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Tölken LA, Paulikat AD, Jachmann LH, Reder A, Salazar MG, Medina LMP, Michalik S, Völker U, Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A, Hoff KJ, Lammers M, Siemens N. Reduced interleukin-18 secretion by human monocytic cells in response to infections with hyper-virulent Streptococcus pyogenes. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:26. [PMID: 38408992 PMCID: PMC10898077 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS) causes a variety of diseases ranging from mild superficial infections of the throat and skin to severe invasive infections, such as necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs). Tissue passage of GAS often results in mutations within the genes encoding for control of virulence (Cov)R/S two component system leading to a hyper-virulent phenotype. Dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune sentinels specialized in antigen uptake and subsequent T cell priming. This study aimed to analyze cytokine release by DCs and other cells of monocytic origin in response to wild-type and natural covR/S mutant infections. METHODS Human primary monocyte-derived (mo)DCs were used. DC maturation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to infections with wild-type and covR/S mutants were assessed via flow cytometry. Global proteome changes were assessed via mass spectrometry. As a proof-of-principle, cytokine release by human primary monocytes and macrophages was determined. RESULTS In vitro infections of moDCs and other monocytic cells with natural GAS covR/S mutants resulted in reduced secretion of IL-8 and IL-18 as compared to wild-type infections. In contrast, moDC maturation remained unaffected. Inhibition of caspase-8 restored secretion of both molecules. Knock-out of streptolysin O in GAS strain with unaffected CovR/S even further elevated the IL-18 secretion by moDCs. Of 67 fully sequenced NSTI GAS isolates, 28 harbored mutations resulting in dysfunctional CovR/S. However, analyses of plasma IL-8 and IL-18 levels did not correlate with presence or absence of such mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that strains, which harbor covR/S mutations, interfere with IL-18 and IL-8 responses in monocytic cells by utilizing the caspase-8 axis. Future experiments aim to identify the underlying mechanism and consequences for NSTI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea A Tölken
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antje D Paulikat
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lana H Jachmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Reder
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Laura M Palma Medina
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Katharina J Hoff
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Department of Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Chen YL, Ng JSW, Ottakandathil Babu R, Woo J, Nahler J, Hardman CS, Kurupati P, Nussbaum L, Gao F, Dong T, Ladell K, Price DA, Duncan DA, Johnson D, Gileadi U, Koohy H, Ogg GS. Group A Streptococcus induces CD1a-autoreactive T cells and promotes psoriatic inflammation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd9232. [PMID: 37267382 PMCID: PMC7615662 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add9232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection is associated with multiple clinical sequelae, including different subtypes of psoriasis. Such post-streptococcal disorders have been long known but are largely unexplained. CD1a is expressed at constitutively high levels by Langerhans cells and presents lipid antigens to T cells, but the potential relevance to GAS infection has not been studied. Here, we investigated whether GAS-responsive CD1a-restricted T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Healthy individuals had high frequencies of circulating and cutaneous GAS-responsive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with rapid effector functions, including the production of interleukin-22 (IL-22). Human skin and blood single-cell CITE-seq analyses of IL-22-producing T cells showed a type 17 signature with proliferative potential, whereas IFN-γ-producing T cells displayed cytotoxic T lymphocyte characteristics. Furthermore, individuals with psoriasis had significantly higher frequencies of circulating GAS-reactive T cells, enriched for markers of activation, cytolytic potential, and tissue association. In addition to responding to GAS, subsets of expanded GAS-reactive T cell clones/lines were found to be autoreactive, which included the recognition of the self-lipid antigen lysophosphatidylcholine. CD8+ T cell clones/lines produced cytolytic mediators and lysed infected CD1a-expressing cells. Furthermore, we established cutaneous models of GAS infection in a humanized CD1a transgenic mouse model and identified enhanced and prolonged local and systemic inflammation, with resolution through a psoriasis-like phenotype. Together, these findings link GAS infection to the CD1a pathway and show that GAS infection promotes the proliferation and activation of CD1a-autoreactive T cells, with relevance to post-streptococcal disease, including the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica Soo Weei Ng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rosana Ottakandathil Babu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janina Nahler
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prathiba Kurupati
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lea Nussbaum
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fei Gao
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- CAMS-Oxford International Centre for Translational Immunology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- CAMS-Oxford International Centre for Translational Immunology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Alan Turing Fellow in Health and Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- CAMS-Oxford International Centre for Translational Immunology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Langshaw EL, Reynolds S, Ozberk V, Dooley J, Calcutt A, Zaman M, Walker MJ, Batzloff MR, Davies MR, Good MF, Pandey M. Streptolysin O Deficiency in Streptococcus pyogenes M1T1 covR/S Mutant Strain Attenuates Virulence in In Vitro and In Vivo Infection Models. mBio 2023; 14:e0348822. [PMID: 36744883 PMCID: PMC9972915 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03488-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation within the Streptococcus pyogenes (Streptococcus group A; Strep A) covR/S regulatory system has been associated with a hypervirulent phenotype resulting from the upregulation of several virulence factors, including the pore-forming toxin, streptolysin O (SLO). In this study, we utilized a range of covR/S mutants, including M1T1 clonal strains (5448 and a covS mutant generated through mouse passage designated 5448AP), to investigate the contribution of SLO to the pathogenesis of covR/S mutant Strep A disease. Up-regulation of slo in 5448AP resulted in increased SLO-mediated hemolysis, decreased dendritic cell (DC) viability post coculture with Strep A, and increased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by DCs. Mouse passage of an isogenic 5448 slo-deletion mutant resulted in recovery of several covR/S mutants within the 5448Δslo background. Passage also introduced mutations in non-covR/S genes, but these were considered to have no impact on virulence. Although slo-deficient mutants exhibited the characteristic covR/S-controlled virulence factor upregulation, these mutants caused increased DC viability with reduced inflammatory cytokine production by infected DCs. In vivo, slo expression correlated with decreased DC numbers in infected murine skin and significant bacteremia by 3 days postinfection, with severe pathology at the infection site. Conversely, the absence of slo in the infecting strain (covR/S mutant or wild-type) resulted in detection of DCs in the skin and attenuated virulence in a murine model of pyoderma. slo-sufficient and -deficient covR/S mutants were susceptible to immune clearance mediated by a combination vaccine consisting of a conserved M protein peptide and a peptide from the CXC chemokine protease SpyCEP. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pyogenes is responsible for significant numbers of invasive and noninvasive infections which cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. Strep A isolates with mutations in the covR/S system display greater propensity to cause severe invasive diseases, which are responsible for more than 163,000 deaths each year. This is due to the upregulation of virulence factors, including the pore-forming toxin streptolysin O. Utilizing covR/S and slo-knockout mutants, we investigated the role of SLO in virulence. We found that SLO alters interactions with host cell populations and increases Strep A viability at sterile sites of the host, such as the blood, and that its absence results in significantly less virulence. This work underscores the importance of SLO in Strep A virulence while highlighting the complex nature of Strep A pathogenesis. This improved insight into host-pathogen interactions will enable a better understanding of host immune evasion mechanisms and inform streptococcal vaccine development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Langshaw
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simone Reynolds
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Dooley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ainslie Calcutt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mehfuz Zaman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mark R. Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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Hurst JR, Shannon BA, Craig HC, Rishi A, Tuffs SW, McCormick JK. The Streptococcus pyogenes hyaluronic acid capsule promotes experimental nasal and skin infection by preventing neutrophil-mediated clearance. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011013. [PMID: 36449535 PMCID: PMC9744330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a globally prominent human-specific pathogen responsible for an enormous burden of human illnesses, including >600 million pharyngeal and >100 million skin infections each year. Despite intensive efforts that focus on invasive indications, much remains unknown about this bacterium in its natural state during colonization of the nasopharynx and skin. Using acute experimental infection models in HLA-transgenic mice, we evaluated how the hyaluronic acid (HA) capsule contributes to S. pyogenes MGAS8232 infection within these limited biological niches. Herein, we demonstrate that HA capsule expression promotes bacterial burden in murine nasal turbinates and skin lesions by resisting neutrophil-mediated killing. HA capsule production is encoded by the hasABC operon and compared to wildtype S. pyogenes infections, mice infected with a ΔhasA mutant exhibited over a 1000-fold CFU reduction at 48-hours post-nasal challenge, and a 10,000-fold CFU reduction from skin lesions 72-hours post-skin challenge. HA capsule expression contributed substantially to skin lesion size development following subdermal inoculations. In the absence of capsule expression, S. pyogenes revealed drastically impeded growth in whole human blood and increased susceptibility to killing by isolated neutrophils ex vivo, highlighting its important role in resisting phagocytosis. Furthermore, we establish that neutrophil depletion in mice recovered the reduced burden by the ΔhasA mutant in both the nasopharynx and skin. Together, this work confirms that the HA capsule is a key virulence determinant during acute infections by S. pyogenes and demonstrates that its predominant function is to protect S. pyogenes against neutrophil-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn R. Hurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blake A. Shannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather C. Craig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aanchal Rishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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5
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Siggins MK, Sriskandan S. Bacterial Lymphatic Metastasis in Infection and Immunity. Cells 2021; 11:33. [PMID: 35011595 PMCID: PMC8750085 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels permeate tissues around the body, returning fluid from interstitial spaces back to the blood after passage through the lymph nodes, which are important sites for adaptive responses to all types of pathogens. Involvement of the lymphatics in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections is not well studied. Despite offering an obvious conduit for pathogen spread, the lymphatic system has long been regarded to bar the onward progression of most bacteria. There is little direct data on live virulent bacteria, instead understanding is largely inferred from studies investigating immune responses to viruses or antigens in lymph nodes. Recently, we have demonstrated that extracellular bacterial lymphatic metastasis of virulent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes drives systemic infection. Accordingly, it is timely to reconsider the role of lymph nodes as absolute barriers to bacterial dissemination in the lymphatics. Here, we summarise the routes and mechanisms by which an increasing variety of bacteria are acknowledged to transit through the lymphatic system, including those that do not necessarily require internalisation by host cells. We discuss the anatomy of the lymphatics and other factors that influence bacterial dissemination, as well as the consequences of underappreciated bacterial lymphatic metastasis on disease and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Siggins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2DD, UK
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6
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Abstract
Some bacterial pathogens utilize cell-cell communication systems, such as quorum sensing (QS), to coordinate genetic programs during host colonization and infection. The human-restricted pathosymbiont Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus [GAS]) uses the Rgg2/Rgg3 QS system to modify the bacterial surface, enabling biofilm formation and lysozyme resistance. Here, we demonstrate that innate immune cell responses to GAS are substantially altered by the QS status of the bacteria. We found that macrophage activation, stimulated by multiple agonists and assessed by cytokine production and NF-κB activity, was substantially suppressed upon interaction with QS-active GAS but not QS-inactive bacteria. Neither macrophage viability nor bacterial adherence, internalization, or survival were altered by the QS activation status, yet tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon beta (IFN-β) levels and NF-κB reporter activity were drastically lower following infection with QS-active GAS. Suppression required contact between viable bacteria and macrophages. A QS-regulated biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in the GAS genome, encoding several putative enzymes, was also required for macrophage modulation. Our findings suggest a model wherein upon contact with macrophages, QS-active GAS produce a BGC-derived factor capable of suppressing inflammatory responses. The suppressive capability of QS-active GAS is abolished after treatment with a specific QS inhibitor. These observations suggest that interfering with the ability of bacteria to collaborate via QS can serve as a strategy to counteract microbial efforts to manipulate host defenses.
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7
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Matsumura T, Takahashi Y. The role of myeloid cells in prevention and control of group A streptococcal infections. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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8
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Matsumura T, Ikebe T, Arikawa K, Hosokawa M, Aiko M, Iguchi A, Togashi I, Kai S, Ohara S, Ohara N, Ohnishi M, Watanabe H, Kobayashi K, Takeyama H, Yamasaki S, Takahashi Y, Ato M. Sequential Sensing by TLR2 and Mincle Directs Immature Myeloid Cells to Protect against Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infection in Mice. Cell Rep 2020; 27:561-571.e6. [PMID: 30970258 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe invasive group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection evades anti-bacterial immunity by attenuating the cellular components of innate immune responses. However, this loss of protection is compensated for by interferon (IFN)-γ-producing immature myeloid cells (γIMCs), which are selectively recruited upon severe invasive GAS infection in mice. Here, we demonstrate that γIMCs provide this IFN-γ-mediated protection by sequentially sensing GAS through two distinct pattern recognition receptors. In a mouse model, GAS is initially recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which promptly induces interleukin (IL)-6 production in γIMCs. γIMC-derived IL-6 promotes the upregulation of a recently identified GAS-sensing receptor, macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle), in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Notably, blockade of γIMC-derived IL-6 abrogates Mincle expression, downstream IFN-γ production, and γIMC-mediated protection against severe invasive GAS infection. Thus, γIMCs regulate host protective immunity against severe invasive GAS infection via a TLR2-IL-6-Mincle axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumura
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Tadayoshi Ikebe
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Koji Arikawa
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Waseda-tsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahito Hosokawa
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Waseda-tsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Michio Aiko
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Aoi Iguchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Tokyo College of Biotechnology, 1-3-14 Kita-Kojiya, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0032, Japan
| | - Ikuko Togashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Tokyo College of Biotechnology, 1-3-14 Kita-Kojiya, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0032, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kai
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Dental School, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sakiko Ohara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Dental School, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Dental School, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Haruo Watanabe
- School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita-shi, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi
- Division of Public Health, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Waseda-tsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
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9
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Mathiesen R, Eld HMS, Sørensen J, Fuglsang E, Lund LD, Taverniti V, Frøkiær H. Mannan Enhances IL-12 Production by Increasing Bacterial Uptake and Endosomal Degradation in L. acidophilus and S. aureus Stimulated Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2646. [PMID: 31803184 PMCID: PMC6873232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mannose receptor (MR) is a C-type lectin involved in endocytosis and with a poorly defined ability to modulate cellular activation. We investigated the effect of mannan treatment prior to stimulation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells with the Gram-positive bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (L. acidophilus) on the induction of Interleukin (IL)-12. Mannan enhanced the IL-12 production induced by L. acidophilus in a dose dependent manner (up to 230% enhancement). Additionally, mannan-enhanced IL-12 induction was also demonstrated with another Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), while an IL-12 reducing effect was seen on Escherichia coli stimulated cells. Furthermore, the expression of Interferon β (Ifnb) was increased in cells treated with mannan prior to stimulation with L. acidophilus. The addition of mannan but not of bacteria led to endocytosis of MR, while addition of mannan prior to L. acidophilus or S. aureus resulted in increased endocytosis of bacteria, a faster killing of endocytosed bacteria, and increased reactive oxygen species production. Expression of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAMF)1 shown previously to be involved in the facilitation of endosomal degradation was upregulated by mannan but not by L. acidophilus and S. aureus. The IL-12 enhancement by mannan but not the IL-12 induced by the bacteria was abrogated by addition of inhibitors of clathrin coated pits (chlorpromazine and monodansylcadaverine). Furthermore, the addition of acid sphingomyelinase, a facilitator of ceramide raft formation, prior to addition of L. acidophilus enhanced the IL-12 production and the endocytosis of bacteria. In summary, our results show that mannan increases the IL-12 production induced by some Gram-positive bacteria through MR-endocytosis, which increases bacterial endocytosis and endosomal killing. The differential effect of MR activation on the IL-12 production induced by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria may influence the immune response toward allergens and other glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Mathiesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helene M S Eld
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juliane Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Fuglsang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Drozd Lund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valentina Taverniti
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Dang AT, Teles RM, Liu PT, Choi A, Legaspi A, Sarno EN, Ochoa MT, Parvatiyar K, Cheng G, Gilliet M, Bloom BR, Modlin RL. Autophagy links antimicrobial activity with antigen presentation in Langerhans cells. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126955. [PMID: 30996142 PMCID: PMC6538337 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DC, through the uptake, processing, and presentation of antigen, are responsible for activation of T cell responses to defend the host against infection, yet it is not known if they can directly kill invading bacteria. Here, we studied in human leprosy, how Langerhans cells (LC), specialized DC, contribute to host defense against bacterial infection. IFN-γ treatment of LC isolated from human epidermis and infected with Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) activated an antimicrobial activity, which was dependent on the upregulation of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and induction of autophagy. IFN-γ induction of autophagy promoted fusion of phagosomes containing M. leprae with lysosomes and the delivery of cathelicidin to the intracellular compartment containing the pathogen. Autophagy enhanced the ability of M. leprae-infected LC to present antigen to CD1a-restricted T cells. The frequency of IFN-γ labeling and LC containing both cathelicidin and autophagic vesicles was greater in the self-healing lesions vs. progressive lesions, thus correlating with the effectiveness of host defense against the pathogen. These data indicate that autophagy links the ability of DC to kill and degrade an invading pathogen, ensuring cell survival from the infection while facilitating presentation of microbial antigens to resident T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Tilly Dang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Phillip T. Liu
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron Choi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Euzenir N. Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria T. Ochoa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kislay Parvatiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Service, Lausanne University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barry R. Bloom
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Jendoubi F, Rohde M, Prinz JC. Intracellular Streptococcal Uptake and Persistence: A Potential Cause of Erysipelas Recurrence. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 30761303 PMCID: PMC6361840 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas is a severe streptococcal infection of the skin primarily spreading through the lymphatic vessels. Penicillin is the treatment of choice. The most common complication consists in relapses which occur in up to 40% or more of patients despite appropriate antibiotic treatment. They cause lymphatic damage resulting in irreversible lymphedema and ultimately elephantiasis nostras and lead to major health restrictions and high socio-medical costs. Prevention of relapses is an unmet need, because even long-term prophylactic penicillin application does eventually not reduce the risk of recurrence. In this article we assess risk factors and causes of erysipelas recurrence. A systematic literature search for clinical studies addressing potential causes and measures for prevention of erysipelas recurrence was combined with a review of experimental and clinical data assessing the ability and clinical relevance of streptococci for intracellular uptake and persistence. The literature review found that venous insufficiency, lymphedema, and intertrigo from fungal infections are considered to be major risk factors for recurrence of erysipelas but cannot adequately explain the high recurrence rate. As hitherto unrecognized likely cause of erysipelas relapses we identify the ability of streptococci for intracellular uptake into and persistence within epithelial and endothelial cells and macrophages. This creates intracellular streptococcal reservoirs out of reach of penicillins which do not reach sufficient bactericidal intracellular concentrations. Incomplete streptococcal elimination due to intracellular streptococcal persistence has been observed in various deep tissue infections and is considered as cause of relapsing streptococcal pharyngitis despite proper antibiotic treatment. It may also serves as endogenous infectious source of erysipelas relapses. We conclude that the current antibiotic treatment strategies and elimination of conventional risk factors employed in erysipelas management are insufficient to prevent erysipelas recurrence. The reactivation of streptococcal infection from intracellular reservoirs represents a plausible explanation for the frequent occurrence erysipelas relapses. Prevention of erysipelas relapses therefore demands for novel antibiotic strategies capable of eradicating intracellular streptococcal persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Jendoubi
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Christoph Prinz
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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12
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Lipoteichoic acid anchor triggers Mincle to drive protective immunity against invasive group A Streptococcus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10662-E10671. [PMID: 30352847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that causes a range of diseases, including fatal invasive infections. However, the mechanisms by which the innate immune system recognizes GAS are not well understood. We herein report that the C-type lectin receptor macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) recognizes GAS and initiates antibacterial immunity. Gene expression analysis of myeloid cells upon GAS stimulation revealed the contribution of the caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) pathway to the antibacterial responses. Among receptors signaling through CARD9, Mincle induced the production of inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and reactive oxygen species upon recognition of the anchor of lipoteichoic acid, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), produced by GAS. Upon GAS infection, Mincle-deficient mice exhibited impaired production of proinflammatory cytokines, severe bacteremia, and rapid lethality. GAS also possesses another Mincle ligand, diglucosyldiacylglycerol; however, this glycolipid interfered with MGDG-induced activation. These results indicate that Mincle plays a central role in protective immunity against acute GAS infection.
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13
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Castiglia V, Piersigilli A, Ebner F, Janos M, Goldmann O, Damböck U, Kröger A, Weiss S, Knapp S, Jamieson AM, Kirschning C, Kalinke U, Strobl B, Müller M, Stoiber D, Lienenklaus S, Kovarik P. Type I Interferon Signaling Prevents IL-1β-Driven Lethal Systemic Hyperinflammation during Invasive Bacterial Infection of Soft Tissue. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:375-87. [PMID: 26962946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are fundamental for antiviral immunity, but their role in bacterial infections is contradictory and incompletely described. Streptococcus pyogenes activates IFN-I production in innate immune cells, and IFN-I receptor 1 (Ifnar1)-deficient mice are highly susceptible to S. pyogenes infection. Here we report that IFN-I signaling protects the host against invasive S. pyogenes infection by restricting inflammation-driven damage in distant tissues. Lethality following infection in Ifnar1-deficient mice is caused by systemically exacerbated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Critical cellular effectors of IFN-I in vivo are LysM+ and CD11c+ myeloid cells, which exhibit suppression of Il1b transcription upon Ifnar1 engagement. These cells are also the major source of IFN-β, which is significantly induced by S. pyogenes 23S rRNA in an Irf5-dependent manner. Our study establishes IL-1β and IFN-I levels as key homeostatic variables of protective, yet tuned, immune responses against severe invasive bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Castiglia
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Institute of Animal Pathology (COMPATH), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Life Science Faculty, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ebner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marton Janos
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Damböck
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sigfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amanda M Jamieson
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Carsten Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pavel Kovarik
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Papadopoulos A, Gorvel JP. Subversion of mouse dendritic cell subset function by bacterial pathogens. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:140-9. [PMID: 26453826 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role as sentinels of the immune system in initiating and controlling the quality of adaptive immune responses. Located at entry points of the host they can sense and alert the body from dangers such as infection by pathogenic bacteria. Considering their strategic localization it is not surprising that DCs have evolved in a series of DC subtypes, which are well adapted to their microenvironment. Nowadays, the advent of the identification of specific DC subtypes has opened the way for the study of pathogen-DCs interactions and the involved mechanisms of these interactions. Due to key aspect of DCs, several bacterial pathogens have taken advantage of these cells and developed mechanisms to subvert DC function and thereby evade the immune system. This review brings recent insights into DC-pathogenic bacteria cross-talk using the mouse model of infection with an emphasis on DC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Papadopoulos
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France.
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15
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Rapid Lymphatic Dissemination of Encapsulated Group A Streptococci via Lymphatic Vessel Endothelial Receptor-1 Interaction. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005137. [PMID: 26352587 PMCID: PMC4564194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The host lymphatic network represents an important conduit for pathogen dissemination. Indeed, the lethal human pathogen group A streptococcus has a predilection to induce pathology in the lymphatic system and draining lymph nodes, however the underlying basis and subsequent consequences for disease outcome are currently unknown. Here we report that the hyaluronan capsule of group A streptococci is a crucial virulence determinant for lymphatic tropism in vivo, and further, we identify the lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor-1 as the critical host receptor for capsular hyaluronan in the lymphatic system. Interference with this interaction in vivo impeded bacterial dissemination to local draining lymph nodes and, in the case of a hyper-encapsulated M18 strain, redirected streptococcal entry into the blood circulation, suggesting a pivotal role in the manifestation of streptococcal infections. Our results reveal a novel function for bacterial capsular polysaccharide in directing lymphatic tropism, with potential implications for disease pathology. Pathogens are known to invade the host not only via the systemic circulation but also via the lymphatic network, however the mechanisms underlying the latter route and the consequences for disease outcome have not been well studied. The important human pathogen, group A streptococcus, is responsible for a number of clinical syndromes affecting both the lymphatic vessels and draining lymph nodes, such as lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. How such pathologies are orchestrated, and their significance in the development of serious infection are currently unknown. In this study, we show that the hyaluronan capsule secreted by group A streptococcus is critical for bacterial spread to draining lymph nodes, and we demonstrate that this occurs as a result of a specific interaction with the lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor-1. Genetic deletion or functional blockade of this receptor prevented streptococcal transit to draining lymph nodes in a murine model of infection, which in turn enhanced bacterial spread into the blood circulation. Together these results define a novel interaction between the group A streptococcal capsule and the lymphatic endothelial receptor-1 as a critical axis in the establishment of lymphatic tropism for this pathogen, with clear implications for disease severity in the host.
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16
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Bieber K, Autenrieth SE. Insights how monocytes and dendritic cells contribute and regulate immune defense against microbial pathogens. Immunobiology 2014; 220:215-26. [PMID: 25468558 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system protects from infections primarily by detecting and eliminating invading pathogens. Beside neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) have been recently identified as important sentinels and effectors in combating microbial pathogens. In the steady state mononuclear phagocytes like monocytes and DCs patrol the blood and the tissues. Mammalian monocytes contribute to antimicrobial defense by supplying tissues with macrophage and DC precursors. DCs recognize pathogens and are essential in presenting antigens to initiate antigen-specific adaptive immune responses, thereby bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. Both, monocytes and DCs play distinct roles in the shaping of immune response. In this review we will focus on the contributions of monocytes and lymphoid organ DCs to immune defense against microbial pathogens in the mouse and their dynamic regulation from steady state to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bieber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Fieber C, Kovarik P. Responses of innate immune cells to group A Streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:140. [PMID: 25325020 PMCID: PMC4183118 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS), also called Streptococcus pyogenes, is a Gram-positive beta-hemolytic human pathogen which causes a wide range of mostly self-limiting but also several life-threatening diseases. Innate immune responses are fundamental for defense against GAS, yet their activation by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and GAS-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is incompletely understood. In recent years, the use of animal models together with the powerful tools of human molecular genetics began shedding light onto the molecular mechanisms of innate immune defense against GAS. The signaling adaptor MyD88 was found to play a key role in launching the immune response against GAS in both humans and mice, suggesting that PRRs of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are involved in sensing this pathogen. The specific TLRs and their ligands have yet to be identified. Following GAS recognition, induction of cytokines such as TNF and type I interferons (IFNs), leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been recognized as key events in host defense. A comprehensive knowledge of these mechanisms is needed in order to understand their frequent failure against GAS immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Kovarik
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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18
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Tsatsaronis JA, Walker MJ, Sanderson-Smith ML. Host responses to group a streptococcus: cell death and inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004266. [PMID: 25165887 PMCID: PMC4148426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS) are characterized by robust inflammatory responses and can rapidly lead to life-threatening disease manifestations. However, host mechanisms that respond to GAS, which may influence disease pathology, are understudied. Recent works indicate that GAS infection is recognized by multiple extracellular and intracellular receptors and activates cell signalling via discrete pathways. Host leukocyte receptor binding to GAS-derived products mediates release of inflammatory mediators associated with severe GAS disease. GAS induces divergent phagocyte programmed cell death responses and has inflammatory implications. Epithelial cell apoptotic and autophagic components are mobilized by GAS infection, but can be subverted to ensure bacterial survival. Examination of host interactions with GAS and consequences of GAS infection in the context of cellular receptors responsible for GAS recognition, inflammatory mediator responses, and cell death mechanisms, highlights potential avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. Understanding the molecular and cellular basis of host symptoms during severe GAS disease will assist the development of improved treatment regimens for this formidable pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Tsatsaronis
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martina L. Sanderson-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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19
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Kasper KJ, Zeppa JJ, Wakabayashi AT, Xu SX, Mazzuca DM, Welch I, Baroja ML, Kotb M, Cairns E, Cleary PP, Haeryfar SMM, McCormick JK. Bacterial superantigens promote acute nasopharyngeal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes in a human MHC Class II-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004155. [PMID: 24875883 PMCID: PMC4038607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing the genetic determinants of niche adaptation by microbial pathogens to specific hosts is important for the management and control of infectious disease. Streptococcus pyogenes is a globally prominent human-specific bacterial pathogen that secretes superantigens (SAgs) as 'trademark' virulence factors. SAgs function to force the activation of T lymphocytes through direct binding to lateral surfaces of T cell receptors and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules. S. pyogenes invariably encodes multiple SAgs, often within putative mobile genetic elements, and although SAgs are documented virulence factors for diseases such as scarlet fever and the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), how these exotoxins contribute to the fitness and evolution of S. pyogenes is unknown. Here we show that acute infection in the nasopharynx is dependent upon both bacterial SAgs and host MHC-II molecules. S. pyogenes was rapidly cleared from the nasal cavity of wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice, whereas infection was enhanced up to ∼10,000-fold in B6 mice that express human MHC-II. This phenotype required the SpeA superantigen, and vaccination with an MHC -II binding mutant toxoid of SpeA dramatically inhibited infection. Our findings indicate that streptococcal SAgs are critical for the establishment of nasopharyngeal infection, thus providing an explanation as to why S. pyogenes produces these potent toxins. This work also highlights that SAg redundancy exists to avoid host anti-SAg humoral immune responses and to potentially overcome host MHC-II polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph J. Zeppa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrienne T. Wakabayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey X. Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Delfina M. Mazzuca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Welch
- Department of Animal Care and Veterinary Services, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miren L. Baroja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malak Kotb
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Ewa Cairns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - P. Patrick Cleary
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Boldizsar F, Mikecz K, Glant TT. Immunosenescence and its potential modulation: lessons from mouse models. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 6:353-7. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Elftman MD, Gonzalez-Hernandez MB, Kamada N, Perkins C, Henderson KS, Núñez G, Wobus CE. Multiple effects of dendritic cell depletion on murine norovirus infection. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1761-1768. [PMID: 23636823 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are permissive to murine norovirus (MNV) infection in vitro and in vivo. However, their roles during infection in vivo are not well defined. To determine the role of DCs during infection, conventional DCs were depleted from CD11c-DTR mice and infected with a persistent MNV strain. Viral titres in the intestine and secondary lymphoid organs were determined at early time points during infection, and anti-MNV antibody responses were analysed later during infection. Depletion of conventional DCs resulted in increased viral loads in intestinal tissues, impaired generation of antibody responses, and a failure of MNV to efficiently infect lymphoid tissues. These data suggest that DCs play multiple roles in MNV pathogenesis, in both innate immunity and the efficient generation of adaptive immune responses against MNV, as well as by promoting the dissemination of MNV to secondary lymphoid tissues. This is the first study to probe the roles of DCs in controlling and/or facilitating a norovirus infection in vivo and provides the basis for further studies aimed at defining mechanisms by which DCs control MNV replication and promote viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Elftman
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan 48208, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mariam B Gonzalez-Hernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Cheryl Perkins
- Molecular Diagnostics Research, Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
| | - Kenneth S Henderson
- Molecular Diagnostics Research, Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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22
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Schindler D, Gutierrez MG, Beineke A, Rauter Y, Rohde M, Foster S, Goldmann O, Medina E. Dendritic Cells Are Central Coordinators of the Host Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1327-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Isaksson M, Lundgren BA, Ahlgren KM, Kämpe O, Lobell A. Conditional DC depletion does not affect priming of encephalitogenic Th cells in EAE. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2555-63. [PMID: 22806332 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
EAE, an animal model for multiple sclerosis, is a Th17- and Th1-cell-mediated auto-immune disease, but the mechanisms leading to priming of encephalitogenic T cells in autoimmune neuroinflammation are poorly understood. To investigate the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the initiation of autoimmune Th17- and Th1-cell responses and EAE, we used mice transgenic for a simian diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) expressed under the control of the murine CD11c promoter (CD11c-DTR mice o nC57BL/6 background).EAE was induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) protein in CFA. DCs were depleted on the day before and 8 days after MOG immunization. The mean clinical EAE score was only mildly reduced in DC-depleted mice when DCs were ablated before EAE induction. The frequency of activated Th cells was not altered, and MOG-induced Th17 or Th1-cell responses were not altered, in the spleens of DC-depleted mice. Similar results were obtained if DCs were ablated the first 10 days after MOG immunization with repeated DC depletions. Unexpectedly, transient depletion of DCs did not affect priming or differentiation of MOG-induced Th17 and Th1-cell responses or the incidence of EAE. Thus, the mechanism of priming of Th cells in EAE remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Isaksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Owens BMJ, Beattie L, Moore JWJ, Brown N, Mann JL, Dalton JE, Maroof A, Kaye PM. IL-10-producing Th1 cells and disease progression are regulated by distinct CD11c⁺ cell populations during visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002827. [PMID: 22911108 PMCID: PMC3406093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a critical regulatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani and clinical and experimental data indicate that disease progression is associated with expanded numbers of CD4⁺ IFNγ⁺ T cells committed to IL-10 production. Here, combining conditional cell-specific depletion with adoptive transfer, we demonstrate that only conventional CD11c(hi) DCs that produce both IL-10 and IL-27 are capable of inducing IL-10-producing Th1 cells in vivo. In contrast, CD11c(hi) as well as CD11c(int/lo) cells isolated from infected mice were capable of reversing the host protective effect of diphtheria toxin-mediated CD11c⁺ cell depletion. This was reflected by increased splenomegaly, inhibition of NO production and increased parasite burden. Thus during chronic infection, multiple CD11c⁺ cell populations can actively suppress host resistance and enhance immunopathology, through mechanisms that do not necessarily involve IL-10-producing Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - John W. J. Moore
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Najmeeyah Brown
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L. Mann
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Dalton
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Asher Maroof
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Type I interferon production induced by Streptococcus pyogenes-derived nucleic acids is required for host protection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001345. [PMID: 21625574 PMCID: PMC3098218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive human pathogen that is recognized by yet unknown pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Engagement of these receptor molecules during infection with S. pyogenes, a largely extracellular bacterium with limited capacity for intracellular survival, causes innate immune cells to produce inflammatory mediators such as TNF, but also type I interferon (IFN). Here we show that signaling elicited by type I IFNs is required for successful defense of mice against lethal subcutaneous cellulitis caused by S. pyogenes. Type I IFN signaling was accompanied with reduced neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. Mechanistic analysis revealed that macrophages and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) employ different signaling pathways leading to IFN-beta production. Macrophages required IRF3, STING, TBK1 and partially MyD88, whereas in cDCs the IFN-beta production was fully dependent on IRF5 and MyD88. Furthermore, IFN-beta production by macrophages was dependent on the endosomal delivery of streptococcal DNA, while in cDCs streptococcal RNA was identified as the IFN-beta inducer. Despite a role of MyD88 in both cell types, the known IFN-inducing TLRs were individually not required for generation of the IFN-beta response. These results demonstrate that the innate immune system employs several strategies to efficiently recognize S. pyogenes, a pathogenic bacterium that succeeded in avoiding recognition by the standard arsenal of TLRs. Streptococcus pyogenes is an important human pathogen that causes a broad range of diseases. The bacterium colonizes the throat and the skin where it can evoke usually mild illness such as strep throat or scarlet fever. Systemic infections with S. pyogenes are less frequent but can develop into life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The immune system launches a usually successful response that is initiated by a so far not understood recognition of this pathogen by the cells of the innate immune system. These cells produce upon infection a variety of cytokines that orchestrate a full blown protective response. Among these cytokines, type I interferons play a critical role as demonstrated by our study. We further show that IFN-beta, the key type I interferon, is produced only after macrophages and dendritic cells have taken up the pathogen and liberated the bacterial nucleic acids for recognition in the intracellular vesicles. Importantly, macrophages and dendritic cells recognize different nucleic acids and employ different signaling pathways to respond. Our data suggest that the innate immune system employs several strategies to efficiently recognize S. pyogenes, a pathogenic bacterium that succeeded in avoiding recognition by the standard recognition mechanisms.
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Zeituni AE, Carrion J, Cutler CW. Porphyromonas gingivalis-dendritic cell interactions: consequences for coronary artery disease. J Oral Microbiol 2010; 2. [PMID: 21523219 PMCID: PMC3084565 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 80 million US adults have one or more types of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is the single most important contributor to cardiovascular diseases; however, only 50% of atherosclerosis patients have currently identified risk factors. Chronic periodontitis, a common inflammatory disease, is linked to an increased cardiovascular risk. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells that infiltrate arterial walls and may destabilize atherosclerotic plaques in cardiovascular disease. While the source of these DCs in atherosclerotic plaques is presently unclear, we propose that dermal DCs from peripheral inflamed sites such as CP tissues are a potential source. This review will examine the role of the opportunistic oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis in invading DCs and stimulating their mobilization and misdirection through the bloodstream. Based on our published observations, combined with some new data, as well as a focused review of the literature we will propose a model for how P. gingivalis may exploit DCs to gain access to systemic circulation and contribute to coronary artery disease. Our published evidence supports a significant role for P. gingivalis in subverting normal DC function, promoting a semimature, highly migratory, and immunosuppressive DC phenotype that contributes to the inflammatory development of atherosclerosis and, eventually, plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir E Zeituni
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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27
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Benson RA, Patakas A, Conigliaro P, Rush CM, Garside P, McInnes IB, Brewer JM. Identifying the Cells Breaching Self-Tolerance in Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6378-85. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Loof TG, Goldmann O, Gessner A, Herwald H, Medina E. Aberrant inflammatory response to Streptococcus pyogenes in mice lacking myeloid differentiation factor 88. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:754-63. [PMID: 20019195 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro studies have emphasized the importance of toll-like receptor/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling in the inflammatory response to Streptococcus pyogenes. Since the extent of inflammation has been implicated in the severity of streptococcal diseases, we have examined here the role of toll-like receptor/MyD88 signaling in the pathophysiology of experimental S. pyogenes infection. To this end, we compared the response of MyD88-knockout (MyD88(-/-)) after subcutaneous inoculation with S. pyogenes with that of C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that MyD88(-/-) mice harbored significantly more bacteria in the organs and succumbed to infection much earlier than C57BL/6 animals. Absence of MyD88 resulted in diminished production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-12, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as chemoattractants such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and Keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), and hampered recruitment of effector cells involved in bacterial clearance (macrophages and neutrophils) to the infection site. Furthermore, MyD88(-/-) but not C57BL/6 mice exhibited a massive infiltration of eosinophils in infected organs, which can be explained by an impaired production of the regulatory chemokines, gamma interferon-induced monokine (MIG/CXCL9) and interferon-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), which can inhibit transmigration of eosinophils. Our results indicate that MyD88 signaling targets effector cells to the site of streptococcal infection and prevents extravasation of cells that can induce tissue damage. Therefore, MyD88 signaling may be important for shaping the quality of the inflammatory response elicited during infection to ensure optimal effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten G Loof
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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29
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Cortés G, Wessels MR. Inhibition of dendritic cell maturation by group A Streptococcus. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:1152-61. [PMID: 19712038 DOI: 10.1086/605696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to group A Streptococcus (GAS) has been shown to induce maturation of dendritic cells (DC). METHODS To identify bacterial determinants that modulate DC activation in response to GAS infection, we analyzed the induction of maturation in human monocyte-derived DC following exposure to GAS clinical isolates. RESULTS Unexpectedly, only 6 of 24 GAS strains tested induced surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD83 to levels consistent with DC maturation. Rather, the majority of the strains did not promote DC maturation, and many triggered DC apoptosis. GAS strains that failed to induce DC maturation were those that produced abundant hyaluronic acid (HA) capsular polysaccharide and/or large amounts of the cytotoxin streptolysin O (SLO). By use of isogenic mutants deficient in HA and/or SLO, we determined that GAS inhibits DC maturation through 2 distinct mechanisms: (1) inhibition of bacterial binding and/or phagocytosis by the HA capsule and (2) SLO-mediated induction of DC apoptosis by intracellular GAS. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that GAS virulence factors modulate maturation and survival of human DC, effects that are likely to have a critical impact on activation of innate and adaptive immune responses to this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Cortés
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Noske N, Kämmerer U, Rohde M, Hammerschmidt S. Pneumococcal Interaction with Human Dendritic Cells: Phagocytosis, Survival, and Induced Adaptive Immune Response Are Manipulated by PavA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1952-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mancuso G, Gambuzza M, Midiri A, Biondo C, Papasergi S, Akira S, Teti G, Beninati C. Bacterial recognition by TLR7 in the lysosomes of conventional dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:587-94. [PMID: 19430477 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Little is known of how and where bacterial recognition triggers the induction of type I interferon. Whether the type of recognition receptor used in these responses is determined by the subcellular location of bacteria is not understood. Here we show that phagosomal bacteria such as group B streptococcus, but not cytosolic bacteria, potently induced interferon in conventional dendritic cells by a mechanism that required Toll-like receptor 7, the adaptor MyD88 and the transcription factor IRF1, all of which localized together with bacterial products in degradative vacuoles bearing lysosomal markers. Thus, this cell type-specific recognition pathway links lysosomal recognition of bacterial RNA with a robust, host-protective interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mancuso
- The Elie Metchnikoff Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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32
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Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most frequent human pathogens. Recent studies have identified dendritic cells (DCs) as important contributors to host defense against S. pyogenes. The objective of this study was to identify the receptors involved in immune recognition of S. pyogenes by DCs. To determine whether Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were involved in DC sensing of S. pyogenes, we evaluated the response of bone marrow-derived DCs obtained from mice deficient in MyD88, an adapter molecule used by almost all TLRs, following S. pyogenes stimulation. Despite the fact that MyD88(-/-) DCs did not differ from wild-type DCs in the ability to internalize and kill S. pyogenes, the up-regulation of maturation markers, such as CD40, CD80, and CD86, and the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, were dramatically impaired in S. pyogenes-stimulated MyD88(-/-) DCs. These results suggest that signaling through TLRs is the principal pathway by which DCs sense S. pyogenes and become activated. Surprisingly, DCs deficient in signaling through each of the TLRs reported as potential receptors for gram-positive cell components, such as TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and TLR2/6, were not impaired in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules after S. pyogenes stimulation. In conclusion, our results exclude a major involvement of a single TLR or the heterodimer TLR2/6 in S. pyogenes sensing by DCs and argue for a multimodal recognition in which a combination of several different TLR-mediated signals is essential for a rapid and effective response to the pathogen.
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Wang SM, Lu IH, Lin YL, Lin YS, Wu JJ, Chuang WJ, Lin MT, Liu CC. The severity of Streptococcus pyogenes infections in children is significantly associated with plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 61:165-9. [PMID: 18296003 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are intimately involved with the innate and adaptive immune response to bacterial infections. This study was designed to determine the expression of inflammatory cytokines in children by the severity of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]) infections. The study population consisted of 16 invasive, 20 noninvasive, and 24 pharyngeal colonization, and 21 healthy controls. All children underwent the laboratory tests and cytokine measurement. GAS isolates were analyzed for emm gene typing. Patients with invasive GAS diseases had significantly higher interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-18 than those with noninvasive diseases, colonization, and healthy controls. There was no difference in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-12, and IL-2 levels among the groups. Elevated white blood cell counts and levels of C-reactive protein and C3 were detected only in patients with invasive diseases. emm1 and emm12 predominated in invasive disease and colonization. Children with invasive GAS infections exhibited significant up-regulation of plasma levels of IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-18, and suppression of TNF-alpha and IL-12 during the acute phase of their illness. An exuberant cytokine response was associated with the severity of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Min Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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