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Pla S, Benvenuto C, Capellini I, Piferrer F. Switches, stability and reversals in the evolutionary history of sexual systems in fish. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3029. [PMID: 35637181 PMCID: PMC9151764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual systems are highly diverse and have profound consequences for population dynamics and resilience. Yet, little is known about how they evolved. Using phylogenetic Bayesian modelling and a sample of 4614 species, we show that gonochorism is the likely ancestral condition in teleost fish. While all hermaphroditic forms revert quickly to gonochorism, protogyny and simultaneous hermaphroditism are evolutionarily more stable than protandry. In line with theoretical expectations, simultaneous hermaphroditism does not evolve directly from gonochorism but can evolve slowly from sequential hermaphroditism, particularly protandry. We find support for the predictions from life history theory that protogynous, but not protandrous, species live longer than gonochoristic species and invest the least in male gonad mass. The distribution of teleosts' sexual systems on the tree of life does not seem to reflect just adaptive predictions, suggesting that adaptations alone may not fully explain why some sexual forms evolve in some taxa but not others (Williams' paradox). We propose that future studies should incorporate mating systems, spawning behaviours, and the diversity of sex determining mechanisms. Some of the latter might constrain the evolution of hermaphroditism, while the non-duality of the embryological origin of teleost gonads might explain why protogyny predominates over protandry in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pla
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Benvenuto
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | | | - Francesc Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Lowe JR, Russ GR, Bucol AA, Abesamis RA, Choat JH. Geographic variability in the gonadal development and sexual ontogeny of Hemigymnus, Cheilinus and Oxycheilinus wrasses among Indo-Pacific coral reefs. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1348-1363. [PMID: 34228351 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of reproductive ontogeny in four species of coral reef wrasses (F: Labridae) Hemigymnus melapterus, Hemigymnus fasciatus, Cheilinus fasciatus and Oxycheilinus digramma were investigated. Populations of each species were sampled from two island groups of the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, and from coral reefs in the central Philippines. These three sampling locations span 30° of latitude. The GBR and Philippine reefs experience biologically significant differences in water temperature, geography and human activity. The studied wrasses are effectively unfished in Australia but heavily fished in the Philippines. Gonad weights, histology and demographic data were obtained across the entire size and age range of H. melapterus, C. fasciatus and O. digramma from all locations. Analysis identified three processes of male recruitment: functional gonochorism and both forms of protogynous hermaphroditism, monandry and diandry. The expression of these distinct sexual ontogenies was locality dependent. Populations of H. melapterus, H. fasciatus, C. fasciatus and O. digramma on the GBR showed consistently uniform patterns of sexual ontogeny, with all species being exclusively monandric. H. melapterus, C. fasciatus and O. digramma in the Philippines displayed complex sexual ontogenies, with all species showing histological evidence of both diandry and functional gonochorism. Reproductive investment in gonadal tissue, and population sex structure, also differed between GBR and Philippine coral reefs. Philippine populations had substantially lower gonado-somatic indices than populations on the GBR. Nonetheless, Philippine populations matured more rapidly and displayed a protracted timing of sex change over a large size and age range. Thus, mature females appeared earlier and persisted later into ontogeny in the Philippines than on GBR reefs. Protracted timing of sex change on Philippine reefs is likely linked to the presence of primary males in the population, which is known to reduce the strength of selection for mature females to undergo sex change and become male. Hypotheses based on social structure of fish populations, environmental factors and evolutionary history were developed to account for the different patterns of sexual ontogeny in the focal wrasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake R Lowe
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Garry R Russ
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abner A Bucol
- Silliman University-Angelo King Centre for Research and Environmental Management (SUAKCREM), Dumaguete City, Philippines
| | - Rene A Abesamis
- Silliman University-Angelo King Centre for Research and Environmental Management (SUAKCREM), Dumaguete City, Philippines
| | - John H Choat
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Freret-Meurer NV, Vaccani ADC, Cabiró GDS. Evidence of feminization in seahorses from a tropical estuary. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:695-699. [PMID: 33881174 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intersex has been reported regularly in wild populations of gonochoristic fish. The authors investigated the possible feminization of seahorses in a population of Hippocampus reidi in Brazil, as well as report a case of a brood pouch reduction after reproductive stimuli. The female seahorses of this population showed two kinds of morphological anomalies. The proportion of the animals affected in the study population was consistent and was uncorrelated with the sex ratio. The study indicates the changes in the sexual profile of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda do Carmo Vaccani
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Conservation, Universidade Santa Úrsula, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Course in Ecology and Evolution (PPGEE), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Casas L, Saborido-Rey F. Environmental Cues and Mechanisms Underpinning Sex Change in Fish. Sex Dev 2021; 15:108-121. [PMID: 34111868 DOI: 10.1159/000515274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishes are the only vertebrates that undergo sex change during their lifetime, but even within this group, a unique reproductive strategy is displayed by only 1.5% of the teleosts. This lability in alternating sexual fate is the result of the simultaneous suppression and activation of opposing male and female networks. Here, we provide a brief review summarizing recent advances in our understanding of the environmental cues that trigger sex change and their perception, integration, and translation into molecular cascades that convert the sex of an individual. We particularly focus on molecular events underpinning the complex behavioral and morphological transformation involved in sex change, dissecting the main molecular players and regulatory networks that shape the transformation of one sex into the opposite. We show that histological changes and molecular pathways governing gonadal reorganization are better described than the neuroendocrine basis of sex change and that, despite important advances, information is lacking for the majority of hermaphrodite species. We highlight significant gaps in our knowledge of how sex change takes place and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Casas
- Ecology and Marine Resources, Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Fran Saborido-Rey
- Ecology and Marine Resources, Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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5
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Testicular inducing steroidogenic cells trigger sex change in groupers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11117. [PMID: 34045599 PMCID: PMC8160332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates usually exhibit gonochorism, whereby their sex is fixed throughout their lifetime. However, approximately 500 species (~ 2%) of extant teleost fishes change sex during their lifetime. Although phylogenetic and evolutionary ecological studies have recently revealed that the extant sequential hermaphroditism in teleost fish is derived from gonochorism, the evolution of this transsexual ability remains unclear. We revealed in a previous study that the tunica of the ovaries of several protogynous hermaphrodite groupers contain functional androgen-producing cells, which were previously unknown structures in the ovaries of gonochoristic fishes. Additionally, we demonstrated that these androgen-producing cells play critical roles in initiating female-to-male sex change in several grouper species. In the present study, we widened the investigation to include 7 genera and 18 species of groupers and revealed that representatives from most major clades of extant groupers commonly contain these androgen-producing cells, termed testicular-inducing steroidogenic (TIS) cells. Our findings suggest that groupers acquired TIS cells in the tunica of the gonads for successful sex change during their evolution. Thus, TIS cells trigger the evolution of sex change in groupers.
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6
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Hodge JR, Santini F, Wainwright PC. Correlated Evolution of Sex Allocation and Mating System in Wrasses and Parrotfishes. Am Nat 2020; 196:57-73. [DOI: 10.1086/708764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Pla S, Benvenuto C, Capellini I, Piferrer F. A phylogenetic comparative analysis on the evolution of sequential hermaphroditism in seabreams (Teleostei: Sparidae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:3606. [PMID: 32107416 PMCID: PMC7046777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sparids are an ideal group of fishes in which to study the evolution of sexual systems since they exhibit a great sexual diversity, from gonochorism (separate sexes) to protandrous (male-first) and protogynous (female-first) sequential hermaphroditism (sex change). According to the size-advantage model (SAM), selection should favour sex change when the second sex achieves greater reproductive success at a larger body size than the first sex. Using phylogenetic comparative methods and a sample of 68 sparid species, we show that protogyny and protandry evolve from gonochorism but evolutionary transitions between these two forms of sequential hermaphroditism are unlikely to happen. Using male gonadosomatic index (GSI) as a measure of investment in gametes and proxy for sperm competition, we find that, while gonochoristic and protogynous species support the predictions of SAM, protandrous species do not, as they exhibit higher GSI values than expected even after considering mating systems and spawning modes. We suggest that small males of protandrous species have to invest disproportionally more in sperm production than predicted not only when spawning in aggregations, with high levels of sperm competition, but also when spawning in pairs due to the need to fertilize highly fecund females, much larger than themselves. We propose that this compensatory mechanism, together with Bateman’s principles in sequential hermaphrodites, should be formally incorporated in the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pla
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Benvenuto
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Isabella Capellini
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Francesc Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Amenyogbe E, Chen G, Wang Z, Lu X, Lin M, Lin AY. A Review on Sex Steroid Hormone Estrogen Receptors in Mammals and Fish. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:5386193. [PMID: 32089683 PMCID: PMC7029290 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5386193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones play essential roles in the reproductive biology of vertebrates. Estrogen exercises its effect through estrogen receptors and is not only a female reproductive hormone but acts virtually in all vertebrates, including fish, and is involved in the physiological and pathological states in all males and females. Estrogen has been implicated in mandible conservation and circulatory and central nervous systems as well as the reproductive system. This review intended to understand the structure, function, binding affinities, and activations of estrogens and estrogen receptors and to discuss the understanding of the role of sex steroid hormone estrogen receptors in mammals and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Amenyogbe
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Xiaoying Lu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Mingde Lin
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Ai Ying Lin
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
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9
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Lin YJ, Roa-Ureta RH, Rabaoui L, Grandcourt EM, Maneja RH, Al-Abdulkader K, Qurban MA. Association to vegetated habitats and different vulnerability to habitat degradation for two fish species, Epinephelus areolatus (Serranidae) and Siganus canaliculatus (Siganidae), from the western Arabian Gulf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 141:482-492. [PMID: 30955759 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epinephelus areolatus and Siganus canaliculatus are two species of fisheries importance associated with vegetated habitats, which are in turn threatened by human activities such as land filling. We tested their associations with vegetated habitats in the Arabian Gulf and examined essential life history traits to infer their vulnerability to the degradation of vegetated habitats. Epinephelus areolatus is found to be more abundant at deeper offshore vegetated habitats, while S. canaliculatus has higher abundance at shallow nearshore habitats. Epinephelus areolatus exhibits a longer life span, lower growth coefficient, larger size at 50% maturity, lower natural mortality, and protogynous sexual pattern, compared to Siganus canaliculatus. Accordingly, Epinephelus areolatus is expected to be more vulnerable to habitat degradation and environmental fluctuations. Different preferences in using vegetated habitats and degrees of vulnerability to habitat degradation for these two species could be further integrated to set priorities for management and conservation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Lin
- Marine Studies Section, Center for Environment and Waters, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ruben H Roa-Ureta
- Marine Studies Section, Center for Environment and Waters, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Rabaoui
- Marine Studies Section, Center for Environment and Waters, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rommel H Maneja
- Marine Studies Section, Center for Environment and Waters, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad A Qurban
- Marine Studies Section, Center for Environment and Waters, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Rowell TJ, Aburto-Oropeza O, Cota-Nieto JJ, Steele MA, Erisman BE. Reproductive behaviour and concurrent sound production of Gulf grouper Mycteroperca jordani (Epinephelidae) at a spawning aggregation site. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:277-296. [PMID: 30561025 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive and acoustic behaviours of Gulf grouper Mycteroperca jordani were studied at a spawning aggregation site in the southern Gulf of California, México. In May 2015-2017, divers located and surveyed a spawning aggregation site within Cabo Pulmo National Park. Adult M. jordani conformed to a lek mating system in which large males formed territories over sand adjacent to a rocky reef that were spatially segregated from smaller females outside of courtship and spawning periods. Females moved into male territories during evening hours to spawn. Male courtship behaviours targeted a single female, included head shakes and burst rises and preceded pair spawning prior to sunset. Males and females displayed three shared colour phases, but four phases were sex-specific. During evening hours, courtship and spawning, both sexes exhibited sexual dichromatism concurrent with reproductive behaviours. The pair-spawning mating system and observations of bimodal size distributions by sex support previous claims of protogyny in the species. Males produced sounds during territorial patrols, courtship and spawning rushes, which corroborated the importance of acoustic communication within the behavioural repertoire associated with spawning. Long-term acoustic monitoring revealed increases in total sounds detected day-1 from March through June with diel increases (e.g., evenings) that may be indicative of the spawning season. Observations of spawning on 12 consecutive evenings in May 2017 coupled with extended periods of sound production suggest that spawning does not follow a lunar rhythm. This first description of the mating system and sounds of the endangered M. jordani facilitates future development of seasonal and areal protections to restore and manage the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Rowell
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Octavio Aburto-Oropeza
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Juan J Cota-Nieto
- Centro Para la Biodiversidad Marina y Conservación A.C., La Paz, Mexico
| | - Mark A Steele
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Brad E Erisman
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, USA
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11
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Rowley AG, Daly-Engel TS, Fitzpatrick JL. Testes size increases with sperm competition risk and intensity in bony fish and sharks. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy G Rowley
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toby S Daly-Engel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, USA
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12
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Erisman BE, Barreiros JP, Rhodes KL, Warner RR. Fake spawns and floating particles: a rebuttal of Karkarey et al. "Alternative reproductive tactics and inverse size-assortment in a high-density fish spawning aggregation". BMC Ecol 2018; 18:48. [PMID: 30482188 PMCID: PMC6260699 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Courtship and spawning behaviors of coral reef fishes are very complex, and sufficient sampling effort and proper methods are required to draw informed conclusions on their mating systems that are grounded in contemporary theories of mate choice and sexual selection. We reviewed the recent study by Karkarey et al. (BMC Ecol 17:10, 2017) on the spawning behavior of Squaretail coralgrouper (Plectropomus areolatus) from India and found no evidence to support their findings of alternative reproductive tactics, unique school-spawning involving a single male with multiple females, or inverse size-assortment. The study lacks scientific credibility due to a lack of rigor in the methodology used, misinterpretation of observed behaviors, misinterpretation of the literature, and insufficient data. Their approach led the authors to produce spurious results and profound, invalid conclusions that violate the most basic assumptions of mate choice and sexual selection theory as applied to mating systems in marine fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad E Erisman
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373-5015, USA.
| | - João P Barreiros
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Kevin L Rhodes
- Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, UoG Station, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| | - Robert R Warner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93016, USA
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13
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Salinas-de-León P, Bertolotti A, Chong-Montenegro C, Gomes-Do-Régo M, Preziosi RF. Reproductive biology of the Endangered white‑spotted sand bass Paralabrax albomaculatus endemic to the Galapagos Islands. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Floeter SR, Bender MG, Siqueira AC, Cowman PF. Phylogenetic perspectives on reef fish functional traits. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:131-151. [PMID: 28464469 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits have been fundamental to the evolution and diversification of entire fish lineages on coral reefs. Yet their relationship with the processes promoting speciation, extinction and the filtering of local species pools remains unclear. We review the current literature exploring the evolution of diet, body size, water column use and geographic range size in reef-associated fishes. Using published and new data, we mapped functional traits on to published phylogenetic trees to uncover evolutionary patterns that have led to the current functional diversity of fishes on coral reefs. When examining reconstructed patterns for diet and feeding mode, we found examples of independent transitions to planktivory across different reef fish families. Such transitions and associated morphological alterations may represent cases in which ecological opportunity for the exploitation of different resources drives speciation and adaptation. In terms of body size, reconstructions showed that both large and small sizes appear multiple times within clades of mid-sized fishes and that extreme body sizes have arisen mostly in the last 10 million years (Myr). The reconstruction of range size revealed many cases of disparate range sizes among sister species. Such range size disparity highlights potential vicariant processes through isolation in peripheral locations. When accounting for peripheral speciation processes in sister pairs, we found a significant relationship between labrid range size and lineage age. The diversity and evolution of traits within lineages is influenced by trait-environment interactions as well as by species and trait-trait interactions, where the presence of a given trait may trigger the development of related traits or behaviours. Our effort to assess the evolution of functional diversity across reef fish clades adds to the burgeoning research focusing on the evolutionary and ecological roles of functional traits. We argue that the combination of a phylogenetic and a functional approach will improve the understanding of the mechanisms of species assembly in extraordinarily rich coral reef communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Floeter
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Bender
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Siqueira
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Peter F Cowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, U.S.A.,Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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15
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Sunobe T, Sado T, Hagiwara K, Manabe H, Suzuki T, Kobayashi Y, Sakurai M, Dewa SI, Matsuoka M, Shinomiya A, Fukuda K, Miya M. Evolution of bidirectional sex change and gonochorism in fishes of the gobiid genera Trimma, Priolepis, and Trimmatom. Naturwissenschaften 2017; 104:15. [PMID: 28251305 PMCID: PMC5332495 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Size-advantage and low-density models have been used to explain how mating systems favor hermaphroditism or gonochorism. However, these models do not indicate historical transitions in sexuality. Here, we investigate the evolution of bidirectional sex change and gonochorism by phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial gene of the gobiids Trimma (31 species), Priolepis (eight species), and Trimmatom (two species). Trimma and Priolepis formed a clade within the sister group Trimmatom. Gonadal histology and rearing experiments revealed that Trimma marinae, Trimma nasa, and Trimmatom spp. were gonochoric, whereas all other Trimma and Priolepis spp. were bidirectional sex changers or inferred ones. A maximum-likelihood reconstruction analysis demonstrated that the common ancestor of the three genera was gonochoristic. Bidirectional sex change probably evolved from gonochorism in a common ancestor of Trimma and Priolepis. As the gonads of bidirectional sex changers simultaneously contain mature ovarian and immature testicular components or vice versa, individuals are always potentially capable of functioning as females or males, respectively. Monogamy under low-density conditions may have been the ecological condition for the evolution of bidirectional sex change in a common ancestor. As T. marinae and T. nasa are a monophyletic group, gonochorism should have evolved from bidirectional sex change in a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Sunobe
- Laboratory of Fish Behavioral Ecology, Tateyama Station, Field Science Center, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 670 Banda, Tateyama, 294-0308, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Sado
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum and Institute, 955-2 Aoba-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8682, Japan
| | | | - Hisaya Manabe
- Education Center, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Kawanishi-Midoridai Senior High School, Koyodai, Kawanishi, Hyogo, 666-0115, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kobayashi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakurai
- Kagoshima Immaculate Heart College, 4-22-1 Toso, Kagoshima, 890-8525, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Dewa
- Diving Service Umi-Annai, 7-7 Masagohonmachi, Kagoshima, 890-0067, Japan
| | - Midori Matsuoka
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Akihiko Shinomiya
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fukuda
- Laboratory of Fish Behavioral Ecology, Tateyama Station, Field Science Center, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 670 Banda, Tateyama, 294-0308, Japan
| | - Masaki Miya
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum and Institute, 955-2 Aoba-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8682, Japan
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16
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Karkarey R, Zambre A, Isvaran K, Arthur R. Alternative reproductive tactics and inverse size-assortment in a high-density fish spawning aggregation. BMC Ecol 2017; 17:10. [PMID: 28245824 PMCID: PMC5331645 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At high densities, terrestrial and marine species often employ alternate reproductive tactics (ARTs) to maximize reproductive benefits. We describe ARTs in a high-density and unfished spawning aggregation of the squaretail grouper (Plectropomus areolatus) in Lakshadweep, India. Results As previously reported for this species, territorial males engage in pair-courtship, which is associated with a pair-spawning tactic. Here, we document a previously unreported school-courtship tactic; where territorial males court multiple females in mid-water schools, which appears to culminate in a unique ‘school-spawning’ tactic. Courtship tactics were conditional on body size, local mate density and habitat, likely associated with changing trade-offs between potential mating opportunities and intra-sexual competition. Counter-intuitively, the aggregation showed a habitat-specific inverse size-assortment: large males courted small females on the reef slope while small males courted equal-sized or larger females on the shelf. These patterns remained stable across two years of observation at high, unfished densities. Conclusions These unique density-dependent behaviours may disappear from this aggregation as overall densities decline due to increasing commercial fishing pressure, with potentially large consequences for demographics and fitness. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-017-0120-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Karkarey
- Oceans and Coasts Program, Nature Conservation Foundation, 3076/5, 4th Cross, Gokulam Park, Mysore, Karnataka, 570002, India. .,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Amod Zambre
- Post-graduate Programme in Wildlife Biology and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences-Wildlife Conservation Society, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavita Isvaran
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohan Arthur
- Oceans and Coasts Program, Nature Conservation Foundation, 3076/5, 4th Cross, Gokulam Park, Mysore, Karnataka, 570002, India.,Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CSIC), Blanes, Spain
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17
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Fukuda K, Manabe H, Sakurai M, Dewa SI, Shinomiya A, Sunobe T. Monogamous mating system and sexuality in the gobiid fish, Trimma marinae (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae). J ETHOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-016-0499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Marques S, Ferreira BP. Age and growth of the mutton hamlet Alphestes afer, with a review of the size and age of sex change among epinephelids. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:1009-1025. [PMID: 27073155 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents results on the age, growth and population structure of a small grouper, the mutton hamlet Alphestes afer, and discusses the observed size and age structure patterns in relation to reproductive strategies among the epinephelids. Ages were determined by examination of sectioned otoliths, which showed a distinct pattern of alternating translucent and opaque zones that formed annually, as validated with tetracycline labelling. The von Bertalanffy growth function was adjusted to the length-at-age data of the males and females, but no significant differences were observed between the resulting parameters. The females, however, were older at given sizes and attained larger sizes and ages, with a maximum observed longevity of 13 years and a total length (LT ) of 26 cm, while the males attained maximum longevities of only 10 years and a 22 cm maximum LT . The LT and age range for the sex change was 16-25 cm and 3-11 years. The total mortality rate (Z) was estimated to be 0·55 for females and 0·82 for males. With the males younger and smaller than the females, this species differed from the pattern commonly observed for protogynous epinephelids. Males had slower growth after maturation, probably due to energy allocation to sperm production during sexual development. This study shows that demography is an important tool to understand the pathways for reproductive strategies in grouper populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marques
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Oceanografia, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil
| | - B P Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Oceanografia, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil
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19
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The historical biogeography of groupers: Clade diversification patterns and processes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 100:21-30. [PMID: 26908372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Groupers (family Epinephelidae) are a clade of species-rich, biologically diverse reef fishes. Given their ecological variability and widespread distribution across ocean basins, it is important to scrutinize their evolutionary history that underlies present day distributions. This study investigated the patterns and processes by which grouper biodiversity has been generated and what factors have influenced their present day distributions. We reconstructed a robust, time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of Epinephelidae with comprehensive (∼87%) species sampling, whereby diversification rates were estimated and ancestral ranges were reconstructed. Our results indicate that groupers originated in what is now the East Atlantic during the mid-Eocene and diverged successively to form six strongly supported main clades. These clades differ in age (late Oligocene to mid-Miocene), geographic origin (West Atlantic to West Indo-Pacific) and temporal-spatial diversification pattern, ranging from constant rates of diversification to episodes of rapid radiation. Overall, divergence within certain biogeographic regions was most prevalent in groupers, while vicariant divergences were more common in Tropical Atlantic and East Pacific groupers. Our findings reveal that both biological and geographical factors have driven grouper diversification. They also underscore the importance of scrutinizing group-specific patterns to better understand reef fish evolution.
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20
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Salinas-de-León P, Rastoin E, Acuña-Marrero D. First record of a spawning aggregation for the tropical eastern Pacific endemic grouper Mycteroperca olfax in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:179-186. [PMID: 25997940 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study provides direct and indirect evidence of temporally and spatially consistent spawning aggregations for the grouper Mycteroperca olfax. Recently reported declines in population numbers, probably related to the direct targeting of aggregations by artisanal fishermen, highlight the urgent need for species-specific management actions in the Galapagos Marine Reserve, such as minimum and maximum landing sizes, and the importance of protecting key aggregation sites with the declaration of no-take areas and the establishment of total fishing bans during the reproductive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salinas-de-León
- Department of Marine Sciences, Charles Darwin Research Station, Av Charles Darwin s/n, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - E Rastoin
- Department of Marine Sciences, Charles Darwin Research Station, Av Charles Darwin s/n, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - D Acuña-Marrero
- Department of Marine Sciences, Charles Darwin Research Station, Av Charles Darwin s/n, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
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21
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Adkins-Regan E, Reeve HK. Sexual Dimorphism in Body Size and the Origin of Sex-Determination Systems. Am Nat 2014; 183:519-36. [DOI: 10.1086/675303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Vega-Frutis R, Macías-Ordóñez R, Guevara R, Fromhage L. Sex change in plants and animals: a unified perspective. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:667-75. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vega-Frutis
- Red de Biología Evolutiva; Instituto de Ecología, A.C.; Xalapa Veracruz México
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - R. Macías-Ordóñez
- Red de Biología Evolutiva; Instituto de Ecología, A.C.; Xalapa Veracruz México
| | - R. Guevara
- Red de Biología Evolutiva; Instituto de Ecología, A.C.; Xalapa Veracruz México
| | - L. Fromhage
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
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23
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French B, Potter IC, Hesp SA, Coulson PG, Hall NG. Biology of the harlequin fish Othos dentex (Serranidae), with particular emphasis on sexual pattern and other reproductive characteristics. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:106-132. [PMID: 24383801 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Key biological characteristics of the harlequin fish Othos dentex, a representative of a monospecific genus of the Anthiinae (Serranidae), were determined from samples collected around reefs on the south coast of Western Australia. The females of this relatively long-lived species (maximum recorded age in this study = 37 years) attained only a slightly greater maximum total length and age than males and neither the length nor the age-frequency distributions showed a conspicuous sex-based bimodality. Furthermore, gonads from a wide size and age range of O. dentex were shown by histology, at several locations along their length, to always comprise exclusively either ovarian or testicular tissues. Thus, O. dentex is a gonochorist, a sexual pattern only previously recorded definitively for one other anthiine serranid, i.e. Epinephelides armatus, which also occurs in south-western Australia. Similar to E. armatus, O. dentex possesses 'solid' testes with a central sperm duct, thereby differing in structure from those typically found in serranids, in which there is a central membrane-bound 'ovarian' lumen and peripherally located sperm sinuses. The gonadal characteristics and sexual pattern of these two gonochoristic anthiines are not consistent with a recent proposal for the trends exhibited by the evolution of gonochorism and protogyny within the Serranidae. Othos dentex has indeterminate fecundity and a protracted spawning period (7 months) and, on the basis of underwater observations and a low gonado-somatic index (I(G)) for males, is a pair spawner, which is unusual for a gonochorist of a serranid or member of a related family. While the large spots on the lower half of the body of O. dentex are shown quantitatively to be similarly yellow in juveniles and adult females, they then become blue in males at maturity and this intensifies during the spawning period, when they presumably play an important role in agonistic interactions among males and courtship with females. The attainment of maturity and rapid growth by O. dentex early in life may reflect selection pressures to reduce predation mortality during that period. Total mortality in the population is moderately low during later life, implying that the current fishing pressure on O. dentex is relatively light.
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Affiliation(s)
- B French
- Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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24
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Erisman BE, Petersen CW, Hastings PA, Warner RR. Phylogenetic perspectives on the evolution of functional hermaphroditism in teleost fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:736-54. [PMID: 23817661 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermaphroditism is taxonomically widespread among teleost fishes and takes on many forms including simultaneous, protogynous, and protandrous hermaphroditism, bidirectional sex change, and androdioecy. The proximate mechanisms that influence the timing, incidence, and forms of hermaphroditism in fishes are supported by numerous theoretical and empirical studies on their mating systems and sexual patterns, but few have examined aspects of sex-allocation theory or the evolution of hermaphroditism for this group within a strict phylogenetic context. Fortunately, species-level phylogenetic reconstructions of the evolutionary history of many lineages of fishes have emerged, providing opportunities for understanding fine-scale evolutionary pathways and transformations of sex allocation. Examinations of several families of fishes with adequate data on phylogeny, patterns of sex allocation, mating systems, and with some form of hermaphroditism reveal that the evolution and expression of protogyny and other forms of sex allocation show little evidence of phylogenetic inertia within specific lineages but rather are associated with particular mating systems in accordance with prevalent theories about sex allocation. Transformations from protogyny to gonochorism in groupers (Epinephelidae), seabasses (Serranidae), and wrasses and parrotfishes (Labridae) are associated with equivalent transformations in the structure of mating groups from spawning of pairs to group spawning and related increases in sperm competition. Similarly, patterns of protandry, androdioecy, simultaneous hermaphroditism, and bidirectional sex change in other lineages (Aulopiformes, Gobiidae, and Pomacentridae) match well with particular mating systems in accordance with sex-allocation theory. Unlike other animals and plants, we did not find evidence that transitions between hermaphroditism and gonochorism required functional intermediates. Two instances in which our general conclusions might not hold include the expression of protandry in the Sparidae and the distribution of simultaneous hermaphroditism. In the Sparidae, the association of hypothesized mating systems and patterns of sex allocation were not always consistent with the size-advantage model (SAM), in that certain protandric sparids show evidence of intense sperm competition that should favor the expression of gonochorism. In the other case, simultaneous hermaphroditism does not occur in some groups of monogamous fishes, which are similar in ecology to the hermaphroditic serranines, suggesting that this form of sex allocation may be more limited by phylogenetic inertia. Overall, this work strongly supports sexual lability within teleost fishes and confirms evolutionary theories of sex allocation in this group of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad E Erisman
- *Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; College of the Atlantic, 105 Eden Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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25
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Yusa Y, Takemura M, Sawada K, Yamaguchi S. Diverse, Continuous, and Plastic Sexual Systems in Barnacles. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:701-12. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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26
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Trejo-Martínez J, Brulé T, Mena-Loría A, Colás-Marrufo T, Sánchez-Crespo M. Reproductive aspects of the yellowtail snapper Ocyurus chrysurus from the southern Gulf of Mexico. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:915-936. [PMID: 21967581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sex ratio, spawning season, fork length (L(F)) at maturity (L(F50)), batch fecundity and spawning frequency were characterized for the continental population of Ocyurus chrysurus from the Campeche Bank, in the southern Gulf of Mexico. A total of 1657 specimens were collected from February 2008 to January 2009. The overall sex ratio (male:female) and sex ratios by size-class showed no significant differences from an expected 1:1 ratio. The Campeche Bank population did not conform to the reproductive seasonality pattern characteristic of a continental population. A protracted spawning season that extended from January to September with peaks occurring mainly between April and May and additionally in September was observed. The population conformed, however, to the sexual maturity pattern observed for populations and species associated with a continental margin. Fish of both sexes reached the onset of sexual maturity at a similar and small L(F) of c. 14 cm, and L(F50) (L(F) at which 50% of females and males become mature) was 21·3 and 19·4 cm. Asynchronous-type ovarian development was observed for this species and batch fecundity estimates ranged from 14,102 to 164,756 oocytes (mean ±S.D. = 43,852 ± 32,684 oocytes). The overall spawning frequency estimate was once every 8·3 days or 26 times during the 9 month spawning season.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trejo-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Unidad Mérida, Antigua Carretera a Progreso km 6, Apartado Postal 73 Cordemex, Código Postal 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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27
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Marques S, Ferreira BP. Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011005000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is little knowledge on the reproduction of the genus Alphestes. The reproduction of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer, sampled in Pernambuco reefs (Brazil) was studied based on macroscopic analysis during reproductive period and histological analysis of gonad material from March 2008 to October 2009. This study showed that A. afer is a diandric, protogynous hermaphrodite. Sex change followed protogynous mode in two pathways: primary males formed from immature female individuals or secondary males formed from resting, ripe or spent female individuals. The numerical distribution of gonad classes by size indicated that females from 11-18 cm L T were immature while females from 16-25 cm L T and males from 12-22 cm L T were in various stages of gonadal development. Individuals identified as immature bisexual and transitional (presenting both ovarian and sperm tissue) were sized from 16-24 cm L T. Size of first reproduction for females was 18 cm L T and for males was 12 cm L T. Alphestes afer showed multiple spawning, with spawning season period from August to December 2008 and from August to October 2009. The sex-ratio (females: males) in 2008 and 2009 was 0.94:1 during the months of spawning season. Males were smaller than females, reaching maximum size of 22 cm compared to 25 cm observed for females. Males showed a high sperm competition rank (3.8), suggesting intense sperm competition. This latter is a possible indication of a shift in the mating group structure from paired to group spawning. The presence of small males added to high sperm competition index, suggest that this species, while retaining the protogynous pattern, has a reproductive strategy similar to gonochorist epinephelids.
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28
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Trip EDL, Clements KD, Raubenheimer D, Choat JH. Reproductive biology of an odacine labrid, Odax pullus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:741-761. [PMID: 21366570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The sexual ontogeny of butterfish Odax pullus was examined in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand through histological analysis of gonad material, size and age information and seasonal patterns of sexual maturation. The patterns of gonad development and schedules of male recruitment were established and sexual ontogeny of O. pullus was diagnosed as monandric protogyny, with all males developing from mature females after female-to-male sex reversal. All individuals underwent an immature female phase before maturing as functional females at 228·7-264·8 mm fork length (L(F) ) and at 1·1-1·5 years of age, and there was no evidence of a juvenile bisexual phase. Degenerating mature oogenic elements were found in the gonad lumen of individuals with developing spermatogenic tissue, providing histological evidence for functional protogyny. Sex change was estimated to occur at 359-379 mm L(F) and 2-3 years of age. The diagnosis of monandric protogyny for O. pullus coincided with the pattern of sexual ontogeny seen in the majority of labrids, particularly those of the same clade (tribe Hypsigenyini) and contrasted with that seen in a number of other temperate labrids. This study suggests that the protogynous mode of sexual development in O. pullus is likely to be lineage-specific, i.e. associated with the phylogeny of labrid sexual development, and is not constrained by environmental effects on the evolution of sex change in temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D L Trip
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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29
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Kazancioğlu E, Alonzo SH. A comparative analysis of sex change in Labridae supports the size advantage hypothesis. Evolution 2010; 64:2254-64. [PMID: 20394662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The size advantage hypothesis (SAH) predicts that the rate of increase in male and female fitness with size (the size advantage) drives the evolution of sequential hermaphroditism or sex change. Despite qualitative agreement between empirical patterns and SAH, only one comparative study tested SAH quantitatively. Here, we perform the first comparative analysis of sex change in Labridae, a group of hermaphroditic and dioecious (non-sex changer) fish with several model sex-changing species. We also estimate, for the first time, rates of evolutionary transitions between sex change and dioecy. Our analyses support SAH and indicate that the evolution of hermaphroditism is correlated to the size advantage. Furthermore, we find that transitions from sex change to dioecy are less likely under stronger size advantage. We cannot determine, however, how the size advantage affects transitions from dioecy to sex change. Finally, contrary to what is generally expected, we find that transitions from dioecy to sex change are more likely than transitions from sex change to dioecy. The similarity of sexual differentiation in hermaphroditic and dioecious labrids might underlie this pattern. We suggest that elucidating the developmental basis of sex change is critical to predict and explain patterns of the evolutionary history of sequential hermaphroditism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erem Kazancioğlu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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30
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Erisman BE, Craig MT, Hastings PA. Reproductive biology of the Panama graysby Cephalopholis panamensis (Teleostei: Epinephelidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 76:1312-1328. [PMID: 20537016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive biology of the Panama graysby Cephalopholis panamensis was studied from collections and behavioural observations made in the Gulf of California from 2001 to 2006. Histological examinations, particularly the identification of gonads undergoing sexual transition, confirmed a protogynous hermaphroditic sexual pattern. The population structure and mating behaviour provided further support for protogyny. Size and age distributions by sex were bimodal, with males larger and older than females and sex ratios biased towards females. Mating groups consisted of a large male and several smaller females, and courtship occurred in pairs during the evening. Results on spawning periodicity and seasonality were incomplete, but histological data, monthly gonado-somatic indices (I(G)) and behavioural observations suggest that adults spawned around the full moon from May to September. Certain aspects of their reproductive biology (e.g. protogyny and low egg production) indicate that C. panamensis is particularly vulnerable to fishing and would benefit from a management policy in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Erisman
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0208, USA.
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