1
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Xiao P, Schilling C, Wang X. Characterization of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture and Mechanical Properties Using Bone Surface Curvature Distributions. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:239. [PMID: 39194677 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15080239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding bone surface curvatures is crucial for the advancement of bone material design, as these curvatures play a significant role in the mechanical behavior and functionality of bone structures. Previous studies have demonstrated that bone surface curvature distributions could be used to characterize bone geometry and have been proposed as key parameters for biomimetic microstructure design and optimization. However, understanding of how bone surface curvature distributions correlate with bone microstructure and mechanical properties remains limited. This study hypothesized that bone surface curvature distributions could be used to predict the microstructure as well as mechanical properties of trabecular bone. To test the hypothesis, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model was trained and validated to predict the histomorphometric parameters (e.g., BV/TV, BS, Tb.Th, DA, Conn.D, and SMI), geometric parameters (e.g., plate area PA, plate thickness PT, rod length RL, rod diameter RD, plate-to-plate nearest neighbor distance NNDPP, rod-to-rod nearest neighbor distance NNDRR, plate number PN, and rod number RN), as well as the apparent stiffness tensor of trabecular bone using various bone surface curvature distributions, including maximum principal curvature distribution, minimum principal curvature distribution, Gaussian curvature distribution, and mean curvature distribution. The results showed that the surface curvature distribution-based deep learning model achieved high fidelity in predicting the major histomorphometric parameters and geometric parameters as well as the stiffness tenor of trabecular bone, thus supporting the hypothesis of this study. The findings of this study underscore the importance of incorporating bone surface curvature analysis in the design of synthetic bone materials and implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Caroline Schilling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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2
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Schoonover KG, Hsieh CM, Sengoden M, Ahmed N, Sivaperuman Kalairaj M, Ware TH, Darensbourg DJ, Pentzer EB, Wei P. Bridging polymer architecture, printability, and properties by digital light processing of block copolycarbonates. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04593a. [PMID: 39144463 PMCID: PMC11318375 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
CO2-based aliphatic polycarbonates (aPCs), produced through the alternating copolymerization of epoxides with CO2, present an appealing option for sustainable polymeric materials owing to their renewable feedstock and degradable characteristics. An ongoing challenge in working with aPCs is modifying their mechanical properties to meet specific demands. Herein, we report that monomer ratio and polymer architecture of aPCs impact not only printability by digital light processing (DLP) additive manufacturing, but also dictate the thermomechanical and degradation properties of the printed objects. We found that block copolymers exhibit tailorable thermomechanical properties ranging from soft elastomeric to strong and brittle as the proportion of hard blocks increases, whereas the homopolymer blend failed to print objects and statistical copolymers delaminated or overcured, displaying the weakest mechanical properties. In addition, the hydrolytic degradation of the prints was demonstrated under various conditions, revealing that BCP prints containing a higher proportion of hard blocks had slower degradation and that statistical copolymer prints degraded more slowly than their BCP counterparts. This study underscores that polymer composition and architecture both play key roles in resin printability and bulk properties, offering significant prospects for advancing sustainable materials in additive manufacturing through polymer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Schoonover
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Chia-Min Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Mani Sengoden
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Naushad Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | | | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Donald J Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Emily B Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Peiran Wei
- Soft Matter Facility, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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3
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Yang X, Sun Z, Hu Y, Mi C. Multi-parameter design of triply periodic minimal surface scaffolds: from geometry optimization to biomechanical simulation. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:055005. [PMID: 38917813 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad5ba8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a multi-parameter design methodology to create triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds with predefined geometric characteristics. The level-set constant and unit cell lengths are systematically correlated with targeted porosity and minimum pore sizes. Network and sheet scaffolds featuring diamond, gyroid, and primitive level-set structures are generated. Three radially graded schemes are applied to each of the six scaffold type, accommodating radial variations in porosity and pore sizes. Computer simulations are conducted to assess the biomechanical performance of 18 scaffold models. Results disclose that diamond and gyroid scaffolds exhibit more expansive design ranges than primitive counterparts. While primitive scaffolds display the highest Young's modulus and permeability, their lower yield strength and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion render them unsuitable for bone scaffolds. Gyroid scaffolds demonstrate superior mechanical and permeability performances, albeit with slightly lower MSC adhesion than diamond scaffolds. Sheet scaffolds, characterized by more uniform material distribution, exhibit superior mechanical performance in various directions, despite slightly lower permeability. The higher specific surface area of sheet scaffolds contributes to elevated MSC adhesion. The stimulus factor analysis also revealed the superior differentiation potential of sheet scaffolds over network ones. The diamond sheet type demonstrated the optimal differentiation. Introducing radial gradations enhances axial mechanical performance at the expense of radial mechanical performance. Radially decreasing porosity displays the highest permeability, MSC adhesion, and differentiation capability, aligning with the structural characteristics of human bones. This study underscores the crucial need to balance diverse biomechanical properties of TPMS scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuai Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mechanical Analysis for Infrastructure and Advanced Equipment, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mechanical Analysis for Infrastructure and Advanced Equipment, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbin Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangzhou Hospital of TCM, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwen Mi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mechanical Analysis for Infrastructure and Advanced Equipment, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
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4
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Jiang J, Huo Y, Peng X, Wu C, Zhu H, Lyu Y. Design of novel triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) bone scaffold with multi-functional pores: lower stress shielding and higher mass transport capacity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1401899. [PMID: 38994122 PMCID: PMC11238189 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1401899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The bone repair requires the bone scaffolds to meet various mechanical and biological requirements, which makes the design of bone scaffolds a challenging problem. Novel triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)-based bone scaffolds were designed in this study to improve the mechanical and biological performances simultaneously. Methods: The novel bone scaffolds were designed by adding optimization-guided multi-functional pores to the original scaffolds, and finite element (FE) method was used to evaluate the performances of the novel scaffolds. In addition, the novel scaffolds were fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) and mechanical experiments were performed to evaluate the performances. Results: The FE results demonstrated the improvement in performance: the elastic modulus reduced from 5.01 GPa (original scaffold) to 2.30 GPa (novel designed scaffold), resulting in lower stress shielding; the permeability increased from 8.58 × 10-9 m2 (original scaffold) to 5.14 × 10-8 m2 (novel designed scaffold), resulting in higher mass transport capacity. Conclusion: In summary, the novel TPMS scaffolds with multi-functional pores simultaneously improve the mechanical and biological performances, making them ideal candidates for bone repair. Furthermore, the novel scaffolds expanded the design domain of TPMS-based bone scaffolds, providing a promising new method for the design of high-performance bone scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yi Huo
- School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hanxing Zhu
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yongtao Lyu
- School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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5
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Szepke D, Zarzeczny M, Pawlak M, Jarmuła P, Yoshizawa A, Pociecha D, Lewandowski W. Disentangling optical effects in 3D spiral-like, chiral plasmonic assemblies templated by a dark conglomerate liquid crystal. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074201. [PMID: 38380754 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiral thin films showing electronic and plasmonic circular dichroism (CD) are intensively explored for optoelectronic applications. The most studied chiral organic films are the composites exhibiting a helical geometry, which often causes entanglement of circular optical properties with unwanted linear optical effects (linearly polarized absorption or refraction). This entanglement limits tunability and often translates to a complex optical response. This paper describes chiral films based on dark conglomerate, sponge-like, liquid crystal films, which go beyond the usual helical type geometry, waiving the problem of linear contributions to chiroptical electronic and plasmonic properties. First, we show that purely organic films exhibit high electronic CD and circular birefringence, as studied in detail using Mueller matrix polarimetry. Analogous linear properties are two orders of magnitude lower, highlighting the benefits of using the bi-isotropic dark conglomerate liquid crystal for chiroptical purposes. Next, we show that the liquid crystal can act as a template to guide the assembly of chemically compatible gold nanoparticles into 3D spiral-like assemblies. The Mueller matrix polarimetry measurements confirm that these composites exhibit both electronic and plasmonic circular dichroisms, while nanoparticle presence is not compromising the beneficial optical properties of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Szepke
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Zarzeczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Pawlak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Jarmuła
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Atsushi Yoshizawa
- National University Corporation, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan
| | - Damian Pociecha
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Ma J, Li Y, Mi Y, Gong Q, Zhang P, Meng B, Wang J, Wang J, Fan Y. Novel 3D printed TPMS scaffolds: microstructure, characteristics and applications in bone regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241263689. [PMID: 39071895 PMCID: PMC11283664 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241263689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone defect disease seriously endangers human health and affects beauty and function. In the past five years, the three dimension (3D) printed radially graded triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous scaffold has become a new solution for repairing bone defects. This review discusses 3D printing technologies and applications for TPMS scaffolds. To this end, the microstructural effects of 3D printed TPMS scaffolds on bone regeneration were reviewed and the structural characteristics of TPMS, which can promote bone regeneration, were introduced. Finally, the challenges and prospects of using TPMS scaffolds to treat bone defects were presented. This review is expected to stimulate the interest of bone tissue engineers in radially graded TPMS scaffolds and provide a reliable solution for the clinical treatment of personalised bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yujing Mi
- Department of Orthodontics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiannan Gong
- Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital of Stomatology,Taiyuan,China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bing Meng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yawei Fan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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7
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Abdelrahman D, Iseli R, Musya M, Jinnai B, Fukami S, Yuasa T, Sai H, Wiesner UB, Saba M, Wilts BD, Steiner U, Llandro J, Gunkel I. Directed Self-Assembly of Diamond Networks in Triblock Terpolymer Films on Patterned Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:57981-57991. [PMID: 37989271 PMCID: PMC10739600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) are particularly effective in creating soft nanostructured templates for transferring complex 3D network structures into inorganic materials that are difficult to fabricate by other methods. However, achieving control of the local ordering within these 3D networks over large areas remains a significant obstacle to advancing material properties. Here, we address this challenge by directing the self-assembly of a 3D alternating diamond morphology by solvent vapor annealing of a triblock terpolymer film on a chemically patterned substrate. The hexagonal substrate patterns were designed to match a (111) plane of the diamond lattice. Commensurability between the sparse substrate pattern and the BCP lattice produced a uniformly ordered diamond network within the polymer film, as confirmed by a combination of atomic force microscopy and cross-sectional imaging using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. The successful replication of the complex and well-ordered 3D network structure in gold promises to advance optical metamaterials and has potential applications in nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha Abdelrahman
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - René Iseli
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michimasa Musya
- Laboratory
for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research
Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Butsurin Jinnai
- WPI
Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fukami
- Laboratory
for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research
Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- WPI
Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center
for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center
for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
- Inamori
Research Institute for Science, Kyoto 600-8411, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yuasa
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, New
York 14853-1501, United States
| | - Hiroaki Sai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, New
York 14853-1501, United States
| | - Ulrich B. Wiesner
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, New
York 14853-1501, United States
| | - Matthias Saba
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss
National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Bio-Inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D. Wilts
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, Salzburg 5020, Austria
- Swiss
National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Bio-Inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss
National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Bio-Inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Justin Llandro
- Laboratory
for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research
Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center
for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss
National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Bio-Inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Liang B, Sadeghian Dehkord E, Van Hede D, Barzegari M, Verlée B, Pirson J, Nolens G, Lambert F, Geris L. Model-Based Design to Enhance Neotissue Formation in Additively Manufactured Calcium-Phosphate-Based Scaffolds. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:563. [PMID: 38132817 PMCID: PMC10744304 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14120563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering, optimizing scaffold structure and composition remains an active field of research. Additive manufacturing has enabled the production of custom designs in a variety of materials. This study aims to improve the design of calcium-phosphate-based additively manufactured scaffolds, the material of choice in oral bone regeneration, by using a combination of in silico and in vitro tools. Computer models are increasingly used to assist in design optimization by providing a rational way of merging different requirements into a single design. The starting point for this study was an in-house developed in silico model describing the in vitro formation of neotissue, i.e., cells and the extracellular matrix they produced. The level set method was applied to simulate the interface between the neotissue and the void space inside the scaffold pores. In order to calibrate the model, a custom disk-shaped scaffold was produced with prismatic canals of different geometries (circle, hexagon, square, triangle) and inner diameters (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm). The disks were produced with three biomaterials (hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and a blend of both). After seeding with skeletal progenitor cells and a cell culture for up to 21 days, the extent of neotissue growth in the disks' canals was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. The results clearly demonstrated that in the presence of calcium-phosphate-based materials, the curvature-based growth principle was maintained. Bayesian optimization was used to determine the model parameters for the different biomaterials used. Subsequently, the calibrated model was used to predict neotissue growth in a 3D gyroid structure. The predicted results were in line with the experimentally obtained ones, demonstrating the potential of the calibrated model to be used as a tool in the design and optimization of 3D-printed calcium-phosphate-based biomaterials for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Liang
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.L.); (E.S.D.)
| | - Ehsan Sadeghian Dehkord
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.L.); (E.S.D.)
- Prometheus, The R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Van Hede
- Department of Periodontology Oral Surgery and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.V.H.); (F.L.)
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mojtaba Barzegari
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Bruno Verlée
- Department of Additive Manufacturing, Sirris Liège, 4100 Seraing, Belgium;
| | | | - Grégory Nolens
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - France Lambert
- Department of Periodontology Oral Surgery and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.V.H.); (F.L.)
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.L.); (E.S.D.)
- Prometheus, The R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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9
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Wei P, Bhat GA, Darensbourg DJ. Enabling New Approaches: Recent Advances in Processing Aliphatic Polycarbonate-Based Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307507. [PMID: 37534963 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic polycarbonates (aPCs) have become increasingly popular as functional materials due to their biocompatibility and capacity for on-demand degradation. Advances in polymerization techniques and the introduction of new functional monomers have expanded the library of aPCs available, offering a diverse range of chemical compositions and structures. To accommodate the emerging requirements of new applications in biomedical and energy-related fields, various manufacturing techniques have been adopted for processing aPC-based materials. However, a summary of these techniques has yet to be conducted. The aim of this paper is to enrich the toolbox available to researchers, enabling them to select the most suitable technique for their materials. In this paper, a concise review of the recent progress in processing techniques, including controlled self-assembly, electrospinning, additive manufacturing, and other techniques, is presented. We also highlight the specific challenges and opportunities for the sustainable growth of this research area and the successful integration of aPCs in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Wei
- Soft Matter Facility, Texas A&M University, 1313 Research Parkway, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Gulzar A Bhat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Donald J Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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10
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Karaman D, Ghahramanzadeh Asl H. The effects of sheet and network solid structures of similar TPMS scaffold architectures on permeability, wall shear stress, and velocity: A CFD analysis. Med Eng Phys 2023; 118:104024. [PMID: 37536832 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is known mathematically as a surface with mean curvature of zero and replicated in three directions infinitely. Providing the pore combination in porous structures with surface connections, they provide large surface areas. This study aims to determine the effects of the network solid and sheet solid structures in the three different TPMS architectures on bone regeneration. Evaluation is made for Diamond, Gyroid, and I-WP structures, which are widely preferred architectures in terms of mechanical strength. Scaffolds are modeled as both network solid and sheet solid unit cells with similar porosities (60%, 70%, and 80%). Flow analyses are performed with the Computational Fluid Dynamics method to determine of potential for bone cell development of scaffolds. The permeability, wall shear stress on the surfaces, and the flow velocity distribution of the scaffolds are obtained with these analyses. The permeability value of 18 scaffolds is between the permeability values determined for trabecular bone. The permeability of network solid TPMS scaffolds for the same architectures is higher than sheet solid TPMS scaffolds due to the low pressures generated. The maximum wall shear stress in scaffolds decreases as porosity increases. Since the maximum wall shear stresses occur in less than 0.1% area on the scaffold surfaces, it is more appropriate to examine distribution of these stresses on the scaffold surfaces. Sheet solid structures within TPMS are more advantageous for biomechanical environments due to their greater surface area at similar porosities, wall shear stress, and permeability values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Karaman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
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11
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Seehanam S, Chanchareon W, Promoppatum P. Assessing the effect of manufacturing defects and non-Newtonian blood model on flow behaviors of additively manufactured Gyroid TPMS structures. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15711. [PMID: 37180920 PMCID: PMC10172759 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of medical engineering, Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) structures have been studied widely owing to their physical attributes similar to those of human bones. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is often used to reveal the interaction between structural architectures and flow fields. Nevertheless, a comprehensive study on the effect of manufacturing defects and non-Newtonian behavior on the fluid responses in TPMS scaffolds is still lacking. Therefore, the present study fabricated Gyroid TPMS with four relative densities from 0.1 to 0.4. Non-destructive techniques were used to examine surface roughness and geometric deviation. We found that the manufacturing defects had a minor effect on fluid responses. The pressure drop comparison between defect-containing and defect-free models could be differed up to 7%. The same comparison for the average shear stress showed a difference up to 23%, in which greater deviation between both models was observed at higher relative density. On the contrary, the viscosity model played a significant role in flow prediction. By comparing the Newtonian model with Carreau-Yasuda non-Newtonian model, the resulting pressure drop and average wall shear stress from non-Newtonian viscosity could be higher than those of the Newtonian model by more than a factor of two. In addition, we matched the fluid-induced shear stress from both viscosity models with desirable ranges of shear stresses for tissue growth obtained from the literature. Up to 70% from the Newtonian model fell within the desirable range while the matching stress reduced to lower than 8% for the non-Newtonian results. Furthermore, by correlating geometric features with physical outputs, the geometric deviation was seen associated with surface curvature while the local shear stress revealed a strong correlation with inclination angle. Overall, the present work emphasized the importance of the viscosity model for CFD analysis of the scaffolds, especially when resulting fluid-induced wall shear stress is of interest. In addition, the geometric correlation has introduced the alternative consideration of structural architectures from local perspectives, which could assist the further comparison and optimization among different porous scaffolds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saran Seehanam
- Center for Lightweight Materials, Design, and Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Wares Chanchareon
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Patcharapit Promoppatum
- Center for Lightweight Materials, Design, and Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
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12
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The Effect of Tortuosity on Permeability of Porous Scaffold. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020427. [PMID: 36830961 PMCID: PMC9953537 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In designing porous scaffolds, permeability is essential to consider as a function of cell migration and bone tissue regeneration. Good permeability has been achieved by mimicking the complexity of natural cancellous bone. In this study, a porous scaffold was developed according to the morphological indices of cancellous bone (porosity, specific surface area, thickness, and tortuosity). The computational fluid dynamics method analyzes the fluid flow through the scaffold. The permeability values of natural cancellous bone and three types of scaffolds (cubic, octahedron pillar, and Schoen's gyroid) were compared. The results showed that the permeability of the Negative Schwarz Primitive (NSP) scaffold model was similar to that of natural cancellous bone, which was in the range of 2.0 × 10-11 m2 to 4.0 × 10-10 m2. In addition, it was observed that the tortuosity parameter significantly affected the scaffold's permeability and shear stress values. The tortuosity value of the NSP scaffold was in the range of 1.5-2.8. Therefore, tortuosity can be manipulated by changing the curvature of the surface scaffold radius to obtain a superior bone tissue engineering construction supporting cell migration and tissue regeneration. This parameter should be considered when making new scaffolds, such as our NSP. Such efforts will produce a scaffold architecturally and functionally close to the natural cancellous bone, as demonstrated in this study.
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13
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Flores-Jiménez MS, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Fuentes-Aguilar RQ. Review on Porous Scaffolds Generation Process: A Tissue Engineering Approach. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1-23. [PMID: 36599046 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds have been widely explored for tissue regeneration and engineering in vitro three-dimensional models. In this review, a comprehensive literature analysis is conducted to identify the steps involved in their generation. The advantages and disadvantages of the available techniques are discussed, highlighting the importance of considering pore geometrical parameters such as curvature and size, and summarizing the requirements to generate the porous scaffold according to the desired application. This paper considers the available design tools, mathematical models, materials, fabrication techniques, cell seeding methodologies, assessment methods, and the status of pore scaffolds in clinical applications. This review compiles the relevant research in the field in the past years. The trends, challenges, and future research directions are discussed in the search for the generation of a porous scaffold with improved mechanical and biological properties that can be reproducible, viable for long-term studies, and closer to being used in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Flores-Jiménez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Gonzalez
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Rita Q Fuentes-Aguilar
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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14
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Adjustable Thermo-Responsive, Cell-Adhesive Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Cell Stimulation through Periodic Changes in Culture Temperature. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010572. [PMID: 36614014 PMCID: PMC9820143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) scaffold ideally provides hierarchical complexity and imitates the chemistry and mechanical properties of the natural cell environment. Here, we report on a stimuli-responsive photo-cross-linkable resin formulation for the fabrication of scaffolds by continuous digital light processing (cDLP), which allows for the mechano-stimulation of adherent cells. The resin comprises a network-forming trifunctional acrylate ester monomer (trimethylolpropane triacrylate, or TMPTA), N-isopropyl acrylamide (NiPAAm), cationic dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA) for enhanced cell interaction, and 4-acryloyl morpholine (AMO) to adjust the phase transition temperature (Ttrans) of the equilibrium swollen cross-polymerized scaffold. With glycofurol as a biocompatible solvent, controlled three-dimensional structures were fabricated and the transition temperatures were adjusted by resin composition. The effects of the thermally induced mechano-stimulation were investigated with mouse fibroblasts (L929) and myoblasts (C2C12) on printed constructs. Periodic changes in the culture temperature stimulated the myoblast proliferation.
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15
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Li Z, Chen Z, Chen X, Zhao R. Mechanical properties of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds: considering the influence of spatial angle and surface curvature. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 22:541-560. [PMID: 36550240 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) has a promising application in the design of bone scaffolds due to its relevance in bone structure. Notably, the mechanical properties of TPMS scaffolds can be affected by many factors, including the spatial angle and surface curvature, which, however, remain to be discovered. This paper illustrates our study on the mechanical properties of tissue scaffolds consisting of TPMS structures (Primitive and I-WP) by considering the influence of spatial angle and surface curvature. Also, the development of a novel model representative of the mechanical properties of scaffolds based on the entropy weight fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is also presented. For experimental investigation and validation, we employed the selective laser melting technology to manufacture scaffolds with varying structures from AlSi10Mg powder and then performed mechanical testing on the scaffolds. Our results show that for a given porosity, the Gaussian curvature of the stretched TPMS structures is more concentrated and have a higher elastic modulus and fatigue life. At the spatial angle θ = 27°, the shear modulus of the primitive unit reaches its largest value; the shear modulus of the I-WP unit is positively correlated with the spatial angle. Additionally, it is found that the comprehensive mechanical properties of TPMS structures can be significantly improved after changing the surface curvature. Taken together, the identified influence of spatial angle and surface curvature and the developed models of scaffold mechanical properties would be of significant advance and guidance for the design and development of bone scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Li
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N5A9, Canada
| | - Runchao Zhao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
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16
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Zhu J, Zou S, Mu Y, Wang J, Jin Y. Additively Manufactured Scaffolds with Optimized Thickness Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surface. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7084. [PMID: 36295151 PMCID: PMC9605549 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) became an effective method to design porous scaffolds in recent years due to their superior mechanical and other engineering properties. Since the advent of additive manufacturing (AM), different TPMS-based scaffolds are designed and fabricated for a wide range of applications. In this study, Schwarz Primitive triply periodic minimal surface (P-TPMS) is adopted to design a novel porous scaffold according to the distribution of the scaffold stress under a fixed load with optimized thickness to tune both the mechanical and biological properties. The designed scaffolds are then additively manufactured through selective laser melting (SLM). The micro-features of the scaffolds are studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-computed tomography (CT) images, and the results confirm that morphological features of printed samples are identical to the designed ones. Afterwards, the quasi-static uniaxial compression tests are carried out to observe the stress-strain curves and the deformation behavior. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of the porous scaffolds with optimized thickness were significantly improved. Since the mass transport capability is important for the transport of nutrients within the bone scaffolds, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used to calculate the permeability under laminar flow conditions. The results reveal that the scaffolds with optimized structures possess lower permeability due to the rougher inner surface. In summary, the proposed method is effective to tailor both the mechanical properties and permeability, and thus offers a means for the selection and design of porous scaffolds in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Sijia Zou
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yanru Mu
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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17
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Gaussian curvature-driven direction of cell fate toward osteogenesis with triply periodic minimal surface scaffolds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206684119. [PMID: 36191194 PMCID: PMC9564829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206684119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf photosynthesis, coral mineralization, and trabecular bone growth depend on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) with hyperboloidal structure on every surface point with varying Gaussian curvatures. However, translation of this structure into tissue-engineered bone grafts is challenging. This article reports the design and fabrication of high-resolution three-dimensional TPMS scaffolds embodying biomimicking hyperboloidal topography with different Gaussian curvatures, composed of body inherent β-tricalcium phosphate, by stereolithography-based three-dimensional printing and sintering. The TPMS bone scaffolds show high porosity and interconnectivity. Notably, compared with conventional scaffolds, they can reduce stress concentration, leading to increased mechanical strength. They are also found to support the attachment, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and angiogenic paracrine function of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Through transcriptomic analysis, we theorize that the hyperboloid structure induces cytoskeleton reorganization of hMSCs, expressing elongated morphology on the convex direction and strengthening the cytoskeletal contraction. The clinical therapeutic efficacy of the TPMS scaffolds assessed by rabbit femur defect and mouse subcutaneous implantation models demonstrate that the TPMS scaffolds augment new bone formation and neovascularization. In comparison with conventional scaffolds, our TPMS scaffolds successfully guide the cell fate toward osteogenesis through cell-level directional curvatures and demonstrate drastic yet quantifiable improvements in bone regeneration.
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18
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Tarek Benkhaled B, Belkhir K, Brossier T, Chatard C, Graillot A, Lonetti B, Mingotaud AF, Catrouillet S, Blanquer S, Lapinte V. 3D fabrication of Shape-Memory polymer networks based on coumarin Photo-Dimerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Lu Y, Huo Y, Zou J, Li Y, Yang Z, Zhu H, Wu C. Comparison of the design maps of TPMS based bone scaffolds using a computational modeling framework simultaneously considering various conditions. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:1157-1168. [DOI: 10.1177/09544119221102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)-based scaffolds have been served as one of the crucial types of structures for biological replacements, the energy absorber, etc. Meanwhile, the development of additive manufacturing (AM) has facilitated the production of TPMS scaffolds with complex microstructures. However, the design maps of TPMS scaffolds, especially considering the AM constraints, remain unclear, which has hindered the design and application of TPMS scaffolds. The aims of the present study were to develop an efficient computational modeling framework for investigating the design maps of TPMS scaffolds simultaneously considering the AM constraints, the biological requirements, and the structural anisotropy. To demonstrate the computational framework, five widely-used topologies of the TPMS-based scaffolds (i.e. the Diamond, the Gyroid, the Fischer-Koch S, the F-RD, and the Schwarz P) were used, whose design maps for the surface-to-volume ratio and the effective elastic modulus were also investigated. The results showed that as the porosities increase, the design ranges of the surface-to-volume ratios decreases for all the structures. Compared with the effect of the constraint for the pore size, the minimal structural thickness for AM constraint has a greater effect on the surface-to-volume ratio. Regarding the elastic modulus, in the region of low porosity (approximately 0.5–0.7), the range for the effective elastic modulus of Schwarz P is the widest (approximately 2.24–32.6 GPa), but the Gyroid can achieve both high porosity and low effective elastic modulus (e.g. 0.61 GPa at the porosity of 0.90). These results and the method developed in the present study provided important basis and guidance for the design and application of the TPMS-based porous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yi Huo
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jia’ao Zou
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yanchen Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhuoyue Yang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hanxing Zhu
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chengwei Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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20
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Lv J, Jin W, Liu W, Qin X, Feng Y, Bai J, Wu Z, Li J. Selective Laser Melting Fabrication of Porous Ti6Al4V Scaffolds With Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Architectures: Structural Features, Cytocompatibility, and Osteogenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:899531. [PMID: 35694229 PMCID: PMC9178116 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.899531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between pore architecture and structure performance needs to be explored, as well as confirm the optimized porous structure. Because of the linear correlation between constant C and pore architecture, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) based porous structures could be a controllable model for the investigation of the optimized porous structure. In the present work, three types of TPMS porous scaffolds (S, D and G) combined with four constants (0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) were designed, and built successfully via the selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The designed feature and mechanical property of porous scaffolds were investigated through mathematical method and compression test. And the manufactured samples were co-cultured with rMSCs for the compatibility study. The results indicated that the whole manufacturing procedure was good in controllability, repeatability, and accuracy. The linear correlation between the porosity of TPMS porous scaffolds and the constant C in equations was established. The different TPMS porous scaffolds possess the disparate feature in structure, mechanical property and cell compatibility. Comprehensive consideration of the structure features, mechanical property and biology performance, different TPMS structures should be applied in appropriate field. The results could guide the feasibility of apply the different TPMS architectures into the different part of orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jia Lv,
| | - Wenxuan Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiuyu Qin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junjun Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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21
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Li Z, Chen Z, Chen X, Zhao R. Effect of Surface Curvature on the Mechanical and Mass-Transport Properties of Additively Manufactured Tissue Scaffolds with Minimal Surfaces. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1623-1643. [PMID: 35285609 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design of scaffolds for tissue engineering has to consider two trade-off properties: mechanical and mass-transport properties. This is particularly true for additively manufactured scaffolds with the structures of minimal surfaces, and notably, the influence of the surface curvature of the structure on the mechanical and mass-transport properties remains unclear. This work presents our study on the scaffolds designed with the structure of triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS), with a focus on discovering the influence of surface curvature on the mechanical response and the mass-transport property or permeability of the scaffolds. Based on the entropy weight fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, a model representative of both mechanical and permeable properties of scaffolds was developed; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and finite element analysis (FEA) were also used to reveal the influence mechanism of curvature on structural fracture and deformation behavior. AlSi10Mg samples of scaffolds designed with different surface curvatures were manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM), and their mechanical and permeable properties were examined and characterized by both experiments and simulations. Our results illustrate that at the same porosity, the more concentrated the curvature distribution of the same type of unit, the better trade-off mechanical and mass-transport properties the scaffolds have. Particularly, at the porosity of 55%, the compressive elastic modulus and permeability of the Dte structure are increased by 2.03 times and 1.95 times compared with the Diamond unit, respectively. The fusion structure can greatly improve permeability performance at the cost of mechanical properties. Our results also show that porosity has the greatest influence on mechanical and permeable properties, followed by the surface curvature. The study illustrates that the surface curvature has a significant influence on the mechanical and permeable properties of scaffolds, and that the developed scaffold performance evaluation scheme is an effective means for the optimization and evaluation of scaffold performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Li
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A9, Canada
| | - Runchao Zhao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
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22
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Three-dimensional printing of gyroid-structured composite bioceramic scaffolds with tuneable degradability. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 133:112595. [PMID: 35527154 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Customisation of bioactivity and degradability of porous bioceramic scaffolds is a formidable challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. In this study, we developed gyroid-structured ternary composite scaffolds (biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and 45S5 bioglass® (BG)) using digital light processing 3D printing technology based on material and structural design. Additionally, the mechanical strength, bioactivity, degradability, and biocompatibility of the composite ceramic scaffolds were evaluated. The results revealed that BG reacted with BCP to generate major active crystalline phases of CaSiO3 and Na3Ca6(PO4)5. These active crystalline phases accelerated the exchange rate of Si4+, Ca2+, and PO43- with HCO3- in simulated body fluids and resulted in the rapid formation of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA), analogous to the formation of natural bone tissue. Interestingly, the precipitated CHA showed petal- and needle-like morphologies, which provided a large surface area to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. Furthermore, an increase in the BG content improved the degradability of ternary composite scaffolds after soaking in Tris-HCl solution. The tuneable degradability increased by three times at 30 wt% BG and sharply increased by 6.8 times at 40 wt% BG. This study provides a promising strategy to design scaffolds with improved bioactivity and tuneable degradability to assist a diverse population suffering from orthopedic conditions.
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23
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Liang H, Wang Y, Chen S, Liu Y, Liu Z, Bai J. Nano-Hydroxyapatite Bone Scaffolds with Different Porous Structures Processed by Digital Light Processing 3D Printing. Int J Bioprint 2022; 8:502. [PMID: 35187284 PMCID: PMC8852260 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v8i1.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphologies and structures of the scaffold have a significant influence on their mechanical and biological properties. In this work, different types of porous structures: Triply periodic minimal surface-Schwarz primitive (P), body-centered cubic, and cubic pore-shaped (CPS) hydroxyapatite scaffolds with ~70% porosity were fabricated through digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology. The compressive properties and in vitro cell evaluations such as cell proliferation and attachment morphology of these scaffolds were systematically compared. The results showed that the CPS scaffolds exhibited the highest compressive strength (~22.5 MPa) and modulus (~400 MPa). In addition, the CPS scaffolds also performed the most active cell metabolisms as compared to other two structures, which may account for the larger pore size and smaller curvature of the substrate. This study provides a general guidance for the fabrication and selection of porous bone scaffolds processed by DLP 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Materials, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Materials, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shangsi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengbai Liu
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaming Bai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Materials, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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24
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Brossier T, Benkhaled BT, Colpaert M, Volpi G, Guillaume O, Blanquer S, Lapinte V. Polyoxazoline Hydrogels fabricated by Stereolithography. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2681-2691. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of hydrogel materials in additive manufacturing displaying stiff and strong mechanical properties while maintaining high water uptake, remains a great challenge. Taking advantage of the versatility of poly(oxazoline)...
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25
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Zhao Z, Li J, Wei Y, Yu T. Design and properties of graded polyamide12/hydroxyapatite scaffolds based on primitive lattices using selective laser sintering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:105052. [PMID: 34933156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds with favorable biological characteristics and controlled functional gradient architectures are preferable for the repair of damaged tissues in bone tissue engineering. In this study, the triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) were introduced to design functional gradient porous scaffolds based on Primitive lattices which were then manufactured by selective laser sintering (SLS) using pure polyamide12 (PA12) material and PA12/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite material. The mechanical properties and permeability of the scaffolds were then evaluated by mechanical compression experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The radial-graded scaffold was found to have superior good mechanical properties and permeability and be favorable for the subsequent growth of bone tissue. Further, the optimal PA12/HA composition was determined by analyzing the effect of the addition of HA particles on the hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of the composite scaffold. Additionally, the cytotoxicity tests were performed to evaluate the effects of PA12/HA gradient scaffold on cell growth. The obtained results demonstrate that the radial gradient scaffold with 15% HA addition exhibits a feasible combination of comprehensive performance and biological activity, indicating a great application potential in the field of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Junchao Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yuan Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tianlin Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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Parisi C, Qin K, Fernandes FM. Colonization versus encapsulation in cell-laden materials design: porosity and process biocompatibility determine cellularization pathways. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200344. [PMID: 34334019 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seeding materials with living cells has been-and still is-one of the most promising approaches to reproduce the complexity and the functionality of living matter. The strategies to associate living cells with materials are limited to cell encapsulation and colonization, however, the requirements for these two approaches have been seldom discussed systematically. Here we propose a simple two-dimensional map based on materials' pore size and the cytocompatibility of their fabrication process to draw, for the first time, a guide to building cellularized materials. We believe this approach may serve as a straightforward guideline to design new, more relevant materials, able to seize the complexity and the function of biological materials. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Parisi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kankan Qin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francisco M Fernandes
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Brossier T, Volpi G, Vasquez-Villegas J, Petitjean N, Guillaume O, Lapinte V, Blanquer S. Photoprintable Gelatin- graft-Poly(trimethylene carbonate) by Stereolithography for Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3873-3883. [PMID: 34510908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The stereolithography process is a powerful additive manufacturing technology to fabricate scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, the quest for versatile inks allowing one to produce scaffolds with controlled properties is still unsatisfied. In this original article, we tackle this bottleneck by synthesizing a panel of photoprocessable hybrid copolymers composed of gelatin-graft-poly(trimethylene carbonate)s (Gel-g-PTMCn). We demonstrated that by changing the length of PTMC blocks grafted from gelatin, it is possible to tailor the final properties of the photofabricated objects. We reported here on the synthesis of Gel-g-PTMCn with various lengths of PTMC blocks grafted from gelatin using hydroxy and amino side groups of the constitutive amino acids. Then, the characterization of the resulting hybrid copolymers was fully investigated by quantitative NMR spectroscopy before rendering them photosensitive by methacrylation of the PTMC terminal groups. Homogeneous composition of the photocrosslinked hybrid polymers was demonstrated by EDX spectroscopy and electronic microscopy. To unravel the individual contribution of the PTMC moiety on the hybrid copolymer behavior, water absorption, contact angle measurements, and degradation studies were undertaken. Interestingly, the photocrosslinked materials immersed in water were examined using tensile experiments and displayed a large panel of behavior from hydrogel to elastomer-like depending on the PTMC/gel ratio. Moreover, the absence of cytotoxicity was conducted following the ISO 10993 assay. As a proof of concept, 3D porous objects were successfully fabricated using stereolithography. Those results validate the great potential of this panel of inks for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brossier
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France.,3D Medlab, Marignane 13700, France
| | | | | | - Noémie Petitjean
- LMGC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34090, France.,IRMB, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Olivier Guillaume
- 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/308, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Lapinte
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
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Khrapov D, Kozadayeva M, Manabaev K, Panin A, Sjöström W, Koptyug A, Mishurova T, Evsevleev S, Meinel D, Bruno G, Cheneler D, Surmenev R, Surmeneva M. Different Approaches for Manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Sheet-Based Structures by Electron Beam Melting. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174912. [PMID: 34501001 PMCID: PMC8434612 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Targeting biomedical applications, Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) gyroid sheet-based structures were successfully manufactured for the first time by Electron Beam Melting in two different production Themes, i.e., inputting a zero (Wafer Theme) and a 200 µm (Melt Theme) wall thickness. Initial assumption was that in both cases, EBM manufacturing should yield the structures with similar mechanical properties as in a Wafer-mode, as wall thickness is determined by the minimal beam spot size of ca 200 µm. Their surface morphology, geometry, and mechanical properties were investigated by means of electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT), and uniaxial tests (both compression and tension). Application of different manufacturing Themes resulted in specimens with different wall thicknesses while quasi-elastic gradients for different Themes was found to be of 1.5 GPa, similar to the elastic modulus of human cortical bone tissue. The specific energy absorption at 50% strain was also similar for the two types of structures. Finite element simulations were also conducted to qualitatively analyze the deformation process and the stress distribution under mechanical load. Simulations demonstrated that in the elastic regime wall, regions oriented parallel to the load are primarily affected by deformation. We could conclude that gyroids manufactured in Wafer and Melt Themes are equally effective in mimicking mechanical properties of the bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Khrapov
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (M.K.); (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria Kozadayeva
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (M.K.); (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Kayrat Manabaev
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (M.K.); (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Alexey Panin
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPMS SB RAS), pr. Akademicheskii 2/4, 634055 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - William Sjöström
- SportsTech Research Center, Mid Sweden University, Akademigatan 1, SE-831 25 Östersund, Sweden; (W.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrey Koptyug
- SportsTech Research Center, Mid Sweden University, Akademigatan 1, SE-831 25 Östersund, Sweden; (W.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Tatiana Mishurova
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (T.M.); (S.E.); (D.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Sergei Evsevleev
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (T.M.); (S.E.); (D.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Dietmar Meinel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (T.M.); (S.E.); (D.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (T.M.); (S.E.); (D.M.); (G.B.)
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Cheneler
- Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK;
| | - Roman Surmenev
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (M.K.); (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria Surmeneva
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (M.K.); (K.M.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lehder EF, Ashcroft IA, Wildman RD, Ruiz-Cantu LA, Maskery I. A multiscale optimisation method for bone growth scaffolds based on triply periodic minimal surfaces. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2085-2096. [PMID: 34318358 PMCID: PMC8595174 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered bone scaffolds are potential alternatives to bone allografts and autografts. Porous scaffolds based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are good candidates for tissue growth because they offer high surface-to-volume ratio, have tailorable stiffness, and can be easily fabricated by additive manufacturing. However, the range of TPMS scaffold types is extensive, and it is not yet clear which type provides the fastest cell or tissue growth while being sufficiently stiff to act as a bone graft. Nor is there currently an established methodology for TPMS bone scaffold design which can be quickly adopted by medical designers or biologists designing implants. In this study, we examine six TPMS scaffold types for use as tissue growth scaffolds and propose a general methodology to optimise their geometry. At the macro-scale, the optimisation routine ensures a scaffold stiffness within suitable limits for bone, while at the micro-scale it maximises the cell growth rate. The optimisation procedure also ensures the scaffold pores are of sufficient diameter to allow oxygen and nutrient delivery via capillaries. Of the examined TPMS structures, the Lidinoid and Split P cell types provide the greatest cell growth rates and are therefore the best candidates for bone scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Lehder
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - I A Ashcroft
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - R D Wildman
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - L A Ruiz-Cantu
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - I Maskery
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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30
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Gaal V, Felix LC, Woellner CF, Galvao DS, Tiwary CS, d'Ávila MA, Rodrigues V. Mechanical properties of 3D printed macroscopic models of schwarzites. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gaal
- Department of Applied Physics, “Gleb Wataghin” Institute of Physics University of Campinas‐UNICAMP Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Levi C. Felix
- Department of Applied Physics, “Gleb Wataghin” Institute of Physics University of Campinas‐UNICAMP Campinas SP Brazil
| | | | - Douglas S. Galvao
- Department of Applied Physics, “Gleb Wataghin” Institute of Physics University of Campinas‐UNICAMP Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
| | - Marcos Akira d'Ávila
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering University of Campinas ‐ UNICAMP Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Varlei Rodrigues
- Department of Applied Physics, “Gleb Wataghin” Institute of Physics University of Campinas‐UNICAMP Campinas SP Brazil
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31
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Evsevleev S, Mishurova T, Khrapov D, Paveleva A, Meinel D, Surmenev R, Surmeneva M, Koptyug A, Bruno G. X-ray Computed Tomography Procedures to Quantitatively Characterize the Morphological Features of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Structures. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113002. [PMID: 34206071 PMCID: PMC8198966 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Additively manufactured (AM) metallic sheet-based Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Structures (TPMSS) meet several requirements in both bio-medical and engineering fields: Tunable mechanical properties, low sensitivity to manufacturing defects, mechanical stability, and high energy absorption. However, they also present some challenges related to quality control, which can prevent their successful application. In fact, the optimization of the AM process is impossible without considering structural characteristics as manufacturing accuracy, internal defects, as well as surface topography and roughness. In this study, the quantitative non-destructive analysis of TPMSS manufactured from Ti-6Al-4V alloy by electron beam melting was performed by means of X-ray computed tomography (XCT). Several advanced image analysis workflows are presented to evaluate the effect of build orientation on wall thicknesses distribution, wall degradation, and surface roughness reduction due to the chemical etching of TPMSS. It is shown that the manufacturing accuracy differs for the structural elements printed parallel and orthogonal to the manufactured layers. Different strategies for chemical etching show different powder removal capabilities and both lead to the loss of material and hence the gradient of the wall thickness. This affects the mechanical performance under compression by reduction of the yield stress. The positive effect of the chemical etching is the reduction of the surface roughness, which can potentially improve the fatigue properties of the components. Finally, XCT was used to correlate the amount of retained powder with the pore size of the functionally graded TPMSS, which can further improve the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Evsevleev
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (T.M.); (D.M.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tatiana Mishurova
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (T.M.); (D.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Dmitriy Khrapov
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (A.P.); (R.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Paveleva
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (A.P.); (R.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Dietmar Meinel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (T.M.); (D.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Roman Surmenev
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (A.P.); (R.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Maria Surmeneva
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (A.P.); (R.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrey Koptyug
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.K.); (A.P.); (R.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Mid Sweden University, Akademigatan 1, SE-831 25 Östersund, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (T.M.); (D.M.); (G.B.)
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-24, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Application of Computational Method in Designing a Unit Cell of Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101584. [PMID: 34069101 PMCID: PMC8156807 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of a scaffold of bone tissue engineering plays an important role in ensuring cell viability and cell growth. Therefore, it is a necessity to produce an ideal scaffold by predicting and simulating the properties of the scaffold. Hence, the computational method should be adopted since it has a huge potential to be used in the implementation of the scaffold of bone tissue engineering. To explore the field of computational method in the area of bone tissue engineering, this paper provides an overview of the usage of a computational method in designing a unit cell of bone tissue engineering scaffold. In order to design a unit cell of the scaffold, we discussed two categories of unit cells that can be used to design a feasible scaffold, which are non-parametric and parametric designs. These designs were later described and being categorised into multiple types according to their characteristics, such as circular structures and Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures. The advantages and disadvantages of these designs were discussed. Moreover, this paper also represents some software that was used in simulating and designing the bone tissue scaffold. The challenges and future work recommendations had also been included in this paper.
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Yu W, Maynard E, Chiaradia V, Arno MC, Dove AP. Aliphatic Polycarbonates from Cyclic Carbonate Monomers and Their Application as Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10865-10907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Edward Maynard
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Viviane Chiaradia
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Maria C. Arno
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
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Pires T, Santos J, Ruben RB, Gouveia BP, Castro APG, Fernandes PR. Numerical-experimental analysis of the permeability-porosity relationship in triply periodic minimal surfaces scaffolds. J Biomech 2021; 117:110263. [PMID: 33493715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone Tissue Engineering has been focusing on improving the current methods for bone repair, being the use of scaffolds presented as an upgrade to traditional surgery techniques. Scaffolds are artificially porous matrices, meant to promote cell seeding and proliferation, being these properties influenced by the permeability of the structure. This work employed experimental pressure drop tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics models to assess permeability (and fluid streamlines) within different triply periodic minimal surfaces scaffold geometries (Schwarz D, Gyroid and Schwarz P). The pressure outputs from the computational analysis presented a good correlation with the experimental results, with R2 equal to 0.903; they have also shown that a lower porosity may not mean a lower permeability if the geometry is altered, such as the difference between 60% porous Gyroid scaffolds (8.1*10-9 mm2) and 70% porous Schwarz D scaffolds (7.1*10-9 mm2). Fluid streamlines revealed how the Gyroid geometries are the most appropriate design for most bone tissue engineering applications, due to their consistent fluid permeation, followed by Schwarz D. The Schwarz P geometries have shown flat streamlines and significant variation of the permeability with the porosity (an increase of 10% in their porosity lead to an increase in the permeability from 5.1*10-9 mm2 to 11.7*10-9 mm2), which would imply a poor environment for cell seeding and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Santos
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui B Ruben
- ESTG, CDRSP, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Bárbara P Gouveia
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André P G Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Paulo R Fernandes
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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The potential use of a gyroid structure to represent monolithic matrices for bioseparation purposes: Fluid dynamics and mass transfer analysis via CFD. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Blanquer SBG, Grijpma DW. Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) for the Generation of Porous Architectures Using Stereolithography. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2147:19-30. [PMID: 32840807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0611-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of sophisticated tissue engineering scaffolds are developed using the periodicity of trigonometric equations to generate triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). TPMS architectures display minimal surface energy that induce typical pore features and surface curvatures. Here we described a series of TPMS geometries and developed a procedure to build such scaffolds by stereolithography using biocompatible and biodegradable photosensitive resins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk W Grijpma
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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38
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Zhou X, Jin Y, Du J. Functionally Graded Scaffolds with Programmable Pore Size Distribution Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5046. [PMID: 33182421 PMCID: PMC7664887 DOI: 10.3390/ma13215046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional graded materials are gaining increasing attention in tissue engineering (TE) due to their superior mechanical properties and high biocompatibility. Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) has the capability to produce smooth surfaces and interconnectivity, which are very essential for bone scaffolds. To further enhance the versatility of TPMS, a parametric design method for functionally graded scaffold (FGS) with programmable pore size distribution is proposed in this study. Combining the relative density and unit cell size, the effect of design parameters on the pore size was also considered to effectively govern the distribution of pores in generating FGS. We made use of Gyroid to generate different types of FGS, which were then fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM), followed by investigation and comparison of their structural characteristics and mechanical properties. Their morphological features could be effectively controlled, indicating that TPMS was an effective way to achieve functional gradients which had bone-mimicking architectures. In terms of mechanical performance, the proposed FGS could achieve similar mechanical response under compression tests compared to the reference FGS with the same range of density gradient. The proposed method with control over pore size allows for effectively generating porous scaffolds with tailored properties which are potentially adopted in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Yuan Jin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianke Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
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Diez-Escudero A, Harlin H, Isaksson P, Persson C. Porous polylactic acid scaffolds for bone regeneration: A study of additively manufactured triply periodic minimal surfaces and their osteogenic potential. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420956541. [PMID: 33224463 PMCID: PMC7656876 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420956541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) with three levels of porosity within those of cancellous bone were investigated as potential bone scaffolds. TPMS have emerged as potential designs to resemble the complex mechanical and mass transport properties of bone. Diamond, Schwarz, and Gyroid structures were 3D printed in polylactic acid, a resorbable medical grade material. The 3D printed structures were investigated for printing feasibility, and assessed by morphometric studies. Mechanical properties and permeability investigations resulted in similar values to cancellous bone. The morphometric analyses showed three different patterns of pore distribution: mono-, bi-, and multimodal pores. Subsequently, biological activity investigated with pre-osteoblastic cell lines showed no signs of cytotoxicity, and the scaffolds supported cell proliferation up to 3 weeks. Cell differentiation investigated by alkaline phosphatase showed an improvement for higher porosities and multimodal pore distributions, suggesting a higher dependency on pore distribution and size than the level of interconnectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Diez-Escudero
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Harlin
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Isaksson
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Santos J, Pires T, Gouveia BP, Castro AP, Fernandes PR. On the permeability of TPMS scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lu Y, Cui Z, Cheng L, Li J, Yang Z, Zhu H, Wu C. Quantifying the discrepancies in the geometric and mechanical properties of the theoretically designed and additively manufactured scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104080. [PMID: 32927278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) has emerged as a new method for producing open cell porous scaffolds because of the superior properties, such as the high surface-to-volume ratio, the zero curvature, etc. On the other hand, the additive manufacturing (AM) technique has made feasible the design and development of TPMS scaffolds with complex microstructures. However, neither the discrepancy between the theoretically designed and the additively manufactured TPMS scaffolds nor the underlying mechanisms is clear so far. The aims of the present study were to quantify the discrepancies between the theoretically designed and the AM produced TPMS scaffolds and to reveal the underlying mechanisms, e.g., the effect of building orientation on the discrepancy. 24 Gyroid scaffolds were produced along the height and width directions of the scaffold using the selective laser melting (SLM) technique (i.e., 12 scaffolds produced in each direction). The discrepancies in the geometric and mechanical properties of the TPMS scaffolds were quantified. Regarding the geometric properties, the discrepancies in the porosity, the dimension and the three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the scaffolds were quantified. Regarding the mechanical properties, the discrepancies in the effective compressive modulus and the mechanical environment (strain energy density) of the scaffolds were evaluated. It is revealed that the porosity in the AM produced scaffold is approximately 12% lower than the designed value. There are approximately 68.1 ± 8.6% added materials in the AM produced scaffolds and the added materials are mostly distributed in the places opposite to the building orientation. The building orientation has no effect on the discrepancy in the scaffold porosity and no effect on the distribution of the added materials (p > 0.05). Regarding the mechanical properties, the compressive moduli of the scaffolds are 24.4% (produced along the height direction) and 14.6% (produced along the width direction) lower than the designed value and are 49.1% and 43.6% lower than the μFE counterparts, indicating that the imperfect bonding and the partially melted powders have a large contribution to the discrepancy in the compressive modulus of the scaffolds. Compared to the values in the theoretically designed scaffold, the strain energy densities have shifted towards the higher values in the AM produced scaffolds. The findings in the present study provide important information for the design and additive manufacturing of TPMS scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Zhentao Cui
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Liangliang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age and Disability, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Aids Technology and System of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Zhuoyue Yang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Hanxing Zhu
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, the Parade, CF24 3AA, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chengwei Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China.
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Lu Y, Cheng L, Yang Z, Li J, Zhu H. Relationship between the morphological, mechanical and permeability properties of porous bone scaffolds and the underlying microstructure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238471. [PMID: 32870933 PMCID: PMC7462274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone scaffolds are widely used as one of the main bone substitute materials. However, many bone scaffold microstructure topologies exist and it is still unclear which topology to use when designing scaffold for a specific application. The aim of the present study was to reveal the mechanism of the microstructure-driven performance of bone scaffold and thus to provide guideline on scaffold design. Finite element (FE) models of five TPMS (Diamond, Gyroid, Schwarz P, Fischer-Koch S and F-RD) and three traditional (Cube, FD-Cube and Octa) scaffolds were generated. The effective compressive and shear moduli of scaffolds were calculated from the mechanical analysis using the FE unit cell models with the periodic boundary condition. The scaffold permeability was calculated from the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the 4×4×4 FE models. It is revealed that the surface-to-volume ratio of the Fischer-Koch S-based scaffold is the highest among the scaffolds investigated. The mechanical analysis revealed that the bending deformation dominated structures (e.g., the Diamond, the Gyroid, the Schwarz P) have higher effective shear moduli. The stretching deformation dominated structures (e.g., the Schwarz P, the Cube) have higher effective compressive moduli. For all the scaffolds, when the same amount of change in scaffold porosity is made, the corresponding change in the scaffold relative shear modulus is larger than that in the relative compressive modulus. The CFD analysis revealed that the structures with the simple and straight pores (e.g., Cube) have higher permeability than the structures with the complex pores (e.g., Fischer-Koch S). The main contribution of the present study is that the relationship between scaffold properties and the underlying microstructure is systematically investigated and thus some guidelines on the design of bone scaffolds are provided, for example, in the scenario where a high surface-to-volume ratio is required, it is suggested to use the Fischer-Koch S based scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - LiangLiang Cheng
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhuoyue Yang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Junyan Li
- School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hanxing Zhu
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Ma S, Song K, Lan J, Ma L. Biological and mechanical property analysis for designed heterogeneous porous scaffolds based on the refined TPMS. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 107:103727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Werner M, Kurniawan NA, Bouten CVC. Cellular Geometry Sensing at Different Length Scales and its Implications for Scaffold Design. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E963. [PMID: 32098110 PMCID: PMC7078773 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Geometrical cues provided by the intrinsic architecture of tissues and implanted biomaterials have a high relevance in controlling cellular behavior. Knowledge of how cells sense and subsequently respond to complex geometrical cues of various sizes and origins is needed to understand the role of the architecture of the extracellular environment as a cell-instructive parameter. This is of particular interest in the field of tissue engineering, where the success of scaffold-guided tissue regeneration largely depends on the formation of new tissue in a native-like organization in order to ensure proper tissue function. A well-considered internal scaffold design (i.e., the inner architecture of the porous structure) can largely contribute to the desired cell and tissue organization. Advances in scaffold production techniques for tissue engineering purposes in the last years have provided the possibility to accurately create scaffolds with defined macroscale external and microscale internal architectures. Using the knowledge of how cells sense geometrical cues of different size ranges can drive the rational design of scaffolds that control cellular and tissue architecture. This concise review addresses the recently gained knowledge of the sensory mechanisms of cells towards geometrical cues of different sizes (from the nanometer to millimeter scale) and points out how this insight can contribute to informed architectural scaffold designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Werner
- Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (C.V.C.B.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A. Kurniawan
- Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (C.V.C.B.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (C.V.C.B.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Kamperman T, Teixeira LM, Salehi SS, Kerckhofs G, Guyot Y, Geven M, Geris L, Grijpma D, Blanquer S, Leijten J. Engineering 3D parallelized microfluidic droplet generators with equal flow profiles by computational fluid dynamics and stereolithographic printing. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:490-495. [PMID: 31841123 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00980a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic droplet generators excel in generating monodisperse micrometer-sized droplets and particles. However, the low throughput of conventional droplet generators hinders their clinical and industrial translation. Current approaches to parallelize microdevices are challenged by the two-dimensional nature of the standard fabrication methods. Here, we report the facile production of three-dimensionally (3D) parallelized microfluidic droplet generators consisting of stacked and radially multiplexed channel designs. Computational fluid dynamics simulations form the design basis for a microflow distributor that ensures similar flow rates through all droplet generators. Stereolithography is the selected technique to fabricate microdevices, which enables the manufacturing of hollow channels with dimensions as small as 50 μm. The microdevices could be operated up to 4 bars without structural damage, including deformation of channels, or leakage of the on-chip printed Luer-Lok type connectors. The printed microdevices readily enable the production of water-in-oil emulsions, as well as polymer containing droplets that act as templates for both solid and core-shell hydrogel microparticles. The cytocompatibility of the 3D printed device is demonstrated by encapsulating mesenchymal stem cells in hydrogel microcapsules, which results in the controllable formation of stem cell spheroids that remain viable and metabolically active for at least 21 days. Thus, the unique features of stereolithography fabricated microfluidic devices allow for the parallelization of droplet generators in a simple yet effective manner by enabling the realization of (complex) 3D designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kamperman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Liliana Moreira Teixeira
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands. and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Seyedeh Sarah Salehi
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box: 11155-9567, Tehran, Iran
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and Department Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 LEUVEN, Belgium and Biomechanics Lab - Institute of Mechanics, Materials, and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Place du Levant 2/L5.04.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium and IREC - Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 55 bte B1.55.02, 1200 Woluwé-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Yann Guyot
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA in silico medicine, Université de Liège, Avenue de l'Hopital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mike Geven
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA in silico medicine, Université de Liège, Avenue de l'Hopital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dirk Grijpma
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastien Blanquer
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - UMR5253, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Paré A, Charbonnier B, Tournier P, Vignes C, Veziers J, Lesoeur J, Laure B, Bertin H, De Pinieux G, Cherrier G, Guicheux J, Gauthier O, Corre P, Marchat D, Weiss P. Tailored Three-Dimensionally Printed Triply Periodic Calcium Phosphate Implants: A Preclinical Study for Craniofacial Bone Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:553-563. [PMID: 32158932 PMCID: PMC7064275 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Finding alternative strategies for the regeneration of craniofacial bone defects (CSD), such as combining a synthetic ephemeral calcium phosphate (CaP) implant and/or active substances and cells, would contribute to solving this reconstructive roadblock. However, CaP's architectural features (i.e., architecture and composition) still need to be tailored, and the use of processed stem cells and synthetic active substances (e.g., recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2) drastically limits the clinical application of such approaches. Focusing on solutions that are directly transposable to the clinical setting, biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) 3D-printed disks with a triply periodic minimal structure (TPMS) were implanted in calvarial critical-sized defects (rat model) with or without addition of total bone marrow (TBM). Bone regeneration within the defect was evaluated, and the outcomes were compared to a standard-care procedure based on BCP granules soaked with TBM (positive control). After 7 weeks, de novo bone formation was significantly greater in the CHA disks + TBM group than in the positive controls (3.33 mm3 and 2.15 mm3, respectively, P=0.04). These encouraging results indicate that both CHA and TPMS architectures are potentially advantageous in the repair of CSDs and that this one-step procedure warrants further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Paré
- INSERM, U 1229, Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo faciale, Plastique et Brulés, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Avenue de la République, Chambray-lès-Tours F – 37170, France
- Université de Tours, UFR Médecine, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, Tours F - 37000, France
- Université́ de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
| | - Baptiste Charbonnier
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, Saint-Etienne F – 42023, France
| | - Pierre Tournier
- INSERM, U 1229, Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
- Université́ de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
| | - Caroline Vignes
- INSERM, U 1229, Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
| | - Joëlle Veziers
- INSERM, U 1229, Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
| | - Julie Lesoeur
- INSERM, U 1229, Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
| | - Boris Laure
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo faciale, Plastique et Brulés, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Avenue de la République, Chambray-lès-Tours F – 37170, France
- Université de Tours, UFR Médecine, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, Tours F - 37000, France
| | - Hélios Bertin
- Université́ de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
- Service de chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44093, France
| | - Gonzague De Pinieux
- Université de Tours, UFR Médecine, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, Tours F - 37000, France
- Service d’Anatomo-cyto-pathologie, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Avenue de la République, Chambray-lès-Tours F – 37000, France
| | - Grégory Cherrier
- Université de Tours, UFR Médecine, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, Tours F - 37000, France
- Service d’Anatomo-cyto-pathologie, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Avenue de la République, Chambray-lès-Tours F – 37000, France
| | - Jérome Guicheux
- INSERM, U 1229, Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
- Université́ de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
| | - Olivier Gauthier
- INSERM, U 1229, Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
- Université́ de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
- ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Centre de rechecherche et d’investigation préclinique (CRIP), 101 route de Gachet, Nantes F - 44300, France
| | - Pierre Corre
- INSERM, U 1229, Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
- Université́ de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
- Service de chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44093, France
| | - David Marchat
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, Saint-Etienne F – 42023, France
| | - Pierre Weiss
- INSERM, U 1229, Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
- Université́ de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F - 44042, France
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Callens SJP, Uyttendaele RJC, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Substrate curvature as a cue to guide spatiotemporal cell and tissue organization. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119739. [PMID: 31911284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence clearly shows that cells respond to various physical cues in their environments, guiding many cellular processes and tissue morphogenesis, pathology, and repair. One aspect that is gaining significant traction is the role of local geometry as an extracellular cue. Elucidating how geometry affects cell and tissue behavior is, indeed, crucial to design artificial scaffolds and understand tissue growth and remodeling. Perhaps the most fundamental descriptor of local geometry is surface curvature, and a growing body of evidence confirms that surface curvature affects the spatiotemporal organization of cells and tissues. While well-defined in differential geometry, curvature remains somewhat ambiguously treated in biological studies. Here, we provide a more formal curvature framework, based on the notions of mean and Gaussian curvature, and summarize the available evidence on curvature guidance at the cell and tissue levels. We discuss the involved mechanisms, highlighting the interplay between tensile forces and substrate curvature that forms the foundation of curvature guidance. Moreover, we show that relatively simple computational models, based on some application of curvature flow, are able to capture experimental tissue growth remarkably well. Since curvature guidance principles could be leveraged for tissue regeneration, the implications for geometrical scaffold design are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on future research opportunities are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien J P Callens
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands.
| | - Rafael J C Uyttendaele
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
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48
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Montazerian H, Mohamed MGA, Montazeri MM, Kheiri S, Milani AS, Kim K, Hoorfar M. Permeability and mechanical properties of gradient porous PDMS scaffolds fabricated by 3D-printed sacrificial templates designed with minimal surfaces. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:149-160. [PMID: 31252172 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) porous scaffolds are designed based on minimal surface architectures and fabricated through a low-cost and accessible sacrificial mold printing approach using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. The effects of pore characteristics on compressive properties and fluid permeability are studied. The results suggest that radially gradient pore distribution (as a potential way to enhance mechanically-efficient scaffolds with enhanced cell/scaffold integration) has higher elastic modulus and fluid permeability compared to their uniform porosity counterparts. Also, the scaffolds are fairly strain-reversible under repeated loading of up to 40% strain. Among different triply periodic minimal surface pore architectures, P-surface was observed to be stiffer, less permeable and have lower densification strain compared to the D-surface and G-surface-based pore shapes. The biocompatibility of the created scaffolds is assessed by filling the PDMS scaffolds using mouse embryonic fibroblasts with cell-laden gelatin methacryloyl which was cross-linked in situ by UV light. Cell viability is found to be over 90% after 4 days in 3D culture. This method allows for effectively fabricating biocompatible porous organ-shaped scaffolds with detailed pore features which can potentially tailor tissue regenerative applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Printing polymers with chemical curing mechanism required for materials such as PDMS is challenging and impossible to create high-resolution uniformly cured structures due to hard control on the base polymer and curing process. An interconnected porous mold with ordered internal architecture with complex geometries were 3D printed using low-cost and accessible FDM technology. The mold acted as a 3D sacrificial material to form internally architected flexible PDMS scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. The scaffolds are mechanically stable under high strain cyclic loads and provide enough pore and space for viably integrating cells within the gradient architecture in a controllable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Montazerian
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M G A Mohamed
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - M Mohaghegh Montazeri
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - S Kheiri
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - A S Milani
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - K Kim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - M Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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49
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Werner M, Petersen A, Kurniawan NA, Bouten CVC. Cell-Perceived Substrate Curvature Dynamically Coordinates the Direction, Speed, and Persistence of Stromal Cell Migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900080. [PMID: 32648723 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adherent cells residing within tissues or biomaterials are presented with 3D geometrical cues from their environment, often in the form of local surface curvatures. While there is growing evidence that cellular decision-making is influenced by substrate curvature, the effect of physiologically relevant, cell-scale anisotropic curvatures remains poorly understood. This study systematically explores the migration behavior of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) on a library of anisotropic curved structures. Analysis of cell trajectories reveals that, on convex cylindrical structures, hBMSC migration speed and persistence are strongly governed by the cellular orientation on the curved structure, while migration on concave cylindrical structures is characterized by fast but non-aligned and non-persistent migration. Concurrent presentation of concave and convex substrates on toroidal structures induces migration in the direction where hBMSCs can most effectively avoid cell bending. These distinct migration behaviors are found to be universally explained by the cell-perceived substrate curvature, which on anisotropic curved structures is dependent on both the temporally varying cell orientation and the 3D cellular morphology. This work demonstrates that cell migration is dynamically guided by the perceived curvature of the underlying substrate, providing an important biomaterial design parameter for instructing cell migration in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Werner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ansgar Petersen
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 , Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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50
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Zandrini T, Shan O, Parodi V, Cerullo G, Raimondi MT, Osellame R. Multi-foci laser microfabrication of 3D polymeric scaffolds for stem cell expansion in regenerative medicine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11761. [PMID: 31409835 PMCID: PMC6692386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High quality large scale fabrication of cellular scaffolds, with three-dimensional resolution comparable to cell size, is an important task to enable regenerative medicine applications with stem cells. We are using two-photon polymerization to produce our stem cell culture substrate called Nichoid, which we already demonstrated capable of stimulating cell proliferation while maintaining their stemness, without the need of dangerous additives. Parallelization of this technique can be achieved with the use of a spatial light modulator: here we show the results obtained combining this device with fast linear stages to produce Nichoid-covered substrates by two-photon polymerization. The well-polymerized structures confirm that this approach is particularly convenient for porous structures, and allows a significant time saving by a factor of almost five, with minor design adjustments. A Live & Dead assay was performed on mesenchymal stem cells cultured into the Nichoid microstructures in order to verify that no difference in cell viability is present, compared to microstructures fabricated by a single focus. This parallel setup opens the possibility to obtain a much larger number of microstructured substrates, that are essential to test new stem cell-based therapies. This approach can be also used for the fast fabrication of other kinds of cell culture devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Zandrini
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milano, 20133, Italy. .,National Research Council, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Oumin Shan
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Valentina Parodi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- National Research Council, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milano, 20133, Italy.,Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Manuela T Raimondi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- National Research Council, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milano, 20133, Italy.,Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milano, 20133, Italy
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