan.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and comprehensive immunogenetic reference panels are key to the successful implementation of population-scale immunogenomics. The 5Mbp Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is the most polymorphic region of the human genome and associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases, transplant matching and therapy responses. Analysis of MHC genetic variation is severely complicated by complex patterns of sequence variation, linkage disequilibrium and a lack of fully resolved MHC reference haplotypes, increasing the risk of spurious findings on analyzing this medically important region. Integrating Illumina, ultra-long Nanopore, and PacBio HiFi sequencing as well as bespoke bioinformatics, we completed five of the alternative MHC reference haplotypes of the current (GRCh38/hg38) build of the human reference genome and added one other. The six assembled MHC haplotypes encompass the DR1 and DR4 haplotype structures in addition to the previously completed DR2 and DR3, as well as six distinct classes of the structurally variable C4 region. Analysis of the assembled haplotypes showed that MHC class II sequence structures, including repeat element positions, are generally conserved within the DR haplotype supergroups, and that sequence diversity peaks in three regions around HLA-A, HLA-B+C, and the HLA class II genes. Demonstrating the potential for improved short-read analysis, the number of proper read pairs recruited to the MHC was found to be increased by 0.06%-0.49% in a 1000 Genomes Project read remapping experiment with seven diverse samples. Furthermore, the assembled haplotypes can serve as references for the community and provide the basis of a structurally accurate genotyping graph of the complete MHC region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Houwaart
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Stephan Scholz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Nicholas R. Pollock
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsAnschutz Medical Campus, University of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyAnschutz Medical Campus, University of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - William H. Palmer
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsAnschutz Medical Campus, University of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyAnschutz Medical Campus, University of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Katherine M. Kichula
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsAnschutz Medical Campus, University of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyAnschutz Medical Campus, University of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Daniel Strelow
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Duyen B. Le
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dana Belick
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Lisanna Hülse
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Lautwein
- Biologisch‐Medizinisches‐Forschungszentrum (BMFZ)Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Thorsten Wachtmeister
- Biologisch‐Medizinisches‐Forschungszentrum (BMFZ)Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tassilo E. Wollenweber
- Biologisch‐Medizinisches‐Forschungszentrum (BMFZ)Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Birgit Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biologisch‐Medizinisches‐Forschungszentrum (BMFZ)Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, and Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lisbeth A. Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, and Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsAnschutz Medical Campus, University of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyAnschutz Medical Campus, University of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Alexander T. Dilthey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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16
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Coss SL, Zhou D, Chua GT, Aziz RA, Hoffman RP, Wu YL, Ardoin SP, Atkinson JP, Yu CY. The complement system and human autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102979. [PMID: 36535812 PMCID: PMC10276174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic deficiencies of early components of the classical complement activation pathway (especially C1q, r, s, and C4) are the strongest monogenic causal factors for the prototypic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but their prevalence is extremely rare. In contrast, isotype genetic deficiency of C4A and acquired deficiency of C1q by autoantibodies are frequent among patients with SLE. Here we review the genetic basis of complement deficiencies in autoimmune disease, discuss the complex genetic diversity seen in complement C4 and its association with autoimmune disease, provide guidance as to when clinicians should suspect and test for complement deficiencies, and outline the current understanding of the mechanisms relating complement deficiencies to autoimmunity. We focus primarily on SLE, as the role of complement in SLE is well-established, but will also discuss other informative diseases such as inflammatory arthritis and myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Coss
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Danlei Zhou
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gilbert T Chua
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rabheh Abdul Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert P Hoffman
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yee Ling Wu
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Stacy P Ardoin
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John P Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chack-Yung Yu
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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17
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Karl JA, Prall TM, Bussan HE, Varghese JM, Pal A, Wiseman RW, O'Connor DH. Complete sequencing of a cynomolgus macaque major histocompatibility complex haplotype. Genome Res 2023; 33:448-462. [PMID: 36854669 PMCID: PMC10078292 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277429.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Macaques provide the most widely used nonhuman primate models for studying the immunology and pathogenesis of human diseases. Although the macaque major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region shares most features with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, macaques have an expanded repertoire of MHC class I genes. Although a chimera of two rhesus macaque MHC haplotypes was first published in 2004, the structural diversity of MHC genomic organization in macaques remains poorly understood owing to a lack of adequate genomic reference sequences. We used ultralong Oxford Nanopore and high-accuracy Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) HiFi sequences to fully assemble the ∼5.2-Mb M3 haplotype of an MHC-homozygous, Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). The MHC homozygosity allowed us to assemble a single MHC haplotype unambiguously and avoid chimeric assemblies that hampered previous efforts to characterize this exceptionally complex genomic region in macaques. The high quality of this new assembly is exemplified by the identification of an extended cluster of six Mafa-AG genes that contains a recent duplication with a highly similar ∼48.5-kb block of sequence. The MHC class II region of this M3 haplotype is similar to the previously sequenced rhesus macaque haplotype and HLA class II haplotypes. The MHC class I region, in contrast, contains 13 MHC-B genes, four MHC-A genes, and three MHC-E genes (vs. 19 MHC-B, two MHC-A, and one MHC-E in the previously sequenced haplotype). These results provide an unambiguously assembled single contiguous cynomolgus macaque MHC haplotype with fully curated gene annotations that will inform infectious disease and transplantation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Karl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Trent M Prall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Hailey E Bussan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Joshua M Varghese
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Aparna Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA;
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
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18
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Zhou D, King EH, Rothwell S, Krystufkova O, Notarnicola A, Coss S, Abdul-Aziz R, Miller KE, Dang A, Yu GR, Drew J, Lundström E, Pachman LM, Mamyrova G, Curiel RV, De Paepe B, De Bleecker JL, Payton A, Ollier W, O'Hanlon TP, Targoff IN, Flegel WA, Sivaraman V, Oberle E, Akoghlanian S, Driest K, Spencer CH, Wu YL, Nagaraja HN, Ardoin SP, Chinoy H, Rider LG, Miller FW, Lundberg IE, Padyukov L, Vencovský J, Lamb JA, Yu CY. Low copy numbers of complement C4 and C4A deficiency are risk factors for myositis, its subgroups and autoantibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:235-245. [PMID: 36171069 PMCID: PMC9887400 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-222935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a group of autoimmune diseases characterised by myositis-related autoantibodies plus infiltration of leucocytes into muscles and/or the skin, leading to the destruction of blood vessels and muscle fibres, chronic weakness and fatigue. While complement-mediated destruction of capillary endothelia is implicated in paediatric and adult dermatomyositis, the complex diversity of complement C4 in IIM pathology was unknown. METHODS We elucidated the gene copy number (GCN) variations of total C4, C4A and C4B, long and short genes in 1644 Caucasian patients with IIM, plus 3526 matched healthy controls using real-time PCR or Southern blot analyses. Plasma complement levels were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. RESULTS The large study populations helped establish the distribution patterns of various C4 GCN groups. Low GCNs of C4T (C4T=2+3) and C4A deficiency (C4A=0+1) were strongly correlated with increased risk of IIM with OR equalled to 2.58 (2.28-2.91), p=5.0×10-53 for C4T, and 2.82 (2.48-3.21), p=7.0×10-57 for C4A deficiency. Contingency and regression analyses showed that among patients with C4A deficiency, the presence of HLA-DR3 became insignificant as a risk factor in IIM except for inclusion body myositis (IBM), by which 98.2% had HLA-DR3 with an OR of 11.02 (1.44-84.4). Intragroup analyses of patients with IIM for C4 protein levels and IIM-related autoantibodies showed that those with anti-Jo-1 or with anti-PM/Scl had significantly lower C4 plasma concentrations than those without these autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS C4A deficiency is relevant in dermatomyositis, HLA-DRB1*03 is important in IBM and both C4A deficiency and HLA-DRB1*03 contribute interactively to risk of polymyositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Zhou
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily H King
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Simon Rothwell
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Olga Krystufkova
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonella Notarnicola
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samantha Coss
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rabheh Abdul-Aziz
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Katherine E Miller
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda Dang
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - G Richard Yu
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanne Drew
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emeli Lundström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauren M Pachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gulnara Mamyrova
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rodolfo V Curiel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Boel De Paepe
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Antony Payton
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William Ollier
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Terrance P O'Hanlon
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ira N Targoff
- Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willy A Flegel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vidya Sivaraman
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward Oberle
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shoghik Akoghlanian
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyla Driest
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Yee Ling Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Haikady N Nagaraja
- Division of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stacy P Ardoin
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hector Chinoy
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lisa G Rider
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frederick W Miller
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiří Vencovský
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Janine A Lamb
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Chack-Yung Yu
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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19
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Lundtoft C, Sjöwall C, Rantapää‐Dahlqvist S, Bengtsson AA, Jönsen A, Pucholt P, Wu YL, Lundström E, Eloranta M, Gunnarsson I, Baecklund E, Jonsson R, Hammenfors D, Forsblad‐d'Elia H, Eriksson P, Mandl T, Bucher S, Norheim KB, Auglaend Johnsen SJ, Omdal R, Kvarnström M, Wahren‐Herlenius M, Truedsson L, Nilsson B, Kozyrev SV, Bianchi M, Lindblad‐Toh K, Yu C, Nordmark G, Sandling JK, Svenungsson E, Leonard D, Rönnblom L, Rönnblom L. Strong Association of Combined Genetic Deficiencies in the Classical Complement Pathway With Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1842-1850. [PMID: 35729719 PMCID: PMC9828039 DOI: 10.1002/art.42270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complete genetic deficiency of the complement component C2 is a strong risk factor for monogenic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but whether heterozygous C2 deficiency adds to the risk of SLE or primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) has not been studied systematically. This study was undertaken to investigate potential associations of heterozygous C2 deficiency and C4 copy number variation with clinical manifestations in patients with SLE and patients with primary SS. METHODS The presence of the common 28-bp C2 deletion rs9332736 and C4 copy number variation was examined in Scandinavian patients who had received a diagnosis of SLE (n = 958) or primary SS (n = 911) and in 2,262 healthy controls through the use of DNA sequencing. The concentration of complement proteins in plasma and classical complement function were analyzed in a subgroup of SLE patients. RESULTS Heterozygous C2 deficiency-when present in combination with a low C4A copy number-substantially increased the risk of SLE (odds ratio [OR] 10.2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 3.5-37.0]) and the risk of primary SS (OR 13.0 [95% CI 4.5-48.4]) when compared to individuals with 2 C4A copies and normal C2. For patients heterozygous for rs9332736 with 1 C4A copy, the median age at diagnosis was 7 years earlier in patients with SLE and 12 years earlier in patients with primary SS when compared to patients with normal C2. Reduced C2 levels in plasma (P = 2 × 10-9 ) and impaired function of the classical complement pathway (P = 0.03) were detected in SLE patients with heterozygous C2 deficiency. Finally, in a primary SS patient homozygous for C2 deficiency, we observed low levels of anti-Scl-70, which suggests a risk of developing systemic sclerosis or potential overlap between primary SS and other systemic autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that a genetic pattern involving partial deficiencies of C2 and C4A in the classical complement pathway is a strong risk factor for SLE and for primary SS. Our results emphasize the central role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of both SLE and primary SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lundtoft
- Department of Medical Sciences, RheumatologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Present address:
Olink Proteomics
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | | | - Anders A. Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Rheumatology, Lund University, and Skåne University HospitalLundSweden
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Rheumatology, Lund University, and Skåne University HospitalLundSweden
| | - Pascal Pucholt
- Department of Medical Sciences, RheumatologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Yee Ling Wu
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, and the Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinois
| | - Emeli Lundström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine SolnaKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | | | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine SolnaKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Eva Baecklund
- Department of Medical Sciences, RheumatologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Roland Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Helena Forsblad‐d'Elia
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Thomas Mandl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences MalmöLund University, and NovartisMalmöSweden
| | - Sara Bucher
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Katrine B. Norheim
- Department of Rheumatology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway, and the Institute of Clinical Science, University of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Roald Omdal
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, and the Department of RheumatologyStavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway
| | - Marika Kvarnström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, and the Academic Specialist Center, Center for Rheumatology, Stockholm Health ServicesStockholmSweden
| | - Marie Wahren‐Herlenius
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, and Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Lennart Truedsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and GlycobiologyLund University HospitalLundSweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Sergey V. Kozyrev
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Matteo Bianchi
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Kerstin Lindblad‐Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusetts
| | | | - Chack‐Yung Yu
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhio
| | - Gunnel Nordmark
- Department of Medical Sciences, RheumatologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine SolnaKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Dag Leonard
- Department of Medical Sciences, RheumatologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, RheumatologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Villalvazo P, Carriazo S, Rojas-Rivera J, Ramos AM, Ortiz A, Perez-Gomez MV. Gain-of-function TLR7 and loss-of-function A20 gene variants identify a novel pathway for Mendelian lupus and lupus nephritis. Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:1973-1980. [PMID: 36324999 PMCID: PMC9613427 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic and inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown origin that may cause kidney disease, i.e. lupus nephritis (LN). Within a wider trend towards an expanding field of genetic causes of kidney disease, two recent reports have emphasized the role of Mendelian autoimmune disorders in causing LN both in children and in young adults. Loss-of-function (LOF) variants of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) and gain of function (GOF) variants of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) cause SLE and LN, respectively. Interestingly, both genes regulate the same signaling route, as A20, the protein encoded by TNFAIP3, inhibits nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB) activation while TLR7 promoted NF-ĸB activation. Moreover, TNFAIP3 and TLR7 variants are relatively frequent, potentially contributing to polygenic risk for LN. Finally, they both may be expressed by kidney cells, potentially contributing to the severity of kidney injury in persons who have already developed autoimmunity. The fact that both genes regulate the same pathway may lead to novel therapeutic approaches targeting the shared molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Villalvazo
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sol Carriazo
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rojas-Rivera
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián M Ramos
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040,Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040,Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Vanessa Perez-Gomez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040,Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Kerick M, Acosta-Herrera M, Simeón-Aznar CP, Callejas JL, Assassi S, Proudman SM, Nikpour M, Hunzelmann N, Moroncini G, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Orozco G, Barton A, Herrick AL, Terao C, Allanore Y, Fonseca C, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Radstake TRDJ, Beretta L, Denton CP, Mayes MD, Martin J. Complement component C4 structural variation and quantitative traits contribute to sex-biased vulnerability in systemic sclerosis. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:57. [PMID: 36198672 PMCID: PMC9534873 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number (CN) polymorphisms of complement C4 play distinct roles in many conditions, including immune-mediated diseases. We investigated the association of C4 CN with systemic sclerosis (SSc) risk. Imputed total C4, C4A, C4B, and HERV-K CN were analyzed in 26,633 individuals and validated in an independent cohort. Our results showed that higher C4 CN confers protection to SSc, and deviations from CN parity of C4A and C4B augmented risk. The protection contributed per copy of C4A and C4B differed by sex. Stronger protection was afforded by C4A in men and by C4B in women. C4 CN correlated well with its gene expression and serum protein levels, and less C4 was detected for both in SSc patients. Conditioned analysis suggests that C4 genetics strongly contributes to the SSc association within the major histocompatibility complex locus and highlights classical alleles and amino acid variants of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DPB1 as C4-independent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kerick
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
| | - Marialbert Acosta-Herrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
- Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | - Shervin Assassi
- Department of Rheumatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susanna M Proudman
- Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mandana Nikpour
- The University of Melbourne at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Gianluca Moroncini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Gisela Orozco
- Center for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Center, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- Center for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Center, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Ariane L Herrick
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Northern care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yannick Allanore
- Department of Rheumatology A, Hospital Cochin, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Carmen Fonseca
- Center for Rheumatology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - Marta Eugenia Alarcón-Riquelme
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Beretta
- Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Center for Rheumatology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - Maureen D Mayes
- Department of Rheumatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Javier Martin
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
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22
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Kayser C, Dutra LA, Dos Reis-Neto ET, Castro CHDM, Fritzler MJ, Andrade LEC. The Role of Autoantibody Testing in Modern Personalized Medicine. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:251-288. [PMID: 35244870 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine (PM) aims individualized approach to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Precision Medicine applies the paradigm of PM by defining groups of individuals with akin characteristics. Often the two terms have been used interchangeably. The quest for PM has been advancing for centuries as traditional nosology classification defines groups of clinical conditions with relatively similar prognoses and treatment options. However, any individual is characterized by a unique set of multiple characteristics and therefore the achievement of PM implies the determination of myriad demographic, epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters. The accelerated identification of numerous biological variables associated with diverse health conditions contributes to the fulfillment of one of the pre-requisites for PM. The advent of multiplex analytical platforms contributes to the determination of thousands of biological parameters using minute amounts of serum or other biological matrixes. Finally, big data analysis and machine learning contribute to the processing and integration of the multiplexed data at the individual level, allowing for the personalized definition of susceptibility, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment. Autoantibodies are traditional biomarkers for autoimmune diseases and can contribute to PM in many aspects, including identification of individuals at risk, early diagnosis, disease sub-phenotyping, definition of prognosis, and treatment, as well as monitoring disease activity. Herein we address how autoantibodies can promote PM in autoimmune diseases using the examples of systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and autoimmune neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Kayser
- Rheumatology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Luis Eduardo C Andrade
- Rheumatology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Immunology Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratories, São Paulo, Brazil.
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23
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Sullivan KE. The yin and the yang of early classical pathway complement disorders. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:151-160. [PMID: 35648651 PMCID: PMC9390844 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical pathway of the complement cascade has been recognized as a key activation arm, partnering with the lectin activation arm and the alternative pathway to cleave C3 and initiate the assembly of the terminal components. While deficiencies of classical pathway components have been recognized since 1966, only recently have gain-of-function variants been described for some of these proteins. Loss-of-function variants in C1, C4, and C2 are most often associated with lupus and systemic infections with encapsulated bacteria. C3 deficiency varies slightly from this phenotypic class with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and infection as the dominant phenotypes. The gain-of-function variants recently described for C1r and C1s lead to periodontal Ehlers Danlos syndrome, a surprisingly structural phenotype. Gain-of-function in C3 and C2 are associated with endothelial manifestations including hemolytic uremic syndrome and vasculitis with C2 gain-of-function variants thus far having been reported in patients with a C3 glomerulopathy. This review will discuss the loss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes and place them within the larger context of complement deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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24
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Lundtoft C, Pucholt P, Martin M, Bianchi M, Lundström E, Eloranta ML, Sandling JK, Sjöwall C, Jönsen A, Gunnarsson I, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Bengtsson AA, Leonard D, Baecklund E, Jonsson R, Hammenfors D, Forsblad-d'Elia H, Eriksson P, Mandl T, Magnusson Bucher S, Norheim KB, Auglaend Johnsen SJ, Omdal R, Kvarnström M, Wahren-Herlenius M, Notarnicola A, Andersson H, Molberg Ø, Diederichsen LP, Almlöf J, Syvänen AC, Kozyrev SV, Lindblad-Toh K, Nilsson B, Blom AM, Lundberg IE, Nordmark G, Diaz-Gallo LM, Svenungsson E, Rönnblom L. Complement C4 Copy Number Variation is Linked to SSA/Ro and SSB/La Autoantibodies in Systemic Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1440-1450. [PMID: 35315244 PMCID: PMC9543510 DOI: 10.1002/art.42122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Copy number variation of the C4 complement components, C4A and C4B, has been associated with systemic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. This study was undertaken to investigate whether C4 copy number variation is connected to the autoimmune repertoire in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), or myositis. METHODS Using targeted DNA sequencing, we determined the copy number and genetic variants of C4 in 2,290 well-characterized Scandinavian patients with SLE, primary SS, or myositis and 1,251 healthy controls. RESULTS A prominent relationship was observed between C4A copy number and the presence of SSA/SSB autoantibodies, which was shared between the 3 diseases. The strongest association was detected in patients with autoantibodies against both SSA and SSB and 0 C4A copies when compared to healthy controls (odds ratio [OR] 18.0 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 10.2-33.3]), whereas a weaker association was seen in patients without SSA/SSB autoantibodies (OR 3.1 [95% CI 1.7-5.5]). The copy number of C4 correlated positively with C4 plasma levels. Further, a common loss-of-function variant in C4A leading to reduced plasma C4 was more prevalent in SLE patients with a low copy number of C4A. Functionally, we showed that absence of C4A reduced the individuals' capacity to deposit C4b on immune complexes. CONCLUSION We show that a low C4A copy number is more strongly associated with the autoantibody repertoire than with the clinically defined disease entities. These findings may have implications for understanding the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of systemic inflammatory autoimmune diseases and for patient stratification when taking the genetic profile into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matteo Bianchi
- Science for Life Laboratory and Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emeli Lundström
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Jönsen
- Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roald Omdal
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marika Kvarnström
- Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, and Stockholm Health Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Wahren-Herlenius
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Sweden, and University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Louise Pyndt Diederichsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonas Almlöf
- Science for Life Laboratory and Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sergey V Kozyrev
- Science for Life Laboratory and Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory and Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Intertwined pathways of complement activation command the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Transl Res 2022; 245:18-29. [PMID: 35296451 PMCID: PMC9167748 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is involved in the origin of autoimmunity and systemic lupus erythematosus. Both genetic deficiency of complement components and excessive activation are involved in primary and secondary renal diseases, including lupus nephritis. Among the pathways, the classical pathway has long been accepted as the main pathway of complement activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. However, more recent studies have shown the contribution of factors B and D which implies the involvement of the alternative pathway. While there is evidence on the role of the lectin pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus, it is yet to be demonstrated whether this pathway is protective or harmful in lupus nephritis. Complement is being explored for the development of disease biomarkers and therapeutic targeting. In the current review we discuss the involvement of complement in lupus nephritis.
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26
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Szilágyi Á, Csuka D, Geier CB, Prohászka Z. Complement Genetics for the Practicing Allergist Immunologist: Focus on Complement Deficiencies. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1703-1711. [PMID: 35272074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Complement deficiencies have been considered to be rare for many decades, but this assumption is changing year by year. Recognition of these conditions significantly increases thanks to the availability of different testing approaches and due to clinical awareness. Furthermore, sequencing technologies (including Sanger sequencing, targeted gene panels, and whole exome/genome sequencing) may facilitate the identification of the underlying disease-causing genetic background. On the other hand, functional characterization of the identified possibly pathogenic variations and performing family studies, as illustrated by some of our cases, remain similarly important to establish a precise clinical diagnosis facilitating the most appropriate management. Here, we present 4 illustrative cases with complement deficiencies of diverse etiologies and also provide an educative, step-by-step description on how to identify the underlying cause of complement deficiency based on the results of complement laboratory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Szilágyi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Csuka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christoph B Geier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zoltán Prohászka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Research Group for Immunology and Haematology, Semmelweis University-Eötvös Loránd Research Network (Office for Supported Research Groups), Budapest, Hungary.
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27
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Innate Immunity: A Balance between Disease and Adaption to Stress. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050737. [PMID: 35625664 PMCID: PMC9138980 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since first being documented in ancient times, the relation of inflammation with injury and disease has evolved in complexity and causality. Early observations supported a cause (injury) and effect (inflammation) relationship, but the number of pathologies linked to chronic inflammation suggests that inflammation itself acts as a potent promoter of injury and disease. Additionally, results from studies over the last 25 years point to chronic inflammation and innate immune signaling as a critical link between stress (exogenous and endogenous) and adaptation. This brief review looks to highlight the role of the innate immune response in disease pathology, and recent findings indicating the innate immune response to chronic stresses as an influence in driving adaptation.
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28
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Harley ITW, Sawalha AH. Systemic lupus erythematosus as a genetic disease. Clin Immunol 2022; 236:108953. [PMID: 35149194 PMCID: PMC9167620 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is the prototypical systemic autoimmune disease, as it is characterized both by protean multi-organ system manifestations and by the uniform presence of pathogenic autoantibodies directed against components of the nucleus. Prior to the modern genetic era, the diverse clinical manifestations of SLE suggested to many that SLE patients were unlikely to share a common genetic risk basis. However, modern genetic studies have revealed that SLE usually arises when an environmental exposure occurs in an individual with a collection of genetic risk variants passing a liability threshold. Here, we summarize the current state of the field aimed at: (1) understanding the genetic architecture of this complex disease, (2) synthesizing how this genetic risk architecture impacts cellular and molecular disease pathophysiology, (3) providing illustrative examples that highlight the rich complexity of the pathobiology of this prototypical autoimmune disease and (4) communicating this complex etiopathogenesis to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T W Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI(3)), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran's Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Medicine Service, Rheumatology Section, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Amr H Sawalha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Lupus Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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29
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Tong J, Hou X, Cui D, Chen W, Yao H, Xiong B, Cai L, Zhang H, Jiang L. A berberine hydrochloride-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel protects against Staphylococcus aureus infection in a rat mastitis model. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118910. [PMID: 34973731 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the major pathogen responsible for mastitis in dairy cows, an important threat to their health, but prevention of S. aureus infection of the mammary gland remains challenging. Berberine hydrochloride (BH), a naturally occurring phytochemical, exhibits a wide range of activities, including antibacterial effects on S. aureus. In this study, we prepared a novel berberine hydrochloride-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel (BH-CMCH) with excellent thermosensitivity, injectability and in vitro antibacterial activity. In a rat model of mastitis induced by S. aureus, mammary duct injection of BH-CMCH reduced the bacterial load in infected mammary gland tissue and protected the tissue from damage from infection. In addition, proteomics analysis showed that mammary duct injection of BH-CMCH enhanced autolysosome degradation and promoted the innate immune response by activating the lysosomal pathway and up-regulating related significantly differentially expressed proteins (SDEPs). Taken together, the findings support the potential of BH-CMCH as an antibacterial agent against S. aureus-induced mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Defeng Cui
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Wu Chen
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Hua Yao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lirong Cai
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China.
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30
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Song RH, Gao CQ, Zhao J, Zhang JA. An Update Evolving View of Copy Number Variations in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Genet 2022; 12:794348. [PMID: 35126462 PMCID: PMC8810490 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.794348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) usually share possible common mechanisms, i.e., a defect in the immune tolerance exists due to diverse causes from central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Some genetic variations including copy number variations (CNVs) are known to link to several AIDs and are of importance in the susceptibility to AIDs and the potential therapeutic responses to medicines. As an important source of genetic variants, DNA CNVs have been shown to be very common in AIDs, implying these AIDs may possess possible common mechanisms. In addition, some CNVs are differently distributed in various diseases in different ethnic populations, suggesting that AIDs may have their own different phenotypes and different genetic and/or environmental backgrounds among diverse populations. Due to the continuous advancement in genotyping technology, such as high-throughput whole-genome sequencing method, more susceptible variants have been found. Moreover, further replication studies should be conducted to confirm the results of studies with different ethnic cohorts and independent populations. In this review, we aim to summarize the most relevant data that emerged in the past few decades on the relationship of CNVs and AIDs and gain some new insights into the issue.
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31
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Lee H, Wang L, Ni FF, Yang XY, Feng SP, Gao XJ, Chi H, Luo YT, Chen XL, Yang BH, Wan JL, Jiao J, Wu DQ, Zhang GF, Wang M, Yang HP, Chan H, Li Q. Association between HLA alleles and sub-phenotype of childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. World J Pediatr 2022; 18:109-119. [PMID: 34973118 PMCID: PMC8843916 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have addressed the effects of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles on different clinical sub-phenotypes in childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), including SSNS without recurrence (SSNSWR) and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome/frequently relapse nephrotic syndrome (SDNS/FRNS). In this study, we investigated the relationship between HLA system and children with SSNSWR and SDNS/FRNS and clarified the value of HLA allele detection for precise typing of childhood SSNS. METHODS A total of 241 Chinese Han individuals with SSNS were genotyped using GenCap-WES Capture Kit, and four-digit resolution HLA alleles were imputed from available Genome Wide Association data. The distribution and carrying frequency of HLA alleles in SSNSWR and SDNS/FRNS were investigated. Additionally, logistic regression and mediating effects were used to examine the relationship between risk factors for disease process and HLA system. RESULTS Compared with SSNSWR, significantly decreased serum levels of complement 3 (C3) and complement 4 (C4) at onset were detected in SDNS/FRNS (C3, P < 0.001; C4, P = 0.018). The average time to remission after sufficient initial steroid treatment in SDNS/FRNS was significantly longer than that in SSNSWR (P = 0.0001). Low level of C4 was further identified as an independent risk factor for SDNS/FRNS (P = 0.008, odds ratio = 0.174, 95% confidence interval 0.048-0.630). The HLA-A*11:01 allele was independently associated with SSNSWR and SDNS/FRNS (P = 0.0012 and P = 0.0006, respectively). No significant HLA alleles were detected between SSNSWR and SDNS/FRNS. In addition, a mediating effect among HLA-I alleles (HLA-B*15:11, HLA-B*44:03 and HLA-C*07:06), C4 level and SDNS/FRNS was identified. CONCLUSIONS HLA-I alleles provide novel genetic markers for SSNSWR and SDNS/FRNS. HLA-I antigens may be involved in steroid dependent or frequent relapse in children with SSNS as mediators of immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lee
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chengdu Women and Children Central Hospital, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Fen-Fen Ni
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Ying Yang
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Pin Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Chengdu Women and Children Central Hospital, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Xiao-Jie Gao
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Chi
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ye-Tao Luo
- grid.488412.3Department of Statistics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Lan Chen
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bao-Hui Yang
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Li Wan
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Jiao
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dao-Qi Wu
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gao-Fu Zhang
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mo Wang
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Ping Yang
- grid.488412.3Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Chan
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qiu Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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32
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Zhou D, Rudnicki M, Chua GT, Lawrance SK, Zhou B, Drew JL, Barbar-Smiley F, Armstrong TK, Hilt ME, Birmingham DJ, Passler W, Auletta JJ, Bowden SA, Hoffman RP, Wu YL, Jarjour WN, Mok CC, Ardoin SP, Lau YL, Yu CY. Human Complement C4B Allotypes and Deficiencies in Selected Cases With Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739430. [PMID: 34764957 PMCID: PMC8577214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human complement C4 is one of the most diverse but heritable effectors for humoral immunity. To help understand the roles of C4 in the defense and pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, we determined the bases of polymorphisms including the frequent genetic deficiency of C4A and/or C4B isotypes. We demonstrated the diversities of C4A and C4B proteins and their gene copy number variations (CNVs) in healthy subjects and patients with autoimmune disease, such as type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and encephalitis. We identified subjects with (a) the fastest migrating C4B allotype, B7, or (b) a deficiency of C4B protein caused by genetic mutation in addition to gene copy-number variation. Those variants and mutants were characterized, sequenced and specific techniques for detection developed. Novel findings were made in four case series. First, the amino acid sequence determinant for C4B7 was likely the R729Q variation at the anaphylatoxin-like region. Second, in healthy White subject MS630, a C-nucleotide deletion at codon-755 led to frameshift mutations in his single C4B gene, which was a private mutation. Third, in European family E94 with multiplex lupus-related mortality and low serum C4 levels, the culprit was a recurrent haplotype with HLA-A30, B18 and DR7 that segregated with two defective C4B genes and identical mutations at the donor splice site of intron-28. Fourth, in East-Asian subject E133P with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, the C4B gene had a mutation that changed tryptophan-660 to a stop-codon (W660x), which was present in a haplotype with HLA-DRB1*04:06 and B*15:27. The W660x mutation is recurrent among East-Asians with a frequency of 1.5% but not detectable among patients with SLE. A meticulous annotation of C4 sequences revealed clusters of variations proximal to sites for protein processing, activation and inactivation, and binding of interacting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Zhou
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael Rudnicki
- Department of Internal Medicine IV - Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert T Chua
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Simon K Lawrance
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Biology & Earth Science, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, United States
| | - Bi Zhou
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joanne L Drew
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fatima Barbar-Smiley
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Taylor K Armstrong
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Miranda E Hilt
- Department of Biology & Earth Science, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, United States
| | - Daniel J Birmingham
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Werner Passler
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, City Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jeffrey J Auletta
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sasigarn A Bowden
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert P Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yee Ling Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Wael N Jarjour
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Stacy P Ardoin
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Chack Yung Yu
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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33
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Diaz-Gallo LM, Oke V, Lundström E, Elvin K, Ling Wu Y, Eketjäll S, Zickert A, Gustafsson JT, Jönsen A, Leonard D, Birmingham DJ, Nordmark G, Bengtsson AA, Rönnblom L, Gunnarsson I, Yu CY, Padyukov L, Svenungsson E. Four Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Subgroups, Defined by Autoantibodies Status, Differ Regarding HLA-DRB1 Genotype Associations and Immunological and Clinical Manifestations. ACR Open Rheumatol 2021; 4:27-39. [PMID: 34658170 PMCID: PMC8754019 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The heterogeneity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) constitutes clinical and therapeutical challenges. We therefore studied whether unrecognized disease subgroups can be identified by using autoantibody profiling together with HLA‐DRB1 alleles and immunological and clinical data. Methods An unsupervised cluster analysis was performed based on detection of 13 SLE‐associated autoantibodies (double‐stranded DNA, nucleosomes, ribosomal P, ribonucleoprotein [RNP] 68, RNPA, Smith [Sm], Sm/RNP, Sjögren's syndrome antigen A [SSA]/Ro52, SSA/Ro60, Sjögren's syndrome antigen B [SSB]/La, cardiolipin [CL]‐Immunoglobulin G [IgG], CL–Immunoglobulin M [IgM], and β2 glycoprotein I [β2GPI]–IgG) in 911 patients with SLE from two cohorts. We evaluated whether each SLE subgroup is associated with HLA‐DRB1 alleles, clinical manifestations (n = 743), and cytokine levels in circulation (n = 446). Results Our analysis identified four subgroups among the patients with SLE. Subgroup 1 (29.3%) was dominated by anti‐SSA/Ro60/Ro52/SSB autoantibodies and was strongly associated with HLA‐DRB1*03 (odds ratio [OR] = 4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.52‐4.94). Discoid lesions were more common for this disease subgroup (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.18‐2.47). Subgroup 2 (28.7%) was dominated by anti‐nucleosome/SmRNP/DNA/RNPA autoantibodies and associated with HLA‐DRB1*15 (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.41‐1.84). Nephritis was most common in this subgroup (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.14‐2.26). Subgroup 3 (23.8%) was characterized by anti‐ß2GPI‐IgG/anti‐CL–IgG/IgM autoantibodies and a higher frequency of HLA‐DRB1*04 compared with the other patients with SLE. Vascular events were more common in Subgroup 3 (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.2‐2.5). Subgroup 4 (18.2%) was negative for the investigated autoantibodies, and this subgroup was not associated with HLA‐DRB1. Additionally, the levels of eight cytokines significantly differed among the disease subgroups. Conclusion Our findings suggest that four fairly distinct subgroups can be identified on the basis of the autoantibody profile in SLE. These four SLE subgroups differ regarding associations with HLA‐DRB1 alleles and immunological and clinical features, suggesting dissimilar disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina-Marcela Diaz-Gallo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinksa University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilija Oke
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinksa University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emeli Lundström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinksa University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Elvin
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Unit of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yee Ling Wu
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, lk, Illinois
| | - Susanna Eketjäll
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agneta Zickert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinksa University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Gustafsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinksa University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dag Leonard
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnel Nordmark
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders A Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinksa University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chack-Yung Yu
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinksa University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinksa University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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CCL3L3-null status is associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19172. [PMID: 34580371 PMCID: PMC8476559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlation between copy number variation (CNV) and the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported for various immunity-related genes. However, the contribution of CNVs to SLE susceptibility awaits more investigation. To evaluate the copy numbers in immunity-related genes such as TNFAIP3, TNIP1, IL12B, TBX21 (T-bet), TLR7, C4A, C4B, CCL3L1, and CCL3L3, the modified real competitive polymerase chain reaction (mrcPCR) assay was employed, and the association between the copy numbers and SLE susceptibility was analyzed in 334 SLE patients and 338 controls. CCL3L3-null status was significantly associated with SLE susceptibility (OR > 18, P < 0.0001), which remained significant by Bonferroni's correction (corrected P = 0.0007). However, the significant association between C4B low-copy status and SLE susceptibility (OR = 1.6051, P = 0.0331) became non-significant by Bonferroni's correction (corrected P = 0.3938). Except for these results, no other significant association between SLE susceptibility and copy number status in other genes was observed. The CCL3L3-null status may be a significant factor for SLE susceptibility.
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Chan SCW, Lau CS. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Immunodeficiency. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 2:131-138. [PMID: 36465072 PMCID: PMC9524792 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Recent advances in genetic analysis coupled with better understanding of different immune regulatory and signaling pathways have revealed the complex relationship between autoimmunity, including SLE, and immunodeficiency. Furthermore, the expanding therapeutic armamentarium has led to the increasing awareness of secondary immunodeficiency in these patients. This article serves to update the current understanding of SLE and immunodeficiency by discussing the shared genetic factors and immunobiology. We also summarize the effects of immunosuppressive therapies with a focus on secondary antibody deficiency (SAD) after B-cell targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Chiu Wai Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Chebii VJ, Mpolya EA, Oyola SO, Kotze A, Entfellner JBD, Mutuku JM. Genome Scan for Variable Genes Involved in Environmental Adaptations of Nubian Ibex. J Mol Evol 2021; 89:448-457. [PMID: 34142199 PMCID: PMC8318948 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-021-10015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) is a wild goat species that inhabits the Sahara and Arabian deserts and is adapted to extreme ambient temperatures, intense solar radiation, and scarcity of food and water resources. To investigate desert adaptation, we explored the possible role of copy number variations (CNVs) in the evolution of Capra species with a specific focus on the environment of Capra nubiana. CNVs are structural genomic variations that have been implicated in phenotypic differences between species and could play a role in species adaptation. CNVs were inferred from Capra nubiana sequence data relative to the domestic goat reference genome using read-depth approach. We identified 191 CNVs overlapping with protein-coding genes mainly involved in biological processes such as innate immune response, xenobiotic metabolisms, and energy metabolisms. We found copy number variable genes involved in defense response to viral infections (Cluster of Differentiation 48, UL16 binding protein 3, Natural Killer Group 2D ligand 1-like, and Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3), possibly suggesting their roles in Nubian ibex adaptations to viral infections. Additionally, we found copy number variable xenobiotic metabolism genes (carboxylesterase 1, Cytochrome P450 2D6, Glutathione S-transferase Mu 4, and UDP Glucuronosyltransferase-2B7), which are probably an adaptation of Nubian ibex to desert diets that are rich in plant secondary metabolites. Collectively, this study's results advance our understanding of CNVs and their possible roles in the adaptation of Nubian ibex to its environment. The copy number variable genes identified in Nubian ibex could be considered as subjects for further functional characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien J Chebii
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela Africa Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Emmanuel A Mpolya
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela Africa Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Samuel O Oyola
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antoinette Kotze
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - J Musembi Mutuku
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
- Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (WAVE), Pôle Scientifique et d'Innovation de Bingerville, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Khan A, Shang N, Petukhova L, Zhang J, Shen Y, Hebbring SJ, Moncrieffe H, Kottyan LC, Namjou-Khales B, Knevel R, Raychaudhuri S, Karlson EW, Harley JB, Stanaway IB, Crosslin D, Denny JC, Elkind MS, Gharavi AG, Hripcsak G, Weng C, Kiryluk K. Medical Records-Based Genetic Studies of the Complement System. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2031-2047. [PMID: 33941608 PMCID: PMC8455263 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020091371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants in complement genes have been associated with a wide range of human disease states, but well-powered genetic association studies of complement activation have not been performed in large multiethnic cohorts. METHODS We performed medical records-based genome-wide and phenome-wide association studies for plasma C3 and C4 levels among participants of the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) network. RESULTS In a GWAS for C3 levels in 3949 individuals, we detected two genome-wide significant loci: chr.1q31.3 (CFH locus; rs3753396-A; β=0.20; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.25; P=1.52x10-11) and chr.19p13.3 (C3 locus; rs11569470-G; β=0.19; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.24; P=1.29x10-8). These two loci explained approximately 2% of variance in C3 levels. GWAS for C4 levels involved 3998 individuals and revealed a genome-wide significant locus at chr.6p21.32 (C4 locus; rs3135353-C; β=0.40; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.45; P=4.58x10-35). This locus explained approximately 13% of variance in C4 levels. The multiallelic copy number variant analysis defined two structural genomic C4 variants with large effect on blood C4 levels: C4-BS (β=-0.36; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.30; P=2.98x10-22) and C4-AL-BS (β=0.25; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.29; P=8.11x10-23). Overall, C4 levels were strongly correlated with copy numbers of C4A and C4B genes. In comprehensive phenome-wide association studies involving 102,138 eMERGE participants, we cataloged a full spectrum of autoimmune, cardiometabolic, and kidney diseases genetically related to systemic complement activation. CONCLUSIONS We discovered genetic determinants of plasma C3 and C4 levels using eMERGE genomic data linked to electronic medical records. Genetic variants regulating C3 and C4 levels have large effects and multiple clinical correlations across the spectrum of complement-related diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atlas Khan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ning Shang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Lynn Petukhova
- Department of Dermatology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Scott J. Hebbring
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Halima Moncrieffe
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah C. Kottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bahram Namjou-Khales
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rachel Knevel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth W. Karlson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John B. Harley
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ian B. Stanaway
- Department of Biomedical Informatics Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David Crosslin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mitchell S.V. Elkind
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ali G. Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - George Hripcsak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chunhua Weng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Tak AS, Satapathy J, Jana M, Sinha A, Jat KR, Bagri NK. Monogenic lupus with homozygous C4A deficiency presenting as bronchiectasis and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. Rheumatol Int 2021; 42:1477-1482. [PMID: 34287686 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic lupus is a subset of lupus caused by single-gene disorders, integrating the paradoxical combination of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Pulmonary manifestations with recurrent pneumonia and bronchiectasis have rarely been described as the predominant presentation of juvenile lupus and may suggest an alternate differential like primary immunodeficiency, especially in early childhood. We describe a case of 10-year girl who presented with a history of recurrent pneumonia, arthritis, alopecia, and poor weight gain for the past 2 years. On examination, she had respiratory distress, bilateral diffuse crackles and arthritis of the small joints of hands. Lab investigations showed pancytopenia, low complement levels and high titers of ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies. The patient was diagnosed with juvenile lupus. Imaging studies revealed evidence of multiple lobar collapse and consolidation with bronchiectasis. She was started on steroids, HCQ and supportive measures for bronchiectasis. The child reported relief in initial symptoms of lupus on follow-up but developed recurrent thrombocytopenia requiring IVIG and escalating the doses of oral steroids. The young age and atypical presentation prompted a screening for monogenic lupus, and clinical exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous missense variation in exon 20 of the C4Agene with clinically reduced C4 levels, consistent with the diagnosis of C4A deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma S Tak
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manisha Jana
- Department of Radio Diagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Sinha
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kana Ram Jat
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Narendra K Bagri
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Wang H, Liu M. Complement C4, Infections, and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694928. [PMID: 34335607 PMCID: PMC8317844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement C4, a key molecule in the complement system that is one of chief constituents of innate immunity for immediate recognition and elimination of invading microbes, plays an essential role for the functions of both classical (CP) and lectin (LP) complement pathways. Complement C4 is the most polymorphic protein in complement system. A plethora of research data demonstrated that individuals with C4 deficiency are prone to microbial infections and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we will discuss the diversity of complement C4 proteins and its genetic structures. In addition, the current development of the regulation of complement C4 activation and its activation derivatives will be reviewed. Moreover, the review will provide the updates on the molecule interactions of complement C4 under the circumstances of bacterial and viral infections, as well as autoimmune diseases. Lastly, more evidence will be presented to support the paradigm that links microbial infections and autoimmune disorders under the condition of the deficiency of complement C4. We provide such an updated overview that would shed light on current research of complement C4. The newly identified targets of molecular interaction will not only lead to novel hypotheses on the study of complement C4 but also assist to propose new strategies for targeting microbial infections, as well as autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wang
- Master Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States.,Department of Basic Science College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
| | - Mengyao Liu
- Master Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
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40
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Garred P, Tenner AJ, Mollnes TE. Therapeutic Targeting of the Complement System: From Rare Diseases to Pandemics. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:792-827. [PMID: 33687995 PMCID: PMC7956994 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system was discovered at the end of the 19th century as a heat-labile plasma component that "complemented" the antibodies in killing microbes, hence the name "complement." Complement is also part of the innate immune system, protecting the host by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, complement is multifunctional far beyond infectious defense. It contributes to organ development, such as sculpting neuron synapses, promoting tissue regeneration and repair, and rapidly engaging and synergizing with a number of processes, including hemostasis leading to thromboinflammation. Complement is a double-edged sword. Although it usually protects the host, it may cause tissue damage when dysregulated or overactivated, such as in the systemic inflammatory reaction seen in trauma and sepsis and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Damage-associated molecular patterns generated during ischemia-reperfusion injuries (myocardial infarction, stroke, and transplant dysfunction) and in chronic neurologic and rheumatic disease activate complement, thereby increasing damaging inflammation. Despite the long list of diseases with potential for ameliorating complement modulation, only a few rare diseases are approved for clinical treatment targeting complement. Those currently being efficiently treated include paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Rare diseases, unfortunately, preclude robust clinical trials. The increasing evidence for complement as a pathogenetic driver in many more common diseases suggests an opportunity for future complement therapy, which, however, requires robust clinical trials; one ongoing example is COVID-19 disease. The current review aims to discuss complement in disease pathogenesis and discuss future pharmacological strategies to treat these diseases with complement-targeted therapies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The complement system is the host's defense friend by protecting it from invading pathogens, promoting tissue repair, and maintaining homeostasis. Complement is a double-edged sword, since when dysregulated or overactivated it becomes the host's enemy, leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and, in worst case, death. A number of acute and chronic diseases are candidates for pharmacological treatment to avoid complement-dependent damage, ranging from the well established treatment for rare diseases to possible future treatment of large patient groups like the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.G.); Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California (A.J.T.); and Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (T.E.M.); Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (T.E.M.); and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.E.M.)
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.G.); Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California (A.J.T.); and Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (T.E.M.); Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (T.E.M.); and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.E.M.)
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.G.); Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California (A.J.T.); and Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (T.E.M.); Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (T.E.M.); and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.E.M.)
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Jauhal AA, Newcomb RD. Assessing genome assembly quality prior to downstream analysis: N50 versus BUSCO. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1416-1421. [PMID: 33629477 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing number of publicly available eukaryotic genome assemblies and user-friendly bioinformatics tools, there are increasing opportunities for researchers to use genomic resources in their research. While there are multiple dimensions to genome quality, it is often reduced to a single score that may not be correlated with other metrics, or appropriate for all applications of an assembly. To assess whether the commonly reported N50 value could reliably predict a separate dimension of genome quality, gene space completeness, we performed a meta-analysis of 611 published articles on eukaryotic genomes that used BUSCO scores, in addition to the typical N50 score. We found that although assemblies with relatively high contig and scaffold N50 values consistently had high BUSCO scores, a high BUSCO score could also be obtained from assemblies with a low N50. This reinforces that despite its ubiquity, N50 is not a perfect proxy for all measures of genome accuracy. Our data also suggests that variations in BUSCO scores among assemblies with poor N50 scores may be related to the number of introns in conserved eukaryotic genes. We stress the importance of screening and evaluating assembly quality based on the appropriate tools and urge increased reporting of additional genome assessment metrics in addition to N50. We also discuss the potential limitations of BUSCO and suggest improvements for assessing gene space within genome assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- April A Jauhal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Newcomb
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
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Broadly effective metabolic and immune recovery with C5 inhibition in CHAPLE disease. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:128-139. [PMID: 33398182 PMCID: PMC7856263 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Complement hyperactivation, angiopathic thrombosis and protein-losing enteropathy (CHAPLE disease) is a lethal disease caused by genetic loss of the complement regulatory protein CD55, leading to overactivation of complement and innate immunity together with immunodeficiency due to immunoglobulin wasting in the intestine. We report in vivo human data accumulated using the complement C5 inhibitor eculizumab for the medical treatment of patients with CHAPLE disease. We observed cessation of gastrointestinal pathology together with restoration of normal immunity and metabolism. We found that patients rapidly renormalized immunoglobulin concentrations and other serum proteins as revealed by aptamer profiling, re-established a healthy gut microbiome, discontinued immunoglobulin replacement and other treatments and exhibited catch-up growth. Thus, we show that blockade of C5 by eculizumab effectively re-establishes regulation of the innate immune complement system to substantially reduce the pathophysiological manifestations of CD55 deficiency in humans.
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Carrozza C, Foca L, De Paolis E, Concolino P. Genes and Pseudogenes: Complexity of the RCCX Locus and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:709758. [PMID: 34394006 PMCID: PMC8362596 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.709758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy Number Variations (CNVs) account for a large proportion of human genome and are a primary contributor to human phenotypic variation, in addition to being the molecular basis of a wide spectrum of disease. Multiallelic CNVs represent a considerable fraction of large CNVs and are strictly related to segmental duplications according to their prevalent duplicate alleles. RCCX CNV is a complex, multiallelic and tandem CNV located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region. RCCX structure is typically defined by the copy number of a DNA segment containing a series of genes - the serine/threonine kinase 19 (STK19), the complement 4 (C4), the steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21), and the tenascin-X (TNX) - lie close to each other. In the Caucasian population, the most common RCCX haplotype (69%) consists of two segments containing the genes STK19-C4A-CYP21A1P-TNXA-STK19B-C4B-CYP21A2-TNXB, with a telomere-to-centromere orientation. Nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) plays a key role into the RCCX genetic diversity: unequal crossover facilitates large structural rearrangements and copy number changes, whereas gene conversion mediates relatively short sequence transfers. The results of these events increased the RCCX genetic diversity and are responsible of specific human diseases. This review provides an overview on RCCX complexity pointing out the molecular bases of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) due to CYP21A2 deficiency, CAH-X Syndrome and disorders related to CNV of complement component C4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Carrozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, UOC Chimica, Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Foca
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, UOC Chimica, Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Elisa De Paolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, UOC Chimica, Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Concolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, UOC Chimica, Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Concolino,
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Willems E, Lorés-Motta L, Zanichelli A, Suffritti C, van der Flier M, van der Molen RG, Langereis JD, van Drongelen J, van den Heuvel LP, Volokhina E, van de Kar NC, Keizer-Garritsen J, Levin M, Herberg JA, Martinon-Torres F, Wessels HJ, de Breuk A, Fauser S, Hoyng CB, den Hollander AI, de Groot R, van Gool AJ, Gloerich J, de Jonge MI. Quantitative multiplex profiling of the complement system to diagnose complement-mediated diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1225. [PMID: 33318796 PMCID: PMC7724921 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Complement deficiencies are difficult to diagnose because of the variability of symptoms and the complexity of the diagnostic process. Here, we applied a novel ‘complementomics’ approach to study the impact of various complement deficiencies on circulating complement levels. Methods Using a quantitative multiplex mass spectrometry assay, we analysed 44 peptides to profile 34 complement proteins simultaneously in 40 healthy controls and 83 individuals with a diagnosed deficiency or a potential pathogenic variant in 14 different complement proteins. Results Apart from confirming near or total absence of the respective protein in plasma of complement‐deficient patients, this mass spectrometry‐based profiling method led to the identification of additional deficiencies. In many cases, partial depletion of the pathway up‐ and/or downstream of the absent protein was measured. This was especially found in patients deficient for complement inhibitors, such as angioedema patients with a C1‐inhibitor deficiency. The added value of complementomics was shown in three patients with poorly defined complement deficiencies. Conclusion Our study shows the potential clinical utility of profiling circulating complement proteins as a comprehensive read‐out of various complement deficiencies. Particularly, our approach provides insight into the intricate interplay between complement proteins due to functional coupling, which contributes to the better understanding of the various disease phenotypes and improvement of care for patients with complement‐mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Willems
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Laura Lorés-Motta
- Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Zanichelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Chiara Suffritti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands.,Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Renate G van der Molen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D Langereis
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joris van Drongelen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Lambert P van den Heuvel
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Elena Volokhina
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Caj van de Kar
- Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Keizer-Garritsen
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Medicine Section for Paediatrics Imperial College London London UK
| | - Jethro A Herberg
- Department of Medicine Section for Paediatrics Imperial College London London UK
| | - Federico Martinon-Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Hans Jtc Wessels
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anita de Breuk
- Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Cologne Koln Germany.,F. Hoffmann - La Roche AG Basel Switzerland
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Alain J van Gool
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jolein Gloerich
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Lamb HJ, Hayes BJ, Nguyen LT, Ross EM. The Future of Livestock Management: A Review of Real-Time Portable Sequencing Applied to Livestock. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1478. [PMID: 33317066 PMCID: PMC7763041 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxford Nanopore Technologies' MinION has proven to be a valuable tool within human and microbial genetics. Its capacity to produce long reads in real time has opened up unique applications for portable sequencing. Examples include tracking the recent African swine fever outbreak in China and providing a diagnostic tool for disease in the cassava plant in Eastern Africa. Here we review the current applications of Oxford Nanopore sequencing in livestock, then focus on proposed applications in livestock agriculture for rapid diagnostics, base modification detection, reference genome assembly and genomic prediction. In particular, we propose a future application: 'crush-side genotyping' for real-time on-farm genotyping for extensive industries such as northern Australian beef production. An initial in silico experiment to assess the feasibility of crush-side genotyping demonstrated promising results. SNPs were called from simulated Nanopore data, that included the relatively high base call error rate that is characteristic of the data, and calling parameters were varied to understand the feasibility of SNP calling at low coverages in a heterozygous population. With optimised genotype calling parameters, over 85% of the 10,000 simulated SNPs were able to be correctly called with coverages as low as 6×. These results provide preliminary evidence that Oxford Nanopore sequencing has potential to be used for real-time SNP genotyping in extensive livestock operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison J. Lamb
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia; (B.J.H.); (L.T.N.); (E.M.R.)
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Simoni L, Presumey J, van der Poel CE, Castrillon C, Chang SE, Utz PJ, Carroll MC. Complement C4A Regulates Autoreactive B Cells in Murine Lupus. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108330. [PMID: 33147456 PMCID: PMC7927756 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies. While complement protein C4 is associated with SLE, its isoforms (C4A and C4B) are not equal in their impact. Despite being 99% homologous, genetic studies identified C4A as more protective than C4B. By generating gene-edited mouse strains expressing either human C4A or C4B and crossing these with the 564lgi lupus strain, we show that, overall, C4A-like 564Igi mice develop less humoral autoimmunity than C4B-like 564Igi mice. This includes a decrease in the number of GCs, autoreactive B cells, autoantibodies, and memory B cells. The higher efficiency of C4A in inducing self-antigen clearance is associated with the follicular exclusion of autoreactive B cells. These results explain how the C4A isoform is protective in lupus and suggest C4A as a possible replacement therapy in lupus. Simoni et al. address a long-standing question about how complement C4A and C4B isoforms differ in function in vivo in autoimmunity. They find that C4A leads to an increased protection in humoral autoimmunity relative to C4B. Autoantibody diversity is likewise dependent on the C4 protein isotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Simoni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessy Presumey
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Castrillon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, and Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, and Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Complement Activation on Endothelial Cell-Derived Microparticles-A Key Determinant for Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56100533. [PMID: 33065972 PMCID: PMC7601222 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a classical systemic autoimmune disease that overactivates complement and can affect all organs. Early diagnosis and effective management are important in this immune-complex-mediated chronic inflammatory disease, which has a strong component of vasculitis and carries an increased risk of thrombosis, even in the absence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Development of lupus nephritis can be life limiting but is managed with dialysis and renal transplantation. Therefore, data have become available that cardiovascular risk poses a serious feature of systemic lupus erythematosus that requires monitoring and prospective treatment. Cell-derived microparticles circulate in plasma and thereby intersect the humoral and cellular component of inflammation. They are involved in disease pathophysiology, particularly thrombosis, and represent a known cardiovascular risk. This viewpoint argues that a focus on characteristics of circulating microparticles measured in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus may help to classify certain ethnic groups who are especially at additional risk of experiencing cardiovascular complications.
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Association between complement 4 copy number variation and systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:627-634. [PMID: 32691186 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by multiple genetic mutations. Complement 4 (C4) copy number variation (CNV) is a target-of-interest located on chromosome 6. C4 encodes for either of the two C4 paralogs, C4A or C4B, and low C4 levels have been associated with SLE activity. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to comprehensively understand the role of C4 CNV in SLE. Three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) were searched for relevant studies. Two investigators independently extracted and evaluated data from eligible studies. Associations between C4 CNV and SLE were estimated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Further analysis was conducted using the STATA 12.0 software. A total of eight case-control studies were included in the analysis with 4107 SLE patients and 5889 healthy controls. Six studies used TaqMan real-time PCR to genotype C4 CNV, with 1 study used paralog ratio test and other one used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Lower total C4 CNV and C4A CNV were associated with SLE in the overall analysis (pooled OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.23-1.95; pooled OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.51-2.29). The subgroup analysis found that total C4 CNV and lower C4A CNV were significantly associated with SLE in Caucasians (pooled OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.60-2.12; pooled OR: 2.23, 95% CI:1.92-2.59). However, the association was not detected in East Asians. Lastly, SLE was not associated with C4B CNV, long C4 CNV, or short C4 CNV. The meta-analysis confirmed that lower total C4 CNV and lower C4A CNV are associated with SLE in certain populations. Future studies should consider other ethnic groups to further investigate the relationship between the C4 gene and SLE.
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Aso K, Kono M, Kono M, Watanabe T, Shimizu Y, Ogata Y, Fujieda Y, Kato M, Oku K, Amengual O, Yasuda S, Atsumi T. Low C4 as a risk factor for severe neuropsychiatric flare in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2020; 29:1238-1247. [PMID: 32635880 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320938453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the risk factors for 'severe' neuropsychiatric (NP) flare in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS This retrospective study comprised newly diagnosed 184 adult SLE patients who visited Hokkaido University Hospital between 2006 and 2017. In this study, severe NP flare was defined as the occurrence of at least one newly developed British Isles Lupus Assessment Group A score in the neurological domain. Overall severe NP flare-free survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Clinical and demographic profiles at SLE diagnosis were assessed as potential risk items in the adjusted multivariate Cox regression model. RESULTS The median follow-up period was 7.9 years (interquartile range (IQR) 4.6-12.3) years. A total of 28 (15.2%) patients had one or more severe NP flares during the observation period. The median time from patient enrolment date to severe NP flare occurrence was 3.1 years (IQR 0.9-6.3 year). The 2- and 10-year severe NP flare-free survival rates were 92.7% and 86.0%, respectively. Among the manifestations of severe NP flare, psychosis was the most frequent (19.1%). In the multivariate model, low serum levels of C4 (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.67, p = 0.013) and severe NP manifestations at SLE diagnosis (HR = 7.11, p < 0.001) emerged as independent risk factors for developing severe NP flare. CONCLUSION The first severe NP flare presented early in the course of SLE. Low C4 level and severe NP manifestations at SLE diagnosis could predict the development of severe NP flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyuki Aso
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michihito Kono
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kono
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Shimizu
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ogata
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fujieda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Oku
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Olga Amengual
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Tsokos GC. Autoimmunity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:605-614. [PMID: 32367037 PMCID: PMC8135909 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Impressive progress has been made over the last several years toward understanding how almost every aspect of the immune system contributes to the expression of systemic autoimmunity. In parallel, studies have shed light on the mechanisms that contribute to organ inflammation and damage. New approaches that address the complicated interaction between genetic variants, epigenetic processes, sex and the environment promise to enlighten the multitude of pathways that lead to what is clinically defined as systemic lupus erythematosus. It is expected that each patient owns a unique 'interactome', which will dictate specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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