1
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Ruiz Miñano M, Uller T, Pettersen AK, Nord A, Fitzpatrick LJ, While GM. Sexual color ornamentation, microhabitat choice, and thermal physiology in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39101273 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) in Italy show a striking variation in body coloration across the landscape, with highly exaggerated black and green colors in hot and dry climates and brown and white colors in cool and wet climates. Males are more intensely colored than females, and previous work has suggested that the maintenance of variation in coloration across the landscape reflects climatic effects on the strength of male-male competition, and through this sexual selection. However climatic effects on the intensity of male-male competition would need to be exceptionally strong to fully explain the geographic patterns of color variation. Thus, additional processes may contribute to the maintenance of color variation. Here we test the hypothesis that selection for green and black ornamentation in the context of male-male competition is opposed by selection against ornamentation because the genes involved in the regulation of coloration have pleiotropic effects on thermal physiology, such that ornamentation is selected against in cool climates. Field observations revealed no association between body coloration and microhabitat use or field active body temperatures. Consistent with these field data, lizards at the extreme ends of the phenotypic distribution for body coloration did not show any differences in critical minimum temperature, preferred body temperature, temperature-dependent metabolic rate, or evaporative water loss when tested in the laboratory. Combined, these results provide no evidence that genes that underlie sexual ornamentation are selected against in cool climate because of pleiotropic effects on thermal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maravillas Ruiz Miñano
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Uller
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amanada K Pettersen
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andreas Nord
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luisa J Fitzpatrick
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M While
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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2
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Qiao H, Peterson AT, Myers CE, Yang Q, Saupe EE. Ecological niche conservatism spurs diversification in response to climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:729-738. [PMID: 38374186 PMCID: PMC11009114 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Lengthy debate has surrounded the theoretical and empirical science of whether climatic niche evolution is related to increased or decreased rates of biological diversification. Because species can persist for thousands to millions of years, these questions cross broad scales of time and space. Thus, short-term experiments may not provide comprehensive understanding of the system, leading to the emergence of contrasting opinions: niche evolution may increase diversity by allowing species to explore and colonize new geographic areas across which they could speciate; or, niche conservatism might augment biodiversity by supporting isolation of populations that may then undergo allopatric speciation. Here, we use a simulation approach to test how biological diversification responds to different rates and modes of niche evolution. We find that niche conservatism promotes biological diversification, whereas labile niches-whether adapting to the conditions available or changing randomly-generally led to slower diversification rates. These novel results provide a framework for understanding how Earth-life interactions produced such a diverse biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | | | - Corinne E Myers
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Qinmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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3
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Morinaga G, Wiens JJ, Moen DS. The radiation continuum and the evolution of frog diversity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7100. [PMID: 37925440 PMCID: PMC10625520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of life's vast diversity of species and phenotypes is often attributed to adaptive radiation. Yet its contribution to species and phenotypic diversity of a major group has not been examined. Two key questions remain unresolved. First, what proportion of clades show macroevolutionary dynamics similar to adaptive radiations? Second, what proportion of overall species richness and phenotypic diversity do these adaptive-radiation-like clades contain? We address these questions with phylogenetic and morphological data for 1226 frog species across 43 families (which represent >99% of all species). Less than half of frog families resembled adaptive radiations (with rapid diversification and morphological evolution). Yet, these adaptive-radiation-like clades encompassed ~75% of both morphological and species diversity, despite rapid rates in other clades (e.g., non-adaptive radiations). Overall, we support the importance of adaptive-radiation-like evolution for explaining diversity patterns and provide a framework for characterizing macroevolutionary dynamics and diversity patterns in other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Morinaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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4
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Portik DM, Streicher JW, Wiens JJ. Frog phylogeny: A time-calibrated, species-level tree based on hundreds of loci and 5,242 species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 188:107907. [PMID: 37633542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale, time-calibrated phylogenies from supermatrix studies have become crucial for evolutionary and ecological studies in many groups of organisms. However, in frogs (anuran amphibians), there is a serious problem with existing supermatrix estimates. Specifically, these trees are based on a limited number of loci (15 or fewer), and the higher-level relationships estimated are discordant with recent phylogenomic estimates based on much larger numbers of loci. Here, we attempted to rectify this problem by generating an expanded supermatrix and combining this with data from phylogenomic studies. To assist in aligning ribosomal sequences for this supermatrix, we developed a new program (TaxonomyAlign) to help perform taxonomy-guided alignments. The new combined matrix contained 5,242 anuran species with data from 307 markers, but with 95% missing data overall. This dataset represented a 71% increase in species sampled relative to the previous largest supermatrix analysis of anurans (adding 2,175 species). Maximum-likelihood analyses generated a tree in which higher-level relationships (and estimated clade ages) were generally concordant with those from phylogenomic analyses but were more discordant with the previous largest supermatrix analysis. We found few obvious problems arising from the extensive missing data in most species. We also generated a set of 100 time-calibrated trees for use in comparative analyses. Overall, we provide an improved estimate of anuran phylogeny based on the largest number of combined taxa and markers to date. More broadly, we demonstrate the potential to combine phylogenomic and supermatrix analyses in other groups of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Portik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | | | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
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5
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Wiens JJ. Trait-based species richness: ecology and macroevolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1365-1387. [PMID: 37015839 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the origins of species richness patterns is a fundamental goal in ecology and evolutionary biology. Much research has focused on explaining two kinds of species richness patterns: (i) spatial species richness patterns (e.g. the latitudinal diversity gradient), and (ii) clade-based species richness patterns (e.g. the predominance of angiosperm species among plants). Here, I highlight a third kind of richness pattern: trait-based species richness (e.g. the number of species with each state of a character, such as diet or body size). Trait-based richness patterns are relevant to many topics in ecology and evolution, from ecosystem function to adaptive radiation to the paradox of sex. Although many studies have described particular trait-based richness patterns, the origins of these patterns remain far less understood, and trait-based richness has not been emphasised as a general category of richness patterns. Here, I describe a conceptual framework for how trait-based richness patterns arise compared to other richness patterns. A systematic review suggests that trait-based richness patterns are most often explained by when each state originates within a group (i.e. older states generally have higher richness), and not by differences in transition rates among states or faster diversification of species with certain states. This latter result contrasts with the widespread emphasis on diversification rates in species-richness research. I show that many recent studies of spatial richness patterns are actually studies of trait-based richness patterns, potentially confounding the causes of these patterns. Finally, I describe a plethora of unanswered questions related to trait-based richness patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
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6
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Luría-Manzano R, Pinheiro PDP, Kohlsdorf T, Haddad CFB, Martins M. Evolution of territoriality in Hylinae treefrogs: Ecological and morphological correlates and lineage diversification. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1090-1101. [PMID: 37322612 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the diverse nature of traits involved in territorial defence, they may respond to different selective pressures and then exhibit distinct patterns of evolution. These selective pressures also may cause territorial behaviour to be associated with environmental and morphological variables. Such associations, however, have mostly been studied at the intraspecific level, being phylogenetic analyses of territoriality in a broad taxonomic framework rare in the literature. We used the anuran subfamily Hylinae to test (1) whether two territorial-behaviour traits with different levels of aggression-territorial call and physical combat-are evolutionarily more labile than a morphological trait used in physical combat-the spine-shaped prepollex; (2) whether reproduction in lentic waters and phytotelmata, as well as resource scarcity, might favour the occurrence of territoriality; (3) if physical combat is more important than territorial call for the evolution of body size and sexual size dimorphism and (4) the relationships between territorial-behaviour traits and lineage diversification. We mainly used the literature to build two datasets with different levels of certainty. Territorial-behaviour traits exhibited intermediate levels of phylogenetic signal in Hylinae, whereas the phylogenetic signal for the presence of the spine-shaped prepollex was strong. We found support for the hypothesis that reproduction in lentic water favours the occurrence of territorial behaviour, because the expression of territorial-behaviour traits was more associated with reproduction in lentic than in lotic waters. Territorial-behaviour traits were not correlated with annual precipitation nor with habitat complexity. Body size and sexual size dimorphism were not correlated with the presence of territorial call nor with physical combat. We identified negative correlations between diversification rates and physical combat. Relationships of territorial call and physical combat with diversification rates suggest that these territorial behaviours influence evolutionary processes in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Luría-Manzano
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo D P Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Anfíbios, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Departmento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio Martins
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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7
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Spaulding F, McLaughlin JF, Cheek RG, McCracken KG, Glenn TC, Winker K. Population genomics indicate three different modes of divergence and speciation with gene flow in the green-winged teal duck complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107733. [PMID: 36801373 PMCID: PMC10092703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The processes leading to divergence and speciation can differ broadly among taxa with different life histories. We examine these processes in a small clade of ducks with historically uncertain relationships and species limits. The green-winged teal (Anas crecca) complex is a Holarctic species of dabbling duck currently categorized as three subspecies (Anas crecca crecca, A. c. nimia, and A. c. carolinensis) with a close relative, the yellow-billed teal (Anas flavirostris) from South America. A. c. crecca and A. c. carolinensis are seasonal migrants, while the other taxa are sedentary. We examined divergence and speciation patterns in this group, determining their phylogenetic relationships and the presence and levels of gene flow among lineages using both mitochondrial and genome-wide nuclear DNA obtained from 1,393 ultraconserved element (UCE) loci. Phylogenetic relationships using nuclear DNA among these taxa showed A. c. crecca, A. c. nimia, and A. c. carolinensis clustering together to form one polytomous clade, with A. flavirostris sister to this clade. This relationship can be summarized as (crecca, nimia, carolinensis)(flavirostris). However, whole mitogenomes revealed a different phylogeny: (crecca, nimia)(carolinensis, flavirostris). The best demographic model for key pairwise comparisons supported divergence with gene flow as the probable speciation mechanism in all three contrasts (crecca-nimia, crecca-carolinensis, and carolinensis-flavirostris). Given prior work, gene flow was expected among the Holarctic taxa, but gene flow between North American carolinensis and South American flavirostris (M ∼0.1-0.4 individuals/generation), albeit low, was not expected. Three geographically oriented modes of divergence are likely involved in the diversification of this complex: heteropatric (crecca-nimia), parapatric (crecca-carolinensis), and (mostly) allopatric (carolinensis-flavirostris). Our study shows that ultraconserved elements are a powerful tool for simultaneously studying systematics and population genomics in systems with historically uncertain relationships and species limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Spaulding
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Jessica F McLaughlin
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca G Cheek
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kevin G McCracken
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Winker
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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8
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Juarez BH, Moen DS, Adams DC. Ecology, sexual dimorphism, and jumping evolution in anurans. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:829-841. [PMID: 37129372 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism (SD) is a common feature of animals, and selection for sexually dimorphic traits may affect both functional morphological traits and organismal performance. Trait evolution through natural selection can also vary across environments. However, whether the evolution of organismal performance is distinct between the sexes is rarely tested in a phylogenetic comparative context. Anurans commonly exhibit sexual size dimorphism, which may affect jumping performance given the effects of body size on locomotion. They also live in a wide variety of microhabitats. Yet the relationships among dimorphism, performance, and ecology remain underexamined in anurans. Here, we explore relationships between microhabitat use, body size, and jumping performance in males and females to determine the drivers of dimorphic patterns in jumping performance. Using methods for predicting jumping performance through anatomical measurements, we describe how fecundity selection and natural selection associated with body size and microhabitat have likely shaped female jumping performance. We found that the magnitude of sexual size dimorphism (where females are about 14% larger than males) was much lower than dimorphism in muscle volume, where females had 42% more muscle than males (after accounting for body size). Despite these sometimes-large averages, phylogenetic t-tests failed to show the statistical significance of SD for any variable, indicating sexually dimorphic species tend to be closely related. While SD of jumping performance did not vary among microhabitats, we found female jumping velocity and energy differed across microhabitats. Overall, our findings indicate that differences in sex-specific reproductive roles, size, jumping-related morphology, and performance are all important determinants in how selection has led to the incredible ecophenotypic diversity of anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H Juarez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Departments of Biology and Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Dean C Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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9
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Barreto E, Lim MCW, Rojas D, Dávalos LM, Wüest RO, Machac A, Graham CH. Morphology and niche evolution influence hummingbird speciation rates. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20221793. [PMID: 37072043 PMCID: PMC10113027 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
How traits affect speciation is a long-standing question in evolution. We investigate whether speciation rates are affected by the traits themselves or by the rates of their evolution, in hummingbirds, a clade with great variation in speciation rates, morphology and ecological niches. Further, we test two opposing hypotheses, postulating that speciation rates are promoted by trait conservatism or, alternatively, by trait divergence. To address these questions, we analyse morphological (body mass and bill length) and niche traits (temperature and precipitation position and breadth, and mid-elevation), using a variety of methods to estimate speciation rates and correlate them with traits and their evolutionary rates. When it comes to the traits, we find faster speciation in smaller hummingbirds with shorter bills, living at higher elevations and experiencing greater temperature ranges. As for the trait evolutionary rates, we find that speciation increases with rates of divergence in the niche traits, but not in the morphological traits. Together, these results reveal the interplay of mechanisms through which different traits and their evolutionary rates (conservatism or divergence) influence the origination of hummingbird diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barreto
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marisa C. W. Lim
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Danny Rojas
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cl. 18 #118-250, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, 129 Dana Hall, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rafael O. Wüest
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Antonin Machac
- Villum Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity and Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and the Czech Academy of Science, Jilska 1, 11000 Prague, Czechia
- Department of Ecology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague, Czechia
| | - Catherine H. Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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10
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Xing S, Leahy L, Ashton LA, Kitching RL, Bonebrake TC, Scheffers BR. Ecological patterns and processes in the vertical dimension of terrestrial ecosystems. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:538-551. [PMID: 36622247 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Climatic gradients such as latitude and elevation are considered primary drivers of global biogeography. Yet, alongside these macro-gradients, the vertical space and structure generated by terrestrial plants form comparable climatic gradients but at a fraction of the distance. These vertical gradients provide a spectrum of ecological space for species to occur and coexist, increasing biodiversity. Furthermore, vertical gradients can serve as pathways for evolutionary adaptation of species traits, leading to a range of ecological specialisations. In this review, we explore the ecological evidence supporting the proposition that the vertical gradient serves as an engine driving the ecology and evolution of species and shaping larger biogeographical patterns in space and time akin to elevation and latitude. Focusing on vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, we synthesised how ecological patterns within the vertical dimension shape species composition, distribution and biotic interactions. We identify three key ecological mechanisms associated with species traits that facilitate persistence within the vertical environment and draw on empirical examples from the literature to explore these processes. Looking forward, we propose that the vertical dimension provides an excellent study template to explore timely ecological and evolutionary questions. We encourage future research to also consider how the vertical dimension will influence the resilience and response of animal taxa to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xing
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lily Leahy
- Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise A Ashton
- Ecology and Biodiversity Area, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roger L Kitching
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy C Bonebrake
- Ecology and Biodiversity Area, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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11
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Tuschhoff E, Wiens JJ. Evolution of sexually selected traits across animals. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1042747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection is thought to be a major driver of phenotypic diversity and diversification in animals, but large-scale evolutionary patterns in sexually selected (SS) traits remain largely unknown. Here, we survey and analyze the evolution of these traits across animal phylogeny. We find that female mate choice appears to be the most widespread mechanism of sexual selection, but male-male competition appears to be almost as frequent in chordates and male mate choice is also common in arthropods. Among sensory types, tactile traits appear to be most widespread whereas auditory traits are relatively uncommon. Rather than being ubiquitous or randomly distributed across animals, most of these different types of SS traits are confined to clades in arthropods and chordates, which form “hotspots” for the evolution of these diverse trait types. Thus, different sensory types show accelerated rates of evolution in these clades. Moreover, different types of SS traits are strongly correlated with each other in their evolution across animals. Finally, despite the intensive interest in the role of sexual selection in speciation, we find only limited support for the idea that SS traits drive large-scale patterns of diversification and species richness across all animals.
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12
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Taboada C, Delia J, Chen M, Ma C, Peng X, Zhu X, Jiang L, Vu T, Zhou Q, Yao J, O’Connell L, Johnsen S. Glassfrogs conceal blood in their liver to maintain transparency. Science 2022; 378:1315-1320. [PMID: 36548427 PMCID: PMC9984244 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transparency in animals is a complex form of camouflage involving mechanisms that reduce light scattering and absorption throughout the organism. In vertebrates, attaining transparency is difficult because their circulatory system is full of red blood cells (RBCs) that strongly attenuate light. Here, we document how glassfrogs overcome this challenge by concealing these cells from view. Using photoacoustic imaging to track RBCs in vivo, we show that resting glassfrogs increase transparency two- to threefold by removing ~89% of their RBCs from circulation and packing them within their liver. Vertebrate transparency thus requires both see-through tissues and active mechanisms that "clear" respiratory pigments from these tissues. Furthermore, glassfrogs' ability to regulate the location, density, and packing of RBCs without clotting offers insight in metabolic, hemodynamic, and blood-clot research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Taboada
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Corresponding author.(C.T.);(J.D.);(J.Y.)
| | - Jesse Delia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Division of Vertebrate Zoology and Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author.(C.T.);(J.D.);(J.Y.)
| | - Maomao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chenshuo Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaorui Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laiming Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Corresponding author.(C.T.);(J.D.);(J.Y.)
| | | | - Sönke Johnsen
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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Data collected by citizen scientists reveal the role of climate and phylogeny on the frequency of shelter types used by frogs across the Americas. ZOOLOGY 2022; 155:126052. [PMID: 36152596 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2022.126052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Shelters are microhabitats where animals rest and hide. These microhabitats can be used from short daily periods to long-term estivation or hibernation. Environmental conditions and the phenotypical characteristics of the animal drive habitat selection in relation to shelters. Based on this, climate regions and phylogeny are expected to affect the use of different shelter types. Although shelters are yet to be described for most anuran species, a variety of microhabitats have already been reported as shelter-sites, including dense vegetation, rock crevices, and holes in the ground. In this study, we evaluated photos of frogs for sheltering behaviour from 29 countries in the Americas deposited on the popular citizen-science platform, iNaturalist. We compared the frequency of use of different shelter types identified on the photos among different climate regions and anuran families, also testing possible phylogenetic signals. We identified 11,133 photographs of 378 frog species showing individuals hiding in shelters or in a resting position. We classified observations into 10 shelter types, with live vegetation (24.7 %) being the most commonly recorded natural shelter, followed by hole in the ground (11.4 %) and tree trunk (11.1 %). The use of different shelter types varied between arid and humid climates, and also among different anuran families. We found strong phylogenetic signal for three shelter types (hole in the ground, live vegetation, and water) and the differences in shelter use among taxa suggest a relation with body characteristics. Approximately 47 % of observations of threatened and near threatened species were in hole in the ground, while artificial habitat represented only 3.6 % of the observations in this group. The daily pattern of shelter use corroborated the nocturnal activity of most species. Our findings also expanded the description of shelter sites for 330 species that had no published information on this behaviour. This study contributes to our current knowledge about animal behaviour and highlights the use of citizen science as an effective approach to understand the natural history of amphibians at a large scale.
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14
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The evolution of reproductive modes and life cycles in amphibians. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7039. [PMID: 36396632 PMCID: PMC9672123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians have undergone important evolutionary transitions in reproductive modes and life-cycles. We compare large-scale macroevolutionary patterns in these transitions across the three major amphibian clades: frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. We analyse matching reproductive and phylogenetic data for 4025 species. We find that having aquatic larvae is ancestral for all three groups and is retained by many extant species (33-44%). The most frequent transitions in each group are to relatively uncommon states: live-bearing in caecilians, paedomorphosis in salamanders, and semi-terrestriality in frogs. All three groups show transitions to more terrestrial reproductive modes, but only in caecilians have these evolved sequentially from most-to-least aquatic. Diversification rates are largely independent of reproductive modes. However, in salamanders direct development accelerates diversification whereas paedomorphosis decreases it. Overall, we find a widespread retention of ancestral modes, decoupling of trait transition rates from patterns of species richness, and the general independence of reproductive modes and diversification.
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15
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Adler KA, De Nault DL, Cardoza CM, Womack M. Evolutionary rates and shape variation along the anuran vertebral column with attention to phylogeny, body size, and ecology. Evolution 2022; 76:2724-2738. [PMID: 36117276 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The vertebral column is critical to a vertebrate species' flexibility and skeletal support, making vertebrae a clear target for selection. Anurans (frogs and toads) have a unique, truncated vertebral column that appears constrained to provide axial rigidity for efficient jumping. However, no study has examined how presacral vertebrae shape varies among anuran species at the macroevolutionary scale nor how intrinsic (developmental and phylogenetic) and extrinsic (ecological) factors may have influenced vertebrae shape evolution. We used microCT scans and phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the vertebrae of hundreds of anuran species that vary in body size as well as adult and larval ecology. We found variation in shape and evolutionary rates among anuran vertebrae, dispelling any notion that trunk vertebrae evolve uniformly. We discovered the highest evolutionary rates in the cervical vertebrae and in the more caudal trunk vertebrae. We found little evidence for selection pressures related to adult or larval ecology affecting vertebrae evolution, but we did find body size was highly associated with vertebrae shape and microhabitat (mainly burrowing) affected those allometric relationships. Our results provide an interesting comparison to vertebrae evolution in other clades and a jumping-off point for studies of anuran vertebrae evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Adler
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Diego L De Nault
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Cassandra M Cardoza
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Molly Womack
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720.,Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
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16
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Velasco JA, Pinto-Ledezma JN. Mapping species diversification metrics in macroecology: Prospects and challenges. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.951271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intersection of macroecology and macroevolution is one of today’s most active research in biology. In the last decade, we have witnessed a steady increment of macroecological studies that use metrics attempting to capture macroevolutionary processes to explain present-day biodiversity patterns. Evolutionary explanations of current species richness gradients are fundamental for understanding how diversity accumulates in a region. Although multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the patterns we observe in nature, it is well-known that the present-day diversity patterns result from speciation, extinction, colonization from nearby areas, or a combination of these macroevolutionary processes. Whether these metrics capture macroevolutionary processes across space is unknown. Some tip-rate metrics calculated directly from a phylogenetic tree (e.g., mean root distance -MRD-; mean diversification rate -mDR-) seem to return very similar geographical patterns regardless of how they are estimated (e.g., using branch lengths explicitly or not). Model-based tip-rate metrics —those estimated using macroevolutionary mixtures, e.g., the BAMM approach— seem to provide better net diversification estimates than only speciation rates. We argue that the lack of appropriate estimates of extinction and dispersal rates in phylogenetic trees may strongly limit our inferences about how species richness gradients have emerged at spatial and temporal scales. Here, we present a literature review about this topic and empirical comparisons between select taxa with several of these metrics. We implemented a simple null model approach to evaluate whether mapping of these metrics deviates from a random sampling process. We show that phylogenetic metrics by themselves are relatively poor at capturing speciation, extinction, and dispersal processes across geographical gradients. Furthermore, we provide evidence of how parametric biogeographic methods can improve our inference of past events and, therefore, our conclusions about the evolutionary processes driving biodiversity patterns. We recommend that further studies include several approaches simultaneously (e.g., spatial diversification modeling, parametric biogeographic methods, simulations) to disentangle the relative role of speciation, extinction, and dispersal in the generation and maintenance of species richness gradients at regional and global scales.
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17
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Wu H, Gao S, Xia L, Li P. Evolutionary rates of body-size-related genes and ecological factors involved in driving body size evolution of squamates. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1007409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is one of the most important traits of an organism. Among reptiles, both lizards and snakes show body size differences that span a similar six orders of magnitude variation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying body size variation in squamates remain obscure. Here, we performed comparative genomic analyses of 101 body-size-related genes from 28 reptilian genomes. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood (PAML) revealed that snakes showed higher evolutionary rates in body-size-related genes, and had an almost two-fold increase in the number of positively selected genes (∼20.3%) compared with lizards (∼8.9%). The high similarities in dN/dS values were obtained between the branches of large-bodied lizards and large-bodied snakes by Spearman correlation analysis. Combining the results from site model, branch-site model and clade model analyses, we found some key genes regulating the evolution of body size in squamates, such as COL10A1, GHR, NPC1, GALNS, CDKN2C, FBN1, and LCORL. Phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) indicated that AKT1, BMP1, IGF1, SOX5, SOX7 in lizards and BMP5, BMP7, GPC6, SH2B3, SOX17 in snakes were significantly correlated with body length and body mass. Furthermore, ecological factors had varying degrees of impact on body size and the evolutionary rate of body-size-related genes in squamates. Intriguingly, climate had little effect on body size of lizards and snakes, but the contribution of climate-related factors to the variation in evolutionary rate of body-size-related genes were relatively higher. Our study lays a foundation for a comprehensive understanding of genetic mechanisms of body size evolution in squamates during the process of adapting to terrestrial life.
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18
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Cruz-Elizalde R, Ochoa-Ochoa LM, Flores-Villela OA, Velasco JA. Taxonomic distinctiveness and phylogenetic variability of amphibians and reptiles in the cloud forest of Mexico. COMMUNITY ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42974-022-00075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Moen DS, Cabrera-Guzmán E, Caviedes-Solis IW, González-Bernal E, Hanna AR. Phylogenetic analysis of adaptation in comparative physiology and biomechanics: overview and a case study of thermal physiology in treefrogs. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274250. [PMID: 35119071 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Comparative phylogenetic studies of adaptation are uncommon in biomechanics and physiology. Such studies require data collection from many species, a challenge when this is experimentally intensive. Moreover, researchers struggle to employ the most biologically appropriate phylogenetic tools for identifying adaptive evolution. Here, we detail an established but greatly underutilized phylogenetic comparative framework - the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process - that explicitly models long-term adaptation. We discuss challenges in implementing and interpreting the model, and we outline potential solutions. We demonstrate use of the model through studying the evolution of thermal physiology in treefrogs. Frogs of the family Hylidae have twice colonized the temperate zone from the tropics, and such colonization likely involved a fundamental change in physiology due to colder and more seasonal temperatures. However, which traits changed to allow colonization is unclear. We measured cold tolerance and characterized thermal performance curves in jumping for 12 species of treefrogs distributed from the Neotropics to temperate North America. We then conducted phylogenetic comparative analyses to examine how tolerances and performance curves evolved and to test whether that evolution was adaptive. We found that tolerance to low temperatures increased with the transition to the temperate zone. In contrast, jumping well at colder temperatures was unrelated to biogeography and thus did not adapt during dispersal. Overall, our study shows how comparative phylogenetic methods can be leveraged in biomechanics and physiology to test the evolutionary drivers of variation among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Elisa Cabrera-Guzmán
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Itzue W Caviedes-Solis
- Science Unit, Lingnan University, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Edna González-Bernal
- CONACYT - CIIDIR Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, C.P. 71230, Oaxaca, México
| | - Allison R Hanna
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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20
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Moen DS. Improving inference and avoiding overinterpretation of hidden-state diversification models: Specialized plant breeding has no effect on diversification in frogs. Evolution 2021; 76:373-384. [PMID: 34854483 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hidden-state speciation and extinction (HiSSE) model helps avoid spurious results when testing whether a character affects diversification rates. However, care must be taken to optimally analyze models and interpret results. Recently, Tonini et al. (TEA hereafter) studied anuran (frog and toad) diversification with HiSSE methods. They concluded that their focal state, breeding in phytotelmata, increases net diversification rates. Yet this conclusion is counterintuitive, because the state that purportedly increases net diversification rates is 14 times rarer among species than the alternative. Herein, I revisit TEA's analyses and demonstrate problems with inferring model likelihoods, conducting post hoc tests, and interpreting results. I also reevaluate their top models and find that diverse strategies are necessary to reach the parameter values that maximize each model's likelihood. In contrast to TEA, I find no support for an effect of phytotelm breeding on net diversification rates in Neotropical anurans. In particular, even though the most highly supported models include the focal character, averaging parameter estimates over hidden states shows that the focal character does not influence diversification rates. Finally, I suggest ways to better analyze and interpret complex diversification models-both state-dependent and beyond-for future studies in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
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21
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Carilo Filho LM, de Carvalho BT, Azevedo BKA, Gutiérrez‐Pesquera LM, Mira‐Mendes CV, Solé M, Orrico VGD. Natural history predicts patterns of thermal vulnerability in amphibians from the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:16462-16472. [PMID: 34938449 PMCID: PMC8668723 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (AF), amphibians (625 species) face habitat degradation leading to stressful thermal conditions that constrain animal activity (e.g., foraging and reproduction). Data on thermal ecology for these species are still scarce. We tested the hypothesis that environmental occupation affects the thermal tolerance of amphibian species more than their phylogenetic relationships. We evaluated patterns of thermal tolerance of 47 amphibian species by assessing critical thermal maxima and warming tolerances, relating these variables with ecological covariates (e.g., adult macro- and microhabitat and site of larval development). We used mean and maximum environmental temperature, ecological covariates, and morphological measurements in the phylogenetic generalized least squares model selection to evaluate which traits better predict thermal tolerance. We did not recover phylogenetic signal under a Brownian model; our results point to a strong association between critical thermal maxima and habitat and development site. Forest species were less tolerant to warm temperatures than open area or generalist species. Species with larvae that develop in lentic environment were more tolerant than those in lotic ones. Thus, species inhabiting forest microclimates are more vulnerable to the synergistic effect of habitat loss and climate change. We use radar charts as a quick evaluation tool for thermal risk diagnoses using aspects of natural history as axes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno T. de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em ZoologiaUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrasil
| | - Bruna K. A. Azevedo
- Departamento de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrasil
| | | | - Caio V. Mira‐Mendes
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Sistemas Aquáticos TropicaisUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrasil
| | - Mirco Solé
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em ZoologiaUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrasil
- Herpetology SectionZoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander KoenigBonnGermany
| | - Victor G. D. Orrico
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em ZoologiaUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrasil
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22
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Finger N, Farleigh K, Bracken JT, Leaché AD, François O, Yang Z, Flouri T, Charran T, Jezkova T, Williams DA, Blair C. Genome-scale data reveal deep lineage divergence and a complex demographic history in the Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) throughout the southwestern and central US. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 14:6443127. [PMID: 34849831 PMCID: PMC8735750 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The southwestern and central United States serve as an ideal region to test alternative hypotheses regarding biotic diversification. Genomic data can now be combined with sophisticated computational models to quantify the impacts of paleoclimate change, geographic features, and habitat heterogeneity on spatial patterns of genetic diversity. In this study, we combine thousands of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) loci with mtDNA sequences (ND1) from the Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) to quantify relative support for different catalysts of diversification. Phylogenetic and clustering analyses of the GBS data indicate support for at least three primary populations. The spatial distribution of populations appears concordant with habitat type, with desert populations in AZ and NM showing the largest genetic divergence from the remaining populations. The mtDNA data also support a divergent desert population, but other relationships differ and suggest mtDNA introgression. Genotype–environment association with bioclimatic variables supports divergence along precipitation gradients more than along temperature gradients. Demographic analyses support a complex history, with introgression and gene flow playing an important role during diversification. Bayesian multispecies coalescent analyses with introgression (MSci) analyses also suggest that gene flow occurred between populations. Paleo-species distribution models support two southern refugia that geographically correspond to contemporary lineages. We find that divergence times are underestimated and population sizes are overestimated when introgression occurred and is ignored in coalescent analyses, and furthermore, inference of ancient introgression events and demographic history is sensitive to inclusion of a single recently admixed sample. Our analyses cannot refute the riverine barrier or glacial refugia hypotheses. Results also suggest that populations are continuing to diverge along habitat gradients. Finally, the strong evidence of admixture, gene flow, and mtDNA introgression among populations suggests that P. cornutum should be considered a single widespread species under the General Lineage Species Concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Finger
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, 285 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Keaka Farleigh
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 501 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Jason T Bracken
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 501 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Adam D Leaché
- Department of Biology & Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Olivier François
- Faculty of Medicine, University Grenoble-Alpes, TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525, Grenoble, La Tronche, F38706, France 38000
| | - Ziheng Yang
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tomas Flouri
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tristan Charran
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, 285 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Tereza Jezkova
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 501 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Dean A Williams
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, 2800 S University Dr, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Christopher Blair
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, 285 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.,Biology PhD Program, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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23
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Moen DS, Ravelojaona RN, Hutter CR, Wiens JJ. Testing for adaptive radiation: A new approach applied to Madagascar frogs. Evolution 2021; 75:3008-3025. [PMID: 34396527 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive radiation is a key topic at the intersection of ecology and evolutionary biology. Yet the definition and identification of adaptive radiation both remain contentious. Here, we introduce a new approach for identifying adaptive radiations that combines key aspects of two widely used definitions. Our approach compares evolutionary rates in morphology, performance, and diversification between the candidate radiation and other clades. We then apply this approach to a putative adaptive radiation of frogs from Madagascar (Mantellidae). We present new data on morphology and performance from mantellid frogs, then compare rates of diversification and multivariate evolution of size, shape, and performance between mantellids and other frogs. We find that mantellids potentially pass our test for accelerated rates of evolution for shape, but not for size, performance, or diversification. Our results demonstrate that clades can have accelerated phenotypic evolution without rapid diversification (dubbed "adaptive non-radiation"). We also highlight general issues in testing for adaptive radiation, including taxon sampling and the problem of including another adaptive radiation among the comparison clades. Finally, we suggest that similar tests should be conducted on other putative adaptive radiations on Madagascar, comparing their evolutionary rates to those of related clades outside Madagascar. Based on our results, we speculate that older Madagascar clades may show evolutionary patterns more similar to those on a continent than an island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA
| | - Rojo N Ravelojaona
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Carl R Hutter
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Lousiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
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24
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Chen L, Wiens JJ. Multicellularity and sex helped shape the Tree of Life. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211265. [PMID: 34315265 PMCID: PMC8316805 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the Tree of Life, there are dramatic differences in species numbers among groups. However, the factors that explain the differences among the deepest branches have remained unknown. We tested whether multicellularity and sexual reproduction might explain these patterns, since the most species-rich groups share these traits. We found that groups with multicellularity and sexual reproduction have accelerated rates of species proliferation (diversification), and that multicellularity has a stronger effect than sexual reproduction. Patterns of species richness among clades are then strongly related to these differences in diversification rates. Taken together, these results help explain patterns of biodiversity among groups of organisms at the very broadest scales. They may also help explain the mysterious preponderance of sexual reproduction among species (the 'paradox of sex') by showing that organisms with sexual reproduction proliferate more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
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25
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Pie MR, Divieso R, Caron FS. The evolution of climatic niche breadth in terrestrial vertebrates. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio R. Pie
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Raquel Divieso
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. Caron
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
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26
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Hernández-Hernández T, Miller EC, Román-Palacios C, Wiens JJ. Speciation across the Tree of Life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1205-1242. [PMID: 33768723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we know about speciation comes from detailed studies of well-known model systems. Although there have been several important syntheses on speciation, few (if any) have explicitly compared speciation among major groups across the Tree of Life. Here, we synthesize and compare what is known about key aspects of speciation across taxa, including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and major animal groups. We focus on three main questions. Is allopatric speciation predominant across groups? How common is ecological divergence of sister species (a requirement for ecological speciation), and on what niche axes do species diverge in each group? What are the reproductive isolating barriers in each group? Our review suggests the following patterns. (i) Based on our survey and projected species numbers, the most frequent speciation process across the Tree of Life may be co-speciation between endosymbiotic bacteria and their insect hosts. (ii) Allopatric speciation appears to be present in all major groups, and may be the most common mode in both animals and plants, based on non-overlapping ranges of sister species. (iii) Full sympatry of sister species is also widespread, and may be more common in fungi than allopatry. (iv) Full sympatry of sister species is more common in some marine animals than in terrestrial and freshwater ones. (v) Ecological divergence of sister species is widespread in all groups, including ~70% of surveyed species pairs of plants and insects. (vi) Major axes of ecological divergence involve species interactions (e.g. host-switching) and habitat divergence. (vii) Prezygotic isolation appears to be generally more widespread and important than postzygotic isolation. (viii) Rates of diversification (and presumably speciation) are strikingly different across groups, with the fastest rates in plants, and successively slower rates in animals, fungi, and protists, with the slowest rates in prokaryotes. Overall, our study represents an initial step towards understanding general patterns in speciation across all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A.,Catedrática CONACYT asignada a LANGEBIO-UGA Cinvestav, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km 9.6, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - Cristian Román-Palacios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
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27
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Emberts Z, Wiens JJ. Do sexually selected weapons drive diversification? Evolution 2021; 75:2411-2424. [PMID: 33738793 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection is often thought to promote speciation. This expectation is largely driven by the fact that sexually selected traits can influence mating patterns and contribute to reproductive isolation. Indeed, some comparative studies have shown that clades with sexually selected traits have increased rates of speciation and diversification. However, these studies have almost exclusively focused on one mechanism of sexual selection: female choice. Another widespread mechanism is male-male competition. Few empirical studies (if any) have investigated the role of this alternative mechanism in driving diversification. Nevertheless, recent reviews have suggested that male-male competition can increase speciation rates. Here, we investigated whether traits associated with precopulatory male-male competition (i.e., sexually selected weapons) have promoted speciation and diversification in insects. We focused on three clades with both weapons and suitable phylogenies: leaf-footed and broad-headed bugs (Coreidae+Alydidae; ∼2850 species), stick insects and relatives (Phasmatodea; ∼3284 species), and scarab beetles (Scarabaeoidea; ∼39,717 species). We found no evidence that weapon-bearing lineages in these clades have higher rates of speciation or diversification than their weaponless relatives. Thus, our results suggest that precopulatory male-male competition may not have strong, general effects on speciation and diversification in insects, a group encompassing ∼60% of all described species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Emberts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
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Alvarez-Blanco P, Cerdá X, Hefetz A, Boulay R, Bertó-Moran A, Díaz-Paniagua C, Lenoir A, Billen J, Liedtke HC, Chauhan KR, Bhagavathy G, Angulo E. Effects of the Argentine ant venom on terrestrial amphibians. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:216-226. [PMID: 32812277 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species have major impacts on biodiversity and are one of the primary causes of amphibian decline and extinction. Unlike other top ant invaders that negatively affect larger fauna via chemical defensive compounds, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) does not have a functional sting. Nonetheless, it deploys defensive compounds against competitors and adversaries. We estimated levels of ant aggression toward 3 native terrestrial amphibians by challenging juveniles in field ant trails and in lab ant foraging arenas. We measured the composition and quantities of toxin in L. humile by analyzing pygidial glands and whole-body contents. We examined the mechanisms of toxicity in juvenile amphibians by quantifying the toxin in amphibian tissues, searching for histological damages, and calculating toxic doses for each amphibian species. To determine the potential scope of the threat to amphibians, we used global databases to estimate the number, ranges, and conservation status of terrestrial amphibian species with ranges that overlap those of L. humile. Juvenile amphibians co-occurring spatially and temporally with L. humile die when they encounter L. humile on an ant trail. In the lab, when a juvenile amphibian came in contact with L. humile the ants reacted quickly to spray pygidial-gland venom onto the juveniles. Iridomyrmecin was the toxic compound in the spray. Following absorption, it accumulated in brain, kidney, and liver tissue. Toxic dose for amphibian was species dependent. Worldwide, an estimated 817 terrestrial amphibian species overlap in range with L. humile, and 6.2% of them are classified as threatened. Our findings highlight the high potential of L. humile venom to negatively affect amphibian juveniles and provide a basis for exploring the largely overlooked impacts this ant has in its wide invasive range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xim Cerdá
- Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Abraham Hefetz
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IL-69978, Israel
| | - Raphaël Boulay
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, CNRS UMR 7261, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, 37200, France
| | | | - Carmen Díaz-Paniagua
- Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Alain Lenoir
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, CNRS UMR 7261, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, 37200, France
| | - Johan Billen
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Naamsestraat 59, box 2466, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - H Christoph Liedtke
- Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Kamlesh R Chauhan
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, BLDG 007, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Blvd., Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A
| | - Ganga Bhagavathy
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, BLDG 007, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Blvd., Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A
| | - Elena Angulo
- Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
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29
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Nations JA, Mount GG, Morere SM, Achmadi AS, Rowe KC, Esselstyn JA. Locomotory mode transitions alter phenotypic evolution and lineage diversification in an ecologically rich clade of mammals. Evolution 2021; 75:376-393. [PMID: 33370843 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between organismal function and form is a cornerstone of biology because functional diversity is key to generating and maintaining ecological diversity. Morphological changes often occur in unison with behavioral or ecological transitions, and this process may foster diversification, but alternately could trap a species on an adaptive peak. We estimated the most comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis of Murinae, a young (∼15 million years) and diverse (∼700 species) clade of mammals. We then tested for correlated evolution among four morphological traits with potential links to locomotor modes (Arboreal, General, Terrestrial, and Amphibious), then investigated the effects of locomotion on morphological and lineage diversification. We found unique combinations of trait values for each locomotor mode, including strong covariance between the tail and hindfoot lengths of specialized Arboreal and ecologically flexible General species. Low diversification rates and long branch lengths suggest that specialized lineages represent stable evolutionary "cul-de-sacs." General species, characterized by the classic "rat-like" body plan and broad locomotor abilities, have narrow optimal trait values and slow phenotypic evolution, but high lineage diversification rates. Our findings suggest that versatile, generalist forms act as seeds of species diversity and morphological specialization, which together build ecologically diverse radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Nations
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Genevieve G Mount
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Sara M Morere
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Anang S Achmadi
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Centre for Biology, Cibinong, Jawa Barat, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Kevin C Rowe
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Jacob A Esselstyn
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
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30
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Womack MC, Bell RC. Two-hundred million years of anuran body-size evolution in relation to geography, ecology and life history. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1417-1432. [PMID: 32672849 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Surprisingly, little is known about body-size evolution within the most diverse amphibian order, anurans (frogs and toads), despite known effects of body size on the physiological, ecological and life-history traits of animals more generally. Here, we examined anuran body-size evolution among 2,434 species with over 200 million years of shared evolutionary history. We found clade-specific evolutionary shifts to new body-size optima along with numerous independent transitions to gigantic and miniature body sizes, despite the upper limits of anuran body size remaining quite consistent throughout the fossil record. We found a weak, positive correlation between a species' body size and maximum latitude and elevation, including a dearth of small species at higher elevations and broader latitudinal and elevational ranges in larger anurans. Although we found modest differences in mean anuran body size among microhabitats, there was extensive overlap in the range of body sizes across microhabitats. Finally, we found that larger anurans are more likely to consume vertebrate prey than smaller anurans are and that species with a free-swimming larval phase during development are larger on average than those in which development into a froglet occurs within the egg. Overall, anuran body size does not conform to geographic and ecological patterns observed in other tetrapods but is perhaps more notable for variation in body size within geographic regions, ecologies and life histories. Here, we document this variation and propose target clades for detailed studies aimed at disentangling how and why variation in body size was generated and is maintained in anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C Womack
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Rayna C Bell
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Herpetology Department, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA
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31
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Hernández-Hernández T, Wiens JJ. Why Are There So Many Flowering Plants? A Multiscale Analysis of Plant Diversification. Am Nat 2020; 195:948-963. [DOI: 10.1086/708273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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32
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Buttimer SM, Stepanova N, Womack MC. Evolution of the Unique Anuran Pelvic and Hind limb Skeleton in Relation to Microhabitat, Locomotor Mode, and Jump Performance. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:1330-1345. [PMID: 32437511 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anurans (frogs and toads) have a unique pelvic and hind limb skeleton among tetrapods. Although their distinct body plan is primarily associated with saltation, anuran species vary in their primary locomotor mode (e.g., walkers, hoppers, jumpers, and swimmers) and are found in a wide array of microhabitats (e.g., burrowing, terrestrial, arboreal, and aquatic) with varying functional demands. Given their largely conserved body plan, morphological adaptation to these diverse niches likely results from more fine-scale morphological change. Our study determines how shape differences in Anura's unique pelvic and hind limb skeletal structures vary with microhabitat, locomotor mode, and jumping ability. Using microCT scans of preserved specimens from museum collections, we added 3D landmarks to the pelvic and hind limb skeleton of 230 anuran species. In addition, we compiled microhabitat and locomotor data from the literature for these species that span 52 of the 55 families of frogs and ∼210 million years of anuran evolution. Using this robust dataset, we examine the relationship between pelvic and hind limb morphology and phylogenetic history, allometry, microhabitat, and locomotor mode. We find pelvic and hind limb changes associated with shifts in microhabitat ("ecomorphs") and locomotor mode ("locomorphs") and directly relate those morphological changes to the jumping ability of individual species. We also reveal how individual bones vary in evolutionary rate and their association with phylogeny, body size, microhabitat, and locomotor mode. Our findings uncover previously undocumented morphological variation related to anuran ecological and locomotor diversification and link that variation to differences in jumping ability among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Buttimer
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California at Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Natasha Stepanova
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Molly C Womack
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.,Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
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33
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Stepanova N, Womack MC. Anuran limbs reflect microhabitat and distal, later‐developing bones are more evolutionarily labile*. Evolution 2020; 74:2005-2019. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Stepanova
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California at Berkeley 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley California 94720
- Present Address: Department of Biology Villanova University 800 Lancaster Avenue Villanova Pennsylvania 19085
| | - Molly C. Womack
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution 1000 Constitution Avenue NW Washington DC 20560
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34
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Mendoza E, Azizi E, Moen DS. What explains vast differences in jumping power within a clade? Diversity, ecology and evolution of anuran jumping power. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mendoza
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine CA USA
- Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
| | - Emanuel Azizi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Daniel S. Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
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35
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Womack MC, Metz MJ, Hoke KL. Larger Genomes Linked to Slower Development and Loss of Late-Developing Traits. Am Nat 2019; 194:854-864. [PMID: 31738099 DOI: 10.1086/705897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Genome size varies widely among organisms and is known to affect vertebrate development, morphology, and physiology. In amphibians, genome size is hypothesized to contribute to loss of late-forming structures, although this hypothesis has mainly been discussed in salamanders. Here we estimated genome size for 22 anuran species and combined this novel data set with existing genome size data for an additional 234 anuran species to determine whether larger genome size is associated with loss of a late-forming anuran sensory structure, the tympanic middle ear. We established that genome size is negatively correlated with development rate across 90 anuran species and found that genome size evolution is correlated with evolutionary loss of the middle ear bone (columella) among 241 species (224 eared and 17 earless). We further tested whether the development of the tympanic middle ear could be constrained by large cell sizes and small body sizes during key stages of tympanic middle ear development (metamorphosis). Together, our evidence suggests that larger genomes, slower development rate, and smaller body sizes at metamorphosis may contribute to the loss of the anuran tympanic middle ear. We conclude that increases in anuran genome size, although less drastic than those in salamanders, may affect development of late-forming traits.
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36
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Moen DS. What Determines the Distinct Morphology of Species with a Particular Ecology? The Roles of Many-to-One Mapping and Trade-Offs in the Evolution of Frog Ecomorphology and Performance. Am Nat 2019; 194:E81-E95. [DOI: 10.1086/704736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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37
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Wollenberg Valero KC, Marshall JC, Bastiaans E, Caccone A, Camargo A, Morando M, Niemiller ML, Pabijan M, Russello MA, Sinervo B, Werneck FP, Sites JW, Wiens JJ, Steinfartz S. Patterns, Mechanisms and Genetics of Speciation in Reptiles and Amphibians. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090646. [PMID: 31455040 PMCID: PMC6769790 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, the aspects of reptile and amphibian speciation that emerged from research performed over the past decade are reviewed. First, this study assesses how patterns and processes of speciation depend on knowing the taxonomy of the group in question, and discuss how integrative taxonomy has contributed to speciation research in these groups. This study then reviews the research on different aspects of speciation in reptiles and amphibians, including biogeography and climatic niches, ecological speciation, the relationship between speciation rates and phenotypic traits, and genetics and genomics. Further, several case studies of speciation in reptiles and amphibians that exemplify many of these themes are discussed. These include studies of integrative taxonomy and biogeography in South American lizards, ecological speciation in European salamanders, speciation and phenotypic evolution in frogs and lizards. The final case study combines genomics and biogeography in tortoises. The field of amphibian and reptile speciation research has steadily moved forward from the assessment of geographic and ecological aspects, to incorporating other dimensions of speciation, such as genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces. A higher degree of integration among all these dimensions emerges as a goal for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathon C Marshall
- Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson Street, Dept. 2505, Ogden, UT 84401, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bastiaans
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arley Camargo
- Centro Universitario de Rivera, Universidad de la República, Ituzaingó 667, Rivera 40000, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Morando
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC, CENPAT-CONICET) Bv. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn U9120ACD, Argentina
| | - Matthew L Niemiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Maciej Pabijan
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael A Russello
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Coastal Biology Building, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Fernanda P Werneck
- Programa de Coleções Científicas Biológicas, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69060-000, Brazil
| | - Jack W Sites
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sebastian Steinfartz
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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38
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Baken EK, Adams DC. Macroevolution of arboreality in salamanders. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7005-7016. [PMID: 31380029 PMCID: PMC6662381 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts that selection in distinct microhabitats generates correlations between morphological and ecological traits, and may increase both phenotypic and taxonomic diversity. However, some microhabitats exert unique selective pressures that act as a restraining force on macroevolutionary patterns of diversification. In this study, we use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the evolutionary outcomes of inhabiting the arboreal microhabitat in salamanders. We find that arboreality has independently evolved at least five times in Caudata and has arisen primarily from terrestrial ancestors. However, the rate of transition from arboreality back to terrestriality is 24 times higher than the converse. This suggests that macroevolutionary trends in microhabitat use tend toward terrestriality over arboreality, which influences the extent to which use of the arboreal microhabitat proliferates. Morphologically, we find no evidence for an arboreal phenotype in overall body proportions or in foot shape, as variation in both traits overlaps broadly with species that utilize different microhabitats. However, both body shape and foot shape display reduced rates of phenotypic evolution in arboreal taxa, and evidence of morphological convergence among arboreal lineages is observed. Taken together, these patterns suggest that arboreality has played a unique role in the evolution of this family, providing neither an evolutionary opportunity, nor an evolutionary dead end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K. Baken
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Dean C. Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
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39
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Nelsen MP, Ree RH, Moreau CS. Ant-plant interactions evolved through increasing interdependence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12253-12258. [PMID: 30420513 PMCID: PMC6275543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719794115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ant-plant interactions are diverse and abundant and include classic models in the study of mutualism and other biotic interactions. By estimating a time-scaled phylogeny of more than 1,700 ant species and a time-scaled phylogeny of more than 10,000 plant genera, we infer when and how interactions between ants and plants evolved and assess their macroevolutionary consequences. We estimate that ant-plant interactions originated in the Mesozoic, when predatory, ground-inhabiting ants first began foraging arboreally. This served as an evolutionary precursor to the use of plant-derived food sources, a dietary transition that likely preceded the evolution of extrafloral nectaries and elaiosomes. Transitions to a strict, plant-derived diet occurred in the Cenozoic, and optimal models of shifts between strict predation and herbivory include omnivory as an intermediate step. Arboreal nesting largely evolved from arboreally foraging lineages relying on a partially or entirely plant-based diet, and was initiated in the Mesozoic, preceding the evolution of domatia. Previous work has suggested enhanced diversification in plants with specialized ant-associated traits, but it appears that for ants, living and feeding on plants does not affect ant diversification. Together, the evidence suggests that ants and plants increasingly relied on one another and incrementally evolved more intricate associations with different macroevolutionary consequences as angiosperms increased their ecological dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Nelsen
- Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605
| | - Richard H Ree
- Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605
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40
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Eberle J, Dimitrov D, Valdez-Mondragón A, Huber BA. Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:141. [PMID: 30231864 PMCID: PMC6145181 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microhabitat changes are thought to be among the main drivers of diversification. However, this conclusion is mostly based on studies on vertebrates. Here, we investigate the influence of microhabitat on diversification rates in pholcid spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae). Diversification analyses were conducted in the framework of the largest molecular phylogeny of pholcid spiders to date based on three nuclear and three mitochondrial loci from 600 species representing more than 85% of the currently described pholcid genera. RESULTS Assessments of ancestral microhabitat revealed frequent evolutionary change. In particular, within the largest subfamily Pholcinae, numerous changes from near-ground habitats towards leaves and back were found. In general, taxa occupying leaves and large sheltered spaces had higher diversification rates than ground-dwelling taxa. Shifts in speciation rate were found in leaf- and space-dwelling taxa. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses result in one of the most comprehensive phylogenies available for a major spider family and provide a framework for any subsequent studies of pholcid spider biology. Diversification analyses strongly suggest that microhabitat is an important factor influencing diversification patterns in pholcid spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eberle
- Alexander Koenig Research Museum of Zoology, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Alejandro Valdez-Mondragón
- Alexander Koenig Research Museum of Zoology, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Instituto de Biologia UNAM, sede Tlaxcala. Contiguo FES-Zaragoza Campus III, Ex Fábrica San Manuel de Morcom s/n, San Miguel Contla, Municipio de Santa Cruz Tlaxcala, C.P, 90640 Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Bernhard A. Huber
- Alexander Koenig Research Museum of Zoology, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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41
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Meyer ALS, Román‐Palacios C, Wiens JJ. BAMM gives misleading rate estimates in simulated and empirical datasets. Evolution 2018; 72:2257-2266. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L. S. Meyer
- Graduate Program in ZoologyUniversidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba PR 81531–990 Brazil
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | | | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
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42
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Greenberg DA, Palen WJ, Chan KC, Jetz W, Mooers AØ. Evolutionarily distinct amphibians are disproportionately lost from human-modified ecosystems. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1530-1540. [PMID: 30133091 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans continue to alter terrestrial ecosystems, but our understanding of how biodiversity responds is still limited. Anthropogenic habitat conversion has been associated with the loss of evolutionarily distinct bird species at local scales, but whether this evolutionary pattern holds across other clades is unknown. We collate a global dataset on amphibian assemblages in intact forests and nearby human-modified sites to assess whether evolutionary history influences susceptibility to land conversion. We found that evolutionarily distinct amphibian species are disproportionately lost when forested habitats are converted to alternative land-uses. We tested the hypothesis that grassland-associated amphibian lineages have both higher diversification and are pre-adapted to human landscapes, but found only weak evidence supporting this. The loss of evolutionarily distinct amphibians with land conversion suggests that preserving remnant forests will be vital if we aim to preserve the amphibian tree of life in the face of mounting anthropogenic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - W J Palen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - K C Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - W Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A Ø Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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The earliest direct evidence of frogs in wet tropical forests from Cretaceous Burmese amber. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8770. [PMID: 29904068 PMCID: PMC6002357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26848-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frogs are a familiar and diverse component of tropical forests around the world. Yet there is little direct evidence from the fossil record for the antiquity of this association. We describe four fossil frog specimens from mid-Cretaceous (~99 mya) amber deposits from Kachin State, Myanmar for which the associated fauna provides rich paleoenvironmental context. Microcomputed tomographic analysis provides detailed three-dimensional anatomy for these small frogs, which is generally unavailable for articulated anurans in the Mesozoic. These crown-group anuran specimens provide the earliest direct evidence for anurans in a wet tropical forest. Based on a distinct combination of skeletal characters, at least one specimen has clear similarities to living alytoid frogs as well as several Mesozoic taxa known from the Jehol Biota in China. Whereas many Mesozoic frogs are from seasonal and mesic paleoenvironments, these fossils provide the earliest direct evidence of anurans in wet tropical forests.
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44
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Castro-Insua A, Gómez-Rodríguez C, Wiens JJ, Baselga A. Climatic niche divergence drives patterns of diversification and richness among mammal families. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8781. [PMID: 29884843 PMCID: PMC5993713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal of evolutionary biology is to understand why clades differ dramatically in species richness. A key to this challenge is to uncover the correlates of variation in diversification rate (speciation – extinction) among clades. Here, we explore the relationship between diversification rates and the climatic niches of species and clades among 92 families of terrestrial mammals. We use a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of mammals and climatic data from 3335 species. We show that considerable variation in net diversification rates among mammal families is explained by niche divergence (59%) and rates of niche change (51%). Diversification rates in turn explain most variation in species richness among families (79%). Contrary to expectations, patterns of diversification are not explained by differences in geographic range areas of clades, nor by their climatic niche position (i.e. whether they are primarily tropical or temperate). Overall, these results suggest that speciation through climatic niche divergence may help drive large-scale patterns of diversification and richness. Our results help explain diversification patterns in a major clade of vertebrates, and suggest that similar underlying principles may explain the diversification of many terrestrial clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Castro-Insua
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carola Gómez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Andrés Baselga
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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45
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Jezkova T, Wiens JJ. Testing the role of climate in speciation: New methods and applications to squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2754-2769. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Jezkova
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona
- Department of Biology Miami University Oxford Ohio
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona
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46
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Cyriac VP, Kodandaramaiah U. Digging their own macroevolutionary grave: fossoriality as an evolutionary dead end in snakes. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:587-598. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. P. Cyriac
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE) and School of Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - U. Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE) and School of Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; Thiruvananthapuram India
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47
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Wiens JJ. Patterns of Local Community Composition Are Linked to Large-Scale Diversification and Dispersal of Clades. Am Nat 2018; 191:184-196. [DOI: 10.1086/695495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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48
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Streicher JW, Miller EC, Guerrero PC, Correa C, Ortiz JC, Crawford AJ, Pie MR, Wiens JJ. Evaluating methods for phylogenomic analyses, and a new phylogeny for a major frog clade (Hyloidea) based on 2214 loci. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 119:128-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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49
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Meyer ALS, Wiens JJ. Estimating diversification rates for higher taxa: BAMM can give problematic estimates of rates and rate shifts. Evolution 2017; 72:39-53. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L. S. Meyer
- Graduate Program in Zoology Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná 81531 Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
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50
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Bars-Closel M, Kohlsdorf T, Moen DS, Wiens JJ. Diversification rates are more strongly related to microhabitat than climate in squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). Evolution 2017; 71:2243-2261. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bars-Closel
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP; University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP; University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater Oklahoma 74078
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
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