1
|
Hom KN, Quigley TD, Rodriguez RD, Gdanski SG, Lazrinth XI, Jones R, Forlano PM. Characterization of anthropogenic noise and oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) calling behavior in urban and small-town coastal soundscapesa). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 155:1230-1239. [PMID: 38341750 DOI: 10.1121/10.0024763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) is an ideal model to examine the effects of anthropogenic noise on behavior because they rely on acoustic signals for mate attraction and social interactions. We predict that oyster toadfish have acclimated to living in noise-rich environments because they are common in waterways of urban areas, like New York City (NYC). We used passive acoustic monitoring at two locations to see if calling behavior patterns are altered in areas of typically high boat traffic versus low boat traffic (Pier 40, NYC, NY, and Eel Pond, Woods Hole, MA, respectively). We hypothesized that toadfish in NYC would adjust their circadian calling behavior in response to daily anthropogenic noise patterns. We quantified toadfish calls and ship noise over three 24-h periods in the summer reproductive period at both locations. We observed an inverse relationship between the duration of noise and the number of toadfish calls at Pier 40 in comparison to Eel Pond. Additionally, toadfish at Pier 40 showed significant differences in peak calling behavior compared to Eel Pond. Therefore, oyster toadfish may have acclimated to living in an urban environment by potentially altering their communication behavior in the presence of boat noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey N Hom
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Thomas D Quigley
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Rachel D Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | - Sydney G Gdanski
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | - Xylo I Lazrinth
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | | | - Paul M Forlano
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York 10031, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mensinger AF. So many toadfish, so little timea). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 155:817-825. [PMID: 38299939 DOI: 10.1121/10.0024612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, has been a valuable biomedical model for a wide diversity of studies. However, its vocalization ability arguably has attracted the most attention, with numerous studies focusing on its ecology, behavior, and neurophysiology in regard to its sound production and reception. This paper reviews 30 years of research in my laboratory using this model to understand how aquatic animals detect, integrate, and respond to external environment cues. The dual vestibular and auditory role of the utricle is examined, and its ability to integrate multimodal input is discussed. Several suggestions for future research are provided, including in situ auditory recording, interjecting natural relevant ambient soundscapes into laboratory sound studies, adding transparency to the field of acoustic deterrents, and calls for fish bioacoustics teaching modules to be incorporated in K-12 curricula to excite and diversify the next generation of scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen F Mensinger
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rogers LS, Lozier NR, Sapozhnikova YP, Diamond KM, Davis JL, Sisneros JA. Functional plasticity of the swim bladder as an acoustic organ for communication in a vocal fish. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231839. [PMID: 38087920 PMCID: PMC10716664 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost fishes have evolved a number of sound-producing mechanisms, including vibrations of the swim bladder. In addition to sound production, the swim bladder also aids in sound reception. While the production and reception of sound by the swim bladder has been described separately in fishes, the extent to which it operates for both in a single species is unknown. Here, using morphological, electrophysiological and modelling approaches, we show that the swim bladder of male plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) exhibits reproductive state-dependent changes in morphology and function for sound production and reception. Non-reproductive males possess rostral 'horn-like' swim bladder extensions that enhance low-frequency (less than 800 Hz) sound pressure sensitivity by decreasing the distance between the swim bladder and inner ear, thus enabling pressure-induced swim bladder vibrations to be transduced to the inner ear. By contrast, reproductive males display enlarged swim bladder sonic muscles that enable the production of advertisement calls but also alter swim bladder morphology and increase the swim bladder to inner ear distance, effectively reducing sound pressure sensitivity. Taken together, we show that the swim bladder exhibits a seasonal functional plasticity that allows it to effectively mediate both the production and reception of sound in a vocal teleost fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yulia P. Sapozhnikova
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Kelly M. Diamond
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julian Ly Davis
- Department of Engineering, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN, USA
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Sisneros
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bittencourt L, Barbosa M, Fernandes M, Bisi TL, Lailson-Brito J, Azevedo AF. Fish chorus variation in a tropical estuarine environmenta). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:3158-3167. [PMID: 37966334 DOI: 10.1121/10.0022413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Fish choruses are still understudied in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Temporal and spatial variation of fish choruses at two sites inside Guanabara Bay were investigated between 2021 and 2022; one sampling site was in a Marine Protected Area (MPA), and the other was in a rocky environment closer to vessel trafficking areas. Acoustic recordings were performed on 17 sampling occasions of 24 h, coupled to a temperature data logger. Long-term spectral averages were employed to determine choruses' start, end, and peak times, and third-octave levels were used to characterize spectral characteristics. Fish sounds were also analyzed and investigated with a principal components analysis. Choruses in the MPA lasted, on average, 4.5 h and had a peak frequency of 547.2 ± 226.6 kHz with a peak level of 104.6 ± 8.7 dB re 1 μPa. In contrast, the rocky site choruses lasted 5.5 h on average and had a peak frequency of 371.7 ± 131.0 Hz with a peak level of 113.4 ± 4.0 dB re 1 μPa. Chorus peak frequency was positively correlated to temperature (r = 0.4). Different types of fish sounds were identified, with some acoustics parameters varying between sites. Results indicate more than one chorusing species that may react to different factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lis Bittencourt
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores-Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Barbosa
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores-Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Myllene Fernandes
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores-Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Bisi
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores-Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Lailson-Brito
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores-Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Azevedo
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores-Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Albouy R, Faria AM, Fonseca PJ, Amorim MCP. Effects of temperature on acoustic and visual courtship and reproductive success in the two-spotted goby Pomatoschistus flavescens. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106197. [PMID: 37793242 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish are ectothermic and small changes in water temperature could greatly affect reproduction. The two-spotted goby is a small semi-pelagic species that uses visual and acoustic displays to mate. Here, we studied the effect of temperature (16 and 20 °C) on acoustic and visual courtship and associated reproductive success in 39 males. Temperature influenced male visual courtship performed outside the nest, but it did not influence calling rate and the number of laid eggs. Interestingly, the number of sounds (drums) was the sole predictor of spawning success. These findings suggest that exposure to different temperatures within the species' natural range affect courtship behaviour but not its reproductive success. We propose that finding the link between acoustic behaviour and reproduction in fishes offers the opportunity to monitor fish sounds both in the lab and in nature to learn how they respond to environmental changes and human impacts, namely global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Albouy
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; IMBRSEA Master Programme, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana M Faria
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Portugal
| | - M Clara P Amorim
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Colbert BR, Popper AN, Bailey H. Call rate of oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) is affected by aggregate sound level but not by specific vessel passagesa). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:2088-2098. [PMID: 37787601 DOI: 10.1121/10.0021174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic sound is a prevalent environmental stressor that can have significant impacts on aquatic species, including fishes. In this study, the effects of anthropogenic sound on the vocalization behavior of oyster toadfish (Opasnus tau) at multiple time scales was investigated using passive acoustic monitoring. The effects of specific vessel passages were investigated by comparing vocalization rates immediately after a vessel passage with that of control periods using a generalized linear model. The effects of increased ambient sound levels as a result of aggregate exposure within hourly periods over a month were also analyzed using generalized additive models. To place the response to vessel sounds within an ecologically appropriate context, the effect of environmental variables on call density was compared to that of increasing ambient sound levels. It was found that the immediate effect of vessel passage was not a significant predictor for toadfish vocalization rate. However, analyzed over a longer time period, increased vessel-generated sound lowered call rate and there was a greater effect size from vessel sound than any environmental variable. This demonstrates the importance of evaluating responses to anthropogenic sound, including chronic sounds, on multiple time scales when assessing potential impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Colbert
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688, USA
| | - A N Popper
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Helen Bailey
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stanley JA, Van Parijs SM, Davis GE, Sullivan M, Hatch LT. Monitoring spatial and temporal soundscape features within ecologically significant U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02439. [PMID: 34374153 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries manages a system of marine protected areas encompassing more than 2,000,000 km2 . U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS) have been designated to provide protection for their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archaeological, educational, or aesthetic qualities. Due to the large variability of attributes among NMS, designing coordinated system-wide monitoring to support diverse resource protection goals can be challenging. Underwater sound monitoring is seeing increasing application to marine protected area management because it is able to support this wide variety of information needs. Passive acoustics are providing invaluable autonomous information regarding habitat associations, identifying species spatial and temporal use, and highlighting patterns in conditions that are otherwise difficult to survey. Using standardized equipment and analysis methods this study collected ambient underwater sound data and derived measurements to investigate temporal changes in sound pressure levels and power spectral density, identify presence of select species of importance and support within and among site comparison of ambient underwater sound among eight sites within four U.S. NMS. Broadband sound pressure levels of ambient sound (10-24,000 Hz) varied as much as 24 dB re 1 µPa (max difference 100-124 dB re 1 µPa) among the recording sites, sanctuaries, and seasons. Biotic signals, such as snapping shrimp snaps and vocalizations of fishes, exhibited distinct diel and seasonal patterns and showed variation among sites. Presence of anthropogenic signals, such as vessel passage, also varied substantially among sites, ranging from on average 1.6-21.8 h/d. The study identified measurements that effectively summarized baseline soundscape attributes and prioritized future opportunities for integrating non-acoustic and acoustic variables in order to inform area-specific management questions within four ecologically varying U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni A Stanley
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga, 3110, New Zealand
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Sofie M Van Parijs
- Protected Species Branch, National Marine Fisheries Science Center, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Genevieve E Davis
- Protected Species Branch, National Marine Fisheries Science Center, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Megan Sullivan
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Leila T Hatch
- Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Scituate, Massachusetts, 02066, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vieira M, Amorim MCP, Fonseca PJ. Vocal rhythms in nesting Lusitanian toadfish, Halobatrachus didactylus. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
9
|
Leon-Lopez B, Romero-Vivas E, Viloria-Gomora L. Reduction of roadway noise in a coastal city underwater soundscape during COVID-19 confinement. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:652. [PMID: 33514174 PMCID: PMC7857497 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic drastically reduced human activities. Underwater soundscape variations are discussed in this study, comparing a typical and confinement day in a coastal lagoon near a popular tourist city in Mexico. Recording devices were located at 2 m in depth and 430 m away from the main promenade-a two-way avenue for light vehicle traffic-where main tourist infrastructure is located. The nearby marine environment is habitat to birds and dolphins as well as fish and invertebrates of commercial importance. Medium and small boats usually transit the area. The main underwater sound level reduction was measured at low frequencies (10-2000 Hz) because of the decrease in roadway noise. Vessel traffic also decreased by almost three quarters, although the level reduction due to this source was less noticeable. As typical day levels in the roadway noise band can potentially mask fish sounds and affect other low frequency noise-sensitive marine taxa, this study suggests that comprehensive noise analysis in coastal marine environments should consider the contribution from nearby land sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Leon-Lopez
- Acoustics and Signal Processing Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Avenida IPN 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, USA
| | - Eduardo Romero-Vivas
- Acoustics and Signal Processing Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Avenida IPN 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, USA
| | - Lorena Viloria-Gomora
- Programa de Investigación en Mamíferos Marinos, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Carretera al Sur km 5.5, Mezquitito, C.P. 23080 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The effect of biological and anthropogenic sound on the auditory sensitivity of oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 206:1-14. [PMID: 31823003 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many aquatic organisms use vocalizations for reproductive behavior; therefore, disruption of their soundscape could adversely affect their life history. Male oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) establish nests in shallow waters during spring and attract female fish with boatwhistle vocalizations. Males exhibit high nest fidelity, making them susceptible to anthropogenic sound in coastal waters, which could mask their vocalizations and/or reduce auditory sensitivity levels. Additionally, the effect of self-generated boatwhistles on toadfish auditory sensitivity has yet to be addressed. To investigate the effect of sound exposure on toadfish auditory sensitivity, sound pressure and particle acceleration sensitivity curves were determined using auditory evoked potentials before and after (0-, 1-, 3-, 6- and 9-day) exposure to 1- or 12-h of continuous playbacks to ship engine sound or conspecific vocalization. Exposure to boatwhistles had no effect on auditory sensitivity. However, exposure to anthropogenic sound caused significant decreases in auditory sensitivity for at least 3 days, with shifts up to 8 dB SPL and 20 dB SPL immediately following 1- and 12-h anthropogenic exposure, respectively. Understanding the effect of self-generated and anthropogenic sound exposure on auditory sensitivity provides an insight into how soundscapes affect acoustic communication.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ladich F, Maiditsch IP. Temperature affects sound production in fish with two sets of sonic organs: The Pictus cat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 240:110589. [PMID: 31648065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sound communication is affected by ambient temperature in ectothermic animals including fishes. The present study examines the effects of temperature on acoustic signaling in a fish species possessing two different sound-generating mechanisms. The Amazonian Pictus catfish Pimelodus pictus produces low-frequency harmonic sounds (swimbladder drumming muscles) and high-frequency stridulation sounds (rubbing pectoral fin spines in the pectoral girdle). Sounds of 15 juveniles were recorded when hand-held after three weeks of acclimation at 30 °C, 22 °C and again 30 °C. The following sound characteristics were investigated: calling activity, sound duration, fundamental frequency of drumming sounds and dominant frequency of stridulation sounds. The number of both sound types produced within the first minute of experiments did not change with temperature. In contrast, sound duration was significantly shorter at 30 °C than at 22 °C (drumming: 78-560 ms; stridulation: 23-96 ms). The fundamental frequency of drumming sounds and thus the drumming muscle contraction rate varied from 127 Hz to 242 Hz and increased with temperature. The dominant frequency of broadband stridulation sounds ranged from 1.67 kHz to 3.39 kHz and was unaffected by temperature changes. Our data demonstrate that temperature affects acoustic signaling in P. pictus, although the changes differed between sound characteristics and sound type. The effects vary from no change in calling activity and dominant frequency, to an increase in fundamental frequency and shortened duration of both sound types. Together with the known effects of temperature on hearing in the Pictus cat, the present results indicate that global warming may affect acoustic communication in fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Ladich
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Isabelle Pia Maiditsch
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|