1
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Poyarkov NA, Nguyen TV, Pawangkhanant P, Yushchenko PV, Brakels P, Nguyen LH, Nguyen HN, Suwannapoom C, Orlov N, Vogel G. An integrative taxonomic revision of slug-eating snakes (Squamata: Pareidae: Pareineae) reveals unprecedented diversity in Indochina. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12713. [PMID: 35047234 PMCID: PMC8757378 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Slug-eating snakes of the subfamily Pareinae are an insufficiently studied group of snakes specialized in feeding on terrestrial mollusks. Currently Pareinae encompass three genera with 34 species distributed across the Oriental biogeographic region. Despite the recent significant progress in understanding of Pareinae diversity, the subfamily remains taxonomically challenging. Here we present an updated phylogeny of the subfamily with a comprehensive taxon sampling including 30 currently recognized Pareinae species and several previously unknown candidate species and lineages. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA and nuDNA data supported the monophyly of the three genera Asthenodipsas, Aplopeltura, and Pareas. Within both Asthenodipsas and Pareas our analyses recovered deep differentiation with each genus being represented by two morphologically diagnosable clades, which we treat as subgenera. We further apply an integrative taxonomic approach, including analyses of molecular and morphological data, along with examination of available type materials, to address the longstanding taxonomic questions of the subgenus Pareas, and reveal the high level of hidden diversity of these snakes in Indochina. We restrict the distribution of P. carinatus to southern Southeast Asia, and recognize two subspecies within it, including one new subspecies proposed for the populations from Thailand and Myanmar. We further revalidate P. berdmorei, synonymize P. menglaensis with P. berdmorei, and recognize three subspecies within this taxon, including the new subspecies erected for the populations from Laos and Vietnam. Furthermore, we describe two new species of Pareas from Vietnam: one belonging to the P. carinatus group from southern Vietnam, and a new member of the P. nuchalis group from the central Vietnam. We provide new data on P. temporalis, and report on a significant range extension for P. nuchalis. Our phylogeny, along with molecular clock and ancestral area analyses, reveal a complex diversification pattern of Pareinae involving a high degree of sympatry of widespread and endemic species. Our analyses support the "upstream" colonization hypothesis and, thus, the Pareinae appears to have originated in Sundaland during the middle Eocene and then colonized mainland Asia in early Oligocene. Sundaland and Eastern Indochina appear to have played the key roles as the centers of Pareinae diversification. Our results reveal that both vicariance and dispersal are responsible for current distribution patterns of Pareinae, with tectonic movements, orogeny and paleoclimatic shifts being the probable drivers of diversification. Our study brings the total number of Pareidae species to 41 and further highlights the importance of comprehensive taxonomic revisions not only for the better understanding of biodiversity and its evolution, but also for the elaboration of adequate conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A. Poyarkov
- Laboratory of Tropical Ecology, Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam,Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tan Van Nguyen
- Department of Species Conservation, Save Vietnam’s Wildlife, Ninh Binh, Vietnam
| | - Parinya Pawangkhanant
- Division of Fishery, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Platon V. Yushchenko
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Linh Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Zoology, Southern Institute of Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hung Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Zoology, Southern Institute of Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chatmongkon Suwannapoom
- Division of Fishery, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Nikolai Orlov
- Department of Herpetology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gernot Vogel
- Society for Southeast Asian Herpetology, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Sawada N, Hwang C, Harl J, Nakano T. Integrative taxonomy of insular land snails of the genus
Sicradiscus
Páll‐Gergely, 2013 (Gastropoda, Plectopylidae) with description of a new species. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sawada
- Department of Zoology Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Chung‐Chi Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences National University of Kaohsiung Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Josef Harl
- Institute of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Takafumi Nakano
- Department of Zoology Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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3
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Hayashi M, Sugiura S. Shell-breaking predation on gastropods by Badister pictus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with strikingly asymmetric mandibles. Zookeys 2021; 1044:815-830. [PMID: 34183893 PMCID: PMC8222264 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1044.62293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adults and larvae of some groups in the coleopteran family Carabidae are known to prey on snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Most species of the carabid tribe Licinini are believed to feed on live snails. However, the snail-eating behavior of only a few species has been studied. Whether adults of the licinine genus Badister can prey on live snails was tested by providing 155 live snails of 20 species (eleven terrestrial and nine aquatic species) to adults of Badisterpictus Bates, 1873, and observing their behavior under laboratory conditions. Six of the 20 snail species have an operculum that can close the aperture of the shell. Each B.pictus adult attacked all of the snails provided. Badisterpictus successfully preyed on ten terrestrial and six aquatic snail species. These beetles used their strikingly asymmetrical mandibles to break the dextral shells along the dorsal part of the whorls from the outer lip of the aperture towards the apex, allowing subsequent consumption of the soft bodies. However, 41.9% of snails could not be eaten by B.pictus adults. The rate of predation success by B.pictus decreased with increasing shell size and thickness of snails. In addition, the presence of an operculum decreased the rate of predation success by B.pictus. The results show that the shell size, thickness, and operculum of some snail species could play important roles in preventing B.pictus mandibles from breaking the shells. Therefore, Badister beetles may exert selective pressure on the evolution of defensive shell structures in small-sized snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hayashi
- Hoshizaki Green Foundation, Sono, Izumo, 691-0076, Japan Hoshizaki Green Foundation Izumo Japan
| | - Shinji Sugiura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Kobe University Kobe Japan
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4
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Vogel G, Nguyen TV, Zaw T, Poyarkov NA. A new species of the Pareas monticola complex (Squamata: Serpentes: Pareidae) from Chin Mountains with additions to the Pareas fauna of Myanmar. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1856953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Vogel
- Department of Herpetological Systematics, Society for Southeast Asian Herpetology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tan Van Nguyen
- Department of Species Conservation, Save Vietnam’s Wildlife Center, Ninh Binh, Vietnam
| | - Than Zaw
- Department of Zoology, University of Mandalay, Maha Aung Myae, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Nikolay A. Poyarkov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Tropical Ecology, Joint Russian–Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam
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5
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Hoso M, Shimatani IK. Life-History Modeling Reveals the Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Autotomy. Am Nat 2020; 196:690-703. [PMID: 33211560 DOI: 10.1086/711311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAutotomy, the self-amputation of body parts, serves as an antipredator defense in many taxonomic groups of animals. However, its adaptive value has seldom been quantified. Here, we propose a novel modeling approach for measuring the fitness advantage conferred by the capability for autotomy in the wild. Using a predator-prey system where a land snail autotomizes and regenerates its foot specifically in response to snake bites, we conducted a laboratory behavioral experiment and a 3-year multievent capture-mark-recapture study. Combining these empirical data, we developed a hierarchical model and estimated the basic life-history parameters of the snail. Using samples from the posterior distribution, we constructed the snail's life table as well as that of a snail variant incapable of foot autotomy. As a result of our analyses, we estimated the monthly encounter rate with snake predators at 3.3% (95% credible interval: 1.6%-4.9%), the contribution of snake predation to total mortality until maturity at 43.3% (15.0%-95.3%), and the fitness advantage conferred by foot autotomy at 6.5% (2.7%-11.5%). This study demonstrated the utility of the multimethod hierarchical-modeling approach for the quantitative understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes of antipredator defenses in the wild.
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6
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Wang P, Che J, Liu Q, Li K, Jin JQ, Jiang K, Shi L, Guo P. A revised taxonomy of Asian snail-eating snakes Pareas (Squamata, Pareidae): evidence from morphological comparison and molecular phylogeny. Zookeys 2020; 939:45-64. [PMID: 32577082 PMCID: PMC7297803 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.939.49309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian snail-eating snakes Pareas is the largest genus of the family Pareidae (formerly Pareatidae), and widely distributed in Southeast Asia. However, potential diversity remains poorly explored due to their highly conserved morphology and incomplete samples. Here, on basis of more extensive sampling, interspecific phylogenetic relationships of the genus Pareas were reconstructed using two mitochondrial fragments (cyt b and ND4) and two nuclear genes (c-mos and Rag1), and multivariate morphometrics conducted for external morphological data. Both Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses consistently showed that the genus Pareas was comprised of two distinct, monophyletic lineages with moderate to low support values. Based on evidences from molecular phylogeny and morphological data, cryptic diversity of this genus was uncovered and two new species were described. In additional, the validity of P.macularius is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China.,College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China Yibin University Yibin China
| | - Jing Che
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China
| | - Jie Qiong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China Yibin University Yibin China
| | - Peng Guo
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China
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7
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Le Ferrand H, Morii Y. Structure-behaviour correlations between two genetically closely related snail species. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191471. [PMID: 32218964 PMCID: PMC7029891 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Species, through their structure and composition, have evolved to respond to environmental constraints. Predator-prey interactions are among environmental pressures that can lead to speciation, but it remains unclear how this pressure can be related to the material structure and performance. Recently, two land snails, Karaftohelix editha and Karaftohelix gainesi, were found to exhibit divergent phenotypes and responses to predation despite sharing the same habitat and most of their genome. Indeed, under attack from a beetle, K. editha snails retract into their shell whereas K. gainesi snails swing their shell. In this paper, we looked at the microstructure, composition, morphology and mechanics of the shells of those two species and discuss potential relationships between material structure and the snail defence behaviour. The results of this study provide additional arguments for the role of predator-prey interactions on speciation, as well as an unusual approach for the design of biomimetic structures adapted to a particular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Le Ferrand
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y. Morii
- Phenix Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
- Department of Forest Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608589, Japan
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8
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Stuginski DR, Navas CA, Barros FCD, Grego KF, Martins M, Carvalho JED. The Role of Feeding Specialization on Post-Prandial Metabolic Rate in Snakes of the Genus Bothrops. Zoolog Sci 2019; 35:373-381. [PMID: 30079829 DOI: 10.2108/zs170058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feeding specialization is a recurrent issue in the evolution of snakes and is sometimes associated to morphological and/or behavioral adaptations that improve snake performance to exploit a particular food type. Despite its importance for animal fitness, the role of physiological traits has been much less studied than morphological and behavioral traits in the evolution of feeding specialization in snakes. In this context, the energetic cost of post-prandial period is an important physiological factor due to the remarkable effect on the snake energy budget. We collected data on post-prandial metabolic rate (SDA) in five species of pit vipers from the genus Bothrops with different degrees of mammal feeding specialization to test the hypothesis that feeding specialist species have lower energy costs during the digestion of their regular food item when compared to species with a more generalist diet. Our results support this hypothesis and suggest that ontogenetic changes in diet can be accompanied by changes in energy cost of the digestion process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcio Martins
- 2 Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
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9
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Uit de Weerd DR, Fernández Velázquez A. Pinning down Tenuistemma (Pulmonata: Urocoptidae): local evolution of an extreme shell type. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Chand S, Karuso P. Isolation and total synthesis of two novel metabolites from the fissurellid mollusc Scutus antipodes. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Chiba S, Cowie RH. Evolution and Extinction of Land Snails on Oceanic Islands. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonmarine molluscs are the major animal group with the greatest number of recorded extinctions due to anthropogenic impacts, and that number is certainly a serious underestimate. Land snails, particularly endemic land snails of oceanic islands, are the group of molluscs that have sustained the most extinctions. Understanding their ecology and the evolutionary processes that have led to their extreme vulnerability is crucial if we are to be able to conserve these diverse and important species. Oceanic island snails tend to have low α-diversity and high β-diversity, and divergence of habitat use among related species is known to occur in some radiations of land snails on oceanic islands. Processes of speciation and ecological interaction are possible major drivers of these patterns. The ecological opportunities available at the initial stage of insular evolution and the scarcity of effective predators may have led to divergence of habitat use and high β-diversity in oceanic island snails. Fewer and less diverse predators on oceanic islands lead to the evolution of fewer and less diverse defense traits in oceanic island snails, which results in their high vulnerability to non-native predators. High β-diversity of oceanic island snails also results in great vulnerability to habitat loss. Accordingly, the high susceptibility of oceanic island snails to extinction reflects their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Chiba
- Center for Northeast Asian Studies and Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - Robert H. Cowie
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
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12
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Danaisawadi P, Asami T, Ota H, Sutcharit C, Panha S. A snail-eating snake recognizes prey handedness. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23832. [PMID: 27046345 PMCID: PMC4820687 DOI: 10.1038/srep23832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized predator-prey interactions can be a driving force for their coevolution. Southeast Asian snail-eating snakes (Pareas) have more teeth on the right mandible and specialize in predation on the clockwise-coiled (dextral) majority in shelled snails by soft-body extraction. Snails have countered the snakes' dextral-predation by recurrent coil reversal, which generates diverse counterclockwise-coiled (sinistral) prey where Pareas snakes live. However, whether the snake predator in turn evolves any response to prey reversal is unknown. We show that Pareas carinatus living with abundant sinistrals avoids approaching or striking at a sinistral that is more difficult and costly to handle than a dextral. Whenever it strikes, however, the snake succeeds in predation by handling dextral and sinistral prey in reverse. In contrast, P. iwasakii with little access to sinistrals on small peripheral islands attempts and frequently misses capturing a given sinistral. Prey-handedness recognition should be advantageous for right-handed snail-eating snakes where frequently encountering sinistrals. Under dextral-predation by Pareas snakes, adaptive fixation of a prey population for a reversal gene instantaneously generates a sinistral species because interchiral mating is rarely possible. The novel warning, instead of sheltering, effect of sinistrality benefitting both predators and prey could further accelerate single-gene ecological speciation by left-right reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchara Danaisawadi
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Takahiro Asami
- Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Ota
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Hyogo, and Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo 669-1546, Japan
| | - Chirasak Sutcharit
- Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somsak Panha
- Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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13
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You CW, Poyarkov NA, Lin SM. Diversity of the snail-eating snakesPareas(Serpentes, Pareatidae) from Taiwan. ZOOL SCR 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei You
- Department of Life Science; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Nikolay A. Poyarkov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology; Biological Faculty; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskiye Gory, GSP-1 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center; South Branch, 3, Street 3/2, 10 District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Si-Min Lin
- Department of Life Science; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei Taiwan
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14
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A molecular phylogeny of camaenid land snails from north-western Australia unravels widespread homoplasy in morphological characters (Gastropoda, Helicoidea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 83:44-55. [PMID: 25463754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
North-western Australia harbours more than 300 species of camaenid land snail in 41 genera exhibiting considerable and well documented morphological diversity. We performed Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of concatenated nuclear (28S) and mitochondrial (COI, 16S) DNA sequences from 140 species of 37 of these genera plus an additional 27 extralimital species in order to resolve their phylogenetic relationships and to address the significance of morphological characters for the delineation of monophyletic taxa. While north-western Australian Camaenidae in their entirety are not monophyletic with respect to extralimital groups, they underwent extensive in situ-diversification in several independent phylogenetic radiations. A Maximum Likelihood-based character history reconstruction revealed extensive convergence in all studied shell characters and in three out of four genital features across this group. However, in some genera close morphological similarity is best explained by the retention of ancestral characters. We hypothesize that both morphological stasis in some groups and convergent character evolution in others can to a large extent be attributed to adaptive transformations in response to historically increasing aridity throughout north-western Australia in concert with structural constraints.
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15
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Liew TS, Schilthuizen M. Association between shell morphology of micro-land snails (genus Plectostoma) and their predator's predatory behaviour. PeerJ 2014; 2:e329. [PMID: 24749008 PMCID: PMC3976122 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator–prey interactions are among the main ecological interactions that shape the diversity of biological form. In many cases, the evolution of the mollusc shell form is presumably driven by predation. However, the adaptive significance of several uncommon, yet striking, shell traits of land snails are still poorly known. These include the distorted coiled “tuba” and the protruded radial ribs that can be found in micro-landsnails of the genus Plectostoma. Here, we experimentally tested whether these shell traits may act as defensive adaptations against predators. We characterised and quantified the possible anti-predation behaviour and shell traits of Plectostoma snails both in terms of their properties and efficiencies in defending against the Atopos slug predatory strategies, namely, shell-apertural entry and shell-drilling. The results showed that Atopos slugs would first attack the snail by shell-apertural entry, and, should this fail, shift to the energetically more costly shell-drilling strategy. We found that the shell tuba of Plectostoma snails is an effective defensive trait against shell-apertural entry attack. None of the snail traits, such as resting behaviour, shell thickness, shell tuba shape, shell rib density and intensity can fully protect the snail from the slug’s shell-drilling attack. However, these traits could increase the predation costs to the slug. Further analysis on the shell traits revealed that the lack of effectiveness in these anti-predation shell traits may be caused by a functional trade-off between shell traits under selection of two different predatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor-Seng Liew
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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16
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Sulikowska-Drozd A, Walczak M, Binkowski M. Evolution of shell apertural barriers in viviparous land snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae). CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apertural barriers in the snail shell were frequently associated with adaptation against predators or with reducing water loss. Yet formation of teeth occluding the aperture is costly and potentially precludes life-bearing reproduction. In viviparous species, a trade-off between the shell aperture size and the embryo shell size at birth is expected. This hypothesis was tested in clausiliids, land snails with strong apertural barriers, that displayed a range of reproductive strategies (oviparity, egg retention, viviparity). We assessed their three-dimensional internal shell morphology by means of X-ray microcomputed tomography (XMT). The data were later analysed with a specially designed algorithm that mimics the movement of the spherical embryonic shell in the lumen of the parental shell. It appeared that viviparous reproduction required the widening of the passage through the ultimate whorl, but that did not necessarily lead to a reduction of apertural barriers. This provides an example of evolutionary compromise between enhanced fitness of the offspring owing to a long gestation period and survival of the parent. Clausiliids might be selected for viviparity only if other selective forces were released, e.g., in areas where desiccation was not a major threat. This hypothesis is in congruence with the distribution of viviparous clausiliids in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sulikowska-Drozd
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - M. Walczak
- X-ray Microtomography Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, Institute of Computer Science, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty str. 1, building H, segment C, room P7, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - M. Binkowski
- X-ray Microtomography Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, Institute of Computer Science, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty str. 1, building H, segment C, room P7, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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17
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Sauer J, Oldeland J, Hausdorf B. Continuing fragmentation of a widespread species by geographical barriers as initial step in a land snail radiation on crete. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62569. [PMID: 23658748 PMCID: PMC3641037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogeographic structure of the land snail Xerocrassa mesostena on Crete inferred from AFLP markers and mitochondrial cox1 sequences can be explained by three mechanisms: gene flow restriction, population expansion and leptokurtic dispersal. Gene flow restriction by geographic barriers caused subdivision of the gene pool into distinct clusters. Population expansion was probably facilitated by deforestation of Crete in the postglacial. Newly available areas were colonized by leptokurtic dispersal, i.e. slow active expansion resulting in isolation by distance within the clusters and occasional long distance dispersal events that resulted in departures from the isolation by distance model. Less than one percent of the AFLP markers show correlations with environmental variables. Random phylogeographic breaks in the distribution of the mitochondrial haplotype groups indicate that single locus markers, especially mitochondrial DNA, might result in a misleading picture of the phylogeographic structure of a species. Restriction of gene flow between metapopulations caused by geographical barriers can interact with sexual selection resulting in the differentiation of these metapopulations into separate species without noticeable ecological differentiation. Evidence for gene flow between parapatrically distributed evolutionary units representing different stages of the speciation process suggests that the ongoing process of fragmentation of the X. mesostena complex might be an example for parapatric speciation. The lack of ecological differentiation between these units confirms theoretical predictions that divergent selection for local adaptation is not required for rapid speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sauer
- Department of Chemical Ecology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Oldeland
- Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of Plants, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Wada S, Chiba S. The dual protection of a micro land snail against a micro predatory snail. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54123. [PMID: 23326582 PMCID: PMC3541139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Defense against a single predatory attack strategy may best be achieved not by a single trait but by a combination of different traits. We tested this hypothesis experimentally by examining the unique shell traits (the protruded aperture and the denticles within the aperture) of the micro land snail Bensonella plicidens. We artificially altered shell characteristics by removing the denticles and/or cutting the protruded aperture. These snails were offered to the carnivorous micro land snail Indoennea bicolor, which preys on the snails by gaining entry to their shell. B. plicidens exhibited the best defence when both of the traits studied were present; the defensive ability of B. plicidens decreased if either trait was removed and was further reduced if both traits were removed. These results suggest that a combination of different traits provides more effective defence against attack by the predator than either single trait by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Wada
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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Hoso M. Cost of autotomy drives ontogenetic switching of anti-predator mechanisms under developmental constraints in a land snail. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4811-6. [PMID: 23034702 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotomy of body parts offers various prey animals immediate benefits of survival in compensation for considerable costs. I found that a land snail Satsuma caliginosa of populations coexisting with a snail-eating snake Pareas iwasakii survived the snake predation by autotomizing its foot, whereas those out of the snake range rarely survived. Regeneration of a lost foot completed in a few weeks but imposed a delay of shell growth. Imprints of autotomy were found in greater than 10 per cent of S. caliginosa in the snake range but in only less than 1 per cent out of it, simultaneously demonstrating intense predation by the snakes and high efficiency of autotomy for surviving snake predation in the wild. However, in experiments, mature S. caliginosa performed autotomy less frequently. Instead of the costly autotomy, they can use defensive denticles on the inside of their shell apertures. Owing to the constraints from the additive growth of shells, most pulmonate snails can produce these denticles only when they have fully grown up. Thus, this developmental constraint limits the availability of the modified aperture, resulting in ontogenetic switching of the alternative defences. This study illustrates how costs of adaptation operate in the evolution of life-history strategies under developmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hoso
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Brilot BO, Bateson M, Nettle D, Whittingham MJ, Read JCA. When Is General Wariness Favored in Avoiding Multiple Predator Types? Am Nat 2012; 179:E180-95. [DOI: 10.1086/665648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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van den Brink V, Dolivo V, Falourd X, Dreiss AN, Roulin A. Melanic color-dependent antipredator behavior strategies in barn owl nestlings. Behav Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arr213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Servedio MR, Van Doorn GS, Kopp M, Frame AM, Nosil P. Magic traits in speciation: ‘magic’ but not rare? Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:389-97. [PMID: 21592615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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A speciation gene for left-right reversal in snails results in anti-predator adaptation. Nat Commun 2011; 1:133. [PMID: 21139578 PMCID: PMC3105295 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
How speciation genes can spread in a population is poorly understood. In land snails, a single gene for left-right reversal could be responsible for instant speciation, because dextral and sinistral snails have difficulty in mating. However, the traditional two-locus speciation model predicts that a mating disadvantage for the reversal should counteract this speciation. In this study, we show that specialized snake predation of the dextral majority drives prey speciation by reversal. Our experiments demonstrate that sinistral Satsuma snails (Stylommatophora: Camaenidae) survive predation by Pareas iwasakii (Colubroidea: Pareatidae). Worldwide biogeography reveals that stylommatophoran snail speciation by reversal has been accelerated in the range of pareatid snakes, especially in snails that gain stronger anti-snake defense and reproductive isolation from dextrals by sinistrality. Molecular phylogeny of Satsuma snails further provides intriguing evidence of repetitive speciation under snake predation. Our study demonstrates that a speciation gene can be fixed in populations by positive pleiotropic effects on survival.
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Rivera G, Stayton CT. Finite element modeling of shell shape in the freshwater turtle Pseudemys concinna reveals a trade-off between mechanical strength and hydrodynamic efficiency. J Morphol 2011; 272:1192-203. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mougi A, Kishida O. Reciprocal phenotypic plasticity can lead to stable predator-prey interaction. J Anim Ecol 2009; 78:1172-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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