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Sico JJ, Chang CCH, So-Armah K, Justice AC, Hylek E, Skanderson M, McGinnis K, Kuller LH, Kraemer KL, Rimland D, Bidwell Goetz M, Butt AA, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Gibert C, Leaf D, Brown ST, Samet J, Kazis L, Bryant K, Freiberg MS. HIV status and the risk of ischemic stroke among men. Neurology 2015; 84:1933-40. [PMID: 25862803 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given conflicting data regarding the association of HIV infection and ischemic stroke risk, we sought to determine whether HIV infection conferred an increased ischemic stroke risk among male veterans. METHODS The Veterans Aging Cohort Study-Virtual Cohort consists of HIV-infected and uninfected veterans in care matched (1:2) for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and clinical site. We analyzed data on 76,835 male participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study-Virtual Cohort who were free of baseline cardiovascular disease. We assessed demographics, ischemic stroke risk factors, comorbid diseases, substance use, HIV biomarkers, and incidence of ischemic stroke from October 1, 2003, to December 31, 2009. RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 5.9 (interquartile range 3.5-6.6) years, there were 910 stroke events (37.4% HIV-infected). Ischemic stroke rates per 1,000 person-years were higher for HIV-infected (2.79, 95% confidence interval 2.51-3.10) than for uninfected veterans (2.24 [2.06-2.43]) (incidence rate ratio 1.25 [1.09-1.43]; p < 0.01). After adjusting for demographics, ischemic stroke risk factors, comorbid diseases, and substance use, the risk of ischemic stroke was higher among male veterans with HIV infection compared with uninfected veterans (hazard ratio 1.17 [1.01-1.36]; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS HIV infection is associated with an increased ischemic stroke risk among HIV-infected compared with demographically and behaviorally similar uninfected male veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Sico
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN.
| | - Chung-Chou H Chang
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Kaku So-Armah
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Amy C Justice
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Elaine Hylek
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Melissa Skanderson
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Kathleen McGinnis
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Lewis H Kuller
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Kevin L Kraemer
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - David Rimland
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Matthew Bidwell Goetz
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Adeel A Butt
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Cynthia Gibert
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - David Leaf
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Sheldon T Brown
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey Samet
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Lewis Kazis
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Kendall Bryant
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
| | - Matthew S Freiberg
- From the VA Connecticut Health Care System (J.J.S., A.C.J., M.S., K.M.), West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven; Yale University School of Medicine (J.J.S., K.S.-A., A.C.J.), New Haven, CT; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.-C.H.C., K.L.K., A.A.B.); University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (C.-C.H.C., L.H.K.), Pittsburgh, PA; Boston Medical Center (E.H.), MA; Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center (D.R.), Atlanta, GA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System (M.B.G., D.L.), Los Angeles, CA; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (A.A.B.), Pittsburgh, PA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine (M.C.R.-B.), Houston, TX; Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine (C.G.), Washington, DC; James J. Peters VA (S.T.B.), Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (S.T.B.), New York, NY; Boston University School of Medicine (J.S.), MA; Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (L.K.), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (L.K.), a Center for Innovation, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K.B.), Bethesda, MD; and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.S.F.), Nashville, TN
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