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Alissa M, Alsuwat MA, Alzahrani KJ. Neurological manifestations of Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, and Peribunyaviridae as vector-borne viruses. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2571. [PMID: 39039630 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne viruses pose a significant health problem worldwide, as they are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks. In recent years, emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases have gained attention as they can cause a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations. The neurological manifestations of vector-borne viruses encompass a board spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild and self-limiting symptoms to severe and life-threatening conditions. Common neurological complications include viral encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, aseptic meningitis, and various neuromuscular disorders. The specific viruses responsible for these neurological sequelae vary by geographic region and include Orthoflavivirus nilense, Zika virus, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of these neurologic complications and highlights the mechanisms by which vector-borne viruses invade the central nervous system and trigger neuroinflammatory responses. Diagnostic challenges and strategies for early detection of neurological manifestations are discussed, emphasising the importance of clinical suspicion and advanced laboratory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari A Alsuwat
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Camacho-Concha N, Santana-Román ME, Sánchez NC, Velasco I, Pando-Robles V, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Insights into Zika Virus Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3316. [PMID: 38137537 PMCID: PMC10741857 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a significant public health threat, reaching pandemic levels in 2016. Human infection with ZIKV can manifest as either asymptomatic or as an acute illness characterized by symptoms such as fever and headache. Moreover, it has been associated with severe neurological complications in adults, including Guillain-Barre syndrome, and devastating fetal abnormalities, like microcephaly. The primary mode of transmission is through Aedes spp. mosquitoes, and with half of the world's population residing in regions where Aedes aegypti, the principal vector, thrives, the reemergence of ZIKV remains a concern. This comprehensive review provides insights into the pathogenesis of ZIKV and highlights the key cellular pathways activated upon ZIKV infection. Additionally, we explore the potential of utilizing microRNAs (miRNAs) and phytocompounds as promising strategies to combat ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohemi Camacho-Concha
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - María E. Santana-Román
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Nilda C. Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Victoria Pando-Robles
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
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Bampali M, Konstantinidis K, Kellis EE, Pouni T, Mitroulis I, Kottaridi C, Mathioudakis AG, Beloukas A, Karakasiliotis I. West Nile Disease Symptoms and Comorbidities: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Cases. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7090236. [PMID: 36136647 PMCID: PMC9506265 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis and meningitis, rarely leading to death. Several risk factors have been discussed in the past concerning the severity of the disease, while few reports have focused on precipitating conditions that determine of WNV-related death. Studies on cohorts of patients suffering of West Nile disease (WND) usually encompass low numbers of deceased patients as a result of the rarity of the event. In this systematic review and critical analysis of 428 published case studies and case series, we sought to evaluate and highlight critical parameters of WND-related death. We summarized the symptoms, comorbidities, and treatment strategies related to WND in all published cases of patients that included clinical features. Symptoms such as altered mental status and renal problems presented increased incidence among deceased patients, while these patients presented increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose. Our analysis also highlights underestimated comorbidities such as pulmonary disease to act as precipitating conditions in WND, as they were significantly increased amongst deceased patients. CSF glucose and the role of pulmonary diseases need to be revaluated either retrospectively or prospectively in WND patient cohorts, as they may be linked to increased mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bampali
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Konstantinidis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Emmanouil E. Kellis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodoti Pouni
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mitroulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christine Kottaridi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexander G. Mathioudakis
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
- The North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Southern Greece, Department of Public Health Policy, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (I.K.)
| | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (I.K.)
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Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) NS1' Enhances the Viral Infection of Dendritic Cells (DCs) and Macrophages in Pig Tonsils. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0114722. [PMID: 35730942 PMCID: PMC9430915 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01147-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are the amplifying hosts of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Currently, the safe and effective live attenuated vaccine made of JEV strain SA14-14-2, which does not express NS1', is widely used in humans and domestic animals to prevent JEV infection. In this study, we constructed the NS1' expression recombinant virus (rA66G) through a single nucleotide mutation in NS2A of JEV strain SA14-14-2. Animal experiments showed that NS1' significantly enhanced JEV infection in pig central nervous system (CNS) and tonsil tissues. Pigs shed virus in oronasal secretions in the JEV rA66G virus inoculation group, indicating that NS1' may facilitate the horizontal transmission of JEV. Additionally, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are the main target cells of JEV infection in pig tonsils, which are an important site of persistent JEV infection. The reduction of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) and activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pig tonsils caused by viral infection may create a beneficial environment for persistent JEV infection. These results are of significance for JEV infection in pigs and lay the foundation for future studies of JEV persistent infection in pig tonsils. IMPORTANCE Pigs are amplification hosts for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV can persist in the tonsils for months despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies. The present study shows that NS1' increases JEV infection in pig tonsils. In addition, DCs and macrophages in the tonsils are the target cells for JEV infection, and JEV NS1' promotes virus infection in DCs and macrophages. This study reveals a novel function of JEV NS1' protein and lays the foundation for future studies of JEV persistent infection in pig tonsils.
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ASSESSING THE HUMORAL RESPONSE TO AND SAFETY OF A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EQUINE WEST NILE VIRUS VACCINE IN A ZOO-BASED CONSERVATION BREEDING POPULATION OF ENDANGERED GREATER SAGE-GROUSE ( CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:732-736. [PMID: 34130419 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) are an endangered species in Canada and have been extirpated from five states in the United States. Infectious diseases can pose a challenge to conservation efforts, and the greater sage-grouse is susceptible to West Nile virus (WNV). This study measured the humoral response to a commercially available WNV vaccine in a zoo-based conservation breeding population of greater sage-grouse. Since the initiation of the conservation program in 2014, all sage-grouse at the Calgary Zoo's Wildlife Conservation Centre have been vaccinated against WNV. Juveniles received a series of three vaccines every 2-3 wk starting around 2 wk of age; adults had received the same vaccination series at hatch and had since been boostered annually. Antibody titers were measured on 60 serum samples from 36 juveniles and 18 adults collected in 2018 using either serum neutralization or plaque-reduction neutralization methods. No detectable antibody response was noted in juveniles after their second (n = 17) or third booster vaccinations (n = 23). Only 35% of 20 adult samples collected had positive titers even after multiple years of vaccination. Only two cases of adverse vaccine reaction have been noted in this species with over 800 doses being administered between 2014 and 2020. Despite a lack of antibody response in juveniles and most adults, there have been no WNV-associated deaths in this population even with confirmed cases of WNV in free-ranging greater sage-grouse and other species in the area during this time frame, suggesting that cell-mediated immunity may be of greater importance for protection against WNV infections in this species. The initial vaccination series was changed in 2019 to a series of only two doses of vaccine, and no clinical cases or mortality from WNV occurred in 2019 or 2020 with the new protocol.
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Arfuso F, Giudice E, Di Pietro S, Piccione G, Giannetto C. Modulation of Serum Protein Electrophoretic Pattern and Leukocyte Population in Horses Vaccinated against West Nile Virus. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020477. [PMID: 33670395 PMCID: PMC7918827 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Vaccination is the primary method of reducing the risk of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in horses but clinical disease is not fully prevented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological parameters, including the leukocyte population and the serum protein electrophoretic pattern of horses subjected to two-dose vaccine administration with inactivated WNV. Vaccine-related changes in lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, serum total proteins, α1-, α-2-, β- and γ-globulin fractions are found. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the hematological and serum protein electrophoretic profiles of horses after inactivated West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine administration. Blood samples were collected from 10 horses before (T0), after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks (T1I, T2I, T3I, T4I, T5I and T6I) from the first WNV vaccine-dose administration, before the vaccine-booster (TPREII), and after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks (T1I I, T2II, T3II, T4II, T5II, T6II) from the WNV vaccine-booster. There was a significant increase in lymphocytes and a decrease in neutrophils after both the first vaccine-dose and vaccine-booster administration compared to the baseline values (p < 0.01). Monocytes showed higher values after 72 h, 1 week and 2 weeks from the vaccine-booster (p < 0.01). Higher serum total protein values were found in horses after both the first vaccine-dose and booster administration (p < 0.05). α1-lobulins increased after the vaccine-booster with the highest levels measured at T4II (p < 0.05); α-2- and β-globulin fractions increased throughout the post-vaccine period compared to the baseline values (p < 0.05); and higher γ-globulin values were found before the vaccine-booster (TPREII) and after 24 h, 72 h and 3 weeks from the vaccine-booster (T1II, T3II and T6II). The findings allow us to conclude that the WNV vaccine used in the current study does not alter the overall hemogram picture of horses although it is associated with modulation of leukocyte populations and the serum protein electrophoretic pattern.
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Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8870425. [PMID: 33564683 PMCID: PMC7841448 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8870425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are the three epidemiological diseases caused by the Coronaviridae family. Perceiving the immune responses in these infections and the escape of viruses could help us design drugs and vaccines for confronting these infections. This review investigates the innate and adaptive immune responses reported in the infections of the three coronaviruses SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Moreover, the present study can trigger researchers to design and develop new vaccines and drugs based on immune system responses. In conclusion, due to the need for an effective and efficient immune stimulation against coronavirus, a combination of several strategies seems necessary for developing the vaccine.
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati A, Zaim M. Zika; a continuous global threat to public health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109868. [PMID: 32846650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, especially, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. About 80% of the cases do not manifest any symptoms, and it is a self-limiting, mild viral infection. In 20% of the cases and only in fraction of those who do show the symptoms, important complications including Guillaine Barre'syndrome and microcephaly may occur. The emergence of Zika in 2016 in Brazil spreading to about 70 other countries prompted the WHO officials to declare the disease a Public Health Emergency with International Concern (PHEIC). This has led to increased concerns in health authorities of almost all countries making them embark on the strengthened human and vector surveillance, vector control and clinical management of the disease. Although the main vectors of the disease have not yet been able to establish in Iran, because of their occurrence in neighboring countries as well as increased global travel and trade, the country established a national advisory committee for capacity building, vector and human surveillance and case management of Aedes-borne diseases. This study aims at performing a literature review about global situation of Zika and Aedes mosquitoes, their distribution, biology and ecology from the past to present and the threat posed to Iran. Aedes aegypti was historically present in the checklist of Iranian mosquitoes and Ae. albopictus has recently been collected from Southern Iran, however, the species has apparently failed to establish in the country as comprehensive follow up entomological surveillance could not reproduce the findings. Although Zika was not detected in Iran, considering the expansion in tourism, travel and trade to and from Zika infected and Aedes infested countries, suitable climate and favorable prediction for establishment of Aedes vectors, Iran may well be at risk of invasion of Aedes vector species and the diseases they carry. Therefore, this review is of value particularly to health authorities in Iran and other WHO Eastern Mediterranean countries for sustained vigilance and preparedness for early detection and response, including vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Professor and Head of Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Vittor AY, Long M, Chakrabarty P, Aycock L, Kollu V, DeKosky ST. West Nile Virus-Induced Neurologic Sequelae-Relationship to Neurodegenerative Cascades and Dementias. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2020; 7:25-36. [PMID: 32775145 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-020-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review West Nile virus (WNV) emerged from Central Africa in the 1990s and is now endemic throughout much of the world. Twenty years after its introduction in the USA, it is becoming apparent that neurological impairments can persist for years following infection. Here, we review the epidemiological data in support of such long-term deficits and discuss possible mechanisms that drive these persistent manifestations. Recent Findings Focusing on the recently discovered antimicrobial roles of amyloid and alpha-synuclein, we connect WNV late pathology to overlapping features encountered in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also summarize new research on microglial activation and engulfment of neural synapses seen in recovered WNV as well as in neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss how loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may exacerbate this process. Summary Neuroinvasive viral infections such as WNV may be linked epidemiologically and mechanistically to neurodegeneration. This may open doors to therapeutic options for hitherto untreatable infectious sequelae; additionally, it may also shed light on the possible infectious etiologies of age-progressive neurodegenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Vittor
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maureen Long
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren Aycock
- School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vidya Kollu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Department of Neurology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Grifoni A, Tian Y, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Transcriptomic immune profiles of human flavivirus-specific T-cell responses. Immunology 2020; 160:3-9. [PMID: 31778581 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus of viruses includes dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), yellow fever (YFV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), and West Nile (WNV) viruses. Infections with these species combined are prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical areas, affecting millions of people and ranging from asymptomatic to severe forms of the disease. They therefore pose a serious threat to global public health. Several studies imply a role for T cells in the protection but also pathogenesis against the different flavivirus species. Identifying flavivirus-specific T-cell immune profiles and determining how pre-exposure of one species might affect the immune response against subsequent infections from other species is important to further define the role of T cells in the immune response against infection. Understanding the immune profiles of the flavivirus-specific T-cell response in natural infection is important to understand the T-cell response in the context of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on human immune profiles of flavivirus-specific T-cell reactivity, comparing natural infection with the acute form of the disease and vaccination in different flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Inflammation During Virus Infection: Swings and Roundabouts. DYNAMICS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN VIRAL DISEASES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7121364 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1045-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation constitutes a concerted series of cellular and molecular responses that follow disturbance of systemic homeostasis, by either toxins or infectious organisms. Leukocytes modulate inflammation through production of secretory mediators, like cytokines and chemokines, which work in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner. These mediators can either promote or attenuate the inflammatory response and depending on differential temporal and spatial expression play a crucial role in the outcome of infection. Even though the objective is clearance of the pathogen with minimum damage to host, the pathogenesis of multiple human pathogenic viruses has been suggested to emanate from a dysregulation of the inflammatory response, sometimes with fatal consequences. This review discusses the nature and the outcome of inflammatory response, which is triggered in the human host subsequent to infection by single-sense plus-strand RNA viruses. In view of such harmful effects of a dysregulated inflammatory response, an exogenous regulation of these reactions by either interference or supplementation of critical regulators has been suggested. Currently multiple such factors are being tested for their beneficial and adverse effects. A successful use of such an approach in diseases of viral etiology can potentially protect the affected individual without directly affecting the virus life cycle. Further, such approaches whenever applicable would be useful in mitigating death and/or debility that is caused by the infection of those viruses which have proven particularly difficult to control by either prophylactic vaccines and/or therapeutic strategies using specific antiviral drugs.
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Yu X, Zhu Y, Xiao X, Wang P, Cheng G. Progress towards Understanding the Mosquito-Borne Virus Life Cycle. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:1009-1017. [PMID: 31669148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arboviruses are a group of heterogeneous viruses that are mainly transmitted to vertebrate hosts and are the aetiological agents of many human diseases. These viruses naturally maintain a life cycle between distinct hosts by transmission from an infected mosquito to a naive host, and acquisition from a viraemic host back to a fed mosquito. To survive in and maintain a cycle between different host environments, mosquito-borne arboviruses exploit sophisticated approaches, including subverting the immune system, hijacking host factors, and taking advantage of gut microbes. We summarize the recent progress towards understanding the mechanisms of arboviral transmission and acquisition by mosquitoes. This knowledge offers an insight into the emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses in nature and an avenue for disease prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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Maximova OA, Pletnev AG. Flaviviruses and the Central Nervous System: Revisiting Neuropathological Concepts. Annu Rev Virol 2019; 5:255-272. [PMID: 30265628 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are major emerging human pathogens on a global scale. Some flaviviruses can infect the central nervous system of the host and therefore are regarded as neurotropic. The most clinically relevant classical neurotropic flaviviruses include Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. In this review, we focus on these flaviviruses and revisit the concepts of flaviviral neurotropism, neuropathogenicity, neuroinvasion, and resultant neuropathogenesis. We attempt to synthesize the current knowledge about interactions between the central nervous system and flaviviruses from the neuroanatomical and neuropathological perspectives and address some misconceptions and controversies. We hope that revisiting these neuropathological concepts will improve the understanding of flaviviral neuroinfections. This, in turn, may provide further guiding foundations for relevant studies of other emerging or geographically expanding flaviviruses with neuropathogenic potential, such as Zika virus and dengue virus, and pave the way for intelligent therapeutic strategies harnessing potentially beneficial, protective host responses to interfere with disease progression and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Maximova
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; ,
| | - Alexander G Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; ,
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14
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Badshah SL, Ahmad N, Ur Rehman A, Khan K, Ullah A, Alsayari A, Muhsinah AB, N Mabkhot Y. Molecular docking and simulation of Zika virus NS3 helicase. BMC Chem 2019; 13:67. [PMID: 31384814 PMCID: PMC6661806 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained attention for the last few years due to the congenital microcephaly and Guillain–Barre Syndrome that resulted in humans. The non-structural protein-3 (NS3) helicase of ZIKV play an important role in viral RNA replication. In this article, we performed hundred nanosecond molecular dynamics simulation and molecular docking of the NS3 helicase of ZIKV with 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) analyses showed the stability of the NS3 helicase. The simulation showed that the flexible and rigid domains of the protein play a crucial role during the RNA replication process. All such domains with ligand binding pockets can be targeted for drug design. The molecular docking showed that the strong hydrogen bonding and arene-cation interactions are responsible for the binding between NS3 and 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives, which provides a new dimension for potent drug design for ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Lal Badshah
- 1Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- 1Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Ashfaq Ur Rehman
- 2State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Khalid Khan
- 1Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Asad Ullah
- 1Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- 3Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- 3Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- 4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharamacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 61441 Saudi Arabia
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15
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Conflict in the Intracellular Lives of Endosymbionts and Viruses: A Mechanistic Look at Wolbachia-Mediated Pathogen-blocking. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040141. [PMID: 29561780 PMCID: PMC5923435 DOI: 10.3390/v10040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At the forefront of vector control efforts are strategies that leverage host-microbe associations to reduce vectorial capacity. The most promising of these efforts employs Wolbachia, a maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium naturally found in 40% of insects. Wolbachia can spread through a population of insects while simultaneously inhibiting the replication of viruses within its host. Despite successes in using Wolbachia-transfected mosquitoes to limit dengue, Zika, and chikungunya transmission, the mechanisms behind pathogen-blocking have not been fully characterized. Firstly, we discuss how Wolbachia and viruses both require specific host-derived structures, compounds, and processes to initiate and maintain infection. There is significant overlap in these requirements, and infection with either microbe often manifests as cellular stress, which may be a key component of Wolbachia’s anti-viral effect. Secondly, we discuss the current understanding of pathogen-blocking through this lens of cellular stress and develop a comprehensive view of how the lives of Wolbachia and viruses are fundamentally in conflict with each other. A thorough understanding of the genetic and cellular determinants of pathogen-blocking will significantly enhance the ability of vector control programs to deploy and maintain effective Wolbachia-mediated control measures.
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16
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Pereira AM, Monteiro DLM, Werner H, Daltro P, Fazecas T, Guedes B, Tonni G, Peixoto AB, Araujo Júnior E. Zika virus and pregnancy in Brazil: What happened? J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2018; 19:39-47. [PMID: 29503261 PMCID: PMC5838777 DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.2017.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Central and South America is one of the most serious global public health emergencies since the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. In Brazil, especially in the north, northeast, and southeast parts of the country, the ZIKV outbreak is a cause of concern for pregnant women because ZIKV intrauterine infection has been found to be associated with multiple brain malformations and microcephaly. In Brazil, the number of newborns with confirmed microcephaly per year recorded during the ZIKV outbreak, has been approximately 15 times greater than previously reported. Considering that the infection is self-limiting and symptomatic, it is usually diagnosed at the time of routine prenatal scan, especially in the third trimester. In other cases, the disease is detected after childbirth through neuroimaging. This study provides an insight into the history and evolution of ZIKV in Brazil, including current knowledge concerning the transmission, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of the infection. In addition, this review describes the pre- and postnatal neuroimaging findings obtained using ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heron Werner
- Department of Radiology, Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Daltro
- Department of Radiology, Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Fazecas
- Department of Radiology, Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Guedes
- Department of Radiology, Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Tonni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guastalla Civil Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Edward Araujo Júnior
- Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Qiu X, Lei Y, Yang P, Gao Q, Wang N, Cao L, Yuan S, Huang X, Deng Y, Ma W, Ding T, Zhang F, Wu X, Hu J, Liu SL, Qin C, Wang X, Xu Z, Rao Z. Structural basis for neutralization of Japanese encephalitis virus by two potent therapeutic antibodies. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:287-294. [PMID: 29379207 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), closely related to dengue, Zika, yellow fever and West Nile viruses, remains neglected and not well characterized 1 . JEV is the leading causative agent of encephalitis, and is responsible for thousands of deaths each year in Asia. Humoral immunity is essential for protecting against flavivirus infections and passive immunization has been demonstrated to be effective in curing disease2,3. Here, we demonstrate that JEV-specific monoclonal antibodies, 2F2 and 2H4, block attachment of the virus to its receptor and also prevent fusion of the virus. Neutralization of JEV by these antibodies is exceptionally potent and confers clear therapeutic benefit in mouse models. A single 20 μg dose of these antibodies resulted in 100% survival and complete clearance of JEV from the brains of mice. The 4.7 Å and 4.6 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of JEV-2F2-Fab and JEV-2H4-Fab complexes, together with the crystal structure of 2H4 Fab and our recent near-atomic structure of JEV 4 , unveil the nature and location of epitopes targeted by the antibodies. Both 2F2 and 2H4 Fabs bind quaternary epitopes that span across three adjacent envelope proteins. Our results provide a structural and molecular basis for the application of 2F2 and 2H4 to treat JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Qiu
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfeng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi, China
| | - Pan Yang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China.,Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China
| | - Xiaofang Huang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi, China
| | - Tianbing Ding
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi, China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi, China
| | - Xingan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Program in Viruses and Emerging Pathogens, Infectious Diseases Institute; Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Microbial Infection and Immunity, and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China.
| | - Zhikai Xu
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi, China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China. .,Laboratory of Structural BiolspringDE@2017ogy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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18
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Javed F, Manzoor KN, Ali M, Haq IU, Khan AA, Zaib A, Manzoor S. Zika virus: what we need to know? J Basic Microbiol 2017; 58:3-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farakh Javed
- Department of Microbiology; University of Haripur; Haripur Pakistan
| | | | - Mubashar Ali
- Department of Microbiology; University of Haripur; Haripur Pakistan
| | - Irshad U. Haq
- Department of Microbiology; University of Haripur; Haripur Pakistan
| | - Abid A. Khan
- Department of Biosciences; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Assad Zaib
- Department of Medical Lab Technology; University of Haripur; Haripur Pakistan
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Bio-Sciences; National University of Science and Technology; Islamabad Pakistan
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19
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STD-NMR experiments identify a structural motif with novel second-site activity against West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 protease. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:174-183. [PMID: 28927677 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. This mosquito-borne virus that is highly pathogenic to humans has been evolving into a global threat during the past two decades. Despite many efforts, neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available. The viral protease NS2B-NS3pro is essential for viral replication, and therefore it is considered a prime drug target. However, success in the development of specific NS2B-NS3pro inhibitors had been moderate so far. In the search for new structural motifs with binding affinity for NS2B-NS3pro, we have screened a fragment library, the Maybridge Ro5 library, employing saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR experiments as readout. About 30% of 429 fragments showed binding to NS2B-NS3pro. Subsequent STD-NMR competition experiments using the known active site fragment A as reporter ligand yielded 14 competitively binding fragments, and 22 fragments not competing with A. In a fluorophore-based protease assay, all of these fragments showed inhibition in the micromolar range. Interestingly, 10 of these 22 fragments showed a notable increase of STD intensities in the presence of compound A suggesting cooperative binding. The most promising non-competitive inhibitors 1 and 2 (IC50 ∼ 500 μM) share a structural motif that may guide the development of novel second-site (potentially allosteric) inhibitors of NS2B-NS3pro. To identify the matching protein binding site, chemical shift perturbation studies employing 1H,15N-TROSY-HSQC experiments with uniformly 2H,15N-labeled protease were performed in the presence of 1, and in the concomitant absence or presence of A. The data suggest that 1 interacts with Met 52* of NS2B, identifying a secondary site adjacent to the binding site of A. Therefore, our study paves the way for the synthesis of novel bidentate NS2B-NS3pro inhibitors.
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20
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DC-SIGN promotes Japanese encephalitis virus transmission from dendritic cells to T cells via virological synapses. Virol Sin 2017; 32:495-502. [PMID: 28865053 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs) likely encounter incoming viruses in the first place, and their migration to lymph nodes following virus capture may promote viral replication. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain unclear. In the present study, we found that compared to cell-free viruses, DC-bound viruses showed enhanced capture of JEV by T cells. Additionally, JEV infection was increased by co-culturing DCs and T cells. Blocking the C-type lectin receptor DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) with neutralizing antibodies or antagonists blocked JEV transmission to T cells. Live-cell imaging revealed that DCs captured and transferred JEV viral particles to T cells via virological synapses formed at DC-T cell junctions. These findings indicate that DC-SIGN plays an important role in JEV transmission from DCs to T cells and provide insight into how JEV exploits the migratory and antigen-presenting capabilities of DCs to gain access to lymph nodes for dissemination and persistence in the host.
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21
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Newhouse DJ, Hofmeister EK, Balakrishnan CN. Transcriptional response to West Nile virus infection in the zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170296. [PMID: 28680683 PMCID: PMC5493925 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a widespread arbovirus that imposes a significant cost to both human and wildlife health. WNV exists in a bird-mosquito transmission cycle in which passerine birds act as the primary reservoir host. As a public health concern, the mammalian immune response to WNV has been studied in detail. Little, however, is known about the avian immune response to WNV. Avian taxa show variable susceptibility to WNV and what drives this variation is unknown. Thus, to study the immune response to WNV in birds, we experimentally infected captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Zebra finches provide a useful model, as like many natural avian hosts they are moderately susceptible to WNV and thus provide sufficient viremia to infect mosquitoes. We performed RNAseq in spleen tissue during peak viremia to provide an overview of the transcriptional response. In general, we find strong parallels with the mammalian immune response to WNV, including upregulation of five genes in the Rig-I-like receptor signalling pathway, and offer insights into avian-specific responses. Together with complementary immunological assays, we provide a model of the avian immune response to WNV and set the stage for future comparative studies among variably susceptible populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Newhouse
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
- Author for correspondence: Daniel J. Newhouse e-mail:
| | - Erik K. Hofmeister
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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22
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Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZiV), a mosquito borne Flavivirus like dengue (DEN) and chikungunya (CHIK), in Brazil in 2014 and its spread to various countries have led to a global health emergency. Aedes aegypti is the major vector for ZiV. Fast dissemination of this virus in different geographical areas posses a major threat especially to regions where the population lacks herd immunity against the ZiV and there is abundance of Aedes mosquitoes. In this review, we focus on current global scenario, epidemiology, biology, diagnostic challenges and remedial measures for ZiVconsidering the Indian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratip Shil
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
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23
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Kaiser JA, Wang T, Barrett AD. Virulence determinants of West Nile virus: how can these be used for vaccine design? Future Virol 2017; 12:283-295. [PMID: 28919920 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus, has become endemic in the USA and parts of Europe since 1999. There is no licensed WNV vaccine for humans. Considering the robust immunity from immunization with live, attenuated vaccines, a live WNV vaccine is an ideal platform for disease control. Animal and mosquito studies have identified a number of candidate attenuating mutations, including the structural proteins premembrane/membrane and envelope, and the nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2A, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5, and the 3' UTR. Many of the mutations that have been examined attenuate WNV using different mechanisms, thus providing a greater understanding of WNV virulence while also identifying specific mutations as candidates to include in a WNV live vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alan Dt Barrett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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24
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25
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Sharma A, Lal SK. Zika Virus: Transmission, Detection, Control, and Prevention. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:110. [PMID: 28217114 PMCID: PMC5290000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus discovered in Uganda in the 1940s. To date, three major ZIKV outbreaks have been reported. ZIKV infections have known to be primarily asymptomatic while causing mild illness in a few cases. However, the recent emergence and spread of ZIKV in the Americas has resulted in the declaration of "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" due to the potential association between the infection and prenatal microcephaly or other brain anomalies. In Brazil, a 20-fold increase in prenatal microcephaly cases and 19% increase in Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) cases were reported in 2015, as compared to the preceding year. The probable deleterious effects of ZIKV infection prompt the urgent development of diagnostics and therapeutics. To this end, the existing evidences supporting the increasingly common prenatal microcephaly and GBS association and the current known ZIKV transmission dynamics, modes of detection (molecular and serology-based), and current control strategies are summarized in this review. This review also emphasizes the importance of understanding ZIKV transmission in order to design a sensitive yet cost and time-efficient detection technique. Development of an efficient detection technique would subsequently allow for better surveillance and control of ZIKV infection. Currently, limited literature is available on the pathogenesis of ZIKV, hence, focusing on the modes of ZIKV transmission could potentially contribute to the understanding of the disease spectrum and formulation of targeted treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil K. Lal
- School of Science, Monash UniversitySelangor, Malaysia
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26
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Salimi H, Cain MD, Klein RS. Encephalitic Arboviruses: Emergence, Clinical Presentation, and Neuropathogenesis. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:514-34. [PMID: 27220616 PMCID: PMC4965410 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that exhibit worldwide distribution, contributing to systemic and neurologic infections in a variety of geographical locations. Arboviruses are transmitted to vertebral hosts during blood feedings by mosquitoes, ticks, biting flies, mites, and nits. While the majority of arboviral infections do not lead to neuroinvasive forms of disease, they are among the most severe infectious risks to the health of the human central nervous system. The neurologic diseases caused by arboviruses include meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, encephalomyelitis, neuritis, and myositis in which virus- and immune-mediated injury may lead to severe, persisting neurologic deficits or death. Here we will review the major families of emerging arboviruses that cause neurologic infections, their neuropathogenesis and host neuroimmunologic responses, and current strategies for treatment and prevention of neurologic infections they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Salimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew D Cain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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27
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Zika: As an emergent epidemic. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:723-9. [PMID: 27569879 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is a new global threat for 2016 that has been swept to almost all Americas and is now posing serious threats to the entire globe. This deadly virus is playing havoc to unborn lives because of its reported association with upsurge of fetal deformation called microcephaly and neuropathic disorders including Guillain-Barré syndrome. Till today, there is no vaccine prospect, antiviral therapy or licensed medical countermeasures to curb the teratogenic outcomes of this destructive viral infection. Diagnosis, treatment, chronicity and pathogenesis are still vague and unsettled. Therefore, this review article addresses all the aspects related to this disease to mitigate the explosive rise in Zika virus infection.
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28
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Taylor TJ, Diaz F, Colgrove RC, Bernard KA, DeLuca NA, Whelan SPJ, Knipe DM. Production of immunogenic West Nile virus-like particles using a herpes simplex virus 1 recombinant vector. Virology 2016; 496:186-193. [PMID: 27336950 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that swept rapidly across North America in 1999, declined in prevalence, and then resurged in 2012. To date, no vaccine is available to prevent infection in the human population. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication-defective vaccine vectors induce a durable immunity characterized by strong antibody and CD8(+) T cell responses even in HSV-immune animals. In this study, a WNV protein expression cassette was optimized for virus-like particle (VLP) production in transfection studies, and the cassette was recombined into an HSV-1 d106-WNV virus vector, which produced extracellular VLPs, as confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Immunization of mice with the d106-WNV recombinant vector elicited a specific anti-WNV IgG response. This study highlights the flavivirus coding sequences needed for efficient assembly of virus-like particles. This information will facilitate generation of additional vaccine vectors against other flaviviruses including the recently emerged Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Fernando Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Robert C Colgrove
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Kristen A Bernard
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O Box 509, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Neal A DeLuca
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Strauss-Albee DM, Fukuyama J, Liang EC, Yao Y, Jarrell JA, Drake AL, Kinuthia J, Montgomery RR, John-Stewart G, Holmes S, Blish CA. Human NK cell repertoire diversity reflects immune experience and correlates with viral susceptibility. Sci Transl Med 2016. [PMID: 26203083 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate natural killer (NK) cells are diverse at the single-cell level because of variegated expressions of activating and inhibitory receptors, yet the developmental roots and functional consequences of this diversity remain unknown. Because NK cells are critical for antiviral and antitumor responses, a better understanding of their diversity could lead to an improved ability to harness them therapeutically. We found that NK diversity is lower at birth than in adults. During an antiviral response to either HIV-1 or West Nile virus, NK diversity increases, resulting in terminal differentiation and cytokine production at the cost of cell division and degranulation. In African women matched for HIV-1 exposure risk, high NK diversity is associated with increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition. Existing diversity may therefore decrease the flexibility of the antiviral response. Collectively, the data reveal that human NK diversity is a previously undefined metric of immune history and function that may be clinically useful in forecasting the outcomes of infection and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara M Strauss-Albee
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Fukuyama
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily C Liang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Justin A Jarrell
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alison L Drake
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Ruth R Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Jimenez Corona ME, De la Garza Barroso AL, Rodriguez Martínez JC, Luna Guzmán NI, Ruiz Matus C, Díaz Quiñonez JA, Lopez Martinez I, Kuri Morales PA. Clinical and Epidemiological Characterization of Laboratory-Confirmed Autochthonous Cases of Zika Virus Disease in Mexico. PLOS CURRENTS 2016; 8:ecurrents.outbreaks.a2fe1b3d6d71e24ad2b5afe982824053. [PMID: 27158557 PMCID: PMC4844562 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.a2fe1b3d6d71e24ad2b5afe982824053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since 2014, autochthonous circulation of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas was detected (Easter Island, Chile). In May 2015, Brazil confirmed autochthonous --transmission and in October of that year Colombia reported their first cases. Now more than 52 countries have reported cases, including Mexico. To deal with this contingency in Mexico, several surveillance systems, in addition to systems for vector-borne diseases were strengthened with the participation of all health institutions. Also, the Ministry of Health defined an Action Plan against ZIKV for the whole country. METHODS We analyzed 93 autochthonous cases of ZIKV disease identified by Epidemiological Surveillance System for Zika Virus in Mexico. All autochthonous cases confirmed by laboratory since November 25, 2015 to February 19, 2016 were included. A description of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 93 cases of ZIKV disease are presenting and, we describe the Action Plan against this public health emergency. RESULTS The distribution of cases by sex was 61 men and 32 women; mean age was 35 years old (S.D. 15, range 6-90). The main clinical features in the 93 cases were fever (96.6%), rash (93.3%), non-purulent conjunctivitis (88.8%), headache (85.4%), and myalgia (84.3%). No deaths were reported. CONCLUSION The ZIKV epidemic poses new challenges to public health systems. The information provided for basic, clinical, and epidemiological research, in addition to the data derived from epidemiological surveillance is essential. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding mechanisms of transmission, complications, and impact of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Lucía De la Garza Barroso
- Dirección General Adjunta de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Cruz Rodriguez Martínez
- Dirección de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Transmisibles, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - José Alberto Díaz Quiñonez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irma Lopez Martinez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo A Kuri Morales
- Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
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31
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Banerjee S, Guedj J, Ribeiro RM, Moses M, Perelson AS. Estimating biologically relevant parameters under uncertainty for experimental within-host murine West Nile virus infection. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:rsif.2016.0130. [PMID: 27075003 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging pathogen that has decimated bird populations and caused severe outbreaks of viral encephalitis in humans. Currently, little is known about the within-host viral kinetics of WNV during infection. We developed mathematical models to describe viral replication, spread and host immune response in wild-type and immunocompromised mice. Our approach fits a target cell-limited model to viremia data from immunocompromised knockout mice and an adaptive immune response model to data from wild-type mice. Using this approach, we first estimate parameters governing viral production and viral spread in the host using simple models without immune responses. We then use these parameters in a more complex immune response model to characterize the dynamics of the humoral immune response. Despite substantial uncertainty in input parameters, our analysis generates relatively precise estimates of important viral characteristics that are composed of nonlinear combinations of model parameters: we estimate the mean within-host basic reproductive number,R0, to be 2.3 (95% of values in the range 1.7-2.9); the mean infectious virion burst size to be 2.9 plaque-forming units (95% of values in the range 1.7-4.7); and the average number of cells infected per infectious virion to be between 0.3 and 0.99. Our analysis gives mechanistic insights into the dynamics of WNV infection and produces estimates of viral characteristics that are difficult to measure experimentally. These models are a first step towards a quantitative understanding of the timing and effectiveness of the humoral immune response in reducing host viremia and consequently the epidemic spread of WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Banerjee
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jeremie Guedj
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Melanie Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA External Faculty, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA External Faculty, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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32
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Aliota MT, Caine EA, Walker EC, Larkin KE, Camacho E, Osorio JE. Characterization of Lethal Zika Virus Infection in AG129 Mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004682. [PMID: 27093158 PMCID: PMC4836712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) typically causes a mild and self-limiting illness known as Zika fever, which often is accompanied by maculopapular rash, headache, and myalgia. During the current outbreak in South America, ZIKV infection during pregnancy has been hypothesized to cause microcephaly and other diseases. The detection of ZIKV in fetal brain tissue supports this hypothesis. Because human infections with ZIKV historically have remained sporadic and, until recently, have been limited to small-scale epidemics, neither the disease caused by ZIKV nor the molecular determinants of virulence and/or pathogenicity have been well characterized. Here, we describe a small animal model for wild-type ZIKV of the Asian lineage. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using mice deficient in interferon α/β and Ɣ receptors (AG129 mice), we report that these animals were highly susceptible to ZIKV infection and disease, succumbing within seven to eight days. Rapid viremic dissemination was observed in visceral organs and brain; but only was associated with severe pathologies in the brain and muscle. Finally, these results were consistent across challenge routes, age of mice, and inoculum doses. These data represent a mouse model for ZIKV that is not dependent on adapting ZIKV to intracerebral passage in mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Foot pad injection of AG129 mice with ZIKV represents a biologically relevant model for studying ZIKV infection and disease development following wild-type virus inoculation without the requirement for adaptation of the virus or intracerebral delivery of the virus. This newly developed Zika disease model can be exploited to identify determinants of ZIKV virulence and reveal molecular mechanisms that control the virus-host interaction, providing a framework for rational design of acute phase therapeutics and for vaccine efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Caine
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emma C. Walker
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katrina E. Larkin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erwin Camacho
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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34
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic single-stranded flavivirus has been the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis worldwide. Up to 50% of WNV convalescent patients in the United States were reported to have long-term neurological sequelae. Neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available for humans. Animal models have been used to investigate WNV pathogenesis and host immune response in humans. In this review, we will discuss recent findings from studies in animal models of WNV infection, and provide new insights on WNV pathogenesis and WNV-induced host immunity in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro R Winkelmann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
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35
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DC-SIGN as an attachment factor mediates Japanese encephalitis virus infection of human dendritic cells via interaction with a single high-mannose residue of viral E glycoprotein. Virology 2015; 488:108-19. [PMID: 26629951 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to be the first defender to encounter incoming viruses and likely play a role in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) early infection. In the current study, following the demonstration of JEV productive infection in DCs, we revealed that the interaction between JEV envelope glycoprotein (E glycoprotein) and DC-SIGN was important for such infection as evidenced by antibody neutralization and siRNA knockdown experiments. Moreover, the high-mannose N-linked glycan at N154 of E glycoprotein was shown to be crucial for JEV binding to DC-SIGN and subsequent internalization, while mutation of DC-SIGN internalization motif did not affect JEV uptake and internalization. These data together suggest that DC-SIGN functions as an attachment factor rather than an entry receptor for JEV. Our findings highlight the potential significance of DC-SIGN in JEV early infection, providing a basis for further understanding how JEV exploits DC-SIGN to gain access to dendritic cells.
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36
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Krylova NV, Smolina TP, Leonova GN. Molecular Mechanisms of Interaction Between Human Immune Cells and Far Eastern Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Strains. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:272-81. [PMID: 25695407 PMCID: PMC4486442 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies have established that immune mechanisms are important in controlling tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection, the interactions of different TBEV strains with cells of innate and adaptive immunity are not well understood. In this study, the ability of two Far Eastern subtype TBEV strains (Dal'negorsk and Primorye-183) with various degrees of pathogenicity for humans to modulate the expression of membrane molecules differently on human immune cells were investigated using a whole-blood flow cytometry-based assay. The whole-blood samples (from 10 healthy donors) were infected with TBEV strains and analyzed for the virus binding to the blood cells, as well as expression of adhesion (CD11b and ICAM-1) and activation (CD69, CD25, CD95) molecules on the surfaces of monocytes, granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+) at selected times (3, 6, and 24 h post-infection). It was found that the highly pathogenic Dal'negorsk strain penetrated rapidly and was actively replicated in the blood cells, inducing downregulation of CD11b, ICAM-1, and CD69 on monocytes and a significant decrease of NK cells expressing CD69, CD25, CD95, and CD8 T-lymphocytes expressing CD69 compared with the mock-infected cells. The nonpathogenic Primorye-183 strain penetrated slowly and was replicated in the blood cells, but caused a significant increase in the adhesion and activation of molecule expression to trigger innate defense mechanisms and enable the rapid elimination of the virus from the organism. Thus, TBEV-induced activation or suppression of adhesion and activation receptors expression form an essential part of fundamental virus properties, that is, virulence and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Krylova
- Laboratory of Flaviviral Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana P Smolina
- Laboratory of Flaviviral Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Galina N Leonova
- Laboratory of Flaviviral Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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37
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A Japanese encephalitis virus genotype 5 molecular clone is highly neuropathogenic in a mouse model: impact of the structural protein region on virulence. J Virol 2015; 89:5862-75. [PMID: 25787283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00358-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains can be separated into 5 genotypes (g1 to g5) based on sequence similarity. JEV g5 strains have been rarely isolated and are poorly characterized. We report here the full characterization of a g5 virus generated using a cDNA-based technology and its comparison with a widely studied g3 strain. We did not observe any major differences between those viruses when their infectious cycles were studied in various cell lines in vitro. Interestingly, the JEV g5 strain was highly pathogenic when inoculated to BALB/c mice, which are known to be largely resistant to JEV g3 infection. The study of chimeric viruses between JEV g3 and g5 showed that there was a poor viral clearance of viruses that express JEV g5 structural proteins in BALB/c mice blood, which correlated with viral invasion of the central nervous system and encephalitis. In addition, using an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier, we were able to show that JEV g5 does not have an enhanced capacity for entering the central nervous system, compared to JEV g3. Overall, in addition to providing a first characterization of the understudied JEV g5, our work highlights the importance of sustaining an early viremia in the development of JEV encephalitis. IMPORTANCE Genotype 5 viruses are genetically and serologically distinct from other JEV genotypes and can been associated with human encephalitis, which warrants the need for their characterization. In this study, we characterized the in vitro and in vivo properties of a JEV g5 strain and showed that it was more neuropathogenic in a mouse model than a well-characterized JEV g3 strain. The enhanced virulence of JEV g5 was associated with poor viral clearance but not with enhanced crossing of the blood-brain barrier, thus providing new insights into JEV pathogenesis.
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38
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Verstrepen BE, Oostermeijer H, Fagrouch Z, van Heteren M, Niphuis H, Haaksma T, Kondova I, Bogers WM, de Filette M, Sanders N, Stertman L, Magnusson S, Lőrincz O, Lisziewicz J, Barzon L, Palù G, Diamond MS, Chabierski S, Ulbert S, Verschoor EJ. Vaccine-induced protection of rhesus macaques against plasma viremia after intradermal infection with a European lineage 1 strain of West Nile virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112568. [PMID: 25392925 PMCID: PMC4231036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) causes human and animal disease with outbreaks in several parts of the world including North America, the Mediterranean countries, Central and East Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Particularly in elderly people and individuals with an impaired immune system, infection with WNV can progress into a serious neuroinvasive disease. Currently, no treatment or vaccine is available to protect humans against infection or disease. The goal of this study was to develop a WNV-vaccine that is safe to use in these high-risk human target populations. We performed a vaccine efficacy study in non-human primates using the contemporary, pathogenic European WNV genotype 1a challenge strain, WNV-Ita09. Two vaccine strategies were evaluated in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using recombinant soluble WNV envelope (E) ectodomain adjuvanted with Matrix-M, either with or without DNA priming. The DNA priming immunization was performed with WNV-DermaVir nanoparticles. Both vaccination strategies successfully induced humoral and cellular immune responses that completely protected the macaques against the development of viremia. In addition, the vaccine was well tolerated by all animals. Overall, The WNV E protein adjuvanted with Matrix-M is a promising vaccine candidate for a non-infectious WNV vaccine for use in humans, including at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babs E. Verstrepen
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Oostermeijer
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van Heteren
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Haaksma
- Animal Science Department, Division of Pathology and Microbiology, BPRC Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Animal Science Department, Division of Pathology and Microbiology, BPRC Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M. Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marina de Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan Chabierski
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Durrant DM, Daniels BP, Klein RS. IL-1R1 signaling regulates CXCL12-mediated T cell localization and fate within the central nervous system during West Nile Virus encephalitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4095-106. [PMID: 25200953 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell entry into the virally infected CNS is vital for promoting viral clearance yet may contribute to neuropathology if not rigorously regulated. We previously showed that signaling through IL-1R1 is critical for effector T cell reactivation and virologic control within the CNS during murine West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis. WNV-infected IL-1R1(-/-) mice also display increased parenchymal penetration of CD8(+) T cells despite lack of CD4-mediated full activation, suggesting dysregulation of molecular components of CNS immune privilege. In this study, we show that IL-1 signaling regulates the CNS entry of virus-specific lymphocytes, promoting protective immune responses to CNS viral infections that limit immunopathology. Analysis of blood-brain barrier function in the WNV-infected IL-1R1(-/-) mice revealed no alterations in permeability. However, parenchymal proinflammatory chemokine expression, including CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10, was significantly upregulated, whereas microvasculature CXCL12 expression was significantly decreased in the absence of IL-1 signaling. We show that during WNV infection, CD11b(+)CD45(hi) infiltrating cells (macrophages) are the primary producers of IL-1β within the CNS and, through the use of an in vitro blood-brain barrier model, that IL-1β promotes CXCR4-mediated T cell adhesion to brain microvasculature endothelial cells. Of interest, IFNγ(+) and CD69(+) WNV-primed T cells were able to overcome CXCL12-mediated adhesion via downregulation of CXCR4. These data indicate that infiltrating IL-1β-producing leukocytes contribute to cellular interactions at endothelial barriers that impart protective CNS inflammation by regulating the parenchymal entry of CXCR4(+) virus-specific T cells during WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Durrant
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian P Daniels
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Antibodies can impact pathogens in the presence or in the absence of effector cells or effector molecules such as complement, and experiments can often sort out with precision the mechanisms by which an antibody inhibits a pathogen
in vitro
. In addition,
in vivo
models, particularly those engineered to knock in or knock out effector cells or effector molecules, are excellent tools for understanding antibody functions. However, it is highly likely that multiple antibody functions occur simultaneously or sequentially in the presence of an infecting organism
in vivo
. The most critical incentive for measuring antibody functions is to provide a basis for vaccine development and for the development of therapeutic antibodies. In this respect, some functions, such as virus neutralization, serve to inhibit the acquisition of a pathogen or limit its pathogenesis. However, antibodies can also enhance replication or contribute to pathogenesis. This review emphasizes those antibody functions that are potentially beneficial to the host. In addition, this review will focus on the effects of antibodies on organisms themselves, rather than on the toxins the organisms may produce.
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Roby JA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Prow NA, Chang DC, Hall RA, Khromykh AA. Increased expression of capsid protein in trans enhances production of single-round infectious particles by West Nile virus DNA vaccine candidate. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2176-2191. [PMID: 24958626 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV; genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) is an emerging pathogenic arbovirus responsible for outbreaks of encephalitis around the world. Whilst no vaccines are currently available to prevent WNV infection of humans, the use of cDNA copies of flavivirus RNA genomes with large internal deletions within the capsid (C) appears promising. C-deleted vaccines are able to replicate and secrete large amounts of non-infectious immunogenic subviral particles (SVPs) from transfected cells. We have previously generated a WNV DNA vaccine candidate pKUNdC/C where C-deleted WNV cDNA was placed under the control of one copy of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and the C gene was placed under the control of a second copy of the CMV promoter in the same plasmid DNA. This DNA was shown to generate single-round infectious particles (SRIPs) capable of delivering self-replicating C-deleted RNA producing SVPs to surrounding cells, thus enhancing the vaccine potential. However, the amounts of both SRIPs and SVPs produced from pKUNdC/C DNA were relatively low. In this investigation, we aimed at increasing SRIP production by optimizing trans-C expression via incorporating different forms of C and the use of a more powerful promoter. The construct containing an elongation factor EF1α promoter encoding an extended form of C was demonstrated to produce the highest titres of SRIPs and was immunogenic in mice. Additionally, SRIP and SVP titres were further improved via incorporation of a glycosylation motif in the envelope protein. The optimized DNA yielded ~100-fold greater titres of SRIPs than the original construct, thus providing a promising candidate for further vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Roby
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - David C Chang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Australia
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The West Nile virus-like flavivirus Koutango is highly virulent in mice due to delayed viral clearance and the induction of a poor neutralizing antibody response. J Virol 2014; 88:9947-62. [PMID: 24942584 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01304-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) is responsible for outbreaks of viral encephalitis in humans, horses, and birds, with particularly virulent strains causing recent outbreaks of disease in eastern Europe, the Middle East, North America, and Australia. Previous studies have phylogenetically separated WNV strains into two main genetic lineages (I and II) containing virulent strains associated with neurological disease. Several WNV-like strains clustering outside these lineages have been identified and form an additional five proposed lineages. However, little is known about whether these strains have the potential to induce disease. In a comparative analysis with the highly virulent lineage I American strain (WNVNY99), the low-pathogenicity lineage II strain (B956), a benign Australian strain, Kunjin (WNVKUN), the African WNV-like Koutango virus (WNVKOU), and a WNV-like isolate from Sarawak, Malaysia (WNVSarawak), were assessed for neuroinvasive properties in a murine model and for their replication kinetics in vitro. While WNVNY99 replicated to the highest levels in vitro, in vivo mouse challenge revealed that WNVKOU was more virulent, with a shorter time to onset of neurological disease and higher morbidity. Histological analysis of WNVKOU- and WNVNY99-infected brain and spinal cords demonstrated more prominent meningoencephalitis and the presence of viral antigen in WNVKOU-infected mice. Enhanced virulence of WNVKOU also was associated with poor viral clearance in the periphery (sera and spleen), a skewed innate immune response, and poor neutralizing antibody development. These data demonstrate, for the first time, potent neuroinvasive and neurovirulent properties of a WNV-like virus outside lineages I and II. IMPORTANCE In this study, we characterized the in vitro and in vivo properties of previously uncharacterized West Nile virus strains and West Nile-like viruses. We identified a West Nile-like virus, Koutango virus (WNVKOU), that was more virulent than a known virulent lineage I virus, WNVNY99. The enhanced virulence of WNVKOU was associated with poor viral clearance and the induction of a poor neutralizing antibody response. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of West Nile virus.
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Neal JW. Flaviviruses are neurotropic, but how do they invade the CNS? J Infect 2014; 69:203-15. [PMID: 24880028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flaviruses (FV) are RNA viruses carried by mosquitoes. Neurological signs including acute encephalitis, meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis develop in a small percentage of infected individuals; long term sequlae are, Parkinsonism, dystonias and cognitive changes. FV neuroinfection is neurotropic involving subcortical nuclei (substantia nigra and thalamus) anterior horn neurons and neocortex. Glycosylation of the FV E envelope protein is one determinant of neuroinvasion, increasing both axonal and trans-epithelial transportation. Neutralizing antibodies against the E and NS proteins prevents FV uptake into several cell types, including axons. CD8+ T cells are vital for clearance of WNF infected cells from the CNS, whereas TLR-3 and TLR-7 mediated anti-virus response through increased serum inflammatory cytokines to disrupt the BBB providing infected leucocytes and free virus access to the CNS (so called Trojan horse) Cellular virus attachment factors, promoting FV cell entry are widely distributed and include DC-SIGN (that detects complex carbohydrate molecules); Glycosamino glycans (GAG), Heparan sulphate(HSPG) Semaphorin 7A, Low Density Lipid receptors (LDLR); these are not FV specific virus entry receptors. The FV also crosses epithelial and endothelial barriers by disrupting Tight Junction complexes to increase BBB permeability. This review describes the multiple pathways responsible for the neuroinvasive properties of the Flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Neal
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
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Antiviral Treatment of Flaviviruses. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tinker JK, Yan J, Knippel RJ, Panayiotou P, Cornell KA. Immunogenicity of a West Nile virus DIII-cholera toxin A2/B chimera after intranasal delivery. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1397-418. [PMID: 24759174 PMCID: PMC4014742 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes potentially fatal neuroinvasive disease and persists at endemic levels in many parts of the world. Despite advances in our understanding of WNV pathogenesis, there remains a significant need for a human vaccine. The domain III (DIII) region of the WNV envelope protein contains epitopes that are the target of neutralizing antibodies. We have constructed a chimeric fusion of the non-toxic cholera toxin (CT) CTA2/B domains to DIII for investigation as a novel mucosally-delivered WNV vaccine. Purification and assembly of the chimera, as well as receptor-binding and antigen delivery, were verified by western blot, GM1 ELISA and confocal microscopy. Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally with DIII-CTA2/B, DIII, DIII mixed with CTA2/B, or CTA2/B control, and boosted at 10 days. Analysis of serum IgG after 14 and 45 days revealed that mucosal immunization with DIII-CTA2/B induced significant DIII-specific humoral immunity and drove isotype switching to IgG2a. The DIII-CTA2/B chimera also induced antigen-specific IgM and IgA responses. Bactericidal assays indicate that the DIII-CTA2/B immunized mice produced DIII-specific antibodies that can trigger complement-mediated killing. A dose escalation resulted in increased DIII-specific serum IgG titers on day 45. DIII antigen alone, in the absence of adjuvant, also induced significant systemic responses after intranasal delivery. Our results indicate that the DIII-CTA2/B chimera is immunogenic after intranasal delivery and merits further investigation as a novel WNV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette K Tinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Reece J Knippel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Panos Panayiotou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Cornell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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Ong RY, Lum FM, Ng LFP. The fine line between protection and pathology in neurotropic flavivirus and alphavirus infections. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Flavivirus and alphavirus are two families of medically important arboviruses known to cause devastating neurologic disease. Exciting knowledge regarding epidemiology, disease and host immune responses are constantly unraveling. In this review, we aim to piece existing knowledge of neurotropic flavi- and alpha-viruses into a general, coherent picture of host–pathogen interactions. Special interest lies in the protective and pathologic host immunity to flavi- and alpha-viral infections, with a strong focus on West Nile virus, Japanese Encephalitis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus as representatives of their family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yan Ong
- Laboratory of Chikungunya Virus Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #04–06 Immunos Biopolis, 138648, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Laboratory of Chikungunya Virus Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #04–06 Immunos Biopolis, 138648, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Lisa FP Ng
- Laboratory of Chikungunya Virus Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #04–06 Immunos Biopolis, 138648, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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Kumar M, Nerurkar VR. Integrated analysis of microRNAs and their disease related targets in the brain of mice infected with West Nile virus. Virology 2014; 452-453:143-51. [PMID: 24606691 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether cellular miRNAs play a role in West Nile virus (WNV) neuropathogenesis, we evaluated WNV-infected mice brain for the expression profile of miRNAs, their potential functions and their correlation with genes involved in inflammatory pathways. A total of 528 miRNAs and 168 mRNA genes were examined. One hundred thirty-nine miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in WNV-infected mice brain. Ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrated that these miRNAs and their target genes are involved in pathways related to inflammatory response, immune-cell trafficking and cell death. Moreover, we demonstrate an inverse correlation between WNV-modulated miRNAs and their target neuroinflammatory genes in the same mice brain. We demonstrate that miR-196a, miR-202-3p, miR-449c, and miR-125a-3p target multiple genes involving cytokines, chemokines, and apoptotic genes, which belong to different signaling pathways that play critical role in WNV neuropathogenesis. Functional studies targeting specific miRNA are warranted to develop therapeutics for the management of WNV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Vivek R Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Priestley Y, Thiel M, Koevary SB. Systemic and ophthalmic manifestations of West Nile virus infection. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.3.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by viral agents typically produces a meningoencephalitis in which either meningitis or encephalitis may predominate. Viruses may also infect cranial or spinal blood vessels to produce ischemic injury. Viral and other infections may also elicit a host immune response which is cross-reactive with components of the neural tissue, resulting in encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, injury to peripheral nerves, or optic neuritis. This chapter discusses the pathogenesis of CNS viral infections and reviews clinical features of these disorders, major agents responsible in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals, and treatment. Prion diseases and postinfectious viral CNS syndromes including postinfectious encephalomyelitis, acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, and transverse myelitis are also discussed.
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), the causative agent of West Nile fever and West Nile neuroinvasive disease in humans, has become endemic in many countries in all continents. Concerns on long-term mobility from WNV have arisen from recent studies that reported chronic kidney disease in patients who recovered from WNV infection, supported by data from animal models that showed prolonged excretion of the virus with urine. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the results of studies in the literature that investigated WNV infection of the kidney in humans and in animal models and WNV excretion with urine, the potential damage to the kidney caused by WNV infection, the risk of WNV disease in kidney transplant recipients, the significance of detecting WNV in urine and its use in the diagnosis of WNV infection, and kidney involvement by other mosquito-borne flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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