1
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Agarwal R, Mohamad A. Gallium-based liquid metals as smart responsive materials: Morphological forms and stimuli characterization. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 329:103183. [PMID: 38788305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) have garnered monumental attention from the scientific community due to their diverse actuation characteristics. These metals possess remarkable characteristics, including high surface tension, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, phase transformation behaviour, minimal viscosity and vapour pressure, lack of toxicity, and biocompatibility. In addition, GaLMs have melting points that are either lower or near room temperature, making them incredibly beneficial when compared to solid metals since they can be easily deformed. Thus, there has been significant progress in developing multifunctional devices using GaLMs, including bio-devices, flexible and self-healing circuits, and actuators. Despite numerous reports on these liquid metals (LMs), there is an urgent need for consolidated and coherent literature regarding their actuation principles linked to the targeted application. This will ensure that the reader gets the flavour of physics behind the actuation mechanism and how it can be utilized in diverse fields. Moreover, the actuation mechanism has been scattered in the literature, and thus, the primary motive of this review is to provide a one-stop solution for the actuation mechanism and the associated dynamics while directing the readers to specialized literature. Thus, addressing this issue, we thoroughly examine and present a detailed account of the actuation mechanisms of GaLMs while highlighting the science behind them. We also discuss the various morphologies of GaLMs and their crucial physical characteristics which decide their targeted application. Furthermore, we also delve into commonly held beliefs about GaLMs in the literature, such as their toxicity and antibacterial properties, to offer readers a more accurate understanding. Finally, we have explored several key unanswered aspects of the LM that should be explored in future research. The core strength of this review lies in its simplistic approach in offering a starting point for researchers venturing this innovative field, while we make use of existing literature to develop a comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Abdulmajeed Mohamad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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2
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Sahu RR, Ramasamy AS, Bhonsle S, Vailshery M, S A, Kumar H, Das Gupta T. Single-step fabrication of liquid gallium nanoparticles via capillary interaction for dynamic structural colours. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:766-774. [PMID: 38388966 PMCID: PMC11186779 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating structural coloured materials in flexible and stretchable elastomeric substrates requires numerous steps that compromise their scalability and economic viability for prospective applications in visual sensors and displays. Here we describe a one-step approach for fabricating plasmonic Ga nanostructures embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane substrate exhibiting tunable chromaticity, in response to mechanical stimuli. The process exploits the capillary interactions between uncrosslinked oligomeric chains of the substrate and Ga metal deposited by thermal evaporation, as elucidated by a theoretical model that we developed. By tuning the oligomer content in polydimethylsiloxane, we attain a range of colours covering a substantial gamut in CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage) coordinates. This mechanochromic flexible substrate shows reversible response to external mechanical stimuli for ~80,000 cycles. We showcase the capabilities of our processing technique by presenting prototypes of reflective displays and sensors for monitoring body parts, smart bandages and the capacity of the nanostructured film to map force in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Raman Sahu
- Laboratory of Advanced Nanostructures for Photonics and Electronics, Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Alwar Samy Ramasamy
- Laboratory of Advanced Nanostructures for Photonics and Electronics, Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Santosh Bhonsle
- Laboratory of Advanced Nanostructures for Photonics and Electronics, Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mark Vailshery
- Laboratory of Advanced Nanostructures for Photonics and Electronics, Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Archana S
- Advanced Facility for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Advanced Facility for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tapajyoti Das Gupta
- Laboratory of Advanced Nanostructures for Photonics and Electronics, Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
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3
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Wang D, Hou Y, Tang J, Liu J, Rao W. Liquid Metal as Energy Conversion Sensitizers: Materials and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2304777. [PMID: 38468447 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Energy can exist in nature in a wide range of forms. Energy conversion refers to the process in which energy is converted from one form to another, and this process will be greatly enhanced by energy conversion sensitizers. Recently, an emerging class of new materials, namely liquid metals (LMs), shows excellent prospects as highly versatile materials. Notably, in terms of energy delivery and conversion, LMs functional materials are chemical responsive, heat-responsive, photo-responsive, magnetic-responsive, microwave-responsive, and medical imaging responsive. All these intrinsic virtues enabled promising applications in energy conversion, which means LMs can act as energy sensitizers for enhancing energy conversion and transport. Herein, first the unique properties of the light, heat, magnetic and microwave converting capacity of gallium-based LMs materials are summarized. Then platforms and applications of LM-based energy conversion sensitizers are highlighted. Finally, some of the potential applications and opportunities of LMs are prospected as energy conversion sensitizers in the future, as well as unresolved challenges. Collectively, it is believed that this review provides a clear perspective for LMs mediated energy conversion, and this topic will help deepen knowledge of the physical chemistry properties of LMs functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, China
| | - Yi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jing Liu
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Xu J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Wang M, Xu Y, Wei T, Xie Z, Liu S, Lee CK, Hu X, Zhao G, Lv X, Zhang H, Zhu S, Zhou L. All-in-one, all-optical logic gates using liquid metal plasmon nonlinearity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1726. [PMID: 38409174 PMCID: PMC10897469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Electronic processors are reaching the physical speed ceiling that heralds the era of optical processors. Multifunctional all-optical logic gates (AOLGs) of massively parallel processing are of great importance for large-scale integrated optical processors with speed far in excess of electronics, while are rather challenging due to limited operation bandwidth and multifunctional integration complexity. Here we for the first time experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable all-in-one broadband AOLG that achieves nine fundamental Boolean logics in a single configuration, enabled by ultrabroadband (400-4000 nm) plasmon-enhanced thermo-optical nonlinearity (TONL) of liquid-metal Galinstan nanodroplet assemblies (GNAs). Due to the unique heterogeneity (broad-range geometry sizes, morphology, assembly profiles), the prepared GNAs exhibit broadband plasmonic opto-thermal effects (hybridization, local heating, energy transfer, etc.), resulting in a huge nonlinear refractive index under the order of 10-4-10-5 within visual-infrared range. Furthermore, a generalized control-signal light route is proposed for the dynamic TONL modulation of reversible spatial-phase shift, based on which nine logic functions are reconfigurable in one single AOLG configuration. Our work will provide a powerful strategy on large-bandwidth all-optical circuits for high-density data processing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Xu
- Department of Physics, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Physics, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mudong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Physics, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqi Wei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenda Xie
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Kuei Lee
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjie Lv
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Xing S, Liu Y. Functional micro-/nanostructured gallium-based liquid metal for biochemical sensing and imaging applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 243:115795. [PMID: 37913588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, liquid metals (LMs) have garnered increasing attention for their expanded applicability, and wide application potential in various research fields. Among them, gallium (Ga)-based LMs exhibit remarkable analytical performance in electrical and optical sensors, thanks to their excellent conductivity, large surface area, biocompatibility, small bandgap, and high elasticity. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in functional micro-/nanostructured Ga-based LMs for biochemical sensing and imaging applications. Firstly, the electrical, optical, and biocompatible features of Ga-based LM micro-/nanoparticles are briefly discussed, along with the manufacturing and functionalization processes. Subsequently, we demonstrate the utilization of Ga-based LMs in biochemical sensing techniques, encompassing electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, optical sensing techniques, and various biomedical imaging. Lastly, we present an insightful perspective on promising research directions and remaining challenges in LM-based biochemical sensing and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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6
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Horák M, Čalkovský V, Mach J, Křápek V, Šikola T. Plasmonic Properties of Individual Gallium Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2012-2019. [PMID: 36794890 PMCID: PMC10017019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gallium is a plasmonic material offering ultraviolet to near-infrared tunability, facile and scalable preparation, and good stability of nanoparticles. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the link between the shape and size of individual gallium nanoparticles and their optical properties. To this end, we utilize scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy. Lens-shaped gallium nanoparticles with a diameter between 10 and 200 nm were grown directly on a silicon nitride membrane using an effusion cell developed in house that was operated under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. We have experimentally proven that they support localized surface plasmon resonances and their dipole mode can be tuned through their size from the ultraviolet to near-infrared spectral region. The measurements are supported by numerical simulations using realistic particle shapes and sizes. Our results pave the way for future applications of gallium nanoparticles such as hyperspectral absorption of sunlight in energy harvesting or plasmon-enhanced luminescence of ultraviolet emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Horák
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Čalkovský
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Physical Engineering, Brno University
of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Mach
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Physical Engineering, Brno University
of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Křápek
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Physical Engineering, Brno University
of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šikola
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Physical Engineering, Brno University
of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Liu PQ, Miao X, Datta S. Recent Advances in Liquid Metal Photonics: Technologies and Applications. OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS 2023; 13:699-727. [PMID: 38249122 PMCID: PMC10798671 DOI: 10.1364/ome.484236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Near-room-temperature liquid metals offer unique and crucial advantages over solid metals for a broad range of applications which require soft, stretchable and/or reconfigurable structures and devices. In particular, gallium-based liquid metals are the most suitable for a wide range of applications, not only owing to their low melting points, but also thanks to their low toxicity and negligible vapor pressure. In addition, gallium-based liquid metals exhibit attractive optical properties which make them highly suitable for a variety of photonics applications. This review summarizes the material properties of gallium-based liquid metals, highlights several effective techniques for fabricating liquid-metal-based structures and devices, and then focuses on the various photonics applications of these liquid metals in different spectral regions, following with a discussion on the challenges and opportunities for future research in this relatively nascent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Q. Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Xianglong Miao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shreyan Datta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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8
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Li Y, Cen Y, Fang Y, Tang S, Li S, Ren Y, Zhang H, Lu W, Xu J. Breaking the Iron Homeostasis: A "Trojan Horse" Self-Assembled Nanodrug Sensitizes Homologous Recombination Proficient Ovarian Cancer Cells to PARP Inhibition. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12786-12800. [PMID: 35920396 PMCID: PMC9413404 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are used in ovarian cancer treatment and have greatly improved the survival rates for homologous recombination repair (HRR)-deficient patients. However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited in HRR-proficient ovarian cancer. Thus, sensitizing HRR-proficient ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors is important in clinical practice. Here, a nanodrug, olaparib-Ga, was designed using self-assembly of the PARP inhibitor olaparib into bovine serum albumin through gallic acid gallium(III) coordination via a convenient and green synthetic method. Compared with olaparib, olaparib-Ga featured an ultrasmall size of 7 nm and led to increased suppression of cell viability, induction of DNA damage, and enhanced cell apoptosis in the SKOV3 and OVCAR3 HRR-proficient ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Further experiments indicated that the olaparib-Ga nanodrug could suppress RRM2 expression, activate the Fe2+/ROS/MAPK pathway and HMOX1 signaling, inhibit the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and enhance the expression of cleaved-caspase 3 and BAX protein. This, in turn, led to increased cell apoptosis in HRR-proficient ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, olaparib-Ga effectively restrained SKOV3 and OVCAR3 tumor growth and exhibited negligible toxicity in vivo. In conclusion, we propose that olaparib-Ga can act as a promising nanodrug for the treatment of HRR-proficient ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixuan Cen
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifeng Fang
- Department
of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sangsang Tang
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sen Li
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
- Department
of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, ZhejiangChina
- Cancer
Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junfen Xu
- Women’s
Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s
Hospital, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
- Department
of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, ZhejiangChina
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9
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von Mentlen JM, Clarysse J, Moser A, Kumaar D, Yarema O, Sannomiya T, Yarema M, Wood V. Engineering of Oxide Protected Gold Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5824-5830. [PMID: 35726976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles that are partially or fully covered by metal oxide shells provide superior functionality and stability for catalytic and plasmonic applications. Yet, facile methods for controlled fabrication of thin oxide layers on metal nanoparticles are lacking. Here, we report an easy method to reliably engineer thin Ga2O3 shells on Au nanoparticles, based on liquid-phase chemical oxidation of Au-Ga alloy nanoparticles. We demonstrate that, with this technique, laminar and ultrathin Ga2O3 shells can be grown with ranging thickness from sub- to several monolayers. We show how the localized surface plasmon resonance can be used to understand the reaction process and quantitatively monitor the Ga2O3 shell growth. Finally, we demonstrate that the Ga2O3 coating prevents sintering of the Au nanoparticles, providing thermal stability to at least 250 °C. This approach, building on dealloying of bimetallic nanoparticles by the solution-phase oxidation, promises a general technique for achieving controlled metal/oxide core/shell nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc von Mentlen
- Materials and Device Engineering, Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Clarysse
- Materials and Device Engineering, Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annina Moser
- Materials and Device Engineering, Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dhananjeya Kumaar
- Chemistry and Materials Design, Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olesya Yarema
- Materials and Device Engineering, Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takumi Sannomiya
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Maksym Yarema
- Chemistry and Materials Design, Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Wood
- Materials and Device Engineering, Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
Solar-to-chemical energy conversion via heterogeneous photocatalysis is one of the sustainable approaches to tackle the growing environmental and energy challenges. Among various promising photocatalytic materials, plasmonic-driven photocatalysts feature prominent solar-driven surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Non-noble plasmonic metals (NNPMs)-based photocatalysts have been identified as a unique alternative to noble metal-based ones due to their advantages like earth-abundance, cost-effectiveness, and large-scale application capability. This review comprehensively summarizes the most recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and properties of NNPMs-based photocatalysts. After introducing the fundamental principles of SPR, the attributes and functionalities of NNPMs in governing surface/interfacial photocatalytic processes are presented. Next, the utilization of NNPMs-based photocatalytic materials for the removal of pollutants, water splitting, CO2 reduction, and organic transformations is discussed. The review concludes with current challenges and perspectives in advancing the NNPMs-based photocatalysts, which are timely and important to plasmon-based photocatalysis, a truly interdisciplinary field across materials science, chemistry, and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Sayed
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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11
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Chen CY, Chien CY, Wang CM, Lin RS, Chen IC. Plasmon Tuning of Liquid Gallium Nanoparticles through Surface Anodization. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062145. [PMID: 35329596 PMCID: PMC8948849 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, tunable plasmonic liquid gallium nanoparticles (Ga NPs) were prepared through surface anodizing of the particles. Shape deformation of the Ga NPs accompanied with dimpled surface topographies could be induced during electrochemical anodization, and the formation of the anodic oxide shell helps maintain the resulting change in the particle shape. The nanoscale dimple-like textures led to changes in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) wavelength. A maximal LSPR red-shift of ~77 nm was preliminarily achieved using an anodization voltage of 0.7 V. The experimental results showed that an increase in the oxide shell thickness yielded a negligible difference in the observed LSPR, and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations also suggested that the LSPR tunability was primarily determined by the shape of the deformed particles. The extent of particle deformation could be adjusted in a very short period of anodization time (~7 s), which offers an efficient way to tune the LSPR response of Ga NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yao Chen
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Ching-Yun Chien
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chih-Ming Wang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-M.W.); (R.-S.L.)
| | - Rong-Sheng Lin
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-M.W.); (R.-S.L.)
| | - I-Chen Chen
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Abstract
Low melting point metals and alloys are the group of materials that combine metallic and liquid properties, simultaneously. The fascinating characteristics of liquid metals (LMs) including softness and high electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as their unique interfacial chemistry, have started to dominate various research disciplines. Utilization of LMs as responsive interfaces, enabling sensing in a flexible and versatile manner, is one of the most promising traits demonstrated for LMs. In the context of LMs-enabled sensors, gallium (Ga) and its alloys have emerged as multipurpose functional materials with many compelling physical and chemical properties. Responsiveness to different stimuli and easy-to-functionalize interfaces of Ga-based LMs make them ideal candidates for a variety of sensing applications. However, despite the vast capabilities of Ga-based LMs in sensing, applications of these materials for developing different sensors have not been fully explored. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview regarding the applications of Ga-based LMs in a wide range of sensing approaches that cover different physical and chemical sensors. The unique features of Ga-based LMs, which make them promising materials for sensing, are discussed in subsections followed by relevant case studies. Finally, challenges as well as the prospected future and developing motifs are highlighted for each type of LM-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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13
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Liu L, Wang D, Rao W. Mini/Micro/Nano Scale Liquid Metal Motors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:280. [PMID: 33800226 PMCID: PMC8001611 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Swimming motors navigating in complex fluidic environments have received tremendous attention over the last decade. In particular, liquid metal (LM) as a new emerging material has shown considerable potential in furthering the development of swimming motors, due to their unique features such as fluidity, softness, reconfigurability, stimuli responsiveness, and good biocompatibility. LM motors can not only achieve directional motion but also deformation due to their liquid nature, thus providing new and unique capabilities to the field of swimming motors. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advances of LM motors and compare the difference in LM macro and micromotors from fabrication, propulsion, and application. Here, LM motors below 1 cm, named mini/micro/nano scale liquid metal motors (MLMTs) will be discussed. This work will present physicochemical characteristics of LMs and summarize the state-of-the-art progress in MLMTs. Finally, future outlooks including both opportunities and challenges of mini/micro/nano scale liquid metal motors are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (L.L.); (D.W.)
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (L.L.); (D.W.)
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (L.L.); (D.W.)
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Sun X, Yuan B, Wang H, Fan L, Duan M, Wang X, Guo R, Liu J. Nano‐Biomedicine based on Liquid Metal Particles and Allied Materials. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Sun
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- School of Medical Science and Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Hongzhang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Minghui Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- School of Medical Science and Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
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15
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Lin Y, Genzer J, Dickey MD. Attributes, Fabrication, and Applications of Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Particles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000192. [PMID: 32596120 PMCID: PMC7312306 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This work discusses the attributes, fabrication methods, and applications of gallium-based liquid metal particles. Gallium-based liquid metals combine metallic and fluidic properties at room temperature. Unlike mercury, which is toxic and has a finite vapor pressure, gallium possesses low toxicity and effectively zero vapor pressure at room temperature, which makes it amenable to many applications. A variety of fabrication methods produce liquid metal particles with variable sizes, ranging from nm to mm (which is the upper limit set by the capillary length). The liquid nature of gallium enables fabrication methods-such as microfluidics and sonication-that are not possible with solid materials. Gallium-based liquid metal particles possess several notable attributes, including a metal-metal oxide (liquid-solid) core-shell structure as well as the ability to self-heal, merge, and change shape. They also have unusual phase behavior that depends on the size of the particles. The particles have no known commercial applications, but they show promise for drug delivery, soft electronics, microfluidics, catalysis, batteries, energy harvesting, and composites. Existing challenges and future opportunities are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
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16
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Sarpaki S, Cortezon-Tamarit F, de Aguiar SRMM, Exner RM, Divall D, Arrowsmith RL, Ge H, Palomares FJ, Carroll L, Calatayud DG, Paisey SJ, Aboagye EO, Pascu SI. Radio- and nano-chemistry of aqueous Ga(iii) ions anchored onto graphene oxide-modified complexes. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6603-6608. [PMID: 32181455 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10145d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The gallium-68 radiolabelling of new functional graphene oxide composites is reported herein along with kinetic stability investigations of the radio-nanohybrids under different environments and insights into their surface characteristics by SEM and XPS. The present work highlights the potential of graphene oxides as nanocarriers for small molecules such as bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes to act as multifunctional platforms for rapid and effective radioimaging agent incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarpaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK.
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17
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Catalán-Gómez S, Bran C, Vázquez M, Vázquez L, Pau JL, Redondo-Cubero A. Plasmonic coupling in closed-packed ordered gallium nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4187. [PMID: 32144349 PMCID: PMC7060194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic gallium (Ga) nanoparticles (NPs) are well known to exhibit good performance in numerous applications such as surface enhanced fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy or biosensing. However, to reach the optimal optical performance, the strength of the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) must be enhanced particularly by suitable narrowing the NP size distribution among other factors. With this purpose, our last work demonstrated the production of hexagonal ordered arrays of Ga NPs by using templates of aluminium (Al) shallow pit arrays, whose LSPRs were observed in the VIS region. The quantitative analysis of the optical properties by spectroscopic ellipsometry confirmed an outstanding improvement of the LSPR intensity and full width at half maximum (FWHM) due to the imposed ordering. Here, by engineering the template dimensions, and therefore by tuning Ga NPs size, we expand the LSPRs of the Ga NPs to cover a wider range of the electromagnetic spectrum from the UV to the IR regions. More interestingly, the factors that cause this optical performance improvement are studied with the universal plasmon ruler equation, supported with discrete dipole approximation simulations. The results allow us to conclude that the plasmonic coupling between NPs originated in the ordered systems is the main cause for the optimized optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Catalán-Gómez
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Vázquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Vázquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Pau
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Redondo-Cubero
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Song H, Kim T, Kang S, Jin H, Lee K, Yoon HJ. Ga-Based Liquid Metal Micro/Nanoparticles: Recent Advances and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903391. [PMID: 31583849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals are emerging as fluidic inorganic materials in various research fields. Micro- and nanoparticles of Ga and its alloys have received particular attention in the last decade due to their non toxicity and accessibility in ambient conditions as well as their interesting chemical, physical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Unique features such as a fluidic nature and self-passivating oxide skin make Ga-based liquid metal particles (LMPs) distinguishable from conventional inorganic particles in the context of synthesis and applications. Here, recent advances in the bottom-up and top-down synthetic methods of Ga-based LMPs, their physicochemical properties, and their applications are summarized. Finally, the current status of the LMPs is highlighted and perspectives on future directions are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsun Song
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneul Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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19
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Gordillo N, Catalán-Gómez S, Pau JL, Redondo-Cubero A. Spectrally broad plasmonic absorption in Ga and In nanoparticle hybrids. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:475705. [PMID: 31426038 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3c73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use Joule-effect thermal evaporation to produce hybrid structures made of Ga and In nanoparticles (NPs) on Si (100) substrates. Taking advantage of the protective oxide shell, In NPs can be used as a template for a second deposition step without structural changes, enabling the hybridization of NPs of materials. These complex structures of mixed NPs present a spectrally broad plasmonic absorption that can be optically tuned with a wide range of photon energies from UV to IR regions with a full width at half maximum range of ∼400 to 800 nm. The results suggest that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the hybrid NPs is mainly due to the plasmonic coupling of the in-plane modes. Furthermore, different scenarios studied by discrete dipole approximation simulations show that the interconnection between NPs is extremely sensitive to the size and the local arrangement of the nanostructures. This kind of broadening and tunable LSPR may have interest for energy transfer applications, biosensing platforms and solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gordillo
- Lab. de Microelectrónica, Dpto. de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
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20
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de la Mata M, Catalán-Gómez S, Nucciarelli F, Pau JL, Molina SI. High Spatial Resolution Mapping of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Single Gallium Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902920. [PMID: 31496053 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonics has emerged as an attractive field driving the development of optical systems in order to control and exploit light-matter interactions. The increasing interest around plasmonic systems is pushing the research of alternative plasmonic materials, spreading the operability range from IR to UV. Within this context, gallium appears as an ideal candidate, potentially active within a broad spectral range (UV-VIS-IR), whose optical properties are scarcely reported. Importantly, the smart design of active plasmonic materials requires their characterization at high spatial and spectral resolution to access the optical fingerprint of individual nanostructures, attainable by transmission electron microscopy techniques (i.e., by means of electron energy-loss spectroscopy, EELS). Therefore, the optical response of individual Ga nanoparticles (NPs) by means of EELS measurements is analyzed, in order to spread the understanding of the plasmonic response of Ga NPs. The results show that single Ga NPs may support several plasmon modes, whose nature is extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Mata
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Ing. Met. y Qca.Inorg., IMEYMAT, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Sergio Catalán-Gómez
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavio Nucciarelli
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Pau
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio I Molina
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Ing. Met. y Qca.Inorg., IMEYMAT, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
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21
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Reineck P, Lin Y, Gibson BC, Dickey MD, Greentree AD, Maksymov IS. UV plasmonic properties of colloidal liquid-metal eutectic gallium-indium alloy nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5345. [PMID: 30926856 PMCID: PMC6441023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles made of non-noble metals such as gallium have recently attracted significant attention due to promising applications in UV plasmonics. To date, experiments have mostly focused on solid and liquid pure gallium particles immobilized on solid substrates. However, for many applications, colloidal liquid-metal nanoparticle solutions are vital. Here, we experimentally demonstrate strong UV plasmonic resonances of eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) liquid-metal alloy nanoparticles suspended in ethanol. We rationalise experimental results through a theoretical model based on Mie theory. Our results contribute to the understanding of UV plasmon resonances in colloidal liquid-metal EGaIn nanoparticle suspensions. They will also enable further research into emerging applications of UV plasmonics in biomedical imaging, sensing, stretchable electronics, photoacoustics, and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
| | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Andrew D Greentree
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Ivan S Maksymov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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22
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Catalán-Gómez S, Garg S, Redondo-Cubero A, Gordillo N, de Andrés A, Nucciarelli F, Kim S, Kung P, Pau JL. Photoluminescence enhancement of monolayer MoS 2 using plasmonic gallium nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:884-893. [PMID: 36132234 PMCID: PMC9473177 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00094h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
2D monolayer molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) has been the focus of intense research due to its direct bandgap compared with the indirect bandgap of its bulk counterpart; however its photoluminescence (PL) intensity is limited due to its low absorption efficiency. Herein, we use gallium hemispherical nanoparticles (Ga NPs) deposited by thermal evaporation on top of chemical vapour deposited MoS2 monolayers in order to enhance its luminescence. The influence of the NP radius and the laser wavelength is reported in PL and Raman experiments. In addition, the physics behind the PL enhancement factor is investigated. The results indicate that the prominent enhancement is caused by the localized surface plasmon resonance of the Ga NPs induced by a charge transfer phenomenon. This work sheds light on the use of alternative metals, besides silver and gold, for the improvement of MoS2 luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Catalán-Gómez
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco E-28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Sourav Garg
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Andrés Redondo-Cubero
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco E-28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Nuria Gordillo
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco E-28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Alicia de Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC) C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 4 E-28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Flavio Nucciarelli
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco E-28049 Madrid Spain
- Physics Department, Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
| | - Seonsing Kim
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Patrick Kung
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Jose Luis Pau
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco E-28049 Madrid Spain
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23
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Catalán-Gómez S, Redondo-Cubero A, Palomares FJ, Vázquez L, Nogales E, Nucciarelli F, Méndez B, Gordillo N, Pau JL. Size-selective breaking of the core-shell structure of gallium nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:355707. [PMID: 29888710 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aacb91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell gallium nanoparticles (Ga NPs) have recently been proposed as an ultraviolet plasmonic material for different applications but only at room temperature. Here, the thermal stability as a function of the size of the NPs is reported over a wide range of temperatures. We analyze the chemical and structural properties of the oxide shell by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate the inverse dependence of the shell breaking temperature with the size of the NPs. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is used for tracking the rupture and its mechanism is systematically investigated by scanning electron microscopy, grazing incidence x-ray diffraction and cathodoluminescence. Taking advantage of the thermal stability of the NPs, we perform complete oxidations that lead to homogenous gallium oxide NPs. Thus, this study set the physical limits of Ga NPs to last at high temperatures, and opens up the possibility to achieve totally oxidized NPs while keeping their sphericity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Catalán-Gómez
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Daeneke T, Khoshmanesh K, Mahmood N, de Castro IA, Esrafilzadeh D, Barrow SJ, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Liquid metals: fundamentals and applications in chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4073-4111. [PMID: 29611563 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-transition elements, together with zinc-group metals and their alloys belong to an emerging class of materials with fascinating characteristics originating from their simultaneous metallic and liquid natures. These metals and alloys are characterised by having low melting points (i.e. between room temperature and 300 °C), making their liquid state accessible to practical applications in various fields of physical chemistry and synthesis. These materials can offer extraordinary capabilities in the synthesis of new materials, catalysis and can also enable novel applications including microfluidics, flexible electronics and drug delivery. However, surprisingly liquid metals have been somewhat neglected by the wider research community. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals underlying liquid metal research, including liquid metal synthesis, surface functionalisation and liquid metal enabled chemistry. Furthermore, we discuss phenomena that warrant further investigations in relevant fields and outline how liquid metals can contribute to exciting future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - K Khoshmanesh
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - N Mahmood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - I A de Castro
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - D Esrafilzadeh
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - S J Barrow
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - M D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - K Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
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