1
|
Devaraj H, K Murphy E, J Halter R. Design of electrical impedance spectroscopy sensing surgical drill using computational modelling and experimental validation. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 9:10.1088/2057-1976/ac9f4d. [PMID: 36322960 PMCID: PMC9988190 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac9f4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) sensing surgical instruments could provide valuable and real-time feedback to surgeons about hidden tissue boundaries, therefore reducing the risk of iatrogenic injuries. In this paper, we present an EIS sensing surgical drill as an example instrument and introduce a strategy to optimize the mono-polar electrode geometry using a finite element method (FEM)-based computational model and experimental validation. An empirical contact impedance model and an adaptive mesh refinement protocol were developed to accurately preserve the behaviour of sensing electrodes as they approach high impedance boundaries. Specifically, experiments with drill-bit, cylinder, and conical geometries suggested a 15%-35% increase in resistance as the sensing electrode approached a high impedance boundary. Simulations achieved a maximum mean experiment-to-simulation mismatch of +1.7% for the drill-bit and +/-11% range for other electrode geometries. The simulations preserved the increase in resistance behaviour near the high impedance boundary. This highly accurate simulation framework allows us a mechanism for optimizing sensor geometry without costly experimental evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Devaraj
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03766, United States of America
| | - Ethan K Murphy
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03766, United States of America
| | - Ryan J Halter
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03766, United States of America
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03766, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeong HJ, Kim K, Kim HW, Park Y. Classification between Normal and Cancerous Human Urothelial Cells by Using Micro-Dimensional Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7969. [PMID: 36298320 PMCID: PMC9610759 DOI: 10.3390/s22207969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the high incidence and recurrence rates of urothelial cancer of the bladder (UCB) are heavy burdens, a noninvasive tool for effectively detecting UCB as an alternative to voided urine cytology, which has low sensitivity, is yet to be reported. Herein, we propose an intelligent discrimination method between normal (SV-HUC-1) and cancerous (TCCSUP) urothelial cells by using a combination of micro-dimensional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (µEIS) with machine learning (ML) for a noninvasive and high-accuracy UCB diagnostic tool. We developed a unique valved flow cytometry, equipped with a pneumatic valve to increase sensitivity without cell clogging. Since contact between a cell and electrodes is tight with a high volume fraction, the electric field can be effectively confined to the cell. This enables the proposed sensor to highly discriminate different cell types at frequencies of 10, 50, 100, 500 kHz, and 1 MHz. A total of 236 impedance spectra were applied to six ML models, and systematic comparisons of the ML models were carried out. The hyperparameters were estimated by conducting a grid search or Bayesian optimization. Among the ML models, random forest strongly discriminated between SV-HUC-1 and TCCSUP, with an accuracy of 91.7%, sensitivity of 92.9%, precision of 92.9%, specificity of 90%, and F1-score of 93.8%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jung Jeong
- Lighting Materials and Components Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Gwangju 61007, Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu 59626, Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Kim
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Yangkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu 59626, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kent B, Rossa C. Development of a tissue discrimination electrode embedded surgical needle using vibro-tactile feedback derived from electric impedance spectroscopy. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 60:19-31. [PMID: 34677740 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Some tumours may not be detected by ultrasound during biopsy, but recent evidence has shown that different tissues can be discerned by electric impedance. This paper explores the application of vibrotactile feedback in an electrode embedded needle to help classify tissue during fine-needle aspiration biopsy from bioimpedance measurements. The process uses electric impedance spectroscopy from 10 Hz to 349 kHz to fit the double-dispersion Cole model through the Newton-Raphson algorithm. A Naive Bayes classifier is then used on the equivalent circuit parameters to estimate the tissue at the needle tip. The method is validated through a series of experiments and user trials. The results show that the vibrotactile feedback is able to help the operator in determining the tissue the needle is in, suggesting that this may prove to be a useful supplement to the standard procedure used today. Graphical Abstract This paper explores the application of vibrotactile feedback for an electrode embedded needle to help classify tissue from electric impedance measurements. The data is fit to an equivalent circuit using Newton- Raphon's method. A Naive Bayes classifier is trained and later used in an experiment to estimate the tissue at the needle tip and provide an assigned vibrotacticle feedback to the user.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brayden Kent
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Carlos Rossa
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pathiraja AA, Weerakkody RA, von Roon AC, Ziprin P, Bayford R. The clinical application of electrical impedance technology in the detection of malignant neoplasms: a systematic review. J Transl Med 2020; 18:227. [PMID: 32513179 PMCID: PMC7282098 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical impedance technology has been well established for the last 20 years. Recently research has begun to emerge into its potential uses in the detection and diagnosis of pre-malignant and malignant conditions. The aim of this study was to systematically review the clinical application of electrical impedance technology in the detection of malignant neoplasms. METHODS A search of Embase Classic, Embase and Medline databases was conducted from 1980 to 22/02/2018 to identify studies reporting on the use of bioimpedance technology in the detection of pre-malignant and malignant conditions. The ability to distinguish between tissue types was defined as the primary endpoint, and other points of interest were also reported. RESULTS 731 articles were identified, of which 51 reported sufficient data for analysis. These studies covered 16 different cancer subtypes in a total of 7035 patients. As the studies took various formats, a qualitative analysis of each cancer subtype's data was undertaken. All the studies were able to show differences in electrical impedance and/or related metrics between malignant and normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS Electrical impedance technology provides a novel method for the detection of malignant tissue, with large studies of cervical, prostate, skin and breast cancers showing encouraging results. Whilst these studies provide promising insights into the potential of this technology as an adjunct in screening, diagnosis and intra-operative margin assessment, customised development as well as multi-centre clinical trials need to be conducted before it can be reliably employed in the clinical detection of malignant tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela A. Pathiraja
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- St Mary’s Hospital, 10th Floor QEQM Building, Paddington, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Ruwan A. Weerakkody
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- St Mary’s Hospital, 10th Floor QEQM Building, Paddington, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Alexander C. von Roon
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- St Mary’s Hospital, 10th Floor QEQM Building, Paddington, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Paul Ziprin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- St Mary’s Hospital, 10th Floor QEQM Building, Paddington, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Richard Bayford
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, UK
- School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baghbani R, Moradi MH, Shadmehr MB. The Development of a Four-Electrode Bio-Impedance Sensor for Identification and Localization of Deep Pulmonary Nodules. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:1079-1090. [PMID: 29687239 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-2032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying and localizing of deep pulmonary nodules are among the main challenges that thoracic surgeons face during operations, particularly in thoracoscopic procedures. To facilitate this, we have tried to introduce a non-invasive and safe method by measuring the lung electrical bio-impedance spectrum with a four-electrode array sensor. To study the feasibility of this method, since any change in the depth or diameter of the nodule in the lung tissue is not practical, we used the finite element modeling of the lung tissue and pulmonary nodule to allow changes in the depth and diameter of the nodule, as well as the distance in between the injection electrodes. Accordingly, a bio-impedance sensor was designed and fabricated. By measuring the electrical impedance spectrum of pulmonary tissues in four different specimens with a frequency band of 50 kHz to 5 MHz, 4 pulmonary nodules at four different depths were identified. The obtained bio-impedance spectrum from the lung surface showed that the magnitude and phase of electrical bio-impedance of the tumoral tissue at each frequency is smaller than that of the healthy tissue. In addition, the frequency characteristic varies in the Nyquist curves for tumoral and healthy lung tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Baghbani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Moradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Behgam Shadmehr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tracheal Diseases Research Center (TDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baghbani R, Moradi MH, Shadmehr MB. Identification of Pulmonary Nodules by Sweeping the Surface of the Lung with an Electrical Bioimpedance Probe: A Feasibility Study. J INVEST SURG 2018; 32:614-623. [PMID: 29553840 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2018.1446106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Identifying and localizing the invisible and nonpalpable pulmonary nodules are among the main challenges surgeons face during open and thoracoscopic surgeries. This in vitro study explores the feasibility of utilizing a simple and safe electrical bioimpedance probe in locating the pulmonary nodules by sweeping the surface of the lung tissue. Methods: A probe was designed with four spherical electrodes that were used for recording the bioimpedance spectrum of the lung tissue in a frequency range of 50 kHz to 5 MHz. In each of the 10 resected surgical specimens, the bioimpedance of normal lung tissue as well as the tumoral lung tissue were recorded and compared with each other. Results: By drawing the Nyquist curves, it was determined that the amplitude of the electrical impedance measured by moving the probe from the healthy point to the region of the pulmonary nodule decreases and the frequency characteristics of the bioimpedance spectrum increases. Conclusion: This method could be potentially beneficial in the localization of invisible and even nonpalpable in-depth pulmonary nodules in thoracic surgeries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Baghbani
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Behgam Shadmehr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tracheal Diseases Research Center (TDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sabuncu AC, Shen J, Zaki MH, Beskok A. Changes in the dielectric spectra of murine colon during neoplastic progression. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaad81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
8
|
Moqadam SM, Grewal PK, Haeri Z, Ingledew PA, Kohli K, Golnaraghi F. Cancer Detection Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy: A Clinical Study. JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL BIOIMPEDANCE 2018; 9:17-23. [PMID: 33584916 PMCID: PMC7852020 DOI: 10.2478/joeb-2018-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An electrical Impedance based tool is designed and developed to aid physicians performing clinical exams focusing on cancer detection. Current research envisions improvement in sensor-based measurement technology to differentiate malignant and benign lesions in human subjects. The tool differentiates malignant anomalies from nonmalignant anomalies using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). This method exploits cancerous tissue behavior by using EIS technique to aid early detection of cancerous tissue. The correlation between tissue electrical properties and tissue pathologies is identified by offering an analysis technique based on the Cole model. Additional classification and decision-making algorithm is further developed for cancer detection. This research suggests that the sensitivity of tumor detection will increase when supplementary information from EIS and built-in intelligence are provided to the physician.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mohammadi Moqadam
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250–13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, Canada, BC V3T 0A3
| | - Parvind Kaur Grewal
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250–13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, Canada, BC V3T 0A3
| | - Zahra Haeri
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250–13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, Canada, BC V3T 0A3
| | - Paris Ann Ingledew
- BC Cancer Agency Provincial Health Services Authority, 13750 96 Ave, Surrey, Canada, BC V3V 1Z2
| | - Kirpal Kohli
- BC Cancer Agency Provincial Health Services Authority, 13750 96 Ave, Surrey, Canada, BC V3V 1Z2
| | - Farid Golnaraghi
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250–13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, Canada, BC V3T 0A3
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baghbani R, Moradi MH, Shadmehr MB. Identifying and Localizing of the In-depth Pulmonary Nodules Using Electrical Bio-Impedance. J INVEST SURG 2017; 32:208-217. [DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2017.1394403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Baghbani
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Behgam Shadmehr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tracheal Diseases Research Center (TDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yun J, Kim HW, Lee JH. Improvement of Depth Profiling into Biotissues Using Micro Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy on a Needle with Selective Passivation. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16122207. [PMID: 28009845 PMCID: PMC5191185 DOI: 10.3390/s16122207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A micro electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-on-a-needle for depth profiling (μEoN-DP) with a selective passivation layer (SPL) on a hypodermic needle was recently fabricated to measure the electrical impedance of biotissues along with the penetration depths. The SPL of the μEoN-DP enabled the sensing interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) to contribute predominantly to the measurement by reducing the relative influence of the connection lines on the sensor output. The discrimination capability of the μEoN-DP was verified using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at various concentration levels. The resistance and capacitance extracted through curve fitting were similar to those theoretically estimated based on the mixing ratio of PBS and deionized water; the maximum discrepancies were 8.02% and 1.85%, respectively. Depth profiling was conducted using four-layered porcine tissue to verify the effectiveness of the discrimination capability of the μEoN-DP. The magnitude and phase between dissimilar porcine tissues (fat and muscle) were clearly discriminated at the optimal frequency of 1 MHz. Two kinds of simulations, one with SPL and the other with complete passivation layer (CPL), were performed, and it was verified that the SPL was advantageous over CPL in the discrimination of biotissues in terms of sensor output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joho Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea.
| | - Hyeon Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea.
| | - Jong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yun J, Kim HW, Park Y, Cha JJ, Lee JZ, Shin DG, Lee JH. Micro electrical impedance spectroscopy on a needle for ex vivo discrimination between human normal and cancer renal tissues. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:034109. [PMID: 27279933 PMCID: PMC4874925 DOI: 10.1063/1.4951702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ex-vivo discrimination between human normal and cancer renal tissues was confirmed using μEoN (micro electrical impedance spectroscopy-on-a-needle) by measuring and comparing the electrical impedances in the frequency domain. To quantify the extent of discrimination between dissimilar tissues and to determine the optimal frequency at which the discrimination capability is at a maximum, discrimination index (DI) was employed for both magnitude and phase. The highest values of DI for the magnitude and phase were 5.15 at 1 MHz and 3.57 at 1 kHz, respectively. The mean magnitude and phase measured at the optimal frequency for normal tissues were 5013.40 ± 94.39 Ω and -68.54 ± 0.72°, respectively; those for cancer tissues were 4165.19 ± 70.32 Ω and -64.10 ± 0.52°, respectively. A statistically significant difference (p< 0.05) between the two tissues was observed at all the investigated frequencies. To extract the electrical properties (resistance and capacitance) of these bio-tissues through curve fitting with experimental results, an equivalent circuit was proposed based on the μEoN structure on the condition that the μEoN was immersed in the bio-tissues. The average and standard deviation of the extracted resistance and capacitance for the normal tissues were 6.22 ± 0.24 kΩ and 280.21 ± 32.25 pF, respectively, and those for the cancer tissues were 5.45 ± 0.22 kΩ and 376.32 ± 34.14 pF, respectively. The electrical impedance was higher in the normal tissues compared with the cancer tissues. The μEoN could clearly discriminate between normal and cancer tissues by comparing the results at the optimal frequency (magnitude and phase) and those of the curve fitting (extracted resistance and capacitance).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joho Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Yangkyu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering , GIST, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jeong Zoo Lee
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital , 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, South Korea
| | - Dong Gil Shin
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital , 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Michel E, Hernandez D, Lee SY. Electrical conductivity and permittivity maps of brain tissues derived from water content based on T 1 -weighted acquisition. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:1094-1103. [PMID: 26946979 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an electrical properties tomography (EPT) technique that can provide in vivo electrical conductivity and permittivity images of biological tissue without performing complex-valued radiofrequency field measurements. THEORY AND METHODS Electrical conductivity and permittivity images are modeled as a monotonic function of tissues' water content (W) under the principle of Maxwell's mixture theory. Water content maps are estimated from two spin-echo images having different repetition times (TRs). For the modeling functions, physically measured parameters (electrical properties, water content, and T1 ) of brain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gray matter, and white matter are used as landmark literature references. The formulations are validated by a developed electrolyte-protein phantom and by human brain studies at 3 Tesla (T). RESULTS The electrical properties (EPs) of the phantom estimated by the proposed method match well with the values measured on the bench. The conductivity and permittivity maps from all experiments show uncompromised spatial resolution without boundary artifacts and higher contrast when compared with water content maps. CONCLUSIONS Human brain and phantom EP images suggest that water content is a dominating factor in determining the electrical properties of tissues. Despite possible literature inaccuracies, the proposed method offers EP maps that can provide complementary information to current approaches, to facilitate EPT scans in clinical applications. Magn Reson Med 77:1094-1103, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Michel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Daniel Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Soo Yeol Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Microelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy for the Differentiation between Normal and Cancerous Human Urothelial Cell Lines: Real-Time Electrical Impedance Measurement at an Optimal Frequency. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8748023. [PMID: 26998490 PMCID: PMC4779521 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8748023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To distinguish between normal (SV-HUC-1) and cancerous (TCCSUP) human urothelial cell lines using microelectrical impedance spectroscopy (μEIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two types of μEIS devices were designed and used in combination to measure the impedance of SV-HUC-1 and TCCSUP cells flowing through the channels of the devices. The first device (μEIS-OF) was designed to determine the optimal frequency at which the impedance of two cell lines is most distinguishable. The μEIS-OF trapped the flowing cells and measured their impedance at a frequency ranging from 5 kHz to 1 MHz. The second device (μEIS-RT) was designed for real-time impedance measurement of the cells at the optimal frequency. The impedance was measured instantaneously as the cells passed the sensing electrodes of μEIS-RT. RESULTS The optimal frequency, which maximized the average difference of the amplitude and phase angle between the two cell lines (p < 0.001), was determined to be 119 kHz. The real-time impedance of the cell lines was measured at 119 kHz; the two cell lines differed significantly in terms of amplitude and phase angle (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The μEIS-RT can discriminate SV-HUC-1 and TCCSUP cells by measuring the impedance at the optimal frequency determined by the μEIS-OF.
Collapse
|
14
|
keshtkar A, Madaen SK. The comparison of measured impedance of the bladder tissue with the computational modeling results. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL RESEARCH IN CLINICAL MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.15171/jarcm.2015.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
15
|
Yu D, Jun D, Qing Y, Jianxun Z. Development of a noninvasive electrical impedance probe for minimally invasive tumor localization. Physiol Meas 2015; 36:1785-99. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/36/9/1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Halter RJ, Kim YJ. Toward microendoscopic electrical impedance tomography for intraoperative surgical margin assessment. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:2779-86. [PMID: 24951675 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2329461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
No clinical protocols are routinely used to intraoperatively assess surgical margin status during prostate surgery. Instead, margins are evaluated through pathological assessment of the prostate following radical prostatectomy, when it is too late to provide additional surgical intervention. An intraoperative device potentially capable of assessing surgical margin status based on the electrical property contrast between benign and malignant prostate tissue has been developed. Specifically, a microendoscopic electrical impedance tomography (EIT) probe has been constructed to sense and image, at near millimeter resolution, the conductivity contrast within heterogeneous biological tissues with the goal of providing surgeons with real-time assessment of margin pathologies. This device consists of a ring of eight 0.6-mm diameter electrodes embedded in a 5-mm diameter probe tip to enable access through a 12-mm laparoscopic port. Experiments were performed to evaluate the volume of tissue sensed by the probe. The probe was also tested with inclusions in gelatin, as well as on a sample of porcine tissue with clearly defined regions of adipose and muscle. The probe's area of sensitivity consists of a circular area of 9.1 mm(2) and the maximum depth of sensitivity is approximately 1.5 mm. The probe is able to distinguish between high contrast muscle and adipose tissue on a sub-mm scale (∼500 μm). These preliminary results suggest that EIT is possible in a probe designed to fit within a 12-mm laparoscopic access port.
Collapse
|
17
|
Gu W, Zhao Y. Cellular electrical impedance spectroscopy: an emerging technology of microscale biosensors. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 7:767-79. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.10.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Du E, Ha S, Diez-Silva M, Dao M, Suresh S, Chandrakasan AP. Electric impedance microflow cytometry for characterization of cell disease states. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3903-3909. [PMID: 23925122 PMCID: PMC3830000 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50540e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The electrical properties of biological cells have connections to their pathological states. Here we present an electric impedance microflow cytometry (EIMC) platform for the characterization of disease states of single cells. This platform entails a microfluidic device for a label-free and non-invasive cell-counting assay through electric impedance sensing. We identified a dimensionless offset parameter δ obtained as a linear combination of a normalized phase shift and a normalized magnitude shift in electric impedance to differentiate cells on the basis of their pathological states. This paper discusses a representative case study on red blood cells (RBCs) invaded by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Invasion by P. falciparum induces physical and biochemical changes on the host cells throughout a 48-h multi-stage life cycle within the RBC. As a consequence, it also induces progressive changes in electrical properties of the host cells. We demonstrate that the EIMC system in combination with data analysis involving the new offset parameter allows differentiation of P. falciparum infected RBCs from uninfected RBCs as well as among different P. falciparum intraerythrocytic asexual stages including the ring stage. The representative results provided here also point to the potential of the proposed experimental and analysis platform as a valuable tool for non-invasive diagnostics of a wide variety of disease states and for cell separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sungjae Ha
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Monica Diez-Silva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anantha P. Chandrakasan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chao PJ, Huang EY, Cheng KS, Huang YJ. Electrical impedance spectroscopy as electrical biopsy for monitoring radiation sequelae of intestine in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:974614. [PMID: 24093111 PMCID: PMC3777171 DOI: 10.1155/2013/974614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance is one of the most frequently used parameters for characterizing material properties. The resistive and capacitive characteristics of tissue may be revealed by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as electrical biopsy. This technique could be used to monitor the sequelae after irradiation. In this study, rat intestinal tissues after irradiation were assessed by EIS system based on commercially available integrated circuits. The EIS results were fitted to a resistor-capacitor circuit model to determine the electrical properties of the tissue. The variations in the electrical characteristics of the tissue were compared to radiation injury score (RIS) by morphological and histological findings. The electrical properties, based on receiver operation curve (ROC) analysis, strongly reflected the histological changes with excellent diagnosis performance. The results of this study suggest that electrical biopsy reflects histological changes after irradiation. This approach may significantly augment the evaluation of tissue after irradiation. It could provide rapid results for decision making in monitoring radiation sequelae prospectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Chao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Eng-Yen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Sheng Cheng
- Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Biomedical Imaging and Instrumentation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Birgersson U, Birgersson E, Nicander I, Ollmar S. A methodology for extracting the electrical properties of human skin. Physiol Meas 2013; 34:723-36. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/34/6/723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
21
|
The correlation between extracellular resistance by electrical biopsy and the ratio of optical low staining area in irradiated intestinal tissues of rats. Biomed Eng Online 2013; 12:23. [PMID: 23510292 PMCID: PMC3618212 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical biopsy illustrates a tissue's electrical properties by electrical impedance spectroscopy. However, electrical biopsy parameters are different from conventional morphological-based examinations. The correlation between electrical biopsy and the morphological observation has not been checked. Considering the tissue responses to injury, extracellular resistance should be most sensitive with the accumulation of fluid in tissue, and it is expected to increase the ratio of optical low staining area on histological images. In this study, we calculated the ratio of optical low staining area of sampled histological images and compared with the results of electrical biopsy to verify the hypothesis of that the extracellular resistance of electrical biopsy most highly correlates with the ratio of optical low staining area on histological images. METHODS The irradiated intestinal tissues of rats after different latent period were used for study. The sampled tissues were measured by electrical impedance spectroscopy for electrical biopsy and the microscopic images were acquired. The sampled histological images were transformed into the Hue-Saturation-Density (HSD) colour model to decouple the stain density. The ratio of optical low staining area on histological images was computed to quantify the morphological changes. The results were related to the parameters from electrical biopsy according to three element circuit model by Spearman's rank correlation test. RESULTS The ratio of optical low staining area varied as well as the tissue's electrical parameters. The extracellular resistance (Re) and intracellular resistance (Ri) by electrical biopsy tended to increase with the ratio of low staining area decreasing. The membrane capacitance (Cm) by electrical biopsy tended to increase with the ratio of optical low staining area increasing. The extracellular resistance (Re) of electrical biopsy was the parameter most highly correlated with the ratio of optical low staining area with a correlation coefficient of -0.757 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this report confirm the hypothesis and support the idea that electrical biopsy results reflect the changes in tissues seen in conventional histological findings in a sense of conventional histological knowledge, and this approach may have a great potential for augmenting the pathological diagnosis of tissues.
Collapse
|
22
|
Huang YJ, Huang EY, Lu YY, Chen CY, Cheng KS. Electrical biopsy of irradiated intestinal tissue with a simple electrical impedance spectroscopy system for radiation enteropathy in rats-–a pilot study. Physiol Meas 2011; 32:1491-504. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/9/010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
23
|
Keshtkar A, Salehnia Z, Somi MH, Eftekharsadat AT. Some early results related to electrical impedance of normal and abnormal gastric tissue. Phys Med 2011; 28:19-24. [PMID: 21334938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and most patients with gastric cancer are being diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease so they do not gain any survival chance from conventional surgical, chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic methods. These are relatively high cost procedures in terms of both time and money. This study considers the introduction of a novel minimally invasive diagnostic technique which shows the relationship between histopathology and the electrical impedance spectrum in the human stomach. In this study, 4 electrode technique was used to differentiate tissues from each other using Tabriz Mark 1 electrical impedance system (30 different frequencies in the range of 2 kHz to 1 MHz). A total of 97 points from 45 patients were studied in terms of their biopsy reports matching to the electrical impedance measurements (in vivo). After impedance measurements and applying calibration factors, a non-parametric statistical technique, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate the difference among the groups. According to the calculation of respective data using this spectroscopy system, the resistivity of the normal group was higher than that of the benign group, and the resistivity of these groups were higher than that of the malignant group at frequencies between 470 kHz and 1 MHz (P < 0.05). In these frequencies, the impedivity of the dysplastic tissue was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P < 0.05). Also, Cole equation fitting procedure was used to generate a scatter plot of the malignant and benign points: it shows in general, benign points had higher values of R than the malignant points. Therefore, electrical impedance spectroscopy can be a useful technique to characterize the stomach tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Keshtkar
- Medical Physics Department, Medical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Birgersson U, Birgersson E, Åberg P, Nicander I, Ollmar S. Non-invasive bioimpedance of intact skin: mathematical modeling and experiments. Physiol Meas 2010; 32:1-18. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/1/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
25
|
Keshtkar A, Mesbahi A, Rasta S, Keshtkar A. The feasibility of computational modelling technique to detect the bladder cancer. Phys Med 2010; 26:34-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
|
26
|
Yoon K, Lee KW, Kim SB, Han TR, Jung DK, Roh MS, Lee JH. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and diagnosis of tendinitis. Physiol Meas 2009; 31:171-82. [PMID: 20009187 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/2/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There have been a number of studies that investigate the usefulness of bioelectric signals in diagnoses and treatment in the medical field. Tendinitis is a musculoskeletal disorder with a very high rate of occurrence. This study attempts to examine whether electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can detect pathological changes in a tendon and find the exact location of the lesion. Experimental tendinitis was induced by injecting collagenase into one side of the patellar tendons in rabbits, while the other side was used as the control. After measuring the impedance in the tendinitis and intact tendon tissue, the dissipation factor was computed. The real component of impedance and the dissipation factor turned out to be lower in tendinitis than in intact tissues. Moreover, the tendinitis dissipation factor spectrum showed a clear difference from that of the intact tendon, indicating its usefulness as a tool for detecting the location of the lesion. Pathologic findings from the tissues that were obtained after measuring the impedance confirmed the presence of characteristics of tendinitis. In conclusion, EIS is a useful method for diagnosing tendinitis and detecting the lesion location in invasive treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kisung Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Keshtkar A, Keshtkar A. The effect of applied pressure on the electrical impedance of the bladder tissue using small and large probes. J Med Eng Technol 2009; 32:505-11. [DOI: 10.1080/03091900701507456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
28
|
Aroom KR, Harting MT, Cox CS, Radharkrishnan RS, Smith C, Gill BS. Bioimpedance analysis: a guide to simple design and implementation. J Surg Res 2008; 153:23-30. [PMID: 18805550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioimpedance analysis has found utility in many fields of medical research, yet instrumentation can be expensive and/or complicated to build. Advancements in electronic component design and equipment allow for simple bioimpedance analysis using equipment now commonly found in an engineering lab, combined with a few components exclusive to impedance analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A modified Howland bridge circuit was designed on a small circuit board with connections for power and bioimpedance probes. A programmable function generator and an oscilloscope were connected to a laptop computer and were tasked to drive and receive data from the circuit. The software then parsed the received data and inserted it into a spreadsheet for subsequent data analysis. The circuit was validated by testing its current output over a range of frequencies and comparing measured values of impedance across a test circuit to expected values. RESULTS The system was validated over frequencies between 1 and 100 kHz. Maximum fluctuation in current was on the order of micro-Amperes. Similarly, the measured value of impedance in a test circuit followed the pattern of actual impedance over the range of frequencies measured. CONCLUSIONS Contemporary generation electronic measurement equipment provides adequate levels of connectivity and programmability to rapidly measure and record data for bioimpedance research. These components allow for the rapid development of a simple but accurate bioimpedance measurement system that can be assembled by individuals with limited knowledge of electronics or programming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Aroom
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Keshtkar A, Keshtkar A. Modeled Current Distribution Inside the Normal and Malignant Human Urothelium Using Finite Element Analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2008; 55:733-8. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2007.905398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
30
|
Keshtkar A, Mesbahi A, Mehnati P, Keshtkar A. Surface fluids effects on the bladder tissue characterisation using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Med Eng Phys 2007; 30:693-9. [PMID: 17804272 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrical impedance of the human urinary bladder in both benign and malignant areas can be measured using an electrical impedance spectroscopy system (EIS). Glycine is usually used in the bladder surgery in the theatre to make an insulation medium for electro-surgery and the extension of the mucosa. In addition, a saline solution is usually used to wash the inside of the bladder after bladder surgery and it is used to extend the bladder tissue mucosa. Therefore, the effect of glycine and the saline solution that fills the bladder is important, because it was expected that the application of common surface fluids (air, saline solution and glycine solution) in the bladder epithelium would affect the measured electrical impedance of the urothelium, to differentiate the malignant area from the normal bladder tissue. In this study, bladders were removed from the patients' bodies and then were moved from theatre to the histopathology department immediately after excision. These bladder samples were then opened and pinned to a corkboard to take the impedance readings, using the impedance spectroscopy system. Following this, the bladder and corkboard were completely submerged in a saline solution and readings were taken at about 1cm from the sutures. Subsequently, this procedure was repeated with the bladder submerged in glycine and then air, respectively. According to the statistical work, these fluids were found to have a significant effect on the measured impedance of the bladder tissue in benign and malignant areas. Furthermore, the best fluid between air, glycine and saline, to measure the impedance of the urinary bladder, is air (P<0.0001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Keshtkar
- Medical Physics Department, Medical School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Keshtkar A, Keshtkar A, Lawford P. Cellular morphological parameters of the human urinary bladder (malignant and normal). Int J Exp Pathol 2007; 88:185-90. [PMID: 17504448 PMCID: PMC2517300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal and malignant cellular morphological parameters (intra- and extracellular spaces of the human urinary bladder) were obtained from analysis of digital images of bladder histology sections. Then these cellular morphological parameters were compared with the same parameters obtained from the literature for the bladder tissue. However, the limited quantitative data about these parameters available in the literature for bladder cell sizes and other geometrical parameters such as extra-cellular space does not provide a scientific basis to construct accurate structural models of normal and malignant bladder tissue. Therefore, there is usually no quantitative discussion of cell sizes in literature but the measured data in this work can provide a reasonable estimation of expected morphological parameter changes of bladder tissue with pathology. To produce this quantitative information, and also, to build a suitable models in another study using electrical properties of the tissue, 10 digital images of histological sections of normal, and six sections from malignant areas of the human urinary bladder, were chosen randomly (ex vivo). Finally, the measured data showed that there is a significant difference between the cell dimensions (in basal and intermediate layers) of normal and malignant bladder tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Keshtkar
- Medical Physics Department, Medical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|