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Devoy E, Jabari E, Kotsanos G, Choe R, Fisher JP. An Exploration of The Role of Osteoclast Lineage Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 39041616 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2024.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Bone defects due to age, trauma, and surgery, which are exacerbated by medication side effects and common diseases like osteoporosis, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, are a problem of epidemic scale. The present clinical standard for treating these defects includes autografts and allografts. While both treatments can promote robust regenerative outcomes, they fail to strike a desirable balance of availability, side effect profile, consistent regenerative efficacy, and affordability. This difficulty has contributed to the rise of bone tissue engineering (BTE) as a potential avenue through which enhanced bone regeneration could be delivered. BTE is founded upon a paradigm of using biomaterials, bioactive factors, osteoblast lineage cells (ObLCs), and vascularization to cue deficient bone tissue into a state of regeneration. Despite promising preclinical results, BTE has had modest success in being translated into the clinical setting. One barrier has been the simplicity of its paradigm relative to the complexity of biological bone. Therefore, this paradigm must be critically examined and expanded to better account for this complexity. One potential avenue for this is a more detailed consideration of osteoclast lineage cells (OcLCs). While these cells ostensibly oppose ObLCs and bone regeneration through their resorptive functions, myriad investigations have shed light on their potential to influence bone equilibrium in more complex ways through their interactions with both ObLCs and bone matrix. Most BTE research has not systematically evaluated their influence. Yet contrary to expectations associated with the paradigm, a selection of BTE investigations have demonstrated that this influence can enhance bone regeneration in certain contexts. Additionally, much work has elucidated the role of many controllable scaffold parameters in both inhibiting and stimulating the activity of OcLCs in parallel to bone regeneration. Therefore, this review aims to detail and explore the implications of OcLCs in BTE, and how they can be leveraged to improve upon the existing BTE paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Devoy
- University of Maryland at College Park, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742;
| | - Erfan Jabari
- University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, United States;
| | - George Kotsanos
- University of Maryland at College Park, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, Maryland, United States;
| | - Robert Choe
- University of Maryland at College Park, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742-5031;
| | - John P Fisher
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 3238 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building (#225), College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742
- United States;
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Kronemberger GS, Palhares TN, Rossi AM, Verçosa BRF, Sartoretto SC, Resende R, Uzeda MJ, Alves ATNN, Alves GG, Calasans-Maia MD, Granjeiro JM, Baptista LS. A Synergic Strategy: Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids Seeded on 3D-Printed PLA/CHA Scaffolds Implanted in a Bone Critical-Size Defect Model. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:555. [PMID: 38132809 PMCID: PMC10744288 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14120555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone critical-size defects and non-union fractures have no intrinsic capacity for self-healing. In this context, the emergence of bone engineering has allowed the development of functional alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of ASC spheroids in bone regeneration using a synergic strategy with 3D-printed scaffolds made from poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and nanostructured hydroxyapatite doped with carbonate ions (CHA) in a rat model of cranial critical-size defect. In summary, a set of results suggests that ASC spheroidal constructs promoted bone regeneration. In vitro results showed that ASC spheroids were able to spread and interact with the 3D-printed scaffold, synthesizing crucial growth factors and cytokines for bone regeneration, such as VEGF. Histological results after 3 and 6 months of implantation showed the formation of new bone tissue in the PLA/CHA scaffolds that were seeded with ASC spheroids. In conclusion, the presence of ASC spheroids in the PLA/CHA 3D-printed scaffolds seems to successfully promote bone formation, which can be crucial for a significant clinical improvement in critical bone defect regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S. Kronemberger
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Xerém, Duque de Caxias 25245-390, RJ, Brazil; (G.S.K.); (B.R.F.V.)
- Laboratory of Eukariotic Cells, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias 25250-020, RJ, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, Duque de Caxias 25071-202, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Nunes Palhares
- Brazilian Center for Physics Research, Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca 22290-180, RJ, Brazil; (T.N.P.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Alexandre Malta Rossi
- Brazilian Center for Physics Research, Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca 22290-180, RJ, Brazil; (T.N.P.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Brunno R. F. Verçosa
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Xerém, Duque de Caxias 25245-390, RJ, Brazil; (G.S.K.); (B.R.F.V.)
| | - Suelen C. Sartoretto
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24020-140, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.S.); (R.R.); (M.J.U.); (A.T.N.N.A.); (G.G.A.); (M.D.C.-M.)
| | - Rodrigo Resende
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24020-140, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.S.); (R.R.); (M.J.U.); (A.T.N.N.A.); (G.G.A.); (M.D.C.-M.)
| | - Marcelo J. Uzeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24020-140, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.S.); (R.R.); (M.J.U.); (A.T.N.N.A.); (G.G.A.); (M.D.C.-M.)
| | - Adriana T. N. N. Alves
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24020-140, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.S.); (R.R.); (M.J.U.); (A.T.N.N.A.); (G.G.A.); (M.D.C.-M.)
| | - Gutemberg G. Alves
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24020-140, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.S.); (R.R.); (M.J.U.); (A.T.N.N.A.); (G.G.A.); (M.D.C.-M.)
| | - Mônica D. Calasans-Maia
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24020-140, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.S.); (R.R.); (M.J.U.); (A.T.N.N.A.); (G.G.A.); (M.D.C.-M.)
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Laboratory of Eukariotic Cells, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias 25250-020, RJ, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, Duque de Caxias 25071-202, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24020-140, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.S.); (R.R.); (M.J.U.); (A.T.N.N.A.); (G.G.A.); (M.D.C.-M.)
| | - Leandra Santos Baptista
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Xerém, Duque de Caxias 25245-390, RJ, Brazil; (G.S.K.); (B.R.F.V.)
- Laboratory of Eukariotic Cells, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias 25250-020, RJ, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, Duque de Caxias 25071-202, RJ, Brazil
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The Effect of Osteoblast Isolation Methods from Adult Rats on Osteoclastogenesis in Co-Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147875. [PMID: 35887222 PMCID: PMC9318333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-cultures of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are on the rise because they enable a more complex study. Diseases such as osteoporosis are related to a higher age. Thus, cell isolation from adult individuals is necessary. Osteoblasts can be isolated from the rat femur by three methods: explant culture, explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment, or enzymatic treatment. The isolation methods yield different populations of osteoblasts which, in a co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, might result in differences in osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, we examined the differences in osteogenic markers, cell proliferation, and the metabolic activity of isolated osteoblast-like cells in a growth and differentiation medium. We then evaluated the effect of the isolated populations of osteoblast-like cells on osteoclastogenesis in a subsequent co-culture by evaluating osteoclast markers, counting formed osteoclast-like cells, and analyzing their area and number of nuclei. Co-cultures were performed in the presence or absence of osteoclastogenic growth factors, M-CSF and RANKL. It was discovered that enzymatic isolation is not feasible in adult rats, but explant culture and explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment were both successful. Explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment yielded cells with a higher proliferation than explant culture in a growth medium. The differentiation medium reduced differences in proliferation during the culture. Some differences in metabolic activity and ALP activity were also found between the osteoblast-like cells isolated by explant culture or by explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment, but only on some days of cultivation. According to microscopy, the presence of exogenous growth factors supporting osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures was necessary for the formation of osteoclast-like cells. In this case, the formation of a higher number of osteoclast-like cells with a larger area was observed in the co-culture with osteoblast-like cells isolated by explant culture compared to the explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment. Apart from this observation, no differences in osteoclast markers were noted between the co-cultures with osteoblast-like cells isolated by explant culture and the explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment. The TRAP and CA II activity was higher in the co-cultures with exogenous growth than that in the co-cultures without exogenous growth factors on day 7, but the opposite was true on day 14. To conclude, explant culture and explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment are both suitable methods to yield osteoblast-like cells from adult rats capable of promoting osteoclastogenesis in a direct co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment yielded cells with a higher proliferation. The explant culture yielded osteoblast-like cells which induced the formation of a higher number of osteoclast-like cells with a larger area compared to the explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment when cultured with exogenous M-CSF and RANKL.
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High-cytocompatible semi-IPN bio-ink with wide molecular weight distribution for extrusion 3D bioprinting. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6349. [PMID: 35428800 PMCID: PMC9012805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of 3D printing has recently attracted significant attention on constructing complex three-dimensional physiological microenvironments. However, it is very challenging to provide a bio-ink with cell-harmless and high mold accuracy during extrusion in 3D printing. To overcome this issue, a technique improving the shear-thinning performance of semi-IPN bio-ink, which is universally applicable to all alginate/gelatin-based materials, was developed. Semi-IPN bio-ink prepared by cyclic heating–cooling treatment in this study can reduce the cell damage without sacrificing the accuracy of the scaffolds for its excellent shear-thinning performance. A more than 15% increase in post-printing Cell viability verified the feasibility of the strategy. Moreover, the bio-ink with low molecular weight and wide molecular weight distribution also promoted a uniform cell distribution and cell proliferation in clusters. Overall, this strategy revealed the effects of molecular parameters of semi-IPN bio-inks on printing performance, and the cell activity was studied and it could be widely applicable to construct the simulated extracellular matrix with various bio-inks.
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Vitale M, Ligorio C, McAvan B, Hodson NW, Allan C, Richardson SM, Hoyland JA, Bella J. Hydroxyapatite-decorated Fmoc-hydrogel as a bone-mimicking substrate for osteoclast differentiation and culture. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:144-154. [PMID: 34781025 PMCID: PMC8756142 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are water-swollen networks with great potential for tissue engineering applications. However, their use in bone regeneration is often hampered due to a lack of materials' mineralization and poor mechanical properties. Moreover, most studies are focused on osteoblasts (OBs) for bone formation, while osteoclasts (OCs), cells involved in bone resorption, are often overlooked. Yet, the role of OCs is pivotal for bone homeostasis and aberrant OC activity has been reported in several pathological diseases, such as osteoporosis and bone cancer. For these reasons, the aim of this work is to develop customised, reinforced hydrogels to be used as material platform to study cell function, cell-material interactions and ultimately to provide a substrate for OC differentiation and culture. Here, Fmoc-based RGD-functionalised peptide hydrogels have been modified with hydroxyapatite nanopowder (Hap) as nanofiller, to create nanocomposite hydrogels. Atomic force microscopy showed that Hap nanoparticles decorate the peptide nanofibres with a repeating pattern, resulting in stiffer hydrogels with improved mechanical properties compared to Hap- and RGD-free controls. Furthermore, these nanocomposites supported adhesion of Raw 264.7 macrophages and their differentiation in 2D to mature OCs, as defined by the adoption of a typical OC morphology (presence of an actin ring, multinucleation, and ruffled plasma membrane). Finally, after 7 days of culture OCs showed an increased expression of TRAP, a typical OC differentiation marker. Collectively, the results suggest that the Hap/Fmoc-RGD hydrogel has a potential for bone tissue engineering, as a 2D model to study impairment or upregulation of OC differentiation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Altered osteoclasts (OC) function is one of the major cause of bone fracture in the most commonly skeletal disorders (e.g. osteoporosis). Peptide hydrogels can be used as a platform to mimic the bone microenvironment and provide a tool to assess OC differentiation and function. Moreover, hydrogels can incorporate different nanofillers to yield hybrid biomaterials with enhanced mechanical properties and improved cytocompatibility. Herein, Fmoc-based RGD-functionalised peptide hydrogels were decorated with hydroxyapatite (Hap) nanoparticles to generate a hydrogel with improved rheological properties. Furthermore, they are able to support osteoclastogenesis of Raw264.7 cells in vitro as confirmed by morphology changes and expression of OC-markers. Therefore, this Hap-decorated hydrogel can be used as a template to successfully differentiate OC and potentially study OC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Vitale
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Cosimo Ligorio
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan McAvan
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel W Hodson
- BioAFM Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Allan
- Biogelx Ltd-BioCity Scotland, Bo'Ness Rd, Newhouse, Chapelhall, Motherwell ML1 5UH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Judith A Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Jordi Bella
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Shahabipour F, Tavafoghi M, Aninwene GE, Bonakdar S, Oskuee RK, Shokrgozar MA, Potyondy T, Alambeigi F, Ahadian S. Coaxial 3D bioprinting of tri-polymer scaffolds to improve the osteogenic and vasculogenic potential of cells in co-culture models. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1077-1089. [PMID: 35025130 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The crosstalk between osteoblasts and endothelial cells is critical for bone vascularization and regeneration. Here, we used a coaxial 3D bioprinting method to directly print an osteon-like structure by depositing angiogenic and osteogenic bioinks from the core and shell regions of the coaxial nozzle, respectively. The bioinks were made up of gelatin, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), alginate, and hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles and were loaded with human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and osteoblasts (MC3T3) in the core and shell regions, respectively. Conventional monoaxial 3D bioprinting was used as a control method, where the hydrogels, HAp nanoparticles, MC3T3 cells, and HUVECs were all mixed in one bioink and printed from the core nozzle. As a result, the bioprinted scaffolds were composed of cell-laden fibers with either a core-shell or homogenous structure, providing a non-contact (indirect) or contact (direct) co-culture of MC3T3 cells and HUVECs, respectively. Both structures supported the 3D culture of HUVECs and osteoblasts over a long period. The scaffolds also supported the expression of osteogenic and angiogenic factors. However, the gene expression was significantly higher for the core-shell structure than the homogeneous structure due to the well-defined distribution of osteoblasts and endothelial cells and the formation of vessel-like structures in the co-culture system. Our results indicated that the coaxial bioprinting technique, with the ability to create a non-contact co-culture of cells, can provide a more efficient bioprinting strategy for printing highly vascularized and bioactive bone structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Shahabipour
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maryam Tavafoghi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - George E Aninwene
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Biomedical Applied Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Tyler Potyondy
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Farshid Alambeigi
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Reakasame S, Dranseikiene D, Schrüfer S, Zheng K, Schubert DW, Boccaccini AR. Development of alginate dialdehyde-gelatin based bioink with methylcellulose for improving printability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112336. [PMID: 34474887 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study used methylcellulose (MC) to improve the printability of the alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL) based bioink. The printability as well as the capability to maintain shape fidelity of ADA-GEL could be enhanced by the addition of 9% (w/v) MC. Moreover, the properties of the ink crosslinked with Ca2+ and Ba2+ were investigated. The samples crosslinked with Ba2+ were more stable and stiffer than the Ca2+ crosslinked samples. However, both Ca2+ and Ba2+ crosslinked samples exhibited a similar trend of MC release during incubation under cell culture conditions. The toxicity test indicated that both samples (crosslinked with Ca2+ and Ba2+) exhibited no toxic potential. The fabrication of cell-laden constructs using the developed bioinks was evaluated. The viability of ST2 cells in Ba2+ crosslinked samples increased while for Ca2+ crosslinked samples, a decreased viability was observed over the incubation time. After 21 days, cell spreading in the hydrogels crosslinked with Ba2+ occurred. However, a certain degree of cell damage was observed after incorporating the cells in the high viscosity bioink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachai Reakasame
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dalia Dranseikiene
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrüfer
- Institute of Polymer Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr.7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai Zheng
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk W Schubert
- Institute of Polymer Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr.7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Neuronal Differentiation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurospheres by the Application of Oxidized Alginate-Gelatin-Laminin Hydrogels. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030261. [PMID: 33808044 PMCID: PMC8000907 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable hydrogels that promote stem cell differentiation into neurons in three dimensions (3D) are highly desired in biomedical research to study drug neurotoxicity or to yield cell-containing biomaterials for neuronal tissue repair. Here, we demonstrate that oxidized alginate-gelatin-laminin (ADA-GEL-LAM) hydrogels facilitate neuronal differentiation and growth of embedded human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived neurospheres. ADA-GEL and ADA-GEL-LAM hydrogels exhibiting a stiffness close to ~5 kPa at initial cell culture conditions of 37 °C were prepared. Laminin supplemented ADA-GEL promoted an increase in neuronal differentiation in comparison to pristine ADA-GEL, with enhanced neuron migration from the neurospheres to the bulk 3D hydrogel matrix. The presence of laminin in ADA-GEL led to a more than two-fold increase in the number of neurospheres with migrated neurons. Our findings suggest that laminin addition to oxidized alginate-gelatin hydrogel matrices plays a crucial role to tailor oxidized alginate-gelatin hydrogels suitable for 3D neuronal cell culture applications.
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Distler T, Kretzschmar L, Schneidereit D, Girardo S, Goswami R, Friedrich O, Detsch R, Guck J, Boccaccini AR, Budday S. Mechanical properties of cell- and microgel bead-laden oxidized alginate-gelatin hydrogels. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3051-3068. [PMID: 33666608 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02117b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
3D-printing technologies, such as biofabrication, capitalize on the homogeneous distribution and growth of cells inside biomaterial hydrogels, ultimately aiming to allow for cell differentiation, matrix remodeling, and functional tissue analogues. However, commonly, only the mechanical properties of the bioinks or matrix materials are assessed, while the detailed influence of cells on the resulting mechanical properties of hydrogels remains insufficiently understood. Here, we investigate the properties of hydrogels containing cells and spherical PAAm microgel beads through multi-modal complex mechanical analyses in the small- and large-strain regimes. We evaluate the individual contributions of different filler concentrations and a non-fibrous oxidized alginate-gelatin hydrogel matrix on the overall mechanical behavior in compression, tension, and shear. Through material modeling, we quantify parameters that describe the highly nonlinear mechanical response of soft composite materials. Our results show that the stiffness significantly drops for cell- and bead concentrations exceeding four million per milliliter hydrogel. In addition, hydrogels with high cell concentrations (≥6 mio ml-1) show more pronounced material nonlinearity for larger strains and faster stress relaxation. Our findings highlight cell concentration as a crucial parameter influencing the final hydrogel mechanics, with implications for microgel bead drug carrier-laden hydrogels, biofabrication, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Distler
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - L Kretzschmar
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - D Schneidereit
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91056 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Girardo
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Goswami
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - O Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91056 Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - J Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany and Chair of Biological Optomechanics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - S Budday
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Reakasame S, Jin A, Zheng K, Qu M, Boccaccini AR. Biofabrication and Characterization of Alginate Dialdehyde-Gelatin Microcapsules Incorporating Bioactive Glass for Cell Delivery Application. Macromol Biosci 2021; 20:e2000138. [PMID: 33405347 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the incorporation of 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) microparticles (mean particle size ≈ 2 µm) on the fabrication and physicochemical properties of alginate dialdehyde-gelatin hydrogel capsules is investigated. The addition of BG particles decreases the hydrogel gelation time by ≈79% and 91% for the samples containing 0.1% w/v and 0.5% w/v BG, respectively. Moreover, it results in increasing average diameter of hydrogel capsules produced via a pressure-driven extrusion technique from about 1000 µm for the samples without BG to about 1700 and 1900 µm for the samples containing BG at concentrations of 0.1% w/v and 0.5% w/v, respectively. The presence of BG particles in the capsules decreases the degradation rate and improves the bioactivity of the materials. The viability of MG-63 cells encapsulated in all samples increases during the first 7 d of cultivation and maintains the same level during 21 d of cultivation. The early cell viability in samples containing BG is lower than that in samples without BG. The results show that 45S5 BG can positively regulate the osteogenic activity of cells incorporated in hydrogel capsules. The fabricated composite capsules exhibit promising potential for cell delivery in bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachai Reakasame
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anbang Jin
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai Zheng
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Muchao Qu
- Institute of Polymer Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Distler T, Schaller E, Steinmann P, Boccaccini A, Budday S. Alginate-based hydrogels show the same complex mechanical behavior as brain tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 111:103979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Use of in vitro bone models to screen for altered bone metabolism, osteopathies, and fracture healing: challenges of complex models. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3937-3958. [PMID: 32910238 PMCID: PMC7655582 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approx. every third hospitalized patient in Europe suffers from musculoskeletal injuries or diseases. Up to 20% of these patients need costly surgical revisions after delayed or impaired fracture healing. Reasons for this are the severity of the trauma, individual factors, e.g, the patients’ age, individual lifestyle, chronic diseases, medication, and, over 70 diseases that negatively affect the bone quality. To investigate the various disease constellations and/or develop new treatment strategies, many in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models can be applied. Analyzing these various models more closely, it is obvious that many of them have limits and/or restrictions. Undoubtedly, in vivo models most completely represent the biological situation. Besides possible species-specific differences, ethical concerns may question the use of in vivo models especially for large screening approaches. Challenging whether ex vivo or in vitro bone models can be used as an adequate replacement for such screenings, we here summarize the advantages and challenges of frequently used ex vivo and in vitro bone models to study disturbed bone metabolism and fracture healing. Using own examples, we discuss the common challenge of cell-specific normalization of data obtained from more complex in vitro models as one example of the analytical limits which lower the full potential of these complex model systems.
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13
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Distler T, Solisito AA, Schneidereit D, Friedrich O, Detsch R, Boccaccini AR. 3D printed oxidized alginate-gelatin bioink provides guidance for C2C12 muscle precursor cell orientation and differentiation via shear stress during bioprinting. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045005. [PMID: 32485696 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab98e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biofabrication can be a tool to three-dimensionally (3D) print muscle cells embedded inside hydrogel biomaterials, ultimately aiming to mimic the complexity of the native muscle tissue and to create in-vitro muscle analogues for advanced repair therapies and drug testing. However, to 3D print muscle analogues of high cell alignment and synchronous contraction, the effect of biofabrication process parameters on myoblast growth has to be understood. A suitable biomaterial matrix is required to provide 3D printability as well as matrix degradation to create space for cell proliferation, matrix remodelling capacity, and cell differentiation. We demonstrate that by the proper selection of nozzle size and extrusion pressure, the shear stress during extrusion-bioprinting of mouse myoblast cells (C2C12) can achieve cell orientation when using oxidized alginate-gelatin (ADA-GEL) hydrogel bionk. The cells grow in the direction of printing, migrate to the hydrogel surface over time, and differentiate into ordered myotube segments in areas of high cell density. Together, our results show that ADA-GEL hydrogel can be a simple and cost-efficient biodegradable bioink that allows the successful 3D bioprinting and cultivation of C2C12 cells in-vitro to study muscle engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Distler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials, Erlangen 91058, Germany. These authors contributed equally to this work
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14
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Distler T, McDonald K, Heid S, Karakaya E, Detsch R, Boccaccini AR. Ionically and Enzymatically Dual Cross-Linked Oxidized Alginate Gelatin Hydrogels with Tunable Stiffness and Degradation Behavior for Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3899-3914. [PMID: 33463325 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels that allow for the successful long-term in vitro culture of cell-biomaterial systems to enable the maturation of tissue engineering constructs are highly relevant in regenerative medicine. Naturally derived polysaccharide-based hydrogels promise to be one material group with enough versatility and chemical functionalization capability to tackle the challenges associated with long-term cell culture. We report a marine derived oxidized alginate, alginate dialdehyde (ADA), and gelatin (GEL) system (ADA-GEL), which is cross-linked via ionic (Ca2+) and enzymatic (microbial transglutaminase, mTG) interaction to form dually cross-linked hydrogels. The cross-linking approach allowed us to tailor the stiffness of the hydrogels in a wide range (from <5 to 120 kPa), without altering the initial ADA and GEL hydrogel chemistry. It was possible to control the degradation behavior of the hydrogels to be stable for up to 30 days of incubation. Increasing concentrations of mTG cross-linker solutions allowed us to tune the degradation behavior of the ADA-GEL hydrogels from fast (<7 days) to moderate (14 days) and slow (>30 days) degradation kinetics. The cytocompatibility of mTG cross-linked ADA-GEL was assessed using NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and ATDC-5 mouse teratocarcinoma cells. Both cell types showed highly increased cellular attachment on mTG cross-linked ADA-GEL in comparison to Ca2+ cross-linked hydrogels. In addition, ATDC-5 cells showed a higher proliferation on mTG cross-linked ADA-GEL hydrogels in comparison to tissue culture polystyrene control substrates. Further, the attachment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) on ADA-GEL (+) mTG was confirmed, proving the suitability of mTG+Ca2+ cross-linked ADA-GEL for several cell types. Summarizing, a promising platform to control the properties of ADA-GEL hydrogels is presented, with the potential to be applied in long-term cell culture investigations such as cartilage, bone, and blood-vessel engineering, as well as for biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Distler
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kilian McDonald
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Heid
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Emine Karakaya
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Borciani G, Montalbano G, Baldini N, Cerqueni G, Vitale-Brovarone C, Ciapetti G. Co-culture systems of osteoblasts and osteoclasts: Simulating in vitro bone remodeling in regenerative approaches. Acta Biomater 2020; 108:22-45. [PMID: 32251782 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone is an extremely dynamic tissue, undergoing continuous remodeling for its whole lifetime, but its regeneration or augmentation due to bone loss or defects are not always easy to obtain. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising approach, and its success often relies on a "smart" scaffold, as a support to host and guide bone formation through bone cell precursors. Bone homeostasis is maintained by osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) within the basic multicellular unit, in a consecutive cycle of resorption and formation. Therefore, a functional scaffold should allow the best possible OB/OC cooperation for bone remodeling, as happens within the bone extracellular matrix in the body. In the present work OB/OC co-culture models, with and without scaffolds, are reviewed. These experimental systems are intended for different targets, including bone remodeling simulation, drug testing and the assessment of biomaterials and 3D scaffolds for BTE. As a consequence, several parameters, such as cell type, cell ratio, culture medium and inducers, culture times and setpoints, assay methods, etc. vary greatly. This review identifies and systematically reports the in vitro methods explored up to now, which, as they allow cellular communication, more closely resemble bone remodeling and/or the regeneration process in the framework of BTE. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bone is a dynamic tissue under continuous remodeling, but spontaneous healing may fail in the case of excessive bone loss which often requires valid alternatives to conventional treatments to restore bone integrity, like bone tissue engineering (BTE). Pre-clinical evaluation of scaffolds for BTE requires in vitro testing where co-cultures combining innovative materials with osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) closely mimic the in vivo repair process. This review considers the direct and indirect OB/OC co-cultures relevant to BTE, from the early mouse-cell models to the recent bone regenerative systems. The co-culture modeling of bone microenvironment provides reliable information on bone cell cross-talk. Starting from improved knowledge on bone remodeling, bone disease mechanisms may be understood and new BTE solutions are designed.
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16
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Shahabipour F, Oskuee RK, Dehghani H, Shokrgozar MA, Aninwene GE, Bonakdar S. Cell-cell interaction in a coculture system consisting of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated GFP knock-in HUVECs and MG-63 cells in alginate-GelMA based nanocomposites hydrogel as a 3D scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1596-1606. [PMID: 32180319 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between osteogenic and angiogenic cells through a coculturing system in biocompatible materials has been considered for successfully engineering vascularized bone tissue equivalents. In this study, we developed a hydrogel-blended scaffold consisted of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and alginate enriched with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP) to model an in vitro prevascularized bone construct. The hydrogel-based scaffold revealed a higher mechanical stiffness than those of pure (GelMA), alginate, and (GelMA+ HAP) hydrogels. In the present study, we generated a green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The GFP was inserted into the human-like ROSA locus of HUVECs genome. HUVECs expressing GFP were cocultured with OB-like cells (MG-63) within three-dimensionally (3D) fabricated hydrogel to investigate the response of cocultured osteoblasts and endothelial cells in a 3D structure. Cell viability under the 3D cocultured gel was higher than the 3D monocultured. Compared to the 3D monocultured condition, the cells were aligned and developed into the vessel-like structures. During 14 days of culture periods, the cells displayed actin protrusions by the formation of spike-like filopodia in the 3D cocultured model. Angiogenic and osteogenic-related genes such as CD31, vWF, and osteocalcin showed higher expression in the cocultured versus the monocultured. These results have collectively indicated that the 3D cocultured hydrogel facilitates interaction among cells, thereby having a greater effect on angiogenic and osteogenic properties in the absence of induction media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza K Oskuee
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - George E Aninwene
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Dranseikiene D, Schrüfer S, Schubert DW, Reakasame S, Boccaccini AR. Cell-laden alginate dialdehyde-gelatin hydrogels formed in 3D printed sacrificial gel. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:31. [PMID: 32152812 PMCID: PMC7062650 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL) hydrogels have been reported to be suitable matrices for cell encapsulation. In general, application of ADA-GEL as bioink has been limited to planar structures due to its low viscosity. In this work, ring shaped constructs of ADA-GEL hydrogel were fabricated by casting the hydrogel into sacrificial molds which were 3D printed from 9% methylcellulose and 5% gelatin. Dissolution of the supporting structure was observed during the 1st week of sample incubation. In addition, the effect of different crosslinkers (Ba2+ and Ca2+) on the physicochemical properties of ADA-GEL and on the behavior of encapsulated MG-63 cells was investigated. It was found that Ba2+ crosslinked network had more than twice higher storage modulus, and mass decrease to 70% during incubation compared to 42% in case of hydrogels crosslinked with Ca2+. In addition, faster increase in cell viability during incubation and earlier cell network formation were observed after Ba2+ crosslinking. No negative effects on cell activity due to the use of sacrificial materials were observed. The approach presented here could be further developed for cell-laden ADA-GEL bioink printing into complex 3D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Dranseikiene
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrüfer
- Institute for Polymer Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk W Schubert
- Institute for Polymer Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Supachai Reakasame
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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18
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Wei J, Cheng L, Li J, Liu Y, Yin S, Xu B, Wang D, Lu H, Liu C. A microfluidic platform culturing two cell lines paralleled under in-vivo like fluidic microenvironment for testing the tumor targeting of nanoparticles. Talanta 2020; 208:120355. [PMID: 31816718 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are attractive in medicine because their surfaces can be chemically modified for targeting specific disease cells, especially for cancer. Providing an in-vivo like platform is crucial to evaluate the biological behaviours of nanoparticles. This paper presents a microfluidic device that could culture two cell lines in parallel in in-vivo like fluidic microenvironments and be used for testing the tumor targeting of folic acid - cholesterol - chitosan (FACC) nanoparticles. The uniformity and uniformity of flow fields inside the cell culture units are investigated using the finite element method and particle tracking technology. HeLa and A549 cells are cultured in the microfluidic chip under continuous media supplementation, mimicking the fluid microenvironment in vivo. Cell introducing processes are presented by the flow behaviours of inks with different colours. The two cell lines are identified by detecting folate receptors on the cellular membranes. The growth curves of the two cell lines are measured. The two cell lines cultured paralleled inside the microfluidic device are treated with FITC-FACC to investigate the targeting of FACC. The tumor targeting of FACC are also detected by in vivo imaging of HeLa cells growth in nude mice models. The results indicate that the microfluidic device could provide a dynamic, uniform and stable fluidic microenvironment to test the tumor targeting of FACC nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wei
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lichun Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingmin Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yuanchang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, NW12BX, UK
| | - Shuqing Yin
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huiyi Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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19
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Sieberath A, Della Bella E, Ferreira AM, Gentile P, Eglin D, Dalgarno K. A Comparison of Osteoblast and Osteoclast In Vitro Co-Culture Models and Their Translation for Preclinical Drug Testing Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E912. [PMID: 32019244 PMCID: PMC7037207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population of western societies on average ages, the number of people affected by bone remodeling-associated diseases such as osteoporosis continues to increase. The development of new therapeutics is hampered by the high failure rates of drug candidates during clinical testing, which is in part due to the poor predictive character of animal models during preclinical drug testing. Co-culture models of osteoblasts and osteoclasts offer an alternative to animal testing and are considered to have the potential to improve drug development processes in the future. However, a robust, scalable, and reproducible 3D model combining osteoblasts and osteoclasts for preclinical drug testing purposes has not been developed to date. Here we review various types of osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture models and outline the remaining obstacles that must be overcome for their successful translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sieberath
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - Elena Della Bella
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (D.E.)
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (D.E.)
| | - Kenny Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
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20
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Distler T, Ruther F, Boccaccini AR, Detsch R. Development of 3D Biofabricated Cell Laden Hydrogel Vessels and a Low-Cost Desktop Printed Perfusion Chamber for In Vitro Vessel Maturation. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900245. [PMID: 31386277 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system represents the key supply chain for nutrients and oxygen inside the human body. Engineered solutions to produce sophisticated alternatives for autologous or artificial vascular implants to sustainably replace diseased vascular tissue still remain a key challenge in tissue engineering. In this paper, cell-laden 3D bioplotted hydrogel vessel-like constructs made from alginate di-aldehyde (ADA) and gelatin (GEL) are presented. The aim is to increase the mechanical stability of fibroblast-laden ADA-GEL vessels, tailoring them for maturation under dynamic cell culture conditions. BaCl2 is investigated as a crosslinker for the oxidized alginate-gelatin system. Normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF)-laden vessel constructs are optimized successfully in terms of higher stiffness by increasing ADA concentration and using BaCl2 , with no toxic effects observed on NHDF. Contrarily, BaCl2 crosslinking of ADA-GEL accelerates cell attachment, viability, and growth from 7d to 24h compared to CaCl2 . Moreover, alignment of cells in the longitudinal direction of the hydrogel vessels when extruding the cell-laden hydrogel crosslinked with Ba2+ is observed. It is possible to tune the stiffness of ADA-GEL by utilizing Ba2+ as crosslinker. In addition, a customized, low-cost 3D printed polycarbonate (PC) perfusion chamber for perfusion of vessel-like constructs is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Distler
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Ruther
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Westhauser F, Karadjian M, Essers C, Senger AS, Hagmann S, Schmidmaier G, Moghaddam A. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is enhanced in a 45S5-supplemented β-TCP composite scaffold: an in-vitro comparison of Vitoss and Vitoss BA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212799. [PMID: 30811492 PMCID: PMC6392320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the amount of autologous bone for the treatment of bone defects is limited and harvesting might cause complications, synthetic bone substitutes such as the popular β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) based Vitoss have been developed as an alternative grafting material. β-TCPs exhibit osteoconductive properties, however material-initiated stimulation of osteogenic differentiation is limited. These limitations might be overcome by addition of 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) particles. This study aims to analyze the influence of BG particles in Vitoss BA (20 wt% BG particles with a size of 90–150 μm) on osteogenic properties, cell vitality and cell proliferation in direct comparison to Vitoss by evaluation of the underlying cellular mechanisms. For that purpose, Vitoss and Vitoss BA scaffolds were seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and underwent osteogenic differentiation in-vitro for up to 42 days. Cell vitality, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were monitored by quantitative gene expression analysis, determination of alkaline phosphatase activity, PrestoBlue cell viability assay, dsDNA quantification, and a fluorescence-microscopy-based live/dead-assay. It was demonstrated that BG particles decrease cell proliferation but do not have a negative impact on cell vitality. Especially the early stages of osteogenic differentiation were significantly improved in the presence of BG particles, resulting in earlier maturation of the MSC towards osteoblasts. Since most of the stimulatory effects induced by BG particles took place initially, particles exhibiting another surface-area-to-volume ratio should be considered in order to provide long-lasting stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Westhauser
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Karadjian
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Essers
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Senger
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Hagmann
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmidmaier
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- ATORG—Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics, and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Aschaffenburg, Germany
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22
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Gao S, Liu B, Peng J, Zhu K, Zhao Y, Li X, Yuan X. Icephobic Durability of Branched PDMS Slippage Coatings Co-Cross-Linked by Functionalized POSS. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4654-4666. [PMID: 30600999 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ice accretion poses a severe impact on diverse aspects of human life. Although great efforts have been dedicated to prevent or alleviate ice adhesion to the surface of substrates by developing various icephobic coatings, it is still needed to improve the integrated performance. Herein, we present a novel strategy to prepare poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) slippage coatings by combining a soft architecture-driven branched PDMS with partial short PDMS-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) as a co-cross-linker, in which silicone oil with certain viscosity was added as a lubricant. The chemical structure, surface morphology, and icephobic durability of the prepared coatings were investigated with concerns for the potential anti-icing uses. The PDMS slippage coating shed light on extraordinary icephobic durability with the ice shear strength at approximately 11.2 kPa and maintained low values below 14 kPa even after 50 icing/deicing cycles. Due to the elaborate control of the cross-link density, the side chains of the branched PDMS provided a rich storage space for entrapped silicone oil for the formation of the interfacial slippage. Moreover, the introduction of the functionalized POSS brought about significantly improved mechanical resistance in abrasion and elastic modulus. It is suggested that the branched PDMS slippage coating is a promising candidate in practical anti-icing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Jie Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Kongying Zhu
- Analysis and Measurement Center , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300350 , China
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23
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Ruther F, Distler T, Boccaccini AR, Detsch R. Biofabrication of vessel-like structures with alginate di-aldehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL) bioink. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 30:8. [PMID: 30594988 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the key challenges in the field of blood vessel engineering is the in vitro production of small and large diameter vessels. Considering that a combination of alginate di-aldehyde and gelatin (ADA-GEL) has been successfully applied for different biofabrication approaches, the aim of this study was to exploit ADA-GEL for the fabrication of vessel structures with diameters up to 4 mm. To explore plotting possibilities and to study the swelling behaviour, a library of vessel-like constructs with different diameters made from 2, 3 and 4% (w/v) alginate was created by using various hand-crafted double-needle extrusion systems. Vessel diameters were varied through changes of the double-needle core and outer diameters. A straightforward model for the production of vessel of different diameters from a variety of double-needle systems was established and vessel-constructs with diameters of up to 3.7 mm could be created. It was successfully demonstrated that an artificial vessel, consisting of an outer layer of 7.5% ADA50-GEL50 and an inner core of 3% gelatin, can support the proliferation and migration of an immobilized co-culture containing fibroblast (NHDF) and endothelial (HUVEC) cells. The openness and tightness of the hollow ADA-GEL structures were further confirmed by a dye injection test. Nanoindentation was performed to determine the Young's modulus of the used materials. Cell vitality was proved after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of incubation. The results showed a nearly twofold increase of viable cells per week. Fluorescent images confirmed cell migration during the whole incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ruther
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Distler
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - R Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Reakasame S, Trapani D, Detsch R, Boccaccini AR. Cell laden alginate-keratin based composite microcapsules containing bioactive glass for tissue engineering applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:185. [PMID: 30519790 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules based on alginate-keratin, alginate dialdehyde (ADA)-keratin and ADA-keratin-45S5 bioactive glass (BG) were successfully prepared. The samples were characterized by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that ADA-based materials possess higher degradation rate compared to alginate-based materials. The incorporation of BG particles (mean particle size: 2.0 µm) improved the bioactivity of the materials. Moreover, the biological properties of the samples were evaluated by encapsulating MG-63 osteosarcoma cells into the microcapsules. The cell viability in all samples increased during 21 days of cultivation. However, the presence of 0.5% BG particle seemed to have initial negative effect on cell growth compared to other samples without BG. On the other hand, the positive effect of CaP formation was visible after 3 weeks in the BG containing samples. The results are relevant to consider the development of cell laden bioinks incorporating inorganic bioactive particles for biofabrication approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachai Reakasame
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Trapani
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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25
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Zhu S, Ehnert S, Rouß M, Häussling V, Aspera-Werz RH, Chen T, Nussler AK. From the Clinical Problem to the Basic Research-Co-Culture Models of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082284. [PMID: 30081523 PMCID: PMC6121694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue undergoes constant remodeling and healing when fracture happens, in order to ensure its structural integrity. In order to better understand open biological and clinical questions linked to various bone diseases, bone cell co-culture technology is believed to shed some light into the dark. Osteoblasts/osteocytes and osteoclasts dominate the metabolism of bone by a multitude of connections. Therefore, it is widely accepted that a constant improvement of co-culture models with both cell types cultured on a 3D scaffold, is aimed to mimic an in vivo environment as closely as possible. Although in recent years a considerable knowledge of bone co-culture models has been accumulated, there are still many open questions. We here try to summarize the actual knowledge and address open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhu
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Marc Rouß
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Victor Häussling
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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26
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Reakasame S, Boccaccini AR. Oxidized Alginate-Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:3-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Supachai Reakasame
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Kook YM, Jeong Y, Lee K, Koh WG. Design of biomimetic cellular scaffolds for co-culture system and their application. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417724640. [PMID: 29081966 PMCID: PMC5564857 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417724640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of most natural tissues comprises various types of cells, including fibroblasts, stem cells, and endothelial cells, which communicate with each other directly or indirectly to regulate matrix production and cell functionality. To engineer multicellular interactions in vitro, co-culture systems have achieved tremendous success achieving a more realistic microenvironment of in vivo metabolism than monoculture system in the past several decades. Recently, the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have primarily focused on three-dimensional co-culture systems using cellular scaffolds, because of their physical and biological relevance to the extracellular matrix of actual tissues. This review discusses several materials and methods to create co-culture systems, including hydrogels, electrospun fibers, microfluidic devices, and patterning for biomimetic co-culture system and their applications for specific tissue regeneration. Consequently, we believe that culture systems with appropriate physical and biochemical properties should be developed, and direct or indirect cell-cell interactions in the remodeled tissue must be considered to obtain an optimal tissue-specific microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Min Kook
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong
- Program in Nanoscience and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangwon Lee
- Program in Nanoscience and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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