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Nervo B, Laini A, Roggero A, Palestrini C, Rolando A. Spatio-temporal modelling suggests that some dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) may respond to global warming by boosting dung removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168127. [PMID: 37907105 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In the current framework of changes to the global climate, information on the thermal tolerance of dung beetles is crucial to understand how they might cope with increases in land temperature in terms of survival and ecosystem service provision. In this spatio-temporal modelling study, we investigated the thermal tolerance and effect of temperature changes on dung removal by three dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) living within the 600-1400 m altitudinal belt in the Italian Alps. We chose large tunneler beetles because of their pivotal role in dung removal and nutrient recycling, important ecosystem services for maintaining the viability and profitability of the Alpine pastoral system. Our study used experimental data on dung removal at different temperatures to predict changes to this ecosystem service in the future considering different climatic scenarios and changes in land use for the specific study area. The results show that the temperature increases incurred between 1981 and 2005 may have boosted rates of spring dung removal across the entire study area (expressed as average dung removal per pair per month), partially compensating for the reduction in grassland extent within pasture-based livestock farming systems. Despite the limitations related to modelling future climate change scenarios and uncertainties deriving from several interacting factors (e.g., the sensitivity of large-bodied species to land-use changes), our results suggest that the predicted increases in temperature over the next 80 years would continue to boost dung removal, revealing a resilience of this service. The increase in dung removal rates, for all three species, is mainly related to the most extreme scenario of carbon emissions and for the months spanning from May to October of the interval 2041-2100. Focusing on large tunnelers and adopting a dynamic approach that considers changes in dung removal over space and time can assist ecosystem service conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Nervo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Alex Laini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy.
| | - Angela Roggero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Palestrini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Antonio Rolando
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
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2
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Vasconcelos Rissi D, Ijaz M, Baschien C. Comparative genome analysis of the freshwater fungus Filosporella fistucella indicates potential for plant-litter degradation at cold temperatures. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad190. [PMID: 37619983 PMCID: PMC10627260 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater fungi play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter of leaf litter in rivers and streams. They also possess the necessary mechanisms to endure lower temperatures caused by habitat and weather variations. This includes the production of cold-active enzymes and antifreeze proteins. To better understand the physiological activities of freshwater fungi in their natural environment, different methods are being applied, and genome sequencing is one in the spotlight. In our study, we sequenced the first genome of the freshwater fungus Filosporella fistucella (45.7 Mb) and compared the genome with the evolutionary close-related species Tricladium varicosporioides (48.2 Mb). The genomes were annotated using the carbohydrate-active enzyme database where we then filtered for leaf-litter degradation-related enzymes (cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, pectinase, cutinase, amylase, xylanase, and xyloglucanase). Those enzymes were analyzed for antifreeze properties using a machine-learning approach. We discovered that F. fistucella has more enzymes to participate in the breakdown of sugar, leaf, and wood than T. varicosporioides (855 and 719, respectively). Filosporella fistucella shows a larger set of enzymes capable of resisting cold temperatures than T. varicosporioides (75 and 66, respectively). Our findings indicate that in comparison with T. varicosporioides, F. fistucella has a greater capacity for aquatic growth, adaptability to freshwater environments, and resistance to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vasconcelos Rissi
- Leibniz - Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maham Ijaz
- Leibniz - Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christiane Baschien
- Leibniz - Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Singh HV, Joshi N, Suryavanshi S. Projected climate extremes over agro-climatic zones of Ganga River Basin under 1.5, 2, and 3° global warming levels. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1062. [PMID: 37592096 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Recurring floods, droughts, heatwaves, and other hydro-meteorological extreme events are likely to be increased under the climate change scenarios. The increased risk of these extreme events might have more exposure to the population; thus, it is important to discuss such extreme events and their projected behavior under a changing climate scenario. In the present study, we have computed the extreme precipitation and temperature indices over the 10 agro-climatic zones falling under the Ganga River Basin (GRB)utilizing a high-resolution daily gridded temperature and precipitation multi-model ensembled CMIP6 dataset (0.25° × 0.25°) under global warming levels of 1.5 °C, 2 °C, and 3 °C. We found that the annual daily minimum temperature (TNN) showed a higher rise of about 67% than the maximum temperature (TXX) of 48% in GRB. The basin also experiences a greater increase in the frequency of warm nights (TN90P) of about 67.71% compared to warm days (TX90P) of 29.1% for the 3 °C global warming level. Along with extreme indices, the population exposed due to the impact of the extreme maximum temperature has also been analyzed for progressive warming levels. Population exposure to extreme temperature event (TXX) has been analyzed with 20-year return period using GEV distribution method. The study concludes that the exposed population to extreme temperature event experienced an increase from 46.99 to 52.16% for the whole Ganga Basin. Consecutive dry days (CDD) and consecutive wet days (CWD) both show a significant increasing trend, but CWD has a significant increase in the majority of the zones, while CDD shows a significant decreasing trend for some of the zones for three warming levels periods. Extreme climate indices help to understand the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall, droughts, and heatwaves to develop early warning systems and adaptation strategies to mitigate such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Vardhan Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Nitin Joshi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu, India
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Multiple anthropogenic pressures eliminate the effects of soil microbial diversity on ecosystem functions in experimental microcosms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4260. [PMID: 35871070 PMCID: PMC9308766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is crucial for the provision of ecosystem functions. However, ecosystems are now exposed to a rapidly growing number of anthropogenic pressures, and it remains unknown whether biodiversity can still promote ecosystem functions under multifaceted pressures. Here we investigated the effects of soil microbial diversity on soil functions and properties when faced with an increasing number of simultaneous global change factors in experimental microcosms. Higher soil microbial diversity had a positive effect on soil functions and properties when no or few (i.e., 1–4) global change factors were applied, but this positive effect was eliminated by the co-occurrence of numerous global change factors. This was attributable to the reduction of soil fungal abundance and the relative abundance of an ecological cluster of coexisting soil bacterial and fungal taxa. Our study indicates that reducing the number of anthropogenic pressures should be a goal in ecosystem management, in addition to biodiversity conservation. It is unclear whether the positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning are maintained under multifaceted anthropogenic disturbance. In this experiment, the authors show that multiple simultaneous stressors can negate the positive effect of microbial diversity on soil functions.
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5
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Chang M, DeAngelis DL, Janse JH, Janssen AB, Troost TA, van Wijk D, Mooij WM, Teurlincx S. A generically parameterized model of Lake eutrophication: The impact of Stoichiometric ratios and constraints on the abundance of natural phytoplankton communities (GPLake-S). Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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The evolution of trait variance creates a tension between species diversity and functional diversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2521. [PMID: 35534474 PMCID: PMC9085882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It seems intuitively obvious that species diversity promotes functional diversity: communities with more plant species imply more varied plant leaf chemistry, more species of crops provide more kinds of food, etc. Recent literature has nuanced this view, showing how the relationship between the two can be modulated along latitudinal or environmental gradients. Here we show that even without such effects, the evolution of functional trait variance can erase or even reverse the expected positive relationship between species- and functional diversity. We present theory showing that trait-based eco-evolutionary processes force species to evolve narrower trait breadths in more tightly packed, species-rich communities, in their effort to avoid competition with neighboring species. This effect is so strong that it leads to an overall reduction in trait space coverage whenever a new species establishes. Empirical data from land snail communities on the Galápagos Islands are consistent with this claim. The finding that the relationship between species- and functional diversity can be negative implies that trait data from species-poor communities may misjudge functional diversity in species-rich ones, and vice versa. The positive relationship between species diversity and functional diversity has been shown to vary. Here, the authors use theoretical models and data from Galápagos land snail communities to show how eco-evolutionary processes can force species to evolve narrower trait breadths in more species-rich communities to avoid competition, creating a negative relationship.
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7
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Chang CW, Miki T, Ye H, Souissi S, Adrian R, Anneville O, Agasild H, Ban S, Be'eri-Shlevin Y, Chiang YR, Feuchtmayr H, Gal G, Ichise S, Kagami M, Kumagai M, Liu X, Matsuzaki SIS, Manca MM, Nõges P, Piscia R, Rogora M, Shiah FK, Thackeray SJ, Widdicombe CE, Wu JT, Zohary T, Hsieh CH. Causal networks of phytoplankton diversity and biomass are modulated by environmental context. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1140. [PMID: 35241667 PMCID: PMC8894464 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Untangling causal links and feedbacks among biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and environmental factors is challenging due to their complex and context-dependent interactions (e.g., a nutrient-dependent relationship between diversity and biomass). Consequently, studies that only consider separable, unidirectional effects can produce divergent conclusions and equivocal ecological implications. To address this complexity, we use empirical dynamic modeling to assemble causal networks for 19 natural aquatic ecosystems (N24◦~N58◦) and quantified strengths of feedbacks among phytoplankton diversity, phytoplankton biomass, and environmental factors. Through a cross-system comparison, we identify macroecological patterns; in more diverse, oligotrophic ecosystems, biodiversity effects are more important than environmental effects (nutrients and temperature) as drivers of biomass. Furthermore, feedback strengths vary with productivity. In warm, productive systems, strong nitrate-mediated feedbacks usually prevail, whereas there are strong, phosphate-mediated feedbacks in cold, less productive systems. Our findings, based on recovered feedbacks, highlight the importance of a network view in future ecosystem management. Disentangling causal interactions among biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and environmental factors is key to understanding how ecosystems respond to changing environment. This study presents a global scale analysis quantifying causal interactions and feedbacks among phytoplankton diversity, biomass and nutrients along environmental gradients of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Takeshi Miki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan.,Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Center for Biodiversity Science, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Hao Ye
- Health Science Center Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Sami Souissi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ, Littoral Côte D'Opale, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG- Laboratoire D'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, F- 59000, Lille, France
| | - Rita Adrian
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, 12587, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Orlane Anneville
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), CARRTEL, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 74200, Thonon les Bains, France
| | - Helen Agasild
- Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5D, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Syuhei Ban
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, 522-8533, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yaron Be'eri-Shlevin
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, 14950, Migdal, Israel
| | - Yin-Ru Chiang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Heidrun Feuchtmayr
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Gideon Gal
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, 14950, Migdal, Israel
| | - Satoshi Ichise
- Lake Biwa Environmental Research Institute, Otsu, 520-0022, Japan
| | - Maiko Kagami
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8502, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Michio Kumagai
- Lake Biwa Environmental Research Institute, Otsu, 520-0022, Japan.,Research Center for Lake Biwa & Environmental Innovation, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-0058, Shiga, Japan
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, 522-8533, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro S Matsuzaki
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Marina M Manca
- CNR Water Research Institute (IRSA), L.go Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, Pallanza, Italy
| | - Peeter Nõges
- Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5D, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Roberta Piscia
- CNR Water Research Institute (IRSA), L.go Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, Pallanza, Italy
| | - Michela Rogora
- CNR Water Research Institute (IRSA), L.go Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, Pallanza, Italy
| | - Fuh-Kwo Shiah
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Stephen J Thackeray
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4AP, UK
| | | | - Jiunn-Tzong Wu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tamar Zohary
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, 14950, Migdal, Israel
| | - Chih-Hao Hsieh
- National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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8
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How are biodiversity and carbon stock recovered during tropical forest restoration? Supporting the ecological paradigms and political context involved. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Fenoy E, Pradhan A, Pascoal C, Rubio-Ríos J, Batista D, Moyano-López FJ, Cássio F, Casas JJ. Elevated temperature may reduce functional but not taxonomic diversity of fungal assemblages on decomposing leaf litter in streams. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:115-127. [PMID: 34651383 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to a linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (B-EF). Global drivers, such as warming and nutrient enrichment, can alter species richness and composition of aquatic fungal assemblages associated with leaf-litter decomposition, a key ecosystem process in headwater streams. However, effects of biodiversity changes on ecosystem functions might be countered by the presumed high functional redundancy of fungal species. Here, we examined how environmental variables and leaf-litter traits (based on leaf chemistry) affect taxonomic and functional α- and β-diversity of fungal decomposers. We analysed taxonomic diversity (DNA-fingerprinting profiles) and functional diversity (community-level physiological profiles) of fungal communities in four leaf-litter species from four subregions differing in stream-water characteristics and riparian vegetation. We hypothesized that increasing stream-water temperature and nutrients would alter taxonomic diversity more than functional diversity due to the functional redundancy among aquatic fungi. Contrary to our expectations, fungal taxonomic diversity varied little with stream-water characteristics across subregions, and instead taxon replacement occurred. Overall taxonomic β-diversity was fourfold higher than functional diversity, suggesting a high degree of functional redundancy among aquatic fungi. Elevated temperature appeared to boost assemblage uniqueness by increasing β-diversity while the increase in nutrient concentrations appeared to homogenize fungal assemblages. Functional richness showed a negative relationship with temperature. Nonetheless, a positive relationship between leaf-litter decomposition and functional richness suggests higher carbon use efficiency of fungal communities in cold waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnación Fenoy
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), Almería, Spain
| | - Arunava Pradhan
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Juan Rubio-Ríos
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), Almería, Spain
| | - Daniela Batista
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Fernanda Cássio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - J Jesús Casas
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), Almería, Spain
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10
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Hong P, Schmid B, De Laender F, Eisenhauer N, Zhang X, Chen H, Craven D, De Boeck HJ, Hautier Y, Petchey OL, Reich PB, Steudel B, Striebel M, Thakur MP, Wang S. Biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning despite environmental change. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:555-569. [PMID: 34854529 PMCID: PMC9300022 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Three decades of research have demonstrated that biodiversity can promote the functioning of ecosystems. Yet, it is unclear whether the positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning will persist under various types of global environmental change drivers. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 46 factorial experiments manipulating both species richness and the environment to test how global change drivers (i.e. warming, drought, nutrient addition or CO2 enrichment) modulated the effect of biodiversity on multiple ecosystem functions across three taxonomic groups (microbes, phytoplankton and plants). We found that biodiversity increased ecosystem functioning in both ambient and manipulated environments, but often not to the same degree. In particular, biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning were larger in stressful environments induced by global change drivers, indicating that high‐diversity communities were more resistant to environmental change. Using a subset of studies, we also found that the positive effects of biodiversity were mainly driven by interspecific complementarity and that these effects increased over time in both ambient and manipulated environments. Our findings support biodiversity conservation as a key strategy for sustainable ecosystem management in the face of global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubin Hong
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Research Unit of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Namur Institute of Complex Systems, and Institute of Life, Earth, and the Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xingwen Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China
| | - Haozhen Chen
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dylan Craven
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Hans J De Boeck
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CH, The Netherlands
| | - Owen L Petchey
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for the Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bastian Steudel
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong- Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Madhav P Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
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11
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Arditi R, Tyutyunov YV, Titova LI, Rohr RP, Bersier LF. The Dimensions and Units of the Population Interaction Coefficients. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.775754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the interpretation and dimensions of the population dynamic parameters that are commonly used to quantify the strength of intraspecific and interspecific interactions. The concept of “interaction strength” is not unequivocal. Its theoretical formalization relies on the generalized Lotka–Volterra model. However, four different ways of parameterizing the model have been proposed in the literature, leading to four different definitions of the term “interaction strength.” In particular, the dimensions of these four definitions are not identical, some of these incorporating explicitly the dimension used to measure the population size. Using an individual-based simulation model as an illustration, we show that, in the latter case, the interaction strength depends implicitly on the habitat size. As a consequence, it is of crucial importance to quantify the population as a density rather than an absolute population abundance. We insist that the dimension of the interaction strength coefficient should not be overlooked and any quantitative estimation must be given with explicit units.
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12
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Phytoplankton biodiversity is more important for ecosystem functioning in highly variable thermal environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019591118. [PMID: 34446547 PMCID: PMC8536371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019591118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The 21st century has seen an acceleration of anthropogenic climate change and biodiversity loss, with both stressors deemed to affect ecosystem functioning. However, we know little about the interactive effects of both stressors and in particular about the interaction of increased climatic variability and biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning. This should be remedied because larger climatic variability is one of the main features of climate change. Here, we demonstrated that temperature fluctuations led to changes in the importance of biodiversity for ecosystem functioning. We used microcosm communities of different phytoplankton species richness and exposed them to a constant, mild, and severe temperature-fluctuating environment. Wider temperature fluctuations led to steeper biodiversity-ecosystem functioning slopes, meaning that species loss had a stronger negative effect on ecosystem functioning in more fluctuating environments. For severe temperature fluctuations, the slope increased through time due to a decrease of the productivity of species-poor communities over time. We developed a theoretical competition model to better understand our experimental results and showed that larger differences in thermal tolerances across species led to steeper biodiversity-ecosystem functioning slopes. Species-rich communities maintained their ecosystem functioning with increased fluctuation as they contained species able to resist the thermally fluctuating environments, while this was on average not the case in species-poor communities. Our results highlight the importance of biodiversity for maintaining ecosystem functions and services in the context of increased climatic variability under climate change.
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13
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Little CJ, Fronhofer EA, Altermatt F. Nonlinear Effects of Intraspecific Competition Alter Landscape-Wide Scaling Up of Ecosystem Function. Am Nat 2020; 195:432-444. [DOI: 10.1086/707018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Ezquer I, Salameh I, Colombo L, Kalaitzis P. Plant Cell Walls Tackling Climate Change: Insights into Plant Cell Wall Remodeling, Its Regulation, and Biotechnological Strategies to Improve Crop Adaptations and Photosynthesis in Response to Global Warming. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E212. [PMID: 32041306 PMCID: PMC7076711 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell wall (CW) is a complex and intricate structure that performs several functions throughout the plant life cycle. The CW of plants is critical to the maintenance of cells' structural integrity by resisting internal hydrostatic pressures, providing flexibility to support cell division and expansion during tissue differentiation, and acting as an environmental barrier that protects the cells in response to abiotic stress. Plant CW, comprised primarily of polysaccharides, represents the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both in plants and in the biosphere. The CW structure is highly varied, not only between plant species but also among different organs, tissues, and cell types in the same organism. During the developmental processes, the main CW components, i.e., cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and different types of CW-glycoproteins, interact constantly with each other and with the environment to maintain cell homeostasis. Differentiation processes are altered by positional effect and are also tightly linked to environmental changes, affecting CW both at the molecular and biochemical levels. The negative effect of climate change on the environment is multifaceted, from high temperatures, altered concentrations of greenhouse gases such as increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, soil salinity, and drought, to increasing frequency of extreme weather events taking place concomitantly, therefore, climate change affects crop productivity in multiple ways. Rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is expected to increase photosynthetic rates, especially at high temperatures and under water-limited conditions. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the effects of climate change on CW biogenesis and modification. We discuss specific cases in crops of interest carrying cell wall modifications that enhance tolerance to climate change-related stresses; from cereals such as rice, wheat, barley, or maize to dicots of interest such as brassica oilseed, cotton, soybean, tomato, or potato. This information could be used for the rational design of genetic engineering traits that aim to increase the stress tolerance in key crops. Future growing conditions expose plants to variable and extreme climate change factors, which negatively impact global agriculture, and therefore further research in this area is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ilige Salameh
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
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Abstract
Insect declines are being reported worldwide for flying, ground, and aquatic lineages. Most reports come from western and northern Europe, where the insect fauna is well-studied and there are considerable demographic data for many taxonomically disparate lineages. Additional cases of faunal losses have been noted from Asia, North America, the Arctic, the Neotropics, and elsewhere. While this review addresses both species loss and population declines, its emphasis is on the latter. Declines of abundant species can be especially worrisome, given that they anchor trophic interactions and shoulder many of the essential ecosystem services of their respective communities. A review of the factors believed to be responsible for observed collapses and those perceived to be especially threatening to insects form the core of this treatment. In addition to widely recognized threats to insect biodiversity, e.g., habitat destruction, agricultural intensification (including pesticide use), climate change, and invasive species, this assessment highlights a few less commonly considered factors such as atmospheric nitrification from the burning of fossil fuels and the effects of droughts and changing precipitation patterns. Because the geographic extent and magnitude of insect declines are largely unknown, there is an urgent need for monitoring efforts, especially across ecological gradients, which will help to identify important causal factors in declines. This review also considers the status of vertebrate insectivores, reporting bias, challenges inherent in collecting and interpreting insect demographic data, and cases of increasing insect abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA;
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16
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The effects of temperature and dispersal on species diversity in natural microbial metacommunities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18286. [PMID: 31797904 PMCID: PMC6892927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is key for maintaining biodiversity at local- and regional scales in metacommunities. However, little is known about the combined effects of dispersal and climate change on biodiversity. Theory predicts that alpha-diversity is maximized at intermediate dispersal rates, resulting in a hump-shaped diversity-dispersal relationship. This relationship is predicted to flatten when competition increases. We anticipate that this same flattening will occur with increased temperature because, in the rising part of the temperature performance curve, interspecific competition is predicted to increase. We explored this question using aquatic communities of Sarracenia purpurea from early- and late-successional stages, in which we simulated four levels of dispersal and four temperature scenarios. With increased dispersal, the hump shape was observed consistently in late successional communities, but only in higher temperature treatments in early succession. Increased temperature did not flatten the hump-shape relationship, but decreased the level of alpha- and gamma-diversity. Interestingly, higher temperatures negatively impacted small-bodied species. These metacommunity-level extinctions likely relaxed interspecific competition, which could explain the absence of flattening of the diversity-dispersal relationship. Our findings suggest that climate change will cause extinctions both at local- and global- scales and emphasize the importance of intermediate levels of dispersal as an insurance for local diversity.
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17
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Nasirian H, Salehzadeh A. Effect of seasonality on the population density of wetland aquatic insects: A case study of the Hawr Al Azim and Shadegan wetlands, Iran. Vet World 2019; 12:584-592. [PMID: 31190715 PMCID: PMC6515831 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.584-592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Wetlands are extremely suitable ecosystems to assess the effect of climate change on the density of aquatic insects. This study aimed to assess the effect of seasonality on populations of aquatic insects in the Hawr Al Azim and Shadegan wetlands. Materials and Methods: The insect samplings were conducted at a large area of the Hawr Al Azim and five different sites of the Shadegan wetlands. In total, 18,534 arthropods of different life stages, including 12 orders containing 51 families, were collected and identified from the selected sites of the Shadegan and Hawr Al Azim wetlands. Results: Results showed that the population density of wetland aquatic insects gradually increased as the average daily temperature decreased, positively increased with daily mean relative humidity and precipitation, and decreased with the mean daily evaporation between October and April. Conversely, the population density of wetland aquatic insects gradually decreased with increasing average daily temperature and reduction of the mean relative humidity and precipitation and increasing the average evaporation from April to September. When differences between the average daily and water temperatures reached minimum in April, the population density of wetland aquatic insects reached maximum and turned mainly to families that they have high level of biological indices, indicating that wetlands have clean waters around the spring. While around the autumn conversely, they mostly changed to families that they have low level of biological indices, indicating that wetlands have unclean waters. Conclusion: The present study showed an optimum condition for the growth of insects around spring. Seasonality affects the population density of wetland aquatic insects during a year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasirian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Salehzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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18
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Understanding negative biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship in semi-natural wildflower strips. Oecologia 2018; 189:185-197. [PMID: 30535951 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) in highly controlled experiments often yield results incompatible with observations from natural systems: experimental results often reveal positive relationships between diversity and productivity, while for natural systems, zero or even negative relationships have been reported. The discrepancy may arise due to a limited or closed local species pool in experiments, while natural systems in meta-community contexts experience dynamic processes, i.e., colonization and extinctions. In our study, we analysed plant community properties and above-ground biomass within a semi-natural (i.e., not weeded) experiment in an agricultural landscape. Eleven replicates with four different diversity levels were created from a species pool of 20 wildflower species. We found an overall significant negative relationship between total diversity and productivity. This relationship likely resulted from invasion resistance: in plots sown with low species numbers, we observed colonization by low-performing species; colonization increased species richness but did not contribute substantially to productivity. Interestingly, when analysing the biomass of the sown and the colonizer species separately, we observed in both cases positive BEF relationships, while this relationship was negative for the whole system. A structural equation modelling approach revealed that higher biomass of the sown species was linked to higher species richness, while the positive BEF relationship of the colonizers was indirect and constrained by the sown species biomass. Our results suggest that, in semi-natural conditions common in extensive agroecosystems, the negative BEF relationship results from the interplay between local dominant species and colonization from the regional species pool by subordinate species.
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