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Wang R, Wang Z, Tong L, Wang R, Yao S, Chen D, Hu H. Microfluidic Mechanoporation: Current Progress and Applications in Stem Cells. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:256. [PMID: 38785730 PMCID: PMC11117831 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery, the process of transporting substances into cells, is crucial for various applications, such as drug delivery, gene therapy, cell imaging, and regenerative medicine. Among the different approaches of intracellular delivery, mechanoporation stands out by utilizing mechanical forces to create temporary pores on cell membranes, enabling the entry of substances into cells. This method is promising due to its minimal contamination and is especially vital for stem cells intended for clinical therapy. In this review, we explore various mechanoporation technologies, including microinjection, micro-nano needle arrays, cell squeezing through physical confinement, and cell squeezing using hydrodynamic forces. Additionally, we highlight recent research efforts utilizing mechanoporation for stem cell studies. Furthermore, we discuss the integration of mechanoporation techniques into microfluidic platforms for high-throughput intracellular delivery with enhanced transfection efficiency. This advancement holds potential in addressing the challenge of low transfection efficiency, benefiting both basic research and clinical applications of stem cells. Ultimately, the combination of microfluidics and mechanoporation presents new opportunities for creating comprehensive systems for stem cell processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubing Wang
- Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), International Campus, Haining 314400, China;
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Center for Regeneration and Cell Therapy of Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (Z.W.); (L.T.)
| | - Lingling Tong
- Center for Regeneration and Cell Therapy of Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (Z.W.); (L.T.)
| | - Ruoming Wang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (R.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuo Yao
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (R.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Di Chen
- Center for Regeneration and Cell Therapy of Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (Z.W.); (L.T.)
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Haining 314400, China
| | - Huan Hu
- Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), International Campus, Haining 314400, China;
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Yu T, Jhita N, Shankles P, Fedanov A, Kramer N, Raikar SS, Sulchek T. Development of a microfluidic cell transfection device into gene-edited CAR T cell manufacturing workflow. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4804-4820. [PMID: 37830228 PMCID: PMC10701762 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00311f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic reprogramming of immune cells to recognize and target tumor cells offers a possibility of long-term cure. Cell therapies, however, lack simple and affordable manufacturing workflows, especially to genetically edit immune cells to more effectively target cancer cells and avoid immune suppression mechanisms. Microfluidics is a pathway to improve the manufacturing precision of gene modified cells. However, to date, it remains to be demonstrated that microfluidic treatment preserves the functionality of T cell products in a complete workflow. In this study, we used microfluidics to perform CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of CD5, a negative T-cell regulator, followed by the insertion of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgene via lentiviral vector transduction to generate CAR T cells targeted against the B cell antigen CD19. As part of the workflow, we have optimized a microfluidic device that relies on convective volume exchange between cells and surrounding fluid to deliver guide RNA and Cas9 ribonucleoprotein to primary T cells. We comprehensively tested critical design features of the device to improve the gene-edited product yield. By combining high-speed video and cell mechanics measurements using the atomic force microscope, we validate a model that relates the device design features to cell properties. Our findings showed enhanced performance was obtained by focusing the cells to counteract the flow resistance caused by the ridge constrictions, providing a ridge layout that allows sufficient cycles of compression and time for volume recovery, and including a gutter to clear aggregates that could reduce cell viability. The optimized device was used in a workflow to generate CD5-knockout CD19 CAR T cells. The microfluidics approach resulted in >60% CD5 editing efficiency, ≥80% cell viability, similar memory phenotype composition as unprocessed cells, and superior cell growth. The microfluidics workflow yielded 4-fold increase of edited T cells compared to an electroporation workflow post-expansion. The transduced CAR T cells showed similar transduction efficiency and cytotoxicity against CD19-positive leukemia cells. Moreover, patient-derived T cells showed the ability to be similarly edited, though their distinct biomechanics resulted in slightly lower outcomes. Microfluidics-based manufacturing is a promising path towards more productive clinical manufacturing of gene edited CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Navdeep Jhita
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Health Sciences Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Peter Shankles
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA.
| | - Andrew Fedanov
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Health Sciences Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Noah Kramer
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Sunil S Raikar
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Health Sciences Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Todd Sulchek
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA.
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Liu Y, Fan Z, Qiao L, Liu B. Advances in microfluidic strategies for single-cell research. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chakrabarty P, Gupta P, Illath K, Kar S, Nagai M, Tseng FG, Santra TS. Microfluidic mechanoporation for cellular delivery and analysis. Mater Today Bio 2022; 13:100193. [PMID: 35005598 PMCID: PMC8718663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient intracellular delivery strategies are essential for developing therapeutic, diagnostic, biological, and various biomedical applications. The recent advancement of micro/nanotechnology has focused numerous researches towards developing microfluidic device-based strategies due to the associated high throughput delivery, cost-effectiveness, robustness, and biocompatible nature. The delivery strategies can be carrier-mediated or membrane disruption-based, where membrane disruption methods find popularity due to reduced toxicity, enhanced delivery efficiency, and cell viability. Among all of the membrane disruption techniques, the mechanoporation strategies are advantageous because of no external energy source required for membrane deformation, thereby achieving high delivery efficiencies and increased cell viability into different cell types with negligible toxicity. The past two decades have consequently seen a tremendous boost in mechanoporation-based research for intracellular delivery and cellular analysis. This article provides a brief review of the most recent developments on microfluidic-based mechanoporation strategies such as microinjection, nanoneedle arrays, cell-squeezing, and hydroporation techniques with their working principle, device fabrication, cellular delivery, and analysis. Moreover, a brief discussion of the different mechanoporation strategies integrated with other delivery methods has also been provided. Finally, the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of this technique are discussed compared to other intracellular delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulasta Chakrabarty
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB30FA, UK
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Hur J, Chung AJ. Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004595. [PMID: 34096197 PMCID: PMC8336510 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Innate cell function can be artificially engineered and reprogrammed by introducing biomolecules, such as DNAs, RNAs, plasmid DNAs, proteins, or nanomaterials, into the cytosol or nucleus. This process of delivering exogenous cargos into living cells is referred to as intracellular delivery. For instance, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 gene editing begins with internalizing Cas9 protein and guide RNA into cells, and chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells are prepared by delivering CAR genes into T lymphocytes for cancer immunotherapies. To deliver external biomolecules into cells, tools, including viral vectors, and electroporation have been traditionally used; however, they are suboptimal for achieving high levels of intracellular delivery while preserving cell viability, phenotype, and function. Notably, as emerging solutions, microfluidic and nanofluidic approaches have shown remarkable potential for addressing this open challenge. This review provides an overview of recent advances in microfluidic and nanofluidic intracellular delivery strategies and discusses new opportunities and challenges for clinical applications. Furthermore, key considerations for future efforts to develop microfluidics- and nanofluidics-enabled next-generation intracellular delivery platforms are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Hur
- School of Biomedical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Aram J. Chung
- School of Biomedical EngineeringInterdisciplinary Program in Precision Public HealthKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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Danalache M, Knoll J, Linzenbold W, Enderle M, Abruzzese T, Stenzl A, Aicher WK. Injection of Porcine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells by a Novel Waterjet Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083958. [PMID: 33921246 PMCID: PMC8070533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we developed a novel, needle-free waterjet (WJ) technology capable of injecting viable cells by visual guided cystoscopy in the urethral sphincter. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of WJ technology on cell viability, surface markers, differentiation and attachment capabilities, and biomechanical features. Porcine adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (pADSCs) were isolated, expanded, and injected by WJ technology. Cell attachment assays were employed to investigate cell-matrix interactions. Cell surface molecules were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells injected by Williams Needle (WN), normal cannula, or not injected cells served as controls. Biomechanical properties were assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). pADSCs injected by the WJ were viable (85.9%), proliferated well, and maintained their in vitro adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacities. The attachment of pADSCs was not affected by WJ injection and no major changes were noted for cell surface markers. AFM measurements yielded a significant reduction of cellular stiffness after WJ injections (p < 0.001). WJ cell delivery satisfies several key considerations required in a clinical context, including the fast, simple, and reproducible delivery of viable cells. However, the optimization of the WJ device may be necessary to further reduce the effects on the biomechanical properties of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Danalache
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Jasmin Knoll
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Waldhörnlestrasse 22, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; (J.K.); (T.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Walter Linzenbold
- ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; (W.L.); (M.E.)
| | - Markus Enderle
- ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; (W.L.); (M.E.)
| | - Tanja Abruzzese
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Waldhörnlestrasse 22, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; (J.K.); (T.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Waldhörnlestrasse 22, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; (J.K.); (T.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Wilhelm K. Aicher
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Waldhörnlestrasse 22, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; (J.K.); (T.A.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-298-7021; Fax: +49-7071-292-5072
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Hadi A, Rastgoo A, Haghighipour N, Bolhassani A, Asgari F, Soleymani S. Enhanced gene delivery in tumor cells using chemical carriers and mechanical loadings. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209199. [PMID: 30592721 PMCID: PMC6310266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of DNA is considered a challenge in biological research and treatment of diseases. The previously reported transfection rate by commercially available transfection reagents in cancer cell lines, such as the mouse lung tumor cell line (TC-1), is very low. The purpose of this study is to introduce and optimize an efficient gene transfection method by mechanical approaches. The combinatory transfection effect of mechanical treatments and conventional chemical carriers is also investigated on a formerly reported hard-to-transfect cell line (TC-1). To study the effect of mechanical loadings on transfection rate, TC-1 tumor cells are subjected to uniaxial cyclic stretch, equiaxial cyclic stretch, and shear stress. The TurboFect transfection reagent is exerted for chemical transfection purposes. The pEGFP-N1 vector encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression is utilized to determine gene delivery into the cells. The results show a significant DNA delivery rate (by ~30%) in mechanically transfected cells compared to the samples that were transfected with chemical carriers. Moreover, the simultaneous treatment of TC-1 tumor cells with chemical carriers and mechanical loadings significantly increases the gene transfection rate up to ~ 63% after 24 h post-transfection. Our results suggest that the simultaneous use of mechanical loading and chemical reagent can be a promising approach in delivering cargoes into cells with low transfection potentials and lead to efficient cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hadi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rastgoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDs, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Asgari
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Soleymani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDs, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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Huang L, Zhao P, Wang W. 3D cell electrorotation and imaging for measuring multiple cellular biophysical properties. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2359-2368. [PMID: 29946598 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00407b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
3D rotation is one of many fundamental manipulations to cells and imperative in a wide range of applications in single cell analysis involving biology, chemistry, physics and medicine. In this article, we report a dielectrophoresis-based, on-chip manipulation method that can load and rotate a single cell for 3D cell imaging and multiple biophysical property measurements. To achieve this, we trapped a single cell in constriction and subsequently released it to a rotation chamber formed by four sidewall electrodes and one transparent bottom electrode. In the rotation chamber, rotating electric fields were generated by applying appropriate AC signals to the electrodes for driving the single cell to rotate in 3D under control. The rotation spectrum for in-plane rotation was used to extract the cellular dielectric properties based on a spherical single-shell model, and the stacked images of out-of-plane cell rotation were used to reconstruct the 3D cell morphology to determine its geometric parameters. We have tested the capabilities of our method by rotating four representative mammalian cells including HeLa, C3H10, B lymphocyte, and HepaRG. Using our device, we quantified the area-specific membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity for the four cells, and revealed the subtle difference of geometric parameters (i.e., surface area, volume, and roughness) by 3D cell imaging of cancer cells and normal leukocytes. Combining microfluidics, dielectrophoresis, and microscopic imaging techniques, our electrorotation-on-chip (EOC) technique is a versatile method for manipulating single cells under investigation and measuring their multiple biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Single-cell rotation is a fundamental manipulation used in a wide range of biotechnological applications such as cell injection and enucleation. However, there are currently few methods for the 3D rotation of single cells. Here, this chapter presents different biochip platforms based on a dielectrophoresis technique to achieve 3D rotation. In-plane (yaw) and out-of-plane rotation (pitch) can be achieved by applying different AC signal configurations, respectively. This use of 3D rotation facilitates several applications. For example, in-plane rotation can be used to measure the rotation spectra, and this can be used to estimate the dielectric parameters. The out-of-plane rotation can help reconstruct 3D cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Berrospe-Rodriguez C, Visser CW, Schlautmann S, Ramos-Garcia R, Fernandez Rivas D. Continuous-wave laser generated jets for needle free applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:014104. [PMID: 26858816 PMCID: PMC4714984 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We designed and built a microfluidic device for the generation of liquid jets produced by thermocavitation. A continuous wave (CW) laser was focused inside a micro-chamber filled with a light-absorbing solution to create a rapidly expanding vapor bubble. The chamber is connected to a micro-channel which focuses and ejects the liquid jet through the exit. The bubble growth and the jet velocity were measured as a function of the devices geometry (channel diameter D and chamber width A). The fastest jets were those for relatively large chamber size with respect to the channel diameter. Elongated and focused jets up to 29 m/s for a channel diameter of [Formula: see text] and chamber size of [Formula: see text] were obtained. The proposed CW laser-based device is potentially a compact option for a practical and commercially feasible needle-free injector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Berrospe-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica , Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schlautmann
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Ramos-Garcia
- Departamento de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica , Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Alkilani AZ, McCrudden MTC, Donnelly RF. Transdermal Drug Delivery: Innovative Pharmaceutical Developments Based on Disruption of the Barrier Properties of the stratum corneum. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:438-70. [PMID: 26506371 PMCID: PMC4695828 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin offers an accessible and convenient site for the administration of medications. To this end, the field of transdermal drug delivery, aimed at developing safe and efficacious means of delivering medications across the skin, has in the past and continues to garner much time and investment with the continuous advancement of new and innovative approaches. This review details the progress and current status of the transdermal drug delivery field and describes numerous pharmaceutical developments which have been employed to overcome limitations associated with skin delivery systems. Advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches are detailed, commercially marketed products are highlighted and particular attention is paid to the emerging field of microneedle technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Zaid Alkilani
- School of Pharmacy, 97 Lisburn Road, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 132222, Jordan.
| | - Maelíosa T C McCrudden
- School of Pharmacy, 97 Lisburn Road, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, 97 Lisburn Road, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Meacham JM, Durvasula K, Degertekin FL, Fedorov AG. Physical methods for intracellular delivery: practical aspects from laboratory use to industrial-scale processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:1-18. [PMID: 23813915 DOI: 10.1177/2211068213494388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective intracellular delivery is a significant impediment to research and therapeutic applications at all processing scales. Physical delivery methods have long demonstrated the ability to deliver cargo molecules directly to the cytoplasm or nucleus, and the mechanisms underlying the most common approaches (microinjection, electroporation, and sonoporation) have been extensively investigated. In this review, we discuss established approaches, as well as emerging techniques (magnetofection, optoinjection, and combined modalities). In addition to operating principles and implementation strategies, we address applicability and limitations of various in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo platforms. Importantly, we perform critical assessments regarding (1) treatment efficacy with diverse cell types and delivered cargo molecules, (2) suitability to different processing scales (from single cell to large populations), (3) suitability for automation/integration with existing workflows, and (4) multiplexing potential and flexibility/adaptability to enable rapid changeover between treatments of varied cell types. Existing techniques typically fall short in one or more of these criteria; however, introduction of micro-/nanotechnology concepts, as well as synergistic coupling of complementary method(s), can improve performance and applicability of a particular approach, overcoming barriers to practical implementation. For this reason, we emphasize these strategies in examining recent advances in development of delivery systems.
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