1
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Lu SM, Vannoy KJ, Dick JE, Long YT. Multiphase Chemistry under Nanoconfinement: An Electrochemical Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25043-25055. [PMID: 37934860 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Most relevant systems of interest to modern chemists rarely consist of a single phase. Real-world problems that require a rigorous understanding of chemical reactivity in multiple phases include the development of wearable and implantable biosensors, efficient fuel cells, single cell metabolic characterization techniques, and solar energy conversion devices. Within all of these systems, confinement effects at the nanoscale influence the chemical reaction coordinate. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the nanoconfinement effects of chemistry in multiphase environments is paramount. Electrochemistry is inherently a multiphase measurement tool reporting on a charged species traversing a phase boundary. Over the past 50 years, electrochemistry has witnessed astounding growth. Subpicoampere current measurements are routine, as is the study of single molecules and nanoparticles. This Perspective focuses on three nanoelectrochemical techniques to study multiphase chemistry under nanoconfinement: stochastic collision electrochemistry, single nanodroplet electrochemistry, and nanopore electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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2
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Suvira M, Ahuja A, Lovre P, Singh M, Draher GW, Zhang B. Imaging Single H 2 Nanobubbles Using Off-Axis Dark-Field Microscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15893-15899. [PMID: 37851536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
A robust and detailed physicochemical description of electrochemically generated surface nanobubbles and their effects on electrochemical systems remains at large. Herein, we report the development and utilization of an off-axis, dark-field microscopy imaging tool for probing the dynamic process of generating single H2 nanobubbles at the surface of a carbon nanoelectrode. A change in the direction of the incident light is made to significantly reduce the intensity of the background light, which enables us to image both the nanoelectrode and nanobubble on the electrode surface or the metal nanoparticles in the vicinity of the electrode. The correlated electrochemical and optical response provides novel insights regarding bubble nucleation and dissolution on a nanoelectrode previously unattainable solely from its current-voltage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milomir Suvira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Ananya Ahuja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Pascal Lovre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Mantak Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Gracious Wyatt Draher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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3
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Gao H, Xu J, Liu C, Wang F, Sun H, Wang Q, Zhou M. Precise Polishing and Electrochemical Applications of Quartz Nanopipette-Based Carbon Nanoelectrodes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14092-14098. [PMID: 36191159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quartz nanopipette-based carbon nanoelectrodes (CNEs) have attracted extensive attention in nanoscale electrochemistry due to their simple and efficient fabrication, chemically inert materials, flexible size (down to a few nanometers), and ultrathin insulating encapsulation. However, these pristine CNEs usually have significantly irregular morphology on the surface, which greatly limits the applications where inlaid nanodisks are urgently needed. To address this critical issue, we have developed a new precise polishing strategy using paraffin coating protection (i.e., avoiding breakage of quartz materials) and real-time monitoring with a high impedance meter (i.e., indicating electrode exposure) to produce flat carbon nanodisk electrodes. The surface flatness of polished CNEs has been confirmed by a combination of scanning electron microscopy, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electrochemical microscopy. As compared to the expensive focused ion beam processing, this strategy is competitive in terms of the low cost and availability of the equipment and enables the preparation of polished CNEs with sufficiently small size. The flattened CNEs have been exemplified for grafting molecular catalysts to achieve the durable catalysis of reactive molecules or for immobilizing single-particle electrocatalysts to measure the intrinsic activity under sufficient mass-transfer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Haotian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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4
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Hu K, Le Vo KL, Hatamie A, Ewing AG. Quantifying Intracellular Single Vesicular Catecholamine Concentration with Open Carbon Nanopipettes to Unveil the Effect of L‐DOPA on Vesicular Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kim Long Le Vo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Amir Hatamie
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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5
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Aref M, Ranjbari E, García-Guzmán JJ, Hu K, Lork A, Crespo GA, Ewing AG, Cuartero M. Potentiometric pH Nanosensor for Intracellular Measurements: Real-Time and Continuous Assessment of Local Gradients. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15744-15751. [PMID: 34783529 PMCID: PMC8637545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We present a pH nanosensor
conceived for single intracellular measurements.
The sensing architecture consisted of a two-electrode system evaluated
in the potentiometric mode. We used solid-contact carbon nanopipette
electrodes tailored to produce both the indicator (pH nanosensor)
and reference electrodes. The indicator electrode was a membrane-based
ion-selective electrode containing a receptor for hydrogen ions that
provided a favorable selectivity for intracellular measurements. The
analytical features of the pH nanosensor revealed a Nernstian response
(slope of −59.5 mV/pH unit) with appropriate repeatability
and reproducibility (variation coefficients of <2% for the calibration
parameters), a fast response time (<5 s), adequate medium-term
drift (0.7 mV h–1), and a linear range of response
including physiological and abnormal cell pH levels (6.0–8.5).
In addition, the position and configuration of the reference electrode
were investigated in cell-based experiments to provide unbiased pH
measurements, in which both the indicator and reference electrodes
were located inside the same cell, each of them inside two neighboring
cells, or the indicator electrode inside the cell and the reference
electrode outside of (but nearby) the studied cell. Finally, the pH
nanosensor was applied to two cases: (i) the tracing of the pH gradient
from extra-to intracellular media over insertion into a single PC12
cell and (ii) the monitoring of variations in intracellular pH in
response to exogenous administration of pharmaceuticals. It is anticipated
that the developed pH nanosensor, which is a label-free analytical
tool, has high potential to aid in the investigation of pathological
states that manifest in cell pH misregulation, with no restriction
in the type of targeted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Aref
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Elias Ranjbari
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Juan José García-Guzmán
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Alicia Lork
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Gaston A Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
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6
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Hu K, Le Vo KL, Hatamie A, Ewing AG. Quantifying Intracellular Single Vesicular Catecholamine Concentration with Open Carbon Nanopipettes to Unveil the Effect of L-DOPA on Vesicular Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113406. [PMID: 34734466 PMCID: PMC9299131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of exocytosis is essential for uncovering the pathologies of neuronal disorders and developing related pharmaceuticals. In this work intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (IVIEC) measurements with different‐sized (50–500 nm radius) open carbon nanopipettes (CNPs) were performed to quantify the vesicular content and release kinetics of specific vesicle populations grouped by orifice sizes. Intracellular vesicles with radius below 100 nm were captured and narrowed between 50 and 100 nm. On the basis of this, single vesicular catecholamine concentrations in the intracellular environment were quantified as 0.23–1.1 M. Our results with L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA)‐exposure indicate that L‐DOPA regulates exocytosis by increasing the dense core size and vesicular content while catecholamine concentrations did not show obvious alterations. These were all achieved simultaneously and relatively noninvasively with open CNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kim Long Le Vo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amir Hatamie
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Jiang X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Shao Y, Feng J. Etching-Engineered Low-Voltage Dielectrophoretic Nanotweezers for Trapping of Single Molecules. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12549-12555. [PMID: 34514774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the functions of biomolecules at the single-molecule level is crucial due to their important and diverse roles in cell regulation. Recently, nanotweezers made of dual carbon nanoelectrodes have been developed for single-cell biopsies by applying a high alternating voltage. However, high electric voltage can induce Joule heating, water electrolysis, and other side effects on cell activity, which may be unfavorable for cellular applications. Here, we report a low-voltage nanotweezer for trapping of single DNA molecules using etching-engineered nanoelectrodes which effectively reduce the minimum trapping voltage by six times. Meanwhile, the low-voltage nanotweezer displays an improved trapping stiffness. Based on the finite element method simulations, we attribute the mechanism for the low-voltage nanotweezers to the increase in spatial heterogeneity and nonuniformity of electric field by etching of quartz near the nanoelectrodes. This work opens a new dimension for noninvasive single-molecule manipulation in solution and potential applications in single-cell biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Jiang
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuang Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiandong Feng
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Barman K, Wang X, Jia R, Mirkin MV. Mediated Charge Transfer at Nanoelectrodes: A New Approach to Electrochemical Reactivity Mapping and Nanosensing. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8547-8551. [PMID: 34061516 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful tool for mapping surface reactivity. Electrochemical mapping of electrocatalytic processes at the nanoscale is, however, challenging because the surface of a nanoelectrode tip is easily fouled by impurities and/or deactivated by products and intermediates of innersphere surface reactions. To overcome this difficulty, we introduce new types of SECM nanotips based on bimolecular electron transfer between the dissolved electroactive species and a redox mediator attached to the surface of a carbon nanoelectrode. A tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium complex, Ru(bpy)3, that undergoes reversible oxidation/reduction reactions at both positive and negative potentials was used to prepare the SECM nanoprobes for mapping a wide range of electrocatalytic processes through oxidation of H2, reduction of O2, and both oxidation and reduction of H2O2 at the tip. In addition to high-resolution reactivity mapping and localized kinetic measurements, chemically modified nanoelectrodes can serve as nanosensors for a number of important analytes such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Barman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Rui Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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9
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Jia R, Mirkin MV. The double life of conductive nanopipette: a nanopore and an electrochemical nanosensor. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9056-9066. [PMID: 34123158 PMCID: PMC8163349 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing interest in nanoscale research has spurred the development of nanosensors for liquid phase measurements. These include nanopore-based sensors typically employed for detecting nanoscale objects, such as nanoparticles, vesicles and biomolecules, and electrochemical nanosensors suitable for identification and quantitative analysis of redox active molecules. In this Perspective, we discuss conductive nanopipettes (CNP) that can combine the advantages of single entity sensitivity of nanopore detection with high selectivity and capacity for quantitative analysis offered by electrochemical sensors. Additionally, the small physical size and needle-like shape of a CNP enables its use as a tip in the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM), thus, facilitating precise positioning and localized measurements in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
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10
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11
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Chang M, Morgan G, Bedier F, Chieng A, Gomez P, Raminani S, Wang Y. Review-Recent Advances in Nanosensors Built with Pre-Pulled Glass Nanopipettes and Their Applications in Chemical and Biological Sensing. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 167:037533. [PMID: 34326553 PMCID: PMC8317590 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab64be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanosensors built with pre-pulled glass nanopipettes, including bare or chemically modified nanopipettes and fully or partially filled solid nanoelectrodes, have found applications in chemical and biological sensing via resistive-pulse, current rectification, and electrochemical sensing. These nanosensors are easily fabricated and provide advantages through their needle-like geometry with nanometer-sized tips, making them highly sensitive and suitable for local measurements in extremely small samples. The variety in the geometry and layout have extended sensing capabilities. In this review, we will outline the fundamentals in fabrication, modification, and characterization of those pre-pulled glass nanopipette based nanosensors and highlight the most recent progress in their development and applications in real-time monitoring of biological processes, chemical ion sensing, and single entity analysis.
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12
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Pan R, Hu K, Jiang D, Samuni U, Mirkin MV. Electrochemical Resistive-Pulse Sensing. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19555-19559. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Uri Samuni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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13
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Hu K, Wang D, Zhou M, Bae JH, Yu Y, Xin H, Mirkin MV. Ultrasensitive Detection of Dopamine with Carbon Nanopipets. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12935-12941. [PMID: 31503470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fiber micro- and nanoelectrodes have been extensively used to measure dopamine and other neurotransmitters in biological systems. Although the radii of some reported probes were ≪1 μm, the lengths of the exposed carbon were typically on the micrometer scale, thus limiting the spatial resolution of electroanalytical measurements. Recent attempts to determine neurotransmitters in single cells and vesicles have provided additional impetus for decreasing the probe dimensions. Here, we report two types of dopamine sensors based on carbon nanopipets (CNP) prepared by chemical vapor deposition of carbon into prepulled quartz capillaries. These include 10-200 nm radius CNPs with a cavity near the orifice and CNPs with an open path in the middle, in which the volume of sampled solution can be controlled by the applied pressure. Because of the relatively large surface area of carbon exposed to solution inside the pipet, both types of sensors yielded well-shaped voltammograms of dopamine down to ca. 1 nM concentrations, and the unprecedented voltammetric response to 100 pM dopamine was obtained with open CNPs. TEM tomography and numerical simulations were used to model CNP responses. The effect of dopamine adsorption on the CNP detection limit is discussed along with the possibilities of measuring other physiologically important analytes (e.g., serotonin) and eliminating anionic and electrochemically irreversible interferences (e.g., ascorbic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Je Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Huolin Xin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY , New York , New York 10016 , United States
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14
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Gao R, Lin Y, Ying YL, Hu YX, Xu SW, Ruan LQ, Yu RJ, Li YJ, Li HW, Cui LF, Long YT. Wireless nanopore electrodes for analysis of single entities. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2015-2035. [PMID: 31168087 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of a single entity underpin knowledge of the heterogeneity and stochastics in the behavior of molecules, nanoparticles, and cells. Electrochemistry provides a direct and fast method to analyze single entities as it probes electron/charge-transfer processes. However, a highly reproducible electrochemical-sensing nanointerface is often hard to fabricate because of a lack of control of the fabrication processes at the nanoscale. In comparison with conventional micro/nanoelectrodes with a metal wire inside, we present a general and easily implemented protocol that describes how to fabricate and use a wireless nanopore electrode (WNE). Nanoscale metal deposition occurs at the tip of the nanopipette, providing an electroactive sensing interface. The WNEs utilize a dynamic ionic flow instead of a metal wire to sense the interfacial redox process. WNEs provide a highly controllable interface with a 30- to 200-nm diameter. This protocol presents the construction and characterization of two types of WNEs-the open-type WNE and closed-type WNE-which can be used to achieve reproducible electrochemical measurements of single entities. Combined with the related signal amplification mechanisms, we also describe how WNEs can be used to detect single redox molecules/ions, analyze the metabolism of single cells, and discriminate single nanoparticles in a mixture. This protocol is broadly applicable to studies of living cells, nanomaterials, and sensors at the single-entity level. The total time required to complete the protocol is ~10-18 h. Each WNE costs ~$1-$3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Lin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong-Xu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Su-Wen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Qi Ruan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-Jia Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Wen Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Fei Cui
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Bae JH, Wang D, Hu K, Mirkin MV. Surface-Charge Effects on Voltammetry in Carbon Nanocavities. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5530-5536. [PMID: 30977642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport controlled by electrostatic interactions is an important phenomenon in biological and artificial membranes, channels, and nanopores. Here, we employ carbon-coated nanopipets (CNPs) for studying permselective electrochemistry in a conductive nanopore. A significant accumulation (up to 2000-fold) of cationic redox species and anion depletion inside a CNP by diffuse-layer and surface-charge effects in a solution of low ionic strength were observed as well as the shift of the voltammetric midpeak potential. Finite-element simulations of electrostatic effects on CNP voltammograms show permselective ion transport in a single conducting nanopore and semiquantitatively explain our experimental data. The reported results are potentially useful for improving sensitivity and selectivity of CNP sensors for ionic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY , New York , New York 10016 , United States
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16
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Wilde P, Quast T, Aiyappa HB, Chen Y, Botz A, Tarnev T, Marquitan M, Feldhege S, Lindner A, Andronescu C, Schuhmann W. Towards Reproducible Fabrication of Nanometre‐Sized Carbon Electrodes: Optimisation of Automated Nanoelectrode Fabrication by Means of Transmission Electron Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wilde
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Harshitha B. Aiyappa
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Yen‐Ting Chen
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Miriam Marquitan
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Stephan Feldhege
- Mechanical Workshop of the Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Armin Lindner
- Mechanical Workshop of the Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
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17
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Zhang S, Li M, Su B, Shao Y. Fabrication and Use of Nanopipettes in Chemical Analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:265-286. [PMID: 29894227 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes progress in the fabrication, modification, characterization, and applications of nanopipettes since 2010. A brief history of nanopipettes is introduced, and the details of fabrication, modification, and characterization of nanopipettes are provided. Applications of nanopipettes in chemical analysis are the focus in several cases, including recent progress in imaging; in the study of single molecules, single nanoparticles, and single cells; in fundamental investigations of charge transfer (ion and electron) reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces; and as hyphenated techniques combined with other methods to study the mechanisms of complicated electrochemical reactions and to conduct bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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18
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Direct electrochemical observation of glucosidase activity in isolated single lysosomes from a living cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4087-4092. [PMID: 29610324 PMCID: PMC5910846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719844115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of protein activity in individual lysosomes in living cells is realized using a nanocapillary designed to electrochemically analyze internal solution, in which a single lysosome is sorted from the cell and the target protein is reacted with the corresponding kit components to generate hydrogen peroxide for measurement. The ability to sort and assay multiple lysosomes from the same cell allows direct study of protein function at subcellular resolution and provides unprecedented information about the homogeneity within the lysosomal population of a single cell. The protein activity in individual intracellular compartments in single living cells must be analyzed to obtain an understanding of protein function at subcellular locations. The current methodology for probing activity is often not resolved to the level of an individual compartment, and the results provide an extent of reaction that is averaged from a group of compartments. To address this technological limitation, a single lysosome is sorted from a living cell via electrophoresis into a nanocapillary designed to electrochemically analyze internal solution. The activity of a protein specific to lysosomes, β-glucosidase, is determined by the electrochemical quantification of hydrogen peroxide generated from the reaction with its substrate and the associated enzymes preloaded in the nanocapillary. Sorting and assaying multiple lysosomes from the same cell shows the relative homogeneity of protein activity between different lysosomes, whereas the protein activity in single lysosomes from different cells of the same type is heterogeneous. Thus, this study for the analysis of protein activity within targeted cellular compartments allows direct study of protein function at subcellular resolution and provides unprecedented information about the homogeneity within the lysosomal population of a single cell.
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19
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Gao Y, Li B, Singhal R, Fontecchio A, Pelleg B, Orynbayeva Z, Gogotsi Y, Friedman G. Perfusion double-channel micropipette probes for oxygen flux mapping with single-cell resolution. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:850-860. [PMID: 29600146 PMCID: PMC5852649 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Measuring cellular respiration with single-cell spatial resolution is a significant challenge, even with modern tools and techniques. Here, a double-channel micropipette is proposed and investigated as a probe to achieve this goal by sampling fluid near the point of interest. A finite element model (FEM) of this perfusion probe is validated by comparing simulation results with experimental results of hydrodynamically confined fluorescent molecule diffusion. The FEM is then used to investigate the dependence of the oxygen concentration variation and the measurement signal on system parameters, including the pipette's shape, perfusion velocity, position of the oxygen sensors within the pipette, and proximity of the pipette to the substrate. The work demonstrates that the use of perfusion double-barrel micropipette probes enables the detection of oxygen consumption signals with micrometer spatial resolution, while amplifying the signal, as compared to sensors without the perfusion system. In certain flow velocity ranges (depending on pipette geometry and configuration), the perfusion flow increases oxygen concentration gradients formed due to cellular oxygen consumption. An optimal perfusion velocity for respiratory measurements on single cells can be determined for different system parameters (e.g., proximity of the pipette to the substrate). The optimum perfusion velocities calculated in this paper range from 1.9 to 12.5 μm/s. Finally, the FEM model is used to show that the spatial resolution of the probe may be varied by adjusting the pipette tip diameter, which may allow oxygen consumption mapping of cells within tissue, as well as individual cells at subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Riju Singhal
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam Fontecchio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben Pelleg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zulfiya Orynbayeva
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary Friedman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Wang D, Mirkin MV. Electron-Transfer Gated Ion Transport in Carbon Nanopipets. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11654-11657. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
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21
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Wang Y, Wang D, Mirkin MV. Resistive-pulse and rectification sensing with glass and carbon nanopipettes. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160931. [PMID: 28413354 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with more prevalent solid-state nanopores, glass or quartz nanopipettes have found applications in resistive-pulse and rectification sensing. Their advantages include the ease of fabrication, small physical size and needle-like geometry, rendering them useful for local measurements in small spaces and delivery of nanoparticles/biomolecules. Carbon nanopipettes fabricated by depositing a thin carbon layer on the inner wall of a quartz pipette provide additional means for detecting electroactive species and fine-tuning the current rectification properties. In this paper, we discuss the fundamentals of resistive-pulse sensing with nanopipettes and our recent studies of current rectification in carbon pipettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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22
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Chen R, Hu K, Yu Y, Mirkin MV, Amemiya S. Focused-Ion-Beam-Milled Carbon Nanoelectrodes for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 163:H3032-H3037. [PMID: 27642187 PMCID: PMC5025261 DOI: 10.1149/2.0071604jes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has emerged as a powerful electrochemical method that enables the study of interfacial reactions with unprecedentedly high spatial and kinetic resolution. In this work, we develop carbon nanoprobes with high electrochemical reactivity and well-controlled size and geometry based on chemical vapor deposition of carbon in quartz nanopipets. Carbon-filled nanopipets are milled by focused ion beam (FIB) technology to yield a flat disk tip with a thin quartz sheath as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The extremely high electroactivity of FIB-milled carbon nanotips is quantified by enormously high standard electron-transfer rate constants of ≥10 cm/s for Ru(NH3)63+. The tip size and geometry are characterized in electrolyte solutions by SECM approach curve measurements not only to determine inner and outer tip radii of down to ~27 and ~38 nm, respectively, but also to ensure the absence of a conductive carbon layer on the outer wall. In addition, FIB-milled carbon nanotips reveal the limited conductivity of ~100 nm-thick gold films under nanoscale mass-transport conditions. Importantly, carbon nanotips must be protected from electrostatic damage to enable reliable and quantitative nanoelectrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College–CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College–CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College–CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
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23
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Fan Y, Han C, Zhang B. Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes. Analyst 2016; 141:5474-87. [PMID: 27510555 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01285j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes have key advantages compared to electrodes of conventional size and are the tool of choice for numerous applications in both fundamental electrochemistry research and bioelectrochemical analysis. This Minireview summarizes recent advances in the development, characterization, and use of nanoelectrodes in nanoscale electroanalytical chemistry. Methods of nanoelectrode preparation include laser-pulled glass-sealed metal nanoelectrodes, mass-produced nanoelectrodes, carbon nanotube based and carbon-filled nanopipettes, and tunneling nanoelectrodes. Several new topics of their recent application are covered, which include the use of nanoelectrodes for electrochemical imaging at ultrahigh spatial resolution, imaging with nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes, electrochemical analysis of single cells, single enzymes, and single nanoparticles, and the use of nanoelectrodes to understand single nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA.
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24
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Nanoelectrodes: Applications in electrocatalysis, single-cell analysis and high-resolution electrochemical imaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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25
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Barton ZJ, Rodríguez-López J. Emerging scanning probe approaches to the measurement of ionic reactivity at energy storage materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2707-15. [PMID: 26898202 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Barton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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26
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Tripathi S, Kapri S, Datta A, Bhattacharyya S. Influence of the morphology of carbon nanostructures on the stimulated growth of gram plant. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01163b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth stimulation of gram plants (Cicer arietinum) by water dispersible carbon nanostructures is found to be dependent on the latter's morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tripathi
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Sutanu Kapri
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Abheek Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Sayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
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27
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Shen M, Colombo ML. Electrochemical nanoprobes for the chemical detection of neurotransmitters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:7095-7105. [PMID: 26327927 PMCID: PMC4551492 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00512d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, acting as chemical messengers, play an important role in neurotransmission, which governs many functional aspects of nervous system activity. Electrochemical probes have proven a very useful technique to study neurotransmission, especially to quantify and qualify neurotransmitters. With the emerging interests in probing neurotransmission at the level of single cells, single vesicles, as well as single synapses, probes that enable detection of neurotransmitters at the nanometer scale become vitally important. Electrochemical nanoprobes have been successfully employed in nanometer spatial resolution imaging of single nanopores of Si membrane and single Au nanoparticles, providing both topographical and chemical information, thus holding great promise for nanometer spatial study of neurotransmission. Here we present the current state of electrochemical nanoprobes for chemical detection of neurotransmitters, focusing on two types of nanoelectrodes, i.e. carbon nanoelectrode and nano-ITIES pipet electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
| | - Michelle L. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
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28
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Abstract
Carbon nanoelectrodes with tip diameters ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers are fabricated by pyrolitic deposition of carbon films along the entire inner surfaces of pulled-glass pipettes. The pulled end of each glass pipette is then etched to expose a desired length (typically, a few micrometers) of carbon pipe. The carbon film provides an electrically conductive path from the nanoscopic carbon tip to the distal, macroscopic end of the pipette, bridging between the nanoscale tip and the macroscale handle, without a need for assembly. We used our nanoelectrodes to penetrate into individual cells and cell nuclei and measured the variations in the electrode impedance upon cell and nucleus penetration as well as the electrode impedance as a function of cell penetration depth. Theoretical predictions based on a simple circuit model were in good agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Anderson
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Haim H. Bau
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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29
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Rees HR, Anderson SE, Privman E, Bau HH, Venton BJ. Carbon nanopipette electrodes for dopamine detection in Drosophila. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3849-55. [PMID: 25711512 PMCID: PMC4400659 DOI: 10.1021/ac504596y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Small, robust, sensitive electrodes are desired for in vivo neurotransmitter measurements. Carbon nanopipettes have been previously manufactured and used for single-cell drug delivery and electrophysiological measurements. Here, a modified fabrication procedure was developed to produce batches of solid carbon nanopipette electrodes (CNPEs) with ∼250 nm diameter tips, and controllable lengths of exposed carbon, ranging from 5 to 175 μm. The electrochemical properties of CNPEs were characterized with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) for the first time. CNPEs were used to detect the electroactive neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and octopamine. CNPEs were significantly more sensitive for serotonin detection than traditional carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs). Similar to CFMEs, CNPEs have a linear response for dopamine concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM and a limit of detection of 25 ± 5 nM. Recordings with CNPEs were stable for over 3 h when the applied triangle waveform was scanned between -0.4 and +1.3 V vs Ag/AgCl/Cl(-) at 400 V/s. CNPEs were used to detect endogenous dopamine release in Drosophila larvae using optogenetics, which verified the utility of CNPEs for in vivo neuroscience studies. CNPEs are advantageous because they are 1 order of magnitude smaller in diameter than typical CFMEs and have a sharp, tunable geometry that facilitates penetration and implantation for localized measurements in distinct regions of small organisms, such as the Drosophila brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean E Anderson
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | - Haim H Bau
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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30
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Barton ZJ, Rodríguez-López J. Lithium Ion Quantification Using Mercury Amalgams as in Situ Electrochemical Probes in Nonaqueous Media. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10660-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502517b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Barton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 58 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South
Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 58 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South
Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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31
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Yu Y, Gao Y, Hu K, Blanchard PY, Noël JM, Nareshkumar T, Phani KL, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y, Mirkin MV. Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis at Single Gold Nanoparticles Attached to Carbon Nanoelectrodes. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Hu K, Wang Y, Cai H, Mirkin MV, Gao Y, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. Open carbon nanopipettes as resistive-pulse sensors, rectification sensors, and electrochemical nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8897-901. [PMID: 25160727 DOI: 10.1021/ac5022908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-sized glass and quartz pipettes have been widely used as a core of chemical sensors, patch clamps, and scanning probe microscope tips. Many of those applications require the control of the surface charge and chemical state of the inner pipette wall. Both objectives can be attained by coating the inner wall of a quartz pipette with a nanometer-thick layer of carbon. In this letter, we demonstrate the possibility of using open carbon nanopipettes (CNP) produced by chemical vapor deposition as resistive-pulse sensors, rectification sensors, and electrochemical nanoprobes. By applying a potential to the carbon layer, one can change the surface charge and electrical double-layer at the pipette wall, which, in turn, affect the ion current rectification and adsorption/desorption processes essential for resistive-pulse sensors. CNPs can also be used as versatile electrochemical probes such as asymmetric bipolar nanoelectrodes and dual electrodes based on simultaneous recording of the ion current through the pipette and the current produced by oxidation/reduction of molecules at the carbon nanoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education of China) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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33
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Anderson SE, Bau HH. Electrical detection of cellular penetration during microinjection with carbon nanopipettes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:245102. [PMID: 24859799 PMCID: PMC4100324 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/24/245102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The carbon nanopipette (CNP) is comprised of a pulled-glass pipette terminating with a nanoscale (tens to hundreds of nm) diameter carbon pipe. The entire inner glass surface of the CNP is coated with a carbon film, providing an electrically conductive path from the carbon tip to the distal, macroscopic end of the pipette. The CNP can double as a nanoelectrode, enabling electrical measurements through its carbon lining, and as a nanoinjector, facilitating reagent injection through its hollow bore. With the aid of a lock-in amplifier, we measured, in real time and with millisecond resolution, variations in impedance and interfacial capacitance as the CNP penetrated into the cytoplasm and nucleus of adherent human osteosarcoma (U20S) cells during microinjection. The capacitance change associated with nucleus penetration was, on average, 1.5 times greater than the one associated with cell membrane penetration. The experimental data was compared and favorably agreed with theoretical predictions based on a simple electrical network model. As a proof of concept, the cytoplasm and nucleus were transfected with fluorescent tRNA, enabling real-time monitoring of tRNA trafficking across the nuclear membrane. The CNP provides a robust and reliable means to detect cell and nucleus penetration, and trigger injection, thereby enabling the automation of cell injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Anderson
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Towne Bldg. 229, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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34
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Li S, Cao W, Hui YS, Wen W. Simple and reusable picoinjector for liquid delivery via nanofluidics approach. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:147. [PMID: 24666418 PMCID: PMC3987644 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Precise control of sample volume is one of the most important functions in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems, especially for chemical and biological reactions. The common approach used for liquid delivery involves the employment of capillaries and microstructures for generating a droplet which has a volume in the nanoliter or picoliter range. Here, we report a novel approach for constructing a picoinjector which is based on well-controlled electroosmotic (EO) flow to electrokinetically drive sample solutions. This picoinjector comprises an array of interconnected nanochannels for liquid delivery. Such technique for liquid delivery has the advantages of well-controlled sample volume and reusable nanofluidic chip, and it was reported for the first time. In the study of the pumping process for this picoinjector, the EO flow rate was determined by the intensity of the fluorescent probe. The influence of ion concentration in electrolyte solutions over the EO flow rate was also investigated and discussed. The application of this EO-driven picoinjector for chemical reactions was demonstrated by the reaction between Fluo-4 and calcium chloride with the reaction cycle controlled by the applied square waves of different duty cycles. The precision of our device can reach down to picoliter per second, which is much smaller than that of most existing technologies. This new approach, thus, opens further possibilities of adopting nanofluidics for well-controlled chemical reactions with particular applications in nanoparticle synthesis, bimolecular synthesis, drug delivery, and diagnostic testing. PACS 85.85.+ j; 87.15.hj; 82.39.Wj.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunbo Li
- Department of Physics and Joint KAUST-HKUST Micro/Nano-Fluidics Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenbin Cao
- Nano Science and Technology Program and Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Sanna Hui
- Nano Science and Technology Program and Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Weijia Wen
- Department of Physics and Joint KAUST-HKUST Micro/Nano-Fluidics Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Nano Science and Technology Program and Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Yu Y, Noël JM, Mirkin MV, Gao Y, Mashtalir O, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. Carbon Pipette-Based Electrochemical Nanosampler. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3365-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403547b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College−CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College−CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College−CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, and §A.J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Unites States
| | - Olha Mashtalir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, and §A.J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Unites States
| | - Gary Friedman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, and §A.J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Unites States
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, and §A.J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Unites States
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36
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Palmer CM, Löwe J. A cylindrical specimen holder for electron cryo-tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 137:20-9. [PMID: 24275523 PMCID: PMC4054515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of slab-like flat specimens for electron cryo-tomography restricts the range of viewing angles that can be used. This leads to the "missing wedge" problem, which causes artefacts and anisotropic resolution in reconstructed tomograms. Cylindrical specimens provide a way to eliminate the problem, since they allow imaging from a full range of viewing angles around the tilt axis. Such specimens have been used before for tomography of radiation-insensitive samples at room temperature, but never for frozen-hydrated specimens. Here, we demonstrate the use of thin-walled carbon tubes as specimen holders, allowing the preparation of cylindrical frozen-hydrated samples of ribosomes, liposomes and whole bacterial cells. Images acquired from these cylinders have equal quality at all viewing angles, and the accessible tilt range is restricted only by the physical limits of the microscope. Tomographic reconstructions of these specimens demonstrate that the effects of the missing wedge are substantially reduced, and could be completely eliminated if a full tilt range was used. The overall quality of these tomograms is still lower than that obtained by existing methods, but improvements are likely in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Palmer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Gao Y, Longenbach T, Vitol EA, Orynbayeva Z, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. One-dimensional nanoprobes for single-cell studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:153-68. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to variation of individual cells within a population, single-cell studies are of great interest to researchers. Recent developments in nanofabrication technology have made this area increasingly attractive as one-dimensional (1D) nanoscale probes can be manufactured with increasing accuracy. Here, we provide an overview and description of the major designs that have been reported to date. For more details of what applications could be realized and how, based on the probe shapes and designs, we summarize the most recently reported performances of 1D single-cell probes with their advantages and limitations. Minimally invasive probes are required for long-term experiments on single cells. Carbon nanotubes with their unique properties and structure are excellent candidates for multitask robotic intracellular probes. Carbon nanotube-tipped cellular endoscopes are less invasive compared with pipettes or cantilever tips. Advances in nanofabrication techniques have made it possible to produce more consistent nanoscale cellular probes that can capture a variety of information from optical, electrical and chemical signals. In addition, these tools can transfer tiny amounts of fluids and molecular materials in a highly localized fashion for the purpose of analyzing or stimulating a variety of responses at the level of individual cells and even cellular organelles. We conclude with a critical analysis of the current state of the field as well as the major obstacles for further probe development of minimally invasive probes and their widespread use in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Travis Longenbach
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elina A Vitol
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zulfiya Orynbayeva
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
- AJ Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary Friedman
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
- AJ Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ladanov M, Cheemalapati S, Pyayt A. Optimization of light delivery by a nanowire-based single cell optical endoscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:28001-28009. [PMID: 24514313 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.028001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a new design and FDTD simulations of light delivery by a nanowire-based intracellular endoscope. Nanowires can be used for minimally invasive and very local light delivery inside cells. One of the main challenges is coupling of light into the nanowire. We propose a new plasmonic coupler interface between cleaved optical fiber and a nanowire, and optimize light coupling efficiency and contrast.
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39
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Thakar R, Weber AE, Morris CA, Baker LA. Multifunctional carbon nanoelectrodes fabricated by focused ion beam milling. Analyst 2013; 138:5973-82. [PMID: 23942511 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a strategy for fabrication of sub-micron, multifunctional carbon electrodes and application of these electrodes as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). The fabrication process utilized chemical vapor deposition of parylene, followed by thermal pyrolysis to form conductive carbon and then further deposition of parylene to form an insulation layer. To achieve well-defined electrode geometries, two methods of electrode exposure were utilized. In the first method, carbon probes were masked in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to obtain a cone-shaped electrode. In the second method, the electrode area was exposed via milling with a focused ion beam (FIB) to reveal a carbon ring electrode, carbon ring/platinum disk electrode, or carbon ring/nanopore electrode. Carbon electrodes were batch fabricated (~35/batch) through the vapor deposition process and were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy was utilized to examine the effects of Ga(+) ion implantation, a result of FIB milling. Constant-height, feedback mode SECM was performed with conical carbon electrodes and carbon ring electrodes. We demonstrate the utility of carbon ring/nanopore electrodes with SECM-SICM to simultaneously collect topography, ion current and electrochemical current images. In addition, carbon ring/nanopore electrodes were utilized in substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC) SECM. In SG/TC SECM, localized delivery of redox molecules affords a higher resolution, than when the redox molecules are present in the bath solution. Multifunctional geometries of carbon electrode probes will find utility in electroanalytical applications, in general, and more specifically with electrochemical microscopy as discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Thakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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40
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Hu K, Gao Y, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhao X, Rotenberg SA, Gökmeşe E, Mirkin MV, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. Platinized carbon nanoelectrodes as potentiometric and amperometric SECM probes. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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41
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Ma K, Yuen JM, Shah NC, Walsh JT, Glucksberg MR, Van Duyne RP. In vivo, transcutaneous glucose sensing using surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy: multiple rats, improved hypoglycemic accuracy, low incident power, and continuous monitoring for greater than 17 days. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9146-52. [PMID: 22007689 PMCID: PMC3229825 DOI: 10.1021/ac202343e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the latest progress on quantitative, in vivo, transcutaneous glucose sensing using surface enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS). Silver film over nanosphere (AgFON) surfaces were functionalized with a mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and implanted subcutaneously in Sprague-Dawley rats. The glucose concentration was monitored in the interstitial fluid of six separate rats. The results demonstrated excellent accuracy and consistency. Remarkably, the root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC) (3.6 mg/dL) and the root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) (13.7 mg/dL) for low glucose concentration (<80 mg/dL) is lower than the current International Organization Standard (ISO/DIS 15197) requirements. Additionally, our sensor demonstrated functionality up 17 days after implantation, including 12 days under the laser safety level for human skin exposure with only one time calibration. Therefore, our SERS based sensor shows promise for the challenge of reliable continuous glucose sensing systems for optimal glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Jonathan M. Yuen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Nilam C. Shah
- Chemistry Department, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Joseph T. Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Matthew R. Glucksberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Richard P. Van Duyne
- Chemistry Department, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Orynbayeva Z, Singhal R, Vitol EA, Schrlau MG, Papazoglou E, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. Physiological validation of cell health upon probing with carbon nanotube endoscope and its benefit for single-cell interrogation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:590-8. [PMID: 21889477 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED New-generation nanoscale devices for single-cell study are intensively being developed. As has been shown, nanodevices are minimally invasive because of their order-of-magnitude smaller size in comparison to conventional glass pipettes. However, in most studies the evaluation of the nanodevice impact on cell health has not extended to their effects on cell metabolic integrity. In this work we evaluated the degree to which the insertion of a carbon-based nanotube endoscope into a cell induces mechanical and biochemical stress, and affects cellular key metabolic systems. The effects of insertion of the nanotube endoscope on cell morphological and physiological modulations were monitored and compared to those of glass micropipettes. We report that nanotube endoscope insertion does not significantly modulate the plasma membrane and actin network. The cell metabolic mechanisms such as energy production and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent calcium signaling remain preserved for prolonged endoscope presence within a cell. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this basic science study, the effects of insertion of carbon nanotube endoscope on cell morphological and physiological modulations were monitored and compared to those of glass micropipettes. Nanotube endoscope insertion is truly minimally invasive: it does not significantly modulate the plasma membrane and actin network; the energy production and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent calcium signaling also remain preserved during prolonged endoscope presence within a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiya Orynbayeva
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA.
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Bantz KC, Meyer AF, Wittenberg NJ, Im H, Kurtuluş Ö, Lee SH, Lindquist NC, Oh SH, Haynes CL. Recent progress in SERS biosensing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11551-67. [PMID: 21509385 PMCID: PMC3156086 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01841d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This perspective gives an overview of recent developments in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for biosensing. We focus this review on SERS papers published in the last 10 years and to specific applications of detecting biological analytes. Both intrinsic and extrinsic SERS biosensing schemes have been employed to detect and identify small molecules, nucleic acids, lipids, peptides, and proteins, as well as for in vivo and cellular sensing. Current SERS substrate technologies along with a series of advancements in surface chemistry, sample preparation, intrinsic/extrinsic signal transduction schemes, and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are discussed. The progress covered herein shows great promise for widespread adoption of SERS biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C. Bantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Audrey F. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Nathan J. Wittenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Özge Kurtuluş
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Si Hoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Nathan C. Lindquist
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
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44
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Morton KC, Morris CA, Derylo MA, Thakar R, Baker LA. Carbon electrode fabrication from pyrolyzed parylene C. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5447-52. [PMID: 21599013 DOI: 10.1021/ac200885w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbon electrodes coupled with electrochemical detection have been used extensively for the investigation of biogenic amines. Herein we report the fabrication and characterization of carbonaceous electrodes prepared from pyrolyzed parylene C (PPC) films. High-aspect ratio carbonaceous microelectrodes have been prepared by masking PPC coated pipets with an insulating parylene C film. PPC thin film electrodes were characterized electrochemically, spectroscopically, and with electron microscopy. The procedures described here offer a route to fabrication of thin film carbon electrodes that can be patterned and produced in parallel. These electrodes are similar to carbon electrodes derived from pyrolyzed photoresist films but do not require spin-coating or lithography and can readily coat three-dimensional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin C Morton
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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45
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Niu JJ, Schrlau MG, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. Carbon nanotube-tipped endoscope for in situ intracellular surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:540-5. [PMID: 21360811 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used to study intracellular environments in situ using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). CNTs are decorated with gold nanoparticles and assembled onto the tips of pulled glass capillaries to form a SERS-enabled endoscope. The sub-micrometer size and high mechanical strength of the endoscope make it possible to penetrate the cell membrane for intracellular probing and remain positioned inside during lengthy SERS measurements without causing damage to the cell. Using the SERS-enabled endoscope, DNA and other biomolecules are detected in situ within the nucleus of a single human cervical carcinoma cell in a minimally invasive manner. The SERS-enabled endoscopes exhibit high selectivity and sensitivity for detecting trace amounts of analytes (≈1 pM) in biofluid environments, highlighting their capabilities as label-free, biological sensors for real-time in situ cellular diagnostics, biological detection, and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Niu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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46
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Singhal R, Orynbayeva Z, Kalyana Sundaram RV, Niu JJ, Bhattacharyya S, Vitol EA, Schrlau MG, Papazoglou ES, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. Multifunctional carbon-nanotube cellular endoscopes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:57-64. [PMID: 21151109 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glass micropipettes, atomic force microscope tips and nanoneedles can be used to interrogate cells, but these devices either have conical geometries that can damage cells during penetration or are incapable of continuous fluid handling. Here, we report a carbon-nanotube-based endoscope for interrogating cells, transporting fluids and performing optical and electrochemical diagnostics at the single organelle level. The endoscope, which is made by placing a multiwalled carbon nanotube (length, 50-60 µm) at the tip of a glass pipette, can probe the intracellular environment with a spatial resolution of ∼100 nm and can also access organelles without disrupting the cell. When the nanotube is filled with magnetic nanoparticles, the endoscope can be remotely manoeuvered to transport nanoparticles and attolitre volumes of fluids to and from precise locations. Because they are mounted on conventional glass micropipettes, the endoscopes readily fit standard instruments, creating a broad range of opportunities for minimally invasive intracellular probing, drug delivery and single-cell surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riju Singhal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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47
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Chen CH, Su HC, Chuang SC, Yen SJ, Chen YC, Lee YT, Chen H, Yew TR, Chang YC, Yeh SR, Yao DJ. Hydrophilic modification of neural microelectrode arrays based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:485501. [PMID: 21051797 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/48/485501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To decrease the impedance of microelectrode arrays, for neuroscience applications we have fabricated and tested MEA based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. With decreasing physical size of a microelectrode, its impedance increases and charge-transfer capability decreases. To decrease the impedance, the effective surface area of the electrode must generally be increased. We explored the effect of plasma treatment on the surface wettability of MWCNT. With a steam-plasma treatment the surface of MWCNT becomes converted from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic; this hydrophilic property is attributed to -OH bonding on the surface of MWCNT. We reported the synthesis at 400 °C of MWCNT on nickel-titanium multilayered metal catalysts by thermal chemical vapor deposition. Applying plasma with a power less than 25 W for 10 s improved the electrochemical and biological properties, and circumvented the limitation of the surface reverting to a hydrophobic condition; a hydrophilic state is maintained for at least one month. The MEA was used to record neural signals of a lateral giant cell from an American crayfish. The response amplitude of the action potential was about 275 µV with 1 ms period; the recorded data had a ratio of signal to noise up to 40.12 dB. The improved performance of the electrode makes feasible the separation of neural signals and the recognition of their distinct shapes. With further development the rapid treatment will be useful for long-term recording applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hsiao Chen
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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48
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Morris CA, Friedman AK, Baker LA. Applications of nanopipettes in the analytical sciences. Analyst 2010; 135:2190-202. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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